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earth_science-80/extraction_3.txt | ### Vertical Dispersion For dispersion in the vertical, it’s all about thermodynamics! Have you ever heard the phrase “warm air rises?” This is something to keep in mind when thinking about vertical dispersion. When air quality forecasters prepare forecasts, one thing that is analyzed is the vertical temperature and wi... | |
earth_science-80/extraction_4.txt | **Great Smog of London**, lethal smog that covered the city of London for five days, from December 5 to December 9, in 1952. It was caused by a combination of industrial pollution and high- pressure weather conditions. The smoke and fog brought London to a near standstill and resulted in thousands of deaths. Its conseq... | |
earth_science-80/extraction_5.txt | The **Great Smog of London**, or **Great Smog of 1952**, was a severe air pollution event that affected London, England, in December 1952. A period of unusually cold weather, combined with an anticyclone and windless conditions, collected airborne pollutants—mostly arising from the use of coal—to form a thick layer of ... | |
meteorological_versus_astronomical_seasons/meteorological_versus_astronomical_seasons3.txt |
Enter Search Term(s):
Search
Home
News
Meteorological Versus Astronomical Seasons
Meteorological Versus Astronomical Seasons
Courtesy of Pixabay.com
You may have noticed that meteorologis... | |
earth_science-81/extraction_0.txt | Because Earth actually travels around the sun in 365.24 days, an extra day is needed every fourth year, creating what we know as Leap Year. This also causes the exact date of the solstices and equinoxes to vary. Additionally, the elliptical shape of Earth’s orbit around the sun causes the lengths of the astronomical se... | |
earth_science-81/extraction_1.txt | # Meteorological Versus Astronomical Seasons You may have noticed that meteorologists and climatologists define seasons differently from “regular” or astronomical spring, summer, fall, and winter. So, why do meteorological and astronomical seasons begin and end on different dates? In short, it’s because the astronomica... | |
earth_science-81/extraction_2.txt | The astronomical definition of the seasons is the one used most widely by the American media. The astronomical and meteorological definitions are compared in Table 1. The astronomical seasons define winter (Northern Hemisphere, or summer Southern Hemisphere) as the period from the winter solstice (22 December on averag... | |
earth_science-81/extraction_3.txt | # Global Seasonal Climate Update The WMO Global Seasonal Climate Update (GSCU), issued quarterly, summarizes the current status (monitoring) and the expected future behaviour (prediction) of the global seasonal climate focusing on the major general circulation features and large‐scale oceanic anomalies around the globe... | |
earth_science-81/extraction_5.txt | **The annual changes in temperature are of crucial importance for Finland's climate. It is natural to distinguish seasons using a thermal criterion, with seasons defined by the daily mean temperatures of 0°C and 10°C. With this criterion the lengths of seasons can vary greatly from year to year.** !il-juhlapyhien-saati... | |
earth_science-81/extraction_6.txt | # Season map The season map shows the season or season temperature (according to the SMHI season definitions) for the chosen date. The map only shows the current state, not the season's arrival date. This is because the season's arrival date must be calculated in retrospect. The season map for the current day is create... | |
thermohaline_circulation/ocean_conveyor_belt_htm5.txt | Gyres
Equatorial
Currents
Western
Boundary
Currents
Rings
Upwelling and
Downwelling
Ocean
Conveyer
Belt
Related Link
Impact
Ocean Conveyor
Belt
The global oceanic conveyer belt (shown above in a simplified illustration), is a unifying concept that connects the ocean's surface and the... | |
thermohaline_circulation/05conveyor1_html3.txt |
Home Education Currents Thermohaline Circulation
Thermohaline Circulation
Currents Tutorial
Thermohaline circulation begins in the Earth's polar regions. When ocean water in these areas gets very cold, sea ice forms. The surrounding seawater gets saltier, increases in density and sinks.
Winds drive ... | |
earth_science-82/extraction_0.txt | Oceanic currents are driven by tides, winds, and differences in water density. Currents are essential for maintaining the existing balance of life on Earth, but they can be deadly as well. * * * When used in association with water, the term "current" describes the motion of the water. Some currents you may be familiar ... | |
earth_science-82/extraction_1.txt | !This animation shows the path of the global conveyer belt. The blue arrows indicate the path of deep, cold, dense water currents. The red arrows indicate the path of warmer, less dense surface waters.This animation shows the path of the global conveyer belt. The blue arrows indicate the path of deep, cold, dense water... | |
earth_science-82/extraction_3.txt | ### 5\. Density, potential density and neutral density For mapping general circulation, it is more useful to use density as our vertical coordinate than pressure since we assume that water parcels much more nearly conserve density than pressure. Thus we often map properties on isopycnal surfaces. However, the isopycnal... | |
earth_science-82/extraction_4.txt | The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) propels warm surface water from the q to high-latitude regions. There, the water encounters strong winds and cold air temperatures, which causes it to become colder and denser. This cold, dense water sinks into the deep ocean and then is conveyed back southward at ... | |
earth_science-82/extraction_6.txt | Salinity affects sea water density and therefore can be a controlling factor for the depth of the ocean surface mixed layer. This depth also depends on wind speed and cooling at the sea surface. Feedbacks can occur as precipitation and evaporation are affected by the atmosphere, which in turn is affected by sea surface... | |
VARIANT_IDs_in_CMIP6/google_cmip65.txt | variant_info
user input
no
string
no
no
variant_label
CMOR-generated, based on 4 user-provided indices (“ripf”)
yes
string
defined structure/format constructed from indices
yes
Appendix 1: Global Attributes for Labeling Experiments
Global attributes that label experiments are needed to construct filenames and dire... | |
VARIANT_IDs_in_CMIP6/google_cmip61.txt | CMIP6 Global Attributes, DRS, Filenames, Directory Structure, and CV’s
10 September 2018 (v6.2.7)
Document short URL: https://goo.gl/v1drZl
Karl E. Taylor, Martin Juckes, V. Balaji, Luca Cinquini, Sébastien Denvil, Paul J. Durack, Mark Elkington, Eric Guilyardi, Slava Kharin, Michael Lautenschlager, Bryan Lawrence, D... | |
earth_science-83/extraction_0.txt | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | forcing\_index | index for variant of forcing | 1, 2, 82, 323 | | integer >0 (see note 8) | always | distinguishes variants that differ in forcing | | initialization\_index | Index for variant of initialization method | 1 | initialization\_ method | integer ... | |
earth_science-83/extraction_1.txt | ## 5\. Model and experiment documentation The controlled vocabularies contain basic information about the models, institutions, and experiments in CMIP6. The CMIP6 results will be fully documented and made accessible via the ES-DOC viewer and comparator interface ( https://search.es-doc.org). Each CMIP6 model output fi... | |
earth_science-84/extraction_0.txt | # The Casts During the excavations in Pompeii, the remains of over one thousand victims of the 79 AD eruption have been found. During the first phase of the eruption, those who hadn’t left the city in time were trapped in their homes or shelters, buried by a shower of pumice stones and lapilli or killed by the roofs an... | |
earth_science-84/extraction_1.txt | The ash and pyroclastic layers hardened quickly around the bodies. The soft tissues decomposed over time, leaving only bones in cavities once occupied by whole bodies. More than 1700 years later, excavators of the ancient site noticed that underneath the skeletal remains of a young woman was an imprint of her breasts a... | |
earth_science-84/extraction_2.txt | # Pompeii Casts. Victims found in the Villa of Lucius Crassius Tertius at Oplontis in 1984. Oplontis, Villa of Lucius Crassius Tertius. July 2010. Resin cast of a woman found in 1984. Rear view. According to the Soprintendenza notice at Oplontis, this was a new technique using resin instead of plaster. This gave a tran... | |
earth_science-84/extraction_3.txt | The extraordinary preservation at Akrotiri, with prehistoric buildings still standing two or even three storeys high, is due to a cataclysmic volcanic eruption. Initial excavations at the site in 1967 came about because of curiosity concerning this eruption, and whether it could have triggered the collapse of Minoan Cr... | |
earth_science-84/extraction_4.txt | ## Abstract The Late Classic Maya village of Joya de Cerén's extraordinary preservation caused by the Loma Caldera volcanic eruption around 650 CE allows for a unique opportunity to understand what plant species ancient Mesoamerican farmers utilized in their daily lives for food consumption, medicinal applications, fue... | |
earth_science-84/extraction_5.txt | Methods, Preservation, and Behavioral & Transformational Processes Cerén is affected by behavioral and transformational processes as much as any other site, but they are indeed different (McKee 2007). The key to understanding these remains is to find out how the particular record was formed, i.e., the behaviors that cr... | |
earth_science-84/extraction_9.txt | # Nola-Croce del Papa The settlement of Croce del Papa was partially excavated in 2001-2002 by Claude Albore Livadie on behalf of the local heritage authority, the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Napoli e Caserta. Three huts were investigated as well as a small portion of an apsidal feature pertaining to another hut loc... | |
earth_science-84/extraction_10.txt | #### Ashfall Fossil Beds # Life and Death at a Nebraska Waterhole < Vertebrate Paleontology Home #### From Museum Notes, No. 81, Feb 1992 Hundreds of skeletons of prehistoric animals have been found in a volcanic ash bed buried beneath the rolling farmlands of northeastern Nebraska. Some of the best-preserved fossil rh... | |
earth_science-84/extraction_11.txt | #### About Ashfall # From Waterhole to Rhino Barn Research at the site has led geologists to believe that this mass graveyard is the result of an enormous volcanic eruption that occurred 12 million years ago in what is now southwestern Idaho, nearly 900 miles due west of the Ashfall Fossil Beds. Chemical analysis of th... | |
earth_science-84/extraction_13.txt | In July 1935, two Seattle couples hiking near Blue Lake in Grant County in Eastern Washington clamber into a cave of basalt. They notice it has an unusual shape, sort of like the mold of large, upside down animal. They also find a few bones. Word of the bones soon reaches geologist George Beck at Washington State Norma... | |
old_topographic_map/india4.txt | NE 44-1 Chanda (4.2 MB)
NE 44-2 Sirpur (4.0 MB)
NE 44-3 Jagdalpur (4.1 MB)
NE 44-4 Bhawanipatna (5.0 MB)
NE 44-5 Nizamabad (4.4 MB)
NE 44-6 Chinnur (4.2 MB)
NE 44-7 Malakanagiri (4.7 MB)
NE 44-8 Vizianagram (4.9 MB)
NE 44-9 Hyderabad (4.6 MB)
NE 44-9 Hyderabad and Vicinity [verso] (1.5 MB)
NE 44-10 Yellandlapad (4.4 MB... | |
old_topographic_map/india1.txt |
India and Pakistan AMS Topographic Maps - Perry-Castañeda Map Collection -
UT Library Online
PCL Map Collection > India and Pakistan AMS Topographic Maps
India and Pakistan 1:250,000
Series U502, U.S. Army Map Service, 1955-
Click here for full size index map (3.9 MB)
Click here for comp... | |
earth_science-85/extraction_0.txt | PCL Map Collection > India and Pakistan AMS Topographic Maps **India and Pakistan 1:250,000** **Series U502, U.S. Army Map Service, 1955-** Click here for full size index map (3.9 MB) Click here for complete list of map images in this collection **Complete list of map images in this collection:** Index Map (3.9 MB) NC ... | |
earth_science-85/extraction_2.txt | The Perry-Castañeda Library (PCL) Map Collection website is archived as of 2021 and no longer being updated. Links to external sites may no longer work as expected. Please visit the Texas GeoData portal and Collections portal for map files and the UTL Map Collections LibGuide for additional information. PCL Map Collect... | |
earth_science-85/extraction_3.txt | Publisher Series Subject Topic Language ChineseCroatianEnglishEnglish & ChineseEnglish and AnnameseEnglish and GermanEnglish and JapaneseEnglish and KoreanEnglish and MalayEnglish and NetherlandsEnglish and RussianEnglish and ThaiEnglish, ArabicEnglish, BurmeseEnglish, DanishEnglish, FrenchEnglish, GermanEnglish, Greek... | |
earth_science-85/extraction_4.txt | The provided content does contain information relevant to accessing digital cartographic records through India's national archives. Specifically, it introduces "Abhilekh Patal Portal" as an initiative of the National Archives of India to make Indian Archival Records available, with "Around 2 million digitized records a... | |
earth_science-85/extraction_5.txt | # Cartographic Records National Archives of India has in its custody substantial number of cartographic records acquired from Survey of India. They are categorized as Historical Maps, Forest Maps, Revenue Maps and Printed and Published maps All these cartographic records are accessible as per provisions contained in th... | |
earth_science-85/extraction_6.txt | !Survey of India Logo !Onlinemaps-logo !Department of Science & Technology Logo ### Filters * * * Free other Maps | | | --- | | Open Series Maps (OSM) Index | | Political Map of India | | Physical Map of India | | Road Map of India | | Railway Map of India | | India and Adjacent Countries | | World Map | | State Maps |... | |
earth_science-85/extraction_7.txt | CATALOGUE OF THE HISTORICAL MAPS OF THE SURVEY OF INDIA EDITOR: DR. 8. N. PRA~AD PUBLISHED BY TEE NATIONAL ARCHIVE8 OF INDIA NEW DELIII It givee me pleaeure to get the catalog\* of Historical Hap8 in the cuetody of National Archives of India in print. The catalogue contdne 7,949 maps, the oldest dating around 1700 ie t... | |
earth_science-85/extraction_8.txt | ### 2\. Select Your Data Set(s) Check the boxes for the data set(s) you want to search. When done selecting data set(s), click the _Additional Criteria_ or _Results_ buttons below. Click the plus sign next to the category name to show a list of data sets. Use Data Set Prefilter( What's This?) **0** data sets out of **0... | |
earth_science-85/extraction_9.txt | A collection of declassified military intelligence photographs from the CORONA, ARGON, and LANYARD satellite systems in digital format. (1960 to 1972) The first generation of U.S. photo intelligence satellites collected more than 860,000 images of the Earth’s surface between 1960 and 1972. The classified military satel... | |
hydroxyl_radical_chemistry/AQCHEM_NOTES_txt4.txt | implemented. Previously, OH reactions of glyoxal and methylglyoxal and Hg
(for the multipollutant model) controlled the time step of oxidation
reactions. Now only the sulfur reactions affect dt. In CMAQ’s gas phase, OH
is assumed to be in pseudo-steady state, and it is not a transported species.
This is ... | |
hydroxyl_radical_chemistry/AQCHEM_NOTES_txt1.txt | AQCHEM_NOTES - 13 January 2010
Solver Stability
Several problems in the aqueous chemistry routine were uncovered in the
application of the CMAQv4.7 multipollutant model. In some instances,
sporadic abnormally high sulfate concentrations were simulated (>400 ug/m3);
in general, the no... | |
hydroxyl_radical_chemistry/AQCHEM_NOTES_txt5.txt | neglect of production reactions (H2O2 + hv -> 2 OH) not currently implemented
in aqchem), a steady-state assumption for OH is adopted in the aqueous
chemistry routine.
References:
Carlton, A.G., B.J. Turpin, K.E. Altieri, S.P. Seitzinger, R. Mathur,
S.J. Roselle, and R.J. Weber, CMAQ Model Perf... | |
earth_science-86/extraction_0.txt | Implementation of GEOS-Chem chemistry using the Kinetic PreProcesor KPP. We have developed new tools that allow to seamlessly implement GEOS-Chem chemistry using the Kinetic PreProcesor KPP. These tools include: (1) a first Perl parser to translate SMVGEAR inputs to KPP input files that describe the chemical mechanism ... | |
earth_science-86/extraction_1.txt | The standard GEOS-Chem tropospheric chem- ical mechanism comprises 87 species and 307 reactions in- tegrated using the SMVGEARII solver of Jacobson(1995). We retain this standard chemical mechanism; however, we implement a different numerical solver. The details of this are given in Appendix A. To summarize, we impleme... | |
earth_science-86/extraction_3.txt | **2. Addition of the ROS3 solver.** A new Rosenbrock solver has been added to the array of gas-phase chemistry solvers available in the CCTM. The CMAQ ROS3 solver is based on the ROS3 solver described in Sandu et al. (1997), and is a completely generalized solver (i.e., it is not mechanism specific). In-house tests ind... | |
earth_science-86/extraction_5.txt | #### Stiffness and stability considerations Different chemical species participating in atmospheric chemical kinetics have widely different life times. Specifically, different species evolve on different time scales, from milliseconds (e.g., for radicals such as OH) to years (e.g., for CH4). The resulting system of ord... | |
earth_science-86/extraction_6.txt | 7 Numerical methods The KPP numerical library contains a set of numerical integrators selected to be very efficient in the low to medium accuracy regime (relative errors∼10 −2 ...10 −5 ). In addition, the KPP numerical integrators preserve the linear invariants (i.e., mass) of the chemical system. KPP implements severa... | |
fog_bow/Fog_bow5.txt |
Type of rainbow formed by fog droplets
Fogbow over a field
360-degree fogbow
A fog bow, sometimes called a white rainbow,[1] is a similar phenomenon to a rainbow; however, as its name suggests, it appears as a bow in fog rather than rain.[2] Because of the very small size of water droplets that cause fog—smaller than... | |
earth_science-87/extraction_0.txt | # What is a fogbow? * * * A fogbow is similar in some respects to a traditional rainbow forming from sunlight interacting with water droplets contained in fog, mist or cloud rather than interacting with raindrops as it does in a classical rainbow. These water droplets are much smaller than raindrops, nearly always less... | |
earth_science-87/extraction_1.txt | # What is a fogbow? * * * A fogbow is similar in some respects to a traditional rainbow forming from sunlight interacting with water droplets contained in fog, mist or cloud rather than interacting with raindrops as it does in a classical rainbow. These water droplets are much smaller than raindrops, nearly always less... | |
earth_science-87/extraction_2.txt | # What is a fogbow? * * * A fogbow is similar in some respects to a traditional rainbow forming from sunlight interacting with water droplets contained in fog, mist or cloud rather than interacting with raindrops as it does in a classical rainbow. These water droplets are much smaller than raindrops, nearly always less... | |
earth_science-87/extraction_3.txt | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Type of rainbow formed by fog droplets [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fog_bow_over_a_field.jpg) Fogbow over a field[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:360_degrees_fogbow.jpg) 360-degree fogbow A **fog bow**, sometimes called a **white rainbow**,[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia... | |
shale/shale_shtml3.txt |
the Marcellus Shale in the Appalachians, the Haynesville Shale
in Louisiana, and the Fayetteville Shale in Arkansas. These enormous shale reservoirs hold enough natural gas to serve all of the
United States' needs for twenty years or more.
Shale in brick and tile: Shale is used as a raw material for making many... | |
earth_science-88/extraction_1.txt | Pyrite oxidation and expansion in the New Albany black shale have caused serious foundation problems in numerous buildings and structures constructed in the black shale soil horizons in various parts of Kentucky. Pyrite oxidizes, causing various secondary sulfates to form when excavated shale or shale fill is exposed t... | |
earth_science-88/extraction_2.txt | Pyrite Origin and Degradation Pyrite (iron sulfide or FeS 2 ) can be found throughout the world in many forms; however, the most perilous for the built world is finely grained (framboidal) pyrite embedded within rock. The geologic production of pyrite requires an environment with a limited supply of oxygen, a sufficien... | |
earth_science-88/extraction_3.txt | Foundation Engineering ---------------------- Pyrite oxidation and expansion in the New Albany black shale have caused serious foundation problems in numerous buildings and structures constructed in the black shale soil horizons in various parts of Kentucky. Pyrite oxidizes, causing various secondary sulfates to form w... | |
earth_science-88/extraction_4.txt | Pyrite Origin and Degradation Pyrite (iron sulfide or FeS 2 ) can be found throughout the world in many forms; however, the most perilous for the built world is finely grained (framboidal) pyrite embedded within rock. The geologic production of pyrite requires an environment with a limited supply of oxygen, a sufficien... | |
earth_science-88/extraction_5.txt | 2. ACID GENERATION PREDICTION The objectives of predictive testing are to: (1) determine if a discrete volume of mining waste will generate acid and (2) predict the quality of the drainage based on the rate of acid formation measured (California Mining Association 1991). There are two important points that must be cons... | |
earth_science-88/extraction_6.txt | A-3 DETERMINATION OF SULFATE IN SOILS - GRAVIMETRIC AND TURBIDIMETRIC METHOD A-3.1 Gravimetric Method. A-3.1.1 Scope. Applicable to all soil types with the possible exception of soils containing certain organic compounds, this method permits the detection of as little as 0.05 percent sulfates as SO 4 . A-3.1.2 Reagents... | |
earth_science-88/extraction_7.txt | August 2000 1 TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM GUIDELINES FOR STABILIZATION OF SOILS CONTAINING SULFATES AUSTIN WHITE LIME, CHEMICAL LIME, TEXAS LIME Purpose of This Technical Memorandum This memorandum is prepared for members of the engineering and construction communities to establish a protocol for lime stabilization of clay so... | |
earth_science-88/extraction_8.txt | **ASTM D4644-16** **Standard Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales and Other Similar Weak Rocks (Withdrawn 2025)** ===================================================================================================== Standard Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales and Other Similar Weak Rocks (Withdrawn 2025) ... | |
earth_science-88/extraction_10.txt | Soils ----- Adobe bricks are made of native soil, sometimes with the addition of an organic additive. To make durable bricks, you must know which soil types to use. In New Mexico, soils commonly called adobe soils are not well suited to brickmaking. The proportions of sand, clay, and silt in these soils may vary widely... | |
earth_science-88/extraction_11.txt | Soils Adobe bricks are made of native soil and possibly an organic additive. To make durable bricks, you must know which soil types to use. In New Mexico, soils commonly called “adobe soils” are not well-suited to brick making. They con- tain far too much clay. They tend to shrink and crack severely as they dry. Desira... | |
earth_science-88/extraction_13.txt | 1-4 USES OF STABILIZATION/MODIFICATION. Pavement design is based on the premise that the specified structural quality will be achieved for each layer of material in the pavement system. Each layer resists shearing, avoids excessive deflections that cause cracking within the layer or in overlying layers, and prevents ex... | |
earth_science-88/extraction_14.txt | ORIGINAL RESEARCH article Front. Built Environ., 22 June 2023 Sec. Construction Materials Volume 9 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1199744 Potential utilization of oil shale as a stabilizing material for compressed Earth block =================================================================================... | |
earth_science-88/extraction_15.txt | **ENGINEERING PROPERTIES** **Coal Refuse** Some of the properties of coal refuse that are of particular interest when coal refuse is used in granular base applications include gradation, particle shape/ texture, moisture-density characteristics, shear strength, permeability, and frost susceptibility. _Gradation_: Coars... | |
reflecting_sunlights/news1.txt | <body class="" style="overflow: initial;"><script> </script><div id="__next"><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PB2GX" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div id="app-container" class="GlobalStyles_dls__oymTZ" data-component="GlobalStyles"... | |
earth_science-89/extraction_0.txt | I was wondering if we could possibly reduce the severity of, or steer a hurricane by changing albedo (e.g. dying the part ocean with a temporary light colored dye)? My thought would be to put this dye well in front of the path of a hurricane, with enough time to reflect the sunlight back off the ocean and cool the ocea... | |
earth_science-89/extraction_2.txt | Generally speaking, subtropical high-pressure systems (which you learned about previously) provide the mid-tropospheric steering winds for many tropical cyclones. Indeed, their clockwise curving tracks coincide with the clockwise circulation associated with the Atlantic subtropical high, as indicated by the schematic b... | |
earth_science-89/extraction_3.txt | ## Abstract Proposals to use technology to cool sea surface temperatures have received attention for the potential application of weakening a tropical cyclone ahead of landfall. Here, application of an ocean-mixing aware maximum potential intensity theory finds that artificial ocean cooling could drastically weaken tro... | |
make_martian_dirt/How_to_make_simulant_Martian_dirt2.txt | NASA graph of elemental composition of Mars soil.
The five most abundant ingredients, account for almost 90% of the dirt taken from Mars samples.
SiO2 - 49.5%
Fe2O3 - 17.9%
Al2O3 - 7.2%
MgO - 7.7%
CaO - 6.7%
That seems like a good starting point. If I pad those out to reach 100% and use the results as a weight ratio, ... | |
earth_science-8/extraction_0.txt | 2.2. Mineral recipe and calculated bulk chemistry 2.2.1. Crystalline fraction The crystalline fraction of Rocknest is well constrained by XRD (Bish et al., 2013; Achilles et al., 2017). These measurements provide quantitative mass fractions of all minerals present at∼1 wt% or greater, and crystal chemistry constraints ... | |
earth_science-8/extraction_1.txt | REMIN Volcanic Rock Dust - 20kg Bag =================================== 1 2 3 4 5 16 Reviews £5.95 P&P Product Code: GFE-002 Size: 20kg Bag REMIN volcanic rock dust is a fantastic natural source of minerals which helps to rejuvenate soils, helping boost soil fertility and plant growth - and each 20kg bag covers an impr... | |
earth_science-8/extraction_2.txt | Volcanic Rock Dust – Soil Enricher ================================== (4) SKU: RD01 £599 Unit price / Unavailable Tax included, shipping and discounts calculated at checkout. * * * Choose Size: 1Kg * 1Kg * 2.5Kg * 5Kg * 10kg * 20kg * 1kg Refill Bag Volcanic Rock Dust – Soil Enricher - 1Kg is backordered and will ship a... | |
earth_science-8/extraction_3.txt | Pumice Volcanic Horticultural Media - Bonsai & Alpine Soil - 2-4mm * Unique grade promotes superior rooting * 100% frost proof, lasts indefinitely and can be re-used * 2-4mm mesh graded to produce an approximate particle size close to this range * Information on how Kaizen Bonsai soil products are described, graded & p... | |
earth_science-8/extraction_4.txt | Dust, by which we generally mean weathered grains usually less than a few micrometers in size that remain suspended in the atmosphere for prolonged periods of time, is ubiquitous on Mars’ surface and in its atmosphere; therefore, dust or regolith is included as a coating on underlying rocks or sediments reported by XRF... | |
earth_science-8/extraction_5.txt | ### MARTIAN SOIL CHEMISTRY The _Phoenix Mars Lander_ snapped this image (inset) of a soil sample, which it dug with its robotic arm and delivered to its wet chemistry lab. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona/Texas A&M University / Inset: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona/Max Planck Institute View Movie.... | |
earth_science-8/extraction_6.txt | Physical Properties: We will limit our physical properties discussion of surface soil and dust to an overview. Edgett \[24\] presents a detailed analysis of the particle sizes and shapes of surface silts and sands in soil at the Gale crater landing site at this workshop. Microscopic imagers have flown on landed mission... | |
earth_science-8/extraction_7.txt | **Mineralogy of the Rocknest Sand Shadow** Rocknest consists of both crystalline and x-ray amorphous components. The crystalline component is basaltic, composed of plagioclase feldspar, forsteritic olivine, and the pyroxenes augite and pigeonite (20). All of the minor phases are consistent with a basaltic heritage, wit... | |
earth_science-8/extraction_8.txt | What are the biggest challenges of growing plants on these soils? ----------------------------------------------------------------- Apart from the heavy metals, one of the problems is that these soils contain very little of a specific fertiliser: nitrogen in a form that plants can absorb (nitrate). However there is a s... | |
formation_of_earth/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System3.txt |
Formation of the Solar System after gas and dust coalesced into a protoplanetary disk. The vast majority of this material was sourced from a past supernova.
In the long term, the greatest changes in the Solar System will come from changes in the Sun itself as it ages. As the Sun burns through its hydrogen fue... | |
formation_of_earth/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System2.txt |
6Galactic interaction
Toggle Galactic interaction subsection
6.1Galactic collision and planetary disruption
7Chronology
Toggle Chronology subsection
7.1Timeline of Solar System evolution
8See also
9Notes
10References
11Bibliography
12External links
... | |
earth_science-90/extraction_0.txt | ## Planetary Systems Our solar system consists of the Sun, whose gravity keeps everything from flying apart, eight planets, hundreds of moons, and billions of smaller bodies – from comets and asteroids to meteoroids and tiny bits of ice and rock. Similarly, exoplanetary systems are groups of non-stellar objects circlin... | |
earth_science-90/extraction_1.txt | NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has uncovered the strongest evidence yet that many stars form planetary systems. Dr. C. Robert O'Dell of Rice University, Houston, Texas and colleagues have used Hubble to discover extended disks of dust around 15 newly formed stars in the Orion Nebula, a starbirth region 1,500 light-years... | |
earth_science-90/extraction_2.txt | ## Abstract Of the long-lived chronometric systems, only the dual decay of 238U and 235U to 206Pb and 207Pb, respectively, have appropriate half-lives to resolve the ages of meteorites and their components formed in the first 5Myr of the Solar System. This paper reviews the theory and methods behind this chronometer, o... | |
earth_science-90/extraction_3.txt | ### 6.2. Timescale for Terrestrial Core Formation The $\\varepsilon ^ { 182 } \\mathrm { W }$ (or $\\mu ^ { 182 } \\mathrm { W } ,$ value of the mean mantle today by definition is 0, which is ${ \\sim } 1 9 0 ~ \\mathrm { p p m }$ more enriched in $^ { 182 } \\mathrm { W }$ than bulk chondrites. This observation provid... | |
earth_science-90/extraction_5.txt | ## How did the Moon form? Earth’s Moon was born out of destruction. Several theories about our Moon’s formation vie for dominance, but almost all share that point in common: near the time of the solar system’s formation, about 4.5 billion years ago, something ― perhaps a single object the size of Mars, perhaps a series... | |
earth_science-90/extraction_6.txt | # Collision May Have Formed the Moon in Mere Hours, Simulations Reveal !Two objects after a collision, simulated in red and brown hues. The smaller has collided with the larger one, leaving a stream of material behind it. Billions of years ago, a version of our Earth that looks very different than the one we live on to... | |
earth_science-90/extraction_7.txt | ## 1\. Introduction Recent work from Lichtenberg et al. (2019) suggests that the bulk water fraction and radius of terrestrial exoplanets are anticorrelated with the abundance of 26Al. Heat released by the radioactive decay of 26Al (half-life ≈0.72 Myr) provides an additional heat source that aids planetesimal differen... | |
earth_science-90/extraction_8.txt | # ORIGINS OF SHORT-LIVED RADIONUCLIDES The SLRs listed in Table 1 have a wide variety of origins, some known with more certainty than others. Modeling of nucleosynthesis of stable isotopes and SLRs in stellar environments has advanced significantly since the main mechanisms of nucleosynthesis were laid out in 1957 (124... | |
earth_science-90/extraction_10.txt | Stars are expected to form in clustered environments ( [Lada & Lada 2003]) and the Sun is probably no exception ( [Portegies Zwart 2009]). From dynamical considerations with the hypothesis that the Sun’s circumstellar disk survived close encounters, the proto-solar cluster was ~ 1 pc in size, contained ~ 103 stars, and... | |
earth_science-90/extraction_11.txt | A new study published by University of Chicago researchers challenges the notion that the force of an exploding star prompted the formation of the solar system. In this study, published online last month in _Earth and Planetary Science Letters_, authors Haolan Tang and Nicolas Dauphas found the radioactive isotope iron... | |
remote_sensing/Soundscape_ecology4.txt | General
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Study of the effect of environmental so... | |
earth_science-91/extraction_0.txt | ### ABSTRACT As biodiversity decreases worldwide, the development of effective techniques to track changes in ecological communities becomes an urgent challenge. Together with other emerging methods in ecology, acoustic indices are increasingly being used as novel tools for rapid biodiversity assessment. These indices ... | |
earth_science-91/extraction_1.txt | ## 1\. Introduction The nascent field of ecoacoustics focuses on the properties and dynamics of biological sound while considering the acoustic environment in which sound is produced ( Servick, 2014, Sueur and Farina, 2015). The field extends bioacoustics by shifting away from identifying individual species and their v... | |
earth_science-91/extraction_2.txt | As humans continue to alter landscapes at a fast pace (Sala et al., 2000), it is crucial to monitor and manage the impacts on biodiversity with efficient and scalable monitoring tools (Gardner, 2010; Siddig et al., 2016). For biodiversity conservation and management practice, technology-based tools can help provide det... | |
earth_science-91/extraction_8.txt | ## 1 INTRODUCTION A suite of global and local anthropogenic stressors are causing unprecedented damage to tropical coral reefs around the planet (Harborne et al., 2017). This imperils biodiversity and jeopardises the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people who rely on reefs for food, income and storm protection (... |
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