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earth_science-56/extraction_4.txt | # The Appearance of the Sky The colors we see in the sky come from sunlight that is scattered by molecules in the atmosphere. This process is called Rayleigh scattering. Nitrogen and oxygen make up most of the molecules in our atmosphere, but any gas or aerosol suspended in the air will scatter rays of sunlight into se... | |
beyond_atmosphere/Vertical_pressure_variation5_2.txt | {\displaystyle z={\frac {T_{0}}{L}}\left(\left({\frac {P}{P_{0}}}\right)^{-{\frac {LR}{g}}}-1\right)}
where
L is the atmospheric lapse rate (change in temperature divided by distance) = −6.5×10−3 K/m, and
T0 is the temperature at the same reference point for which P = P0
and the other quantities are the same as thos... | |
beyond_atmosphere/Vertical_pressure_variation5_0.txt |
{\displaystyle z=-{\frac {RT}{g}}\ln {\frac {P}{P_{0}}}}
where (with values used in the article)
z is the elevation in meters,
R is the specific gas constant = 287.053 J/(kg K)
T is the absolute temperature in kelvins = 288.15 K at sea level,
g is the acceleration due to gravity = 9.80665 m/s2 at sea level,
P is th... | |
beyond_atmosphere/Vertical_pressure_variation5_1.txt | als, and
P0 is pressure at the reference point = 101,325 Pa at sea level.
A more general formula derived in the same article accounts for a linear change in temperature as a function of height (lapse rate), and reduces to above when the temperature is constant:
z
=
T
0
L
(
(
P
P
0
)
−
L
R
... | |
beyond_atmosphere/atmthick_html4.txt | mass of the atmosphere.
Looking at the chart, we can see that this seems to be about 31 kilometers.
The halfway point, where half the mass of the atmosphere
is below and half above occurs at 5.5 kilometers.
Another interesting fact is that when you are cruising in a modern jet
transport at 11 kilometers, you are above ... | |
beyond_atmosphere/Vertical_pressure_variation4.txt | {\displaystyle P_{1}=P_{0}-\rho g(h_{1}-h_{0})}
where h1 - h0 is the vertical distance between the two points.[2]
Where different fluids are layered on top of one another, the total pressure difference would be obtained by adding the two pressure differences; the first being from point 1 to the boundary, the second b... | |
beyond_atmosphere/Vertical_pressure_variation3.txt |
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beyond_atmosphere/atmthick_html2.txt | never quite goes to zero.
Similar questions are: "How long does it take for a capacitor to discharge?"
or "How long does it take for radioactive material to decay?".
These are all examples of asymptotic behavior.
But, much in the same way that we make a definition that allows us to
speak of the thickness of a boundary ... | |
earth_science-57/extraction_0.txt | # The Hypsometric Equation In meteorological practice it is not convenient to deal with the density of a gas, ρ, the value of which is generally not measured. By making use of the hydrostatic equation and the gas law, we can eliminate $\\rho$ : $$ { \\frac { \\partial p } { \\partial z } } = - { \\frac { p g } { R T } ... | |
earth_science-57/extraction_1.txt | ### Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid If your ears have ever popped on a plane flight or ached during a deep dive in a swimming pool, you have experienced the effect of depth on pressure in a fluid. At the Earth’s surface, the air pressure exerted on you is a result of the weight of air above you. This pressu... | |
earth_science-57/extraction_4.txt | The Earth's atmosphere is an extremely thin sheet of air extending from the surface of the Earth to the edge of space. If the Earth were the size of a basketball, a tightly held pillowcase would represent the thickness of the atmosphere. Gravity holds the atmosphere to the Earth's surface. Within the atmosphere, very c... | |
cdf_file/washington2.txt | <p><tt>float time(time);<br>
</tt></p>
<div style="margin-left: 2em"><tt>time:units = "hours";</tt></div>
</div>
<p><tt>//global attributes:</tt></p>
<div style="margin-left: 2em"><tt>:x_min = -180.f;<br>
:x_max = 180.f;<br>
:x_units = "degrees_east";<br>
:x_label = "longitude";<br>
</tt>
<p><tt>:y_min = -90.f;<b... | |
cdf_file/washington4.txt | c Write the netCDF file name
c
write(7,*) 'netcdf mine{'
c
c Write the dimensions
c
write(7,*) 'dimensions:'
write(7,*) 'lon=', nlon, ';'
write(7,*) 'lat=', nlat, ';'
write(7,*) 'level=', nlevel, ';'
write(7,*) 'time=UNLIMITED;'
c
c Write the variable declarations a... | |
earth_science-59/extraction_0.txt | # NetCDF Common Data Language (CDL) NetCDF CDL (Common Data form Language) is a text notation for representing the structure and data of a binary netCDF dataset. CDL can be read (and edited) by a human. It can also be read and produced by machines. For instance, a CDL description can be generated, given a netCDF file, ... | |
earth_science-59/extraction_1.txt | # ncdump Convert NetCDF file to text form (CDL) ## ncdump synopsis ncdump \[-chistxw\] \[-v var1,...\] \[-b lang\] \[-f lang\] \[-l len\] \[-n name\] \[-p n\[,n\]\] \[-g grp1,...\] file ncdump -k file ## ncdump description The **ncdump** utility generates a text representation of a specified netCDF file on standard out... | |
earth_science-59/extraction_2.txt | # General ## What Is netCDF? NetCDF (network Common Data Form) is a set of interfaces for array-oriented data access and a freely distributed collection of data access libraries for C, Fortran, C++, Java, and other languages. The netCDF libraries support a machine-independent format for representing scientific data. To... | |
earth_science-59/extraction_3.txt | ## ncdump description The **ncdump** utility generates a text representation of a specified netCDF file on standard output, optionally excluding some or all of the variable data in the output. The text representation is in a form called CDL (network Common Data form Language) that can be viewed, edited, or serve as inp... | |
earth_science-59/extraction_4.txt | ``` #### **NAME** ``` ncdump - Convert netCDF file to text form (CDL) ``` #### **SYNOPSIS** ``` ncdump [-chistxw] [-v var1,...] [-b lang] [-f lang] [-l len] [-n name] [-p f_digits[,d_digits]] [-g\ grp1,...] file ncdump -k file ``` #### **DESCRIPTION** ``` The ncdump utility generates a text representation of a specifie... | |
earth_science-59/extraction_5.txt | 4.1 ncgen The **ncgen** utility can generate a netCDF file, a C program, or a Fortran program from a human-readable (and editable) CDL file. The **ncgen** utility can do the following with CDL input: - Reverse what **ncdump** does, converting CDL to binary netCDF, for example: ``` ncgen -o foo.nc foo.cdl ``` - Generate... | |
earth_science-59/extraction_6.txt | !Previous: The !Next: Another Simple Example !Table of contents !Frames 2012 Unidata NetCDF Workshop \> The NetCDF Classic Data Model 5.7 Introducing CDL (Common Data Language) CDL (Common Data Language) is a human-readable notation for netCDF objects and data. ``` netcdf example { // example of CDL notation dimensions... | |
earth_science-59/extraction_7.txt | Options for working with netcdf-formatted files from the command line or with an external program. # The NetCDF Utilities The ncdump command reads a netCDF file and outputs text in a format called CDL. The ncgen command reads a text file in CDL format, and generates a netCDF data file. The nccopy command copies a netCD... | |
humidity_and_rain/Kelvin_equation5.txt | part5 -------------------
Apparent paradox[edit]
An equation similar to that of Kelvin can be derived for the solubility of small particles or droplets in a liquid, by means of the connection between vapour pressure and solubility, thus the Kelvin equation also applies to solids, to slightly soluble liquids, and their ... | |
humidity_and_rain/Kelvin_equation2.txt | part2 -------------------
Formulation[edit]
The original form of the Kelvin equation, published in 1871, is:
p
(
r
1
,
r
2
)
=
P
−
γ
ρ
v
a
p
o
r
(
ρ
l
i
q
u
i
d
−
ρ
v
a
p
o
r
)
(
1
r
1
+
1
r
2
)
,
{\displaystyle p(r_{1},r_{2})=P-{\frac {\gamma \,\rho _{\rm {... | |
earth_science-5/extraction_0.txt | # 7.1.1. Supersaturation When there is more water vapor in the air than it can hold at equilibrium, the air is said to be supersaturated. **Supersaturated** air has relative humidity RH greater than 100%. Define this excess relative humidity as a **supersaturation** fraction S: S=RH−1(7.1)(7.1)S=RH−1 or as a supersatur... | |
earth_science-5/extraction_1.txt | # Curvature and Solute Effects Both droplet curvature and chemical composition affect the evaporation rate, which affect the fate of the droplet. # Curvature Effect The evaporation rate from the curved surface of a droplet is greater than that from a flat water surface, due to surface tension. But droplet growth requir... | |
earth_science-5/extraction_4.txt | # Learning Lesson: Atmospheric Collisions ### Overview Collision and coalescence are the processes by which cloud droplets grow large enough to fall as rain. You will suspend two ping pong balls in the stream of air supplied by a hair dryer. The balls will bump into each other, creating a clicking sound upon collision.... | |
earth_science-5/extraction_5.txt | If we are to form a cloud, humidification may eventually bring the air within the parcel to saturation. At saturation the relative humidity is 100 percent. Usually a little more humidification is required which brings the relative humidity to over 100 percent, a state known as supersaturation, before a cloud will form.... | |
earth_science-5/extraction_6.txt | **THE BERGERON PROCESS** In order for cloud droplets, which are very small, to become rain drops, they have to increase in size almost a million times. Indeed, for even a cloud droplet to form, complicated processes must take place allowing for the conversion of water vapor to liquid water. Often times in the atmospher... | |
earth_science-5/extraction_7.txt | ### _DEWPOINT:_ Meteorologists routinely consider the "dewpoint" temperature (instead of, but analogous to absolute humidity) to evaluate moisture, especially in the spring and summer. The dewpoint temperature, which provides a measure of the actual amount of water vapor in the air, is the temperature to which the air ... | |
earth_science-5/extraction_8.txt | # Raindrops grow with turbulence in clouds ## New findings can help improve computer models of weather and climate Jul 25, 2024 - by David Hosansky !Cumulus cloud. New research finds that turbulent movements of air in clouds is a key factor in the development of raindrops. Scientists for decades have attempted to learn... | |
earth_science-5/extraction_9.txt | ## 1\. Introduction Supersaturation plays a pivotal role in warm clouds in controlling the growth of droplets. It influences the activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and the rate of scavenging of aerosol particles. The maximum supersaturation controls the number of droplets that are formed. Knowledge of the dr... | |
earth_science-5/extraction_10.txt | Cloud physicists realized long ago the difficulty of rain droplet formation. Forming a water droplet without a condensation nucleus, purely by condensation (homogeneous nucleation) is possible but requires supersaturation of the air by $1 0 %$ or more, or equivalently (by Clausius-Clapeyron) supercooling of the air dow... | |
earth_science-5/extraction_11.txt | Discussion: A supersaturation of $100 \%$ corresponds to a relative humidity of $R H = 200 \%$ from eq. (7.2). Thus, there is twice as much water in the air as can be held at equilibrium. This excess water vapor drives condensation. For real clouds, we expect $r_E$ in the range of 0.5 to $1.5 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{kg},... | |
igneous_petrologists/Igneous_petrology4.txt |
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earth_science-60/extraction_0.txt | # Introduction to Igneous Petrology # 1.1 Introduction Igneous petrology is the study of magma and the rocks that solidify from magma. Thus igneous petrologists are concerned with the entire spectrum of processes that describe how magmas are produced and how they ascend through the mantle and crust, their mineralogical... | |
earth_science-60/extraction_3.txt | # Volcanology and Magmatic Petrology The Volcanology and Magmatic Petrology group focuses on processes that involve magmas from source to surface. Volcanic systems, planetary differentiation, and the evolution of the Earth’s crust are the primary objects of study, with the goal of gaining sharper insight into how magma... | |
earth_science-60/extraction_4.txt | ### Diverse sciences contribute to our growing knowledge of how volcanoes work. Volcanology is a young and exciting career that deals with the study of one of the earth's most dynamic processes - volcanoes. Scientists of many disciplines study volcanoes. Physical volcanologists study the processes and deposits of volca... | |
earth_science-60/extraction_5.txt | **Volcanology** (also spelled **vulcanology**) is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma and related geological, geophysical and geochemical phenomena ( volcanism). The term _volcanology_ is derived from the Latin word _vulcan "Vulcan (mythology)")_. Vulcan was the ancient Roman god of fire. A volcanologist is a geologist... | |
earth_science-60/extraction_7.txt | # What is the difference between "magma" and "lava"? Scientists use the term magma for molten rock that is underground and lava for molten rock that breaks through the Earth's surface. ## Related - FAQ - Multimedia - Publications - News Items per page Label !Old Faithful Geyser in eruption #### How big is the magma cha... | |
earth_science-61/extraction_0.txt | ``` # 6.4.1.7 What Is Known About the Mechanisms of Transitions Into Ice Ages? Successful simulation of glacial inception has been a key target for models simulating climate change. The Milankovitch theory proposes that ice ages were triggered by reduced summer insolation at high latitudes in the NH, enabling winter sn... | |
earth_science-61/extraction_1.txt | A century ago, Serbian scientist Milutin Milankovitch hypothesized the long-term, collective effects of changes in Earth’s position relative to the Sun are a strong driver of Earth’s **_long-term_** climate, and are responsible for triggering the beginning and end of glaciation periods (Ice Ages). Specifically, he exam... | |
earth_science-61/extraction_2.txt | ### Glacial-Interglacial Cycles Climate-related sea-level changes of the last century are very minor compared with the large changes in sea level that occur as climate oscillates between the cold and warm intervals that are part of the Earth’s natural cycle of long-term climate change. During cold-climate intervals, kn... | |
earth_science-61/extraction_3.txt | Once way to study past atmospheric conditions is with ice core drilling. Snow that is compressed into ice forms distinct layers. These layers can be read like the pages of a book- if you know the language. Ice contains dust from volcanic eruptions and desert windstorms, pollen, microbes, meteorites, and small, trapped ... | |
earth_science-61/extraction_4.txt | ``` #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Pépin, L., D. Raynaud, J.-M. Barnola, M.-F. Loutre # Published_Date_or_Year: 2001-12-16 # Published_Title: Hemispheric roles of climate forcings during glacial-interglacial transitions as deduced from the Vostok record and LLN-2D model experiments # Journal_Name: Journ... | |
earth_science-61/extraction_5.txt | A.1 It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. Widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have occurred. (Figure SPM.1, Figure SPM.2) A.1.1 Observed increases in well-mixed greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations since around 1750 are unequivocally... | |
earth_science-61/extraction_6.txt | FAQ 2.1 | The Earth’s Temperature Has Varied Before. How Is the Current Warming Any Different? Earth’s climate has always changed naturally, but both the global extent and rate of recent warming are unusual. The recent warming has reversed a slow, long-term cooling trend, and research indicates that global surface temp... | |
earth_science-61/extraction_9.txt | Over the length of the observation period (2000–2010), the modelled spectra at both SGP and NSA are dominated by trends associated with the temperature and humidity structure of the atmosphere rather than the smaller signal from $\\mathrm { C O } \_ { 2 }$ . The seasonal and annual trends in calculated clear-sky spectr... | |
earth_science-61/extraction_10.txt | ### The Data: What 13C Tells Us ### The Global View The relative proportion of 13C in our atmosphere is steadily decreasing over time. Before the industrial revolution, δ13C of our atmosphere was approximately -6.5‰; now the value is around -8‰. Recall that plants have less 13C relative to the atmosphere (and therefore... | |
earth_science-61/extraction_11.txt | It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere is determined by the balance between anthropogenic emissions, anthropogenic removals, and physical-bi... | |
bedrock_with_radiowaves/Ground_penetrating_radar4.txt |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurfaceA ground-penetrating radargram collected on a historic cemetery in Alabama, US. Hyperbolic arrivals (arrows) indicate the presence of diffractors buried beneath the surface, possibly associate... | |
earth_science-62/extraction_0.txt | # Ground-Penetrating Radar **Basic Concept** Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) uses a high-frequency (e.g. 40 to 1,500 MHz) EM pulse transmitted from a radar antenna to probe the earth. The transmitted radar pulses are reflected from various interfaces within the ground, and this return is detected by the radar receiver. ... | |
earth_science-62/extraction_1.txt | Geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LINE21.jpg) A ground-penetrating radargram collected on a historic cemetery in Alabama, US. Hyperbolic arrivals (arrows) indicate the presence of diffractors buried beneath the surface, possibly associated with human... | |
earth_science-62/extraction_2.txt | Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical locating method that uses radio waves to capture images below the surface of the ground in a minimally invasive way. The huge advantage is that it allows crews to pinpoint the location of underground utilities without disturbing the ground. Ground-penetrating radar provid... | |
earth_science-62/extraction_3.txt | ## Ground Penetrating Radar Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a shallow, high-resolution geophysical method that uses high-frequency, pulsed, electromagnetic waves to image the subsurface. A GPR unit transmits electromagnetic energy into the ground which is reflected, refracted, or scattered back to the surface dependi... | |
earth_science-62/extraction_4.txt | #### Basic Concept Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an electromagnetic (EM) method that transmits radio-wave pulses into earth materials to image the subsurface. GPR capitalizes on the effects that the EM-material properties of dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity, and magnetic permeability have on EM-ener... | |
predicting_aurora/ovation3.txt | Intensity, and
Online
Nowcasting
The goal of the
OVATION project is to create a "standard" for the auroral oval size,
position, and intensity of precipitation. OVATION includes both
historical data (back to December 1983) and real-time nowcasting (only data
from the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, MSP is c... | |
earth_science-63/extraction_0.txt | # Aurora - 30 Minute Forecast | | | | --- | --- | | Northern Hemisphere<br>!North Auroral Forecast Image | Southern Hemisphere<br>!South Auroral Forecast Image | - Usage - Impacts - Details - History - Data This is a short-term forecast of the location and intensity of the aurora. This product is based on the OVATION m... | |
earth_science-63/extraction_1.txt | # Aurora Viewline for Tonight and Tomorrow Night (Experimental) | | | | --- | --- | | Tonight's Aurora Viewline<br> !Tonight's Static Viewline Forecast | Tomorrow Night's Aurora Viewline<br> !Tomorrow Night's Static Viewline Forecast | - Usage - Impacts - Details - History - Data This is a prediction of the intensity a... | |
earth_science-63/extraction_2.txt | # Aurora Dashboard (Experimental) | | | | --- | --- | | Aurora Dashboard Information | | | | --- | --- | | !Image of the Aurora | When and where can you see the northern and southern lights also known as the aurora? This page provides a prediction of the aurora’s visibility tonight and tomorrow night in the charts belo... | |
earth_science-63/extraction_3.txt | # Plotting the Aurora Forecast from NOAA on Orthographic Polar Projection \# The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) monitors the solar wind conditions using the ACE spacecraft orbiting close to the L1 Lagrangian point of the Sun-Earth system. This data is fed into the OVATION-Prime model to forecast... | |
earth_science-63/extraction_4.txt | ## A pure-python implementation of the Ovation Prime 2010 auroral precipitation model You can run the notebooks in this repo on the cloud by clicking below: !Binder ## Introduction to The Model Ovation Prime 2010, (described in Newell et al., 2009 and Newell et al. 2010) is a model which predicts the total energy flux,... | |
earth_science-63/extraction_5.txt | # habtie-phys/auroraloval main **1** Branch **0** Tags Go to Branches pageGo to Tags page Go to file Code Open more actions menu ## Folders and files | Name | Name | Last commit message | Last commit date | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | ## Latest commit<br>!habtie-physhabtie-phys<br>Update README.md<br>Apr 4, 2023<br>9af... | |
earth_science-63/extraction_6.txt | # Overview Permalink: Overview !RTD Documentation Status!PyPI Package latest release!DOI This is a Python wrapper for the AACGM-v2 C library, which allows converting between geographic and magnetic coordinates. The currently included version of the C library is 2.7. The package is free software (MIT license). When refe... | |
earth_science-63/extraction_8.txt | ## Overview !Documentation Status!PyPI Package latest release!doi This is a Python wrapper for the Apex fortran library by Emmert et al. \[2010\] [\[1\]](https://github.com/aburrell/apexpy?utm_source=chatgpt.com#id4), which allows converting between geodetic, modified apex, and quasi-dipole coordinates as well as getti... | |
earth_science-63/extraction_11.txt | # 1 Introduction Both physical intuition and practical tests suggest that the most important determinant of the predictive accuracy achievable by an auroral precipitation model stems from the choice of organizing (or binning) parameter. However, the choice of that underlying model parameter is heavily constrained by th... | |
earth_science-63/extraction_12.txt | # 1\. Introduction There have been a number of auroral precipitation models developed in order to better understand the interactions between the geomagnetic field, the solar wind, and the ionosphere, and concomitant impacts on communications \e.g., [_Evans_, 1987; _Brautigam et al._, 1991; _Hardy et al._, 1991; _Lui et... | |
earth_science-63/extraction_13.txt | The measured DMSP ion and diffuse electron auroras spectra are known not to cover the entire energy range, having significant fractions of their energy fluxes above 30 keV \ _Newell et al_., [2009\]. Both ion and electron populations have been shown to have kappa distributions in the magnetotail \ _Christon et al_., [1... | |
earth_science-63/extraction_14.txt | # Ionospheres Physics, Plasma Physics, and Chemistry Second Edition This combination of text and reference book provides a comprehensive description of the physical, plasma, and chemical processes controlling the behavior of ionospheres, upper atmospheres and exospheres. It describes in detail the relevant processes, m... | |
earth_science-63/extraction_15.txt | ``` | # Introduction to Space Physics !Front Cover Margaret G. Kivelson, Christopher T. Russell Cambridge University Press, Apr 28, 1995 - Science All aspects of space plasmas in the Solar System are introduced and explored in this text for senior undergraduate and graduate students. Introduction to Space Physics provi... | |
dry_weather_river/usgov3.txt | <li>streams gain water from inflow of groundwater through the streambed (gaining stream),</li>
<li>streams lose water to groundwater by outflow through the streambed (losing stream), or</li>
<li>they do both, gaining in some reaches and losing in other reaches.</li>
</ul>
<p>For groundwater to discharge into a stream c... | |
earth_science-64/extraction_0.txt | When a drought hits and little or no rain has fallen in a long time, you might expect small streams and even larger rivers to just dry up, right? In many cases, they don't. Streamflow might lessen to a trickle or so, but water continues to flow. How is that possible? Read on to find out how "base flow", which is water ... | |
earth_science-64/extraction_1.txt | # INTERACTION OF GROUND WATER AND STREAMS Streams interact with ground water in all types of landscapes (see Box B). The interaction takes place in three basic ways: streams gain water from inflow of ground water through the streambed (gaining stream, Figure 8A), they lose water to ground water by outflow through the s... | |
earth_science-64/extraction_5.txt | ### Age of Ground-Water Discharge to Streams | | | --- | | !Figure 3. Ground-water age from springs in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, 1996-1997 (modified from Lindsey and others, 2003).(Click to view larger image) | | **Figure 3:** Ground-water age from springs in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, 1996-1997 _\[The ages of g... | |
earth_science-64/extraction_6.txt | Naturally, the water running in rivers comes from precipitation that runs off the landscape into the river. But since precipitation also seeps into (and moves) into the ground, you don't often consider that a significant amount of the water flowing in rivers comes from water in the ground seeping back "up" into the riv... | |
earth_science-64/extraction_8.txt | Many rivers and streams have a relatively steady component of streamflow, or baseflow, generated by groundwater discharge, meltwater from glaciers or snowfields, outflow from lakes and reservoirs, and routing of streamflow over long distances. Baseflow represents reliable water supply during dry periods for human use a... | |
weather_forcast/forecast_process4.txt |
About the NWS National Program Forecast Process Weather.gov > About the NWS > Forecast Process
About We are the National Weather Service Forecasts and Services Science and Technology NWS Partners
If it falls from the sky, flows across the surface of the Earth, or is released from t... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_0.txt | Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor System (MRMS) -------------------------------------- The MRMS system was developed to produce severe weather, transportation, and precipitation products for improved decision-making capability to improve hazardous weather forecasts and warnings, along with hydrology, aviation, and numerical wea... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_1.txt | About FFMP ---------- The Flash Flood Monitoring and Prediction (FFMP) system allows you to interrogate radar precipitation estimates and compare to flash flood guidance (FFG) and average recurrence interval (ARI) data on a user-specified duration in support of flash flood warning operations. River Forecast Center FFG ... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_2.txt | The National Weather Service (NWS) recently upgraded the latest forecast guidance to help forecasters deliver the most consistent and accurate weather forecasts and warnings to the Nation. The NBM is a nationally consistent suite of calibrated forecast guidance based on a blend of both NWS and non-NWS model output. On ... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_3.txt | 10.ConclusionandReferences Conclusion: TheNBMisanationalsuiteofcalibratedforecastguidancebasedonablendofboth NWSandnon-NWSmulti-scalenumericalweatherpredictionmodeloutputand post-processedstatisticalmodelguidance.ThegoaloftheNBMistocreateahighly accurate,skillful,andconsistentstartingpointforthegriddedforecastwithinthe... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_4.txt | The Rapid Refresh (RR) and High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) aren't the only "mesoscale models" available. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction also run high-resolution, convection-allowing versions of models you're already familiar with, which also have use in mesoscale forecasting. One such model is t... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_5.txt | Each spring, the NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed in Norman, OK, hosts the Spring Forecasting Experiment (SFE), where state- of-the-art CAM ensembles are used and evaluated in real-time for forecasting severe convective storms. Whereas the HREF is an ensemble of opportunity, other experimental CAM ensembles evaluated in ... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_7.txt | The Forecast Process - creating the forecast products ----------------------------------------------------- The NWS issues a comprehensive package of forecast products to support a variety of users twice a day. In addition, a late morning and evening update are typically issued. Additional updates are produced as condi... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_8.txt | 3 Local WFO Digital Forecast Database Description 3.1 Description Forecasters at each WFO use the Graphical Forecast Editor (GFE) software on the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS) to prepare a local, geospatially referenced digital forecast database. The local database is comprised of gridded weath... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_9.txt | 1 Introduction This procedural directive provides product specifications for the Area Forecast Discussion (AFD), Area Forecast Matrices (AFM), Point Forecast Matrices (PFM), Recreation Report (REC), State Forecast Product (SFP), Tabular State Forecast Product (SFT) and the Zone Forecast Product (ZFP) public products is... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_10.txt | Localized Aviation MOS Program - MDL ==================================== MDL upgraded the LAMP/GLMP systems to v2.6 in September 2024. For more information, please refer to the news article here and to SCN 24-80 . The **Localized Aviation MOS Program** (LAMP) is a statistical system which provides forecast guidance fo... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_11.txt | 3. Fire Weather Watch/Red Flag Warning (Product Category RFW, WMO Header WWUS8i) 3.1 Mission Connection Forecasters issue Fire Weather Watches/Red Flag Warnings (RFW) when the combination of fuels and weather conditions support extreme fire danger and/or fire behavior. These conditions alert land management agencies to... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_12.txt | There are two levels to the hydrologic services offered by the NWS. The River Forecast Center (RFC) is staffed by professional hydrologists and hydrometeorlogists who issue river, reservoir and flood forecasts using computer models for predictions. The RFC staff provides forecast guidance to personnel at the NWS Weathe... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_13.txt | Traditional flood forecasts are provided for nearly 100 locations in the roughly two-state area. The diversity of hydrologic regimes, the proximity to the Pacific Ocean, and the complications of a highly-developed water management environment make forecasting extremely difficult. A great deal of coordination is require... | |
earth_science-65/extraction_14.txt | The Techniques Development Laboratory (TDL) was formed in 1964 as part of the Weather Bureau under the Department of Commerce (DOC). Through a series of reorganizations, TDL was renamed the Meteorological Development Laboratory in 2001 and placed under the Office of Science and Technology of the National Weather Servic... | |
earth_science-66/extraction_0.txt | Pangea in the Late Carboniferous had widespread peat formation in what is now central and eastern North America and Europe and relatively dry conditions on the Colorado Plateau. The equatorial region of the continent became drier through the end of the Carboniferous. By the Permian, the equatorial region of Pangea was ... | |
earth_science-66/extraction_1.txt | The end-Permian mass extinction event, approximately 252 million years ago, represents the most severe biotic crisis in Earth's history, profoundly altering ecosystems both terrestrial and marine. One of the most striking and prolonged consequences of this cataclysm was the global 'coal gap,' a period spanning several ... | |
earth_science-66/extraction_2.txt | ## Abstract This paper describes the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic evaporites of the Berkine/Ghadames Basin in eastern Algeria and western Libya, which is important because it forms the regional seal to a number of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Triassic Argilo-Gréseux Inférieur. This evaporitic succession spans the ... | |
earth_science-66/extraction_3.txt | ## Introduction The Late Triassic- Early Jurassic salt basin of the Saharan Platform covers an area of over 400,000 km2 and is the largest in the west Mediterranean region. The depocenter, with ∼1.5 km thickness of largely undisturbed halite sits directly centred above the giant oilfield of Hassi Messaoud. The Saharan ... | |
earth_science-66/extraction_4.txt | IV. THE BORROWER A. Background and. Production Performance 4.01 The discovery of the Jerada coal deposit dates back to 1908 although systematic exploration did not take place until l927. The first company to exploit the deposit was created in l929 with participation of Bureau de Recherches et de Participations Minieres... | |
earth_science-66/extraction_5.txt | # A BRIEF HISTORY OF MINING EXPLOITATION IN KENADSA Despite the fact that the French employed different means to undermine the pecuniary sources of the local inhabitants, Kenadsa underwent an unexpected renaissance. A new deal was to give it a second historical breath: the discovery of coal. Kenadsa experienced a new e... | |
earth_science-66/extraction_6.txt | # Iullemmeden Basin The Iullemmeden Basin, to the west of the Air Massif, is a vast structural depression of about $3 6 0 , 0 0 0 { \\mathrm { k m } } ^ { 2 }$ covering virtually all of western Niger and with extensions in Algeria, Mali, Benin and Nigeria. It is filled with 1,500 to 2,000 meters of Cambrian to Pleistoc... | |
earth_science-66/extraction_7.txt | Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of the Jurassic coal from Egypt H.M. Baioumy Central Metallurgical R&D Institute, P.O. Box 87 Helwan, Cairo, Egypt article info Article history: Received 29 April 2008 Received in revised form 10 March 2009 Accepted 13 March 2009 Available online 21 March 2009 Keywords: Co... | |
earth_science-66/extraction_8.txt | # ABSTRACT In 2014 and for the first time in East Tiba Sub-Basin exploration history, gas and condensates were tested at commercial rate from the Aalenian Middle Jurassic sandstone reservoir in SH-4well, Shahd/Shahd SE oil fields. This encouraging Jurassic gas discovery gave the initiative to evaluate the Jurassic geol... | |
earth_science-66/extraction_10.txt | An overview of the Permian (Karoo) coal deposits of southern Africa B. Cairncross Department of Geology, Rand Afrikaans University, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Gauteng 2006, South Africa Received 31 January 2001; accepted 12 June 2001 Abstract The coal deposits of southern Africa (Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia... |
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