query stringlengths 12 2.51k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
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It is oval shaped , 189 meters ( 615 ft \/ 640 Roman feet ) long , and 156 meters ( 510 ft \/ 528 Roman feet ) wide . It covers an area of 6 a. The outer wall is 48 meters ( 157 ft \/ 165 Roman feet ) high . | [
"It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters ( 615 ft \\/ 640 Roman feet ) long , and 156 meters ( 510 ft \\/ 528 Roman feet ) wide , with a base area of 6 a. The height of the outer wall is 48 meters ( 157 ft \\/ 165 Roman feet ) ."
] | [
"It is 139 cm ( 55 in ) long with a 235 cm ( 7.8 ft ) wingspan , and it weighs 5.5 kg ( 12 lbs ) ."
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The last record of gladiator fights is about 435 , while animal hunts continued until at least 523 . | [
"The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century , with gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435 . Animal hunts continued until at least 523 , when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes , criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost ."
] | [
"An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III ( reigned 425 â `` 455 ) , possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443 ; more work followed in 484 and 508 ."
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About 1200 , the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and made it into a castle . | [
"Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it , apparently using it as a castle ."
] | [
"It has an ancient historical center , derived from the time in which it was the Etruscans ' port , in the surroundings of Populonia ."
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In 1671 Cardinal Altieri said it could be used for bullfights . | [
"In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights ; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned ."
] | [
"There is a legend that it was Benedetto Gaetani 's doing that Celestine V renounced the papacyâ '' convincing Celestine V that no person on the earth could go through life without sin ."
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Dio Cassius said that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the opening games . | [
"Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre ."
] | [
"According to Eutropius , around 60 or more men participated in the assassination ."
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The underground area was partly dug out in 1810 â `` 1814 and 1874 . This digging was finished by Benito Mussolini in the 1930s . | [
"The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810 â `` 1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s ."
] | [
"The faà ade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827 , and the interior was repaired in 1831 , 1846 and in the 1930s ."
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The building of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian in around 70 â `` 72AD . | [
"Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian in around 70 â `` 72 AD ."
] | [
"Titus Flavius Domitianus ( 24 October 51 â `` 18 September 96 ) , commonly known as Domitian , was Roman Emperor from 81 to 96 ."
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Usually in Roman cities , the amphitheatres were built on the edge of the city . The Colosseum was built in the city center ; in effect , placing it in the real and symbolic heart of Rome . | [
"In contrast to many other amphitheatres , which were located on the outskirts of a city , the Colosseum was constructed in the city center ; in effect , placing it both literally and symbolically at the heart of Rome ."
] | [
"The power of L'Aquila was based on the close connection between the city and its mother-villages , which had established the city as a federation , each of them building a borough and considering it as a part of the mother-village . That is also why number 99 is so important in the architecture of L'Aquila , and a... | SimpleWiki | {
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The faà ade was made stronger with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827 . The inside was repaired in 1831 , 1846 and in the 1930s . | [
"The faà ade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827 , and the interior was repaired in 1831 , 1846 and in the 1930s ."
] | [
"The aviary was constructed in 1941 , with renovations completed in 1982 ."
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The Colosseum went through big changes of use during the medieval period . | [
"The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period ."
] | [
"The church and the entire area then passed through the hands of numerous invaders , and its history is obscure until the 10th century ."
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He built a grand palace , the Domus Aurea which had a lake , gardens , paths covered with a roof held up by columns ( porticoes ) , and large shelters ( pavilions ) to sit in . | [
"He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site , in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions , gardens and porticoes ."
] | [
"The faà ade designed by Maderno , is 114.69 m wide and 45.55 m high and is built of travertine stone , with a giant order of Corinthian columns and a central pediment rising in front of a tall attic surmounted by statues of Christ , John the Baptist , and eleven of the apostles ."
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Schools for gladiators and other buildings were put up in the old gardens of the Domus Aurea . | [
"Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea ."
] | [
"Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it , apparently using it as a castle ."
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In 217 , the Colosseum was badly damaged by fire . Dio Cassius said the fire was started by lightning . | [
"In 217 , the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire ( caused by lightning , according to Dio Cassius ) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre 's interior ."
] | [
"Pliny the Younger provided an account of his death , and suggested that he collapsed and died through inhaling poisonous gases emitted from the volcano ."
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The area was flat , in a valley between the Caelian , Esquiline and Palatine Hills . | [
"The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian , Esquiline and Palatine Hills , through which a canalised stream ran ."
] | [
"They built the flourishing municipium Asisium on a series of terraces on Monte Subasio ."
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The top level was finished and the building opened by his son , Titus , in 80 . | [
"The top level was finished and the building inaugurated by his son , Titus , in 80 ."
] | [
"Jocelyn lived to see the church dedicated , but despite much lobbying of Rome , died before cathedral status was granted in 1245 ."
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The arena was used as a cemetery . | [
"The arena was converted into a cemetery ."
] | [
"Currently it is used as an apartment building ."
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He had the Aqua Claudia aqueduct made longer to supply water to the area . There was also a big bronze statue of Nero , the Colossus of Nero , at the front of the Domus Aurea . | [
"The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea ."
] | [
"An ode by the poet , Martial , in 88 AD suggests that both Venus , patroness of Pompeii , and Hercules were worshipped in the region devastated by the eruption of 79 ."
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Most of the Domus Aurea was torn down . | [
"Although the Colossus was preserved , much of the Domus Aurea was torn down ."
] | [
"Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it , apparently using it as a castle ."
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The building was changed by Vespasian 's younger son , Emperor Domitian . He added the hypogeum , underground tunnels used to hold the animals and slaves used in the games . | [
"The building was remodelled further under Vespasian 's younger son , the newly designated Emperor Domitian , who constructed the hypogeum , a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves ."
] | [
"It grew to be one of the most important Roman colonies in modern-day Switzerland , with a forum , a basilica and an amphitheater that was discovered only recently , in 1996 , when digging for the construction of a new building ."
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The north side of the outside wall is still standing . It has triangular brick wedges at each end , added in the early 1800 's to hold up the wall . | [
"The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing ; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions , having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall ."
] | [
"Robert gave particular attention to solid foundations , running a continuous wall of layered bricks , flints and mortar below and pushing the foundations down to twelve feet to hit bedrock ."
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The distance around the building was 545 meters ( 1,788 ft \/ 1,835 Roman feet ) . | [
"The perimeter originally measured 545 meters ( 1,788 ft \\/ 1,835 Roman feet ) ."
] | [
"= 3.6 km hâ ' 1 ( exactly ) â 3.2808 feet per second ( approximately ) â 2.2369 miles per hour ( approximately ) â 1.9438 knots ( approximately )"
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Carter was born in Plains , Georgia . He was a state senator and later the governor of Georgia . | [
"Before he became President , Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia ( 1971 â `` 1975 ) , and was a peanut farmer and naval officer ."
] | [
"Scottsville was the birthplace of Thomas Staples Martin , who served five terms as a Democrat in the United States Senate representing Virginia . Born at Scottsville in 1847 , Martin served in the Confederate Army , then went on to practice law ."
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James Earl `` Jimmy '' Carter , Jr. ( born October 1 , 1924 ) was the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 . | [
"James Earl `` Jimmy '' Carter , Jr. ( born October 1 , 1924 ) served as the 39th President of the United States ( 1977 â `` 1981 ) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize , the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office ."
] | [
"Thelma Catherine `` Pat '' Ryan Nixon ( March 16 , 1912 â `` June 22 , 1993 ) was the wife of Richard Nixon , 37th President of the United States , and was First Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974 ."
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Chà cents teau-Gaillard is a commune . | [
"Chà cents teau-Gaillard is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France ."
] | [
"ESPE Basket Chà cents lons-en-Champagne is a Chà cents lons ' basketball team ."
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Port Richey is a city in Florida , United States . | [
"The City of Port Richey is served by the Port Richey Police Dept. and The Port Richey Fire Dept. ."
] | [
"Green Cove Springs is a city in Clay County , Florida , United States ."
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On October 31 , 2007 , the Islamic nationalists news agency Chechen-press reported that the President of Ichkeria Doka Umarov had proclaimed an Emirate in the Caucasus and declared himself its Emir , thereby abolishing the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and its presidency . | [
"On October 31 , 2007 , the separatist news agency Chechenpress reported that the President of Ichkeria Dokka Umarov had proclaimed an Emirate in the Caucasus and declared himself its Emir , thereby abolishing the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and its presidency ."
] | [
"South Ossetians declared independence from Georgia in 1990 , calling themselves the `` Republic of South Ossetia '' ."
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The Caucasus Emirate Cyrillic alphabet : Ð Ð 1\/4 Ð Ñ Ð Ñ Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Imarat Kavkaz , also known as the Caucasian Emirate is a self-proclaimed virtual state entity , successor to the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and was officially announced on October 31 , 2007 by former President of Ichkeria Dokka Umarov . | [
"The Caucasus Emirate ( Chechen Cyrillic : Ð Ð 1\\/4 Ð Ñ Ð Ñ Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Imarat Kavkaz , ) also known as the Caucasian Emirate is a self-proclaimed virtual state entity , partially successor to the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and was officially announced on October 31 , 2007 by former President of Ichkeria Dokka U... | [
"Jama ` at al-Muslimin ( Society of Muslims ) , popularly known as Takfir wal-Hijra ( Arabic Ø Ù Ù Ù Ø Ù Ø Ù Ù Ø Ø Ø -- Excommunication and Exodus ) , was a radical Islamist group which emerged in Egypt in the 1960s as an offshoot of Muslim Brotherhood ."
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Sullivan is a city of Indiana in the United States . | [
"Sullivan is a city in Hamilton Township , Sullivan County , Indiana , United States ."
] | [
"Cairo is a city in Alexander County , Illinois in the United States ."
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Humans , and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet , are plantigrade ; hoofed animals are unguligrade . | [
"Humans , and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet , are described as being plantigrade ; unguligrade animals are those that walk on hooves at the tips of their toes ."
] | [
"Claws are used to catch and hold prey in carnivorous mammals such as cats and dogs , but may also be used for such purposes as digging , climbing trees , etc. , in those and other species ."
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Toes are the digits of the foot of an animal . | [
"Toes are the digits of the foot of a tetrapod ."
] | [
"The middle finger ( also the long finger , and usually the longest finger ) is the third digit of the human hand , located between the index finger and the ring finger ."
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The inside toe is by far the thickest , and is called the big toe , great toe , or hallux . | [
"A sprain or strain to the small interphalangeal joints of the toe is commonly called a stubbed toe . A sprain or strain where the toe joins to the foot is called turf toe ."
] | [
"It was U-shaped ( hence its name ) and comfortably carried by a shoulder strap attached at the mouthpiece and bell ."
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Many animal species walk on their toes , and are called digitigrade . | [
"Animal species such as cats that walk on their toes are described as being digitigrade ."
] | [
"However , while long legs normally indicate a fast runner , the legs and even feet and toes of Anchiornis were covered in feathers , including long flight feathers similar to those in the hind wings of Microraptor , making it unlikely that Anchiornis was a capable ground runner ."
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There are two islands , called Big Diomede . and Little Diomede respectively . | [
"The islands are sometimes called Tomorrow Island ( Big Diomede ) and Yesterday Isle ( Little Diomede ) because the time in Big Diomede is 20 hours ( approximately a day ) ahead of Little Diomede ."
] | [
"The islands are as close as 10 k from Green Island , part of Newfoundland ."
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Little Diomede has an Inupiat Eskimo population of 170 , mostly in the City of Diomede . | [
"Little Diomede has an Inupiat Inuit population of 170 , mostly in the city of Diomede ."
] | [
"The only permanent settlement on the island , Sachs Harbour or Ikhuak , an Inuvialuit hamlet , is on the southwest coast ."
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This village there has a school , and a local store . | [
"This village has a school and a store ."
] | [
"In the past there was accommodation and a pub , service station and a railway station ."
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They Chukchi Sea is to the north and the Bering Sea to the south of the islands . | [
"The Diomede Islands are located in the middle of the Bering Strait between mainland Alaska and Siberia , with the Chukchi Sea to the north and the Bering Sea to the south ."
] | [
"It connects the southwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean ( Scotia Sea ) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean and extends into the Southern Ocean ."
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Some eskimos there are famous for their ivory carving . | [
"Some Inuit residents are famous for their ivory carving ."
] | [
"In addition to sais and sometimes a new casual staff , she can use a large array of weapons with proficiency ."
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The islands are separated by an international border and the International Date Line which is approximately 1 k from each island . | [
"The islands are separated by an international border as well as the International Date Line which is approximately 2 k from each island ."
] | [
"This keeps Russia which is north and west of the Bering Sea and the United States ' Alaska which is east and south of the Bering Sea , on opposite sides of the line in agreement with the date in the rest of those countries ."
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Mail is delivered by helicopter , weather permitting . | [
"Passenger travel and mail delivery is by helicopter , weather permitting ."
] | [
"The two caves located on 8 Crystal Caves Rd . at Wilkinson Ave. are accessible by bus running between Hamilton and St. George 's Parishes , taxi and other private forms of transportation ( including motorbike and bicycle ) ."
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There are plans to build a connection between Siberia and Alaska , either as a bridge or a tunnel ( Bering Strait bridge spanning the Bering Strait ) . In that case , the Diomede Island would be a halfway point , as they are about the middle of the Bering Strait . | [
"The Diomede Islands are often mentioned as likely intermediate stops for a bridge or tunnel ( Bering Strait bridge ) spanning the Bering Strait ."
] | [
"This keeps Russia which is north and west of the Bering Sea and the United States ' Alaska which is east and south of the Bering Sea , on opposite sides of the line in agreement with the date in the rest of those countries ."
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The people who lived on Big Diomede Island were moved to mainland Russia by the Soviet government . A small Russian military base is currently on the island . | [
"The native population of Big Diomede Island was relocated by the Soviet government to mainland Russia and the island is currently home to a small Russian military presence ."
] | [
"Although the island is officially uninhabited as of the 2000 U.S. Census , it is estimated that the number of military and civilian personnel on the island numbers at least 200 at any given time ."
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9.3 m to the southeast is Fairway Rock , an islet which is usually not considered part of the Diomede Islands . | [
"9.3 k to the southeast is Fairway Rock , which is generally not considered part of the Diomede Islands ."
] | [
"Still further west is the Tortugas Bank , which is completely submerged ."
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At the closest distance between Little Diomede and Big Diomede , the two islands are only about 4 k apart . | [
"At the closest distance between Little Diomede and Big Diomede , the two islands are about 3.8 k apart ."
] | [
"The United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 which included the Little Diomede . The new boundary was drawn between the two Diomede Islands and the Big Diomede was left to Russia ."
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People who live on Little Diomede Island do so in a small village called Diomede , on the west side of the island . | [
"The small habitation on Little Diomede Island is centered to the west side of the island at the village of Diomede ."
] | [
"The United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 which included the Little Diomede . The new boundary was drawn between the two Diomede Islands and the Big Diomede was left to Russia ."
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Jouaignes is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France . | [
"Jouaignes is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France ."
] | [
"Berzy-le-Sec is a commune in the department of Aisne in Picardy in northern France ."
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This was also performed with Garfunkel under the name `` Simon and Garfunkel . | [
"Columbia decided that the two would be called simply `` Simon & Garfunkel , '' a replacement for the group 's previous name `` Tom and Jerry . '' Simon claimed in 2003 that this renaming as `` Simon & Garfunkel '' was the first time that artists ' ethnic names had been used in pop music ."
] | [
"She performed `` Holly Jolly Christmas '' for the `` Schools Out Christmas '' album , and sang `` Tossin & Turnin '' in the Oliver Beene episode `` Oliver & Others . ''"
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In 2006 , Time said that he was one of the 100 people who shape our world . | [
"In 2006 , Simon was selected by Time Magazine as one of the `` 100 People Who Shaped the World . ''"
] | [
"In early 2009 , Bonham Carter was named one of The Times newspaper 's top 10 British Actresses of all time ."
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He became famous as a member of Simon and Garfunkel , with his friend , Art Garfunkel . | [
"Occasionally , he and Garfunkel did reunite , such as in 1975 for their Top Ten single `` My Little Town '' , which Simon originally wrote for Garfunkel , claiming Garfunkel 's solo output was lacking `` bite . '' The song was included on their respective solo albums ; Paul Simon 's Still Crazy After All These Yea... | [
"Eugene Stephen `` Steve '' Jay ( born January 26 , 1951 ) is a bass guitarist best known for working with the singer-songwriter `` Weird Al '' Yankovic ."
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The district consists of two sub-divisions or Tehsils which contain a total of 20 Union Councils : | [
"The district consists of two sub-divisions or Tehsils , containing 20 in total . Union Councils :"
] | [
"Matli is the largest taluka of Badin District in the Sindh province of Pakistan , it is administratively subdivided into 12 Union Councils ."
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Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District by an executive order . | [
"Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District ."
] | [
"Upper Dir is one the 24 districts in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan . The district was formed in 1996 , when Dir District was divided into Upper Dir and Lower Dir ."
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It has geographical borders with Kohistan District , Tribal Area of Kala Dhaka ( Black Mountain of Hazara ) , Shangla District and Malakand Division . | [
"It has geographical borders with Kohistan District , the Tribal Area of Kala Dhaka ( Black Mountain of Hazara ) , Shangla District and Malakand Division ."
] | [
"Badeshi is an Indo-Iranian language spoken in the upper reaches of the Bishigram Valley ( Chail ) , east of Madyan , Swat , Kohistan in Northern Areas of Pakistan ."
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Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District by an executive order , Mr. Yousaf Khan Trand ( Late provincianal Minister in Mir Afzal Khan Cabinet N.W.F. P ) Was the leader who Strugle for Battagram and Make it a separate district , before district it was a tehsil of District Mansehra . | [
"Before Battagram obtained the status of district , it was a Tehsil of the Mansehra District ."
] | [
"Sambrial Tehsil is a subdivision ( tehsil ) of Sialkot District in the Punjab province of Pakistan . Is a newly created subdivision , the town of Sambrial is the capital ."
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Certain technologies such as RAID 6 try to address this issue , but they suffer from a very high write penalty , in other words writing data becomes very slow . | [
"Double protection schemes such as RAID 6 are attempting to address this issue , but suffer from a very high write penalty ."
] | [
"In general , microkernels succeed when the task switching and intertask communication is fast , and fail when they are slow ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Hardware RAID controllers are often expensive to buy . | [
"Hardware RAID controllers are expensive and proprietary ."
] | [
"While use of flash drives is common , the drive must be Linux compatible ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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An error that occurs during the process of writing may therefore leave the redundant copies in different states . What is worse , it may leave the copies in neither the old nor the new state . | [
"Hence an error that occurs during the process of writing may leave the redundant copies in different states , and furthermore may leave the copies in neither the old nor the new state ."
] | [
"While the battery-backed write cache may partially solve the problem , it is applicable only to a power failure scenario ."
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This means that a RAID built with one hardware RAID controller can not be rebuilt by another RAID controller of a different manufacturer . Hardware RAID controllers are often expensive to buy . | [
"A hardware implementation of RAID requires at least a special-purpose RAID controller ."
] | [
"A hardware floppy disk emulator can be made to interface a floppy disk controller to a USB port that can be used for flash drives ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Some motherboards have RAID functions for the disks attached ; most often , these RAID functions are done as hardware-assisted RAID . | [
"Firmware controllers often can only use certain types of hard drives in their RAID arrays ( e.g. SATA for Intel Matrix RAID ) , as there is neither SCSI nor PATA support in modern Intel ICH southbridges ; however , motherboard makers implement RAID controllers outside of the southbridge on some motherboards . Befo... | [
"Parallel port external Zip drives are actually SCSI drives with an integrated Parallel-to-SCSI controller , meaning a true SCSI bus implementation but without the electrical buffering circuits necessary for connecting other external devices ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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This adds both the time to replace a failed disk mechanism as well as time to re-build the array ( i.e. to replicate data for redundancy ) . | [
"This includes time to replace a failed disk mechanism as well as time to re-build the array ( i.e. to replicate data for redundancy ) ."
] | [
"A file system that can be resized online is recommended in that it allows the system to adjust its storage on-the-fly without interrupting applications ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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This means that drive failures are no longer statistically independent . | [
"Since many drive failures are due to mechanical issues which are more likely on older drives , this violates those assumptions and failures are in fact statistically correlated ."
] | [
"Blocks are lifted if they are not ( or no longer ) necessary to prevent such damage or disruption ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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With RAID 0 , disks are simply put together to make a large disk . | [
"Only RAID 1 stores all data on each disk . Although it may depend on the controller , some RAID 1 disks can be read as a single conventional disk ."
] | [
"The disk buffer is controlled by the microcontroller in the hard disk drive , and the page cache is controlled by the computer to which that disk is attached . The disk buffer is usually quite small , from 2 to 32 MiB , and the page cache is generally all unused physical memory ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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It is possible to calculate how often a piece of equipment can fail and to arrange the array to make data loss very improbable . | [
"Given these assumptions it is possible to calculate how often they can fail and to arrange the array to make data loss arbitrarily improbable ."
] | [
"A similar ratio used in the transport industries , especially in railways and trucking is ` mean distance between failures ' , a variation which attempts to correlate actual loaded distances to similar reliability needs and practices ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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The calculations for RAID 0 or RAID 1 are simple . However , the calculations for RAID 5 , RAID 6 , or one of the combined RAID levels can be a lot of work . | [
"When the top array is a RAID 0 ( such as in RAID 10 and RAID 50 ) most vendors omit the '' + '' , though RAID 5 +0 is clearer ."
] | [
"For instance , consider a 2-processor system ( CPUs A and B ) in a parallel environment , and we wish to do a task on some data . It is possible to tell CPU A to do that task on one part of and CPU B on another part simultaneously , thereby reducing the duration of the execution ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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RAID is an acronym that stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks or Redundant Array of Independent Disks . | [
"RAID , an acronym for Redundant Array of Independent Disks ( Changed from its original term Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks ) , is a technology that provides increased storage functions and reliability through redundancy ."
] | [
"The Storm Prediction Center is part of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction ( NCEP ) , operating under the control of the National Weather Service ( NWS ) , which in turn is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) of the United States Department of Commerce ( DoC ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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This means that a RAID built with one hardware RAID controller can not be rebuilt by another RAID controller of a different manufacturer . | [
"However , this allows RAID disks to be moved from one computer to a computer with an operating system or file system of the same type , which can be more difficult when using hardware RAID ( e.g. # 1 : When one computer uses a hardware RAID controller from one manufacturer and another computer uses a controller fr... | [
"If a database is expected to be strongly write-biased , RAID 5 becomes the more attractive option , since RAID 5 does not suffer from the same write handicap inherent in RAID 10 ; all spindles in a RAID 5 can be utilized to write simultaneously , whereas only half the members of a RAID 10 can be used . However , f... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Like RAID 1 , it only uses two disks , but it does both striping and mirroring ( similar to RAID 10 ) . | [
"RAID 5 and other non-mirror-based arrays offer a lower degree of resiliency than RAID 10 by virtue of RAID 10 's mirroring strategy . In a RAID 10 , I\\/O can continue even in spite of multiple drive failures ."
] | [
"Firmware controllers often can only use certain types of hard drives in their RAID arrays ( e.g. SATA for Intel Matrix RAID ) , as there is neither SCSI nor PATA support in modern Intel ICH southbridges ; however , motherboard makers implement RAID controllers outside of the southbridge on some motherboards . Befo... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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For this reason , all disks used by a RAID 0 should be the same size . | [
"The physical disks are said to be in a RAID array , which is addressed by the operating system as one single disk . The different schemes or architectures are named by the word RAID followed by a number ( e.g. , RAID 0 , RAID 1 ) ."
] | [
"The appropriate driver must be loaded into the operating system to enable NCQ on the host bus adapter ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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This is a mix between hardware RAID and software RAID . | [
"Software RAID has advantages and disadvantages compared to hardware RAID ."
] | [
"This is a modified and significantly expanded version of that was designed specifically for the user name space and provides many useful features , which are not available in the original template ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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In 1988 , the different types of RAID ( 1 to 5 ) , were written about by David Patterson , Garth Gibson and Randy Katz in their article , called `` A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks ( RAID ) '' . | [
"The term RAID was first defined by David A. Patterson , Garth A. Gibson and Randy Katz at the University of California , Berkeley , in 1987 . They studied the possibility of using two or more drives to appear as a single device to the host system and published a paper : `` A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensiv... | [
"Andrew S. Tanenbaum created MINIX at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam to exemplify the principles conveyed in his textbook , Operating Systems : Design and Implementation ( 1987 ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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In the case of Software RAID , the disks are connected like normal hard disks . It is the computer that makes the RAID work . | [
"The elements of a RAID may be either individual disks or RAIDs themselves ."
] | [
"The disk buffer is controlled by the microcontroller in the hard disk drive , and the page cache is controlled by the computer to which that disk is attached . The disk buffer is usually quite small , from 2 to 32 MiB , and the page cache is generally all unused physical memory ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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With RAID , several hard disks are made into one logical disk . | [
"The physical disks are said to be in a RAID array , which is addressed by the operating system as one single disk ."
] | [
"A partition editor ( also called partitioner or partitioning utility ) is a kind of utility software designed to view , create , alter and delete disk partitions on a computer storage device , most commonly a hard disk , but often a USB flash drive or other storage medium ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
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Very few storage systems allow atomic write semantics . | [
"While the software may also log some delta information elsewhere , it expects the storage to present `` atomic write semantics , '' meaning that the write of the data either occurred in its entirety or did not occur at all . However , very few storage systems provide support for atomic writes , and even fewer spec... | [
"The previously uncached datum fetched from the backing store during miss handling is usually copied into the cache , ready for the next access ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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When an object is written to disk , a RAID storage device will usually be writing all copies of the object in parallel . Very often , there is only one processor responsible for writing the data . | [
"Note that during the act of writing an object , a RAID storage device will usually be writing all redundant copies of the object in parallel , although overlapped or staggered writes are more common when a single RAID processor is responsible for multiple drives ."
] | [
"A file system that can be resized online is recommended in that it allows the system to adjust its storage on-the-fly without interrupting applications ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
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Using a battery-backed write cache can solve this problem , but only in a power failure scenario . | [
"While the battery-backed write cache may partially solve the problem , it is applicable only to a power failure scenario ."
] | [
"Most console workloads also cope with 128 MB RAM at the cost of increased swap activity in tight situations ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Consequently a non-disk hardware failure may require using identical hardware , or a backup , to recover the data . | [
"Consequently a non-disk hardware failure may require the use of identical hardware to recover the data , and furthermore an identical configuration has to be reassembled without triggering a rebuild and overwriting the data ."
] | [
"If there is enough memory on the machine , and an active network connection , the Live CD can update packages ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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In practice , however , the drives were often bought together . They have roughly the same age , and have been used similarly ( called wear ) . | [
"In practice , the drives are often the same age , with similar wear , and subject to the same environment ."
] | [
"However , the average speed and intensity are appreciably higher ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
RAID 6 is slower than RAID 5 , but it allows the RAID to continue with any two disks failed . | [
"What causes RAID 5 to be slightly slower than RAID 10 on sustained reads is the fact that RAID 5 has parity data interleaved within normal data ."
] | [
"A file system that can be resized online is recommended in that it allows the system to adjust its storage on-the-fly without interrupting applications ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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Microsoft introduced transaction tracking via the journalling feature in NTFS . | [
"Microsoft introduced transaction tracking via the journaling feature in NTFS ."
] | [
"These components consist of networking protocol stacks like CAN , TCP\\/IP , FTP , HTTP , and HTTPS , and also included storage capabilities like FAT and flash memory management systems ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Certain systems can do periodic battery checks , but these use the battery itself , and leave it in a state where it is not fully charged . | [
"Some disk systems provide the capability of testing the battery periodically , however this leaves the system without a fully charged battery for several hours ."
] | [
"Leaving such a flash drive out to dry completely before allowing current to run through it has been known to result in a working drive with no future problems ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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This happens at about 1 bit in 1015 in enterprise-class disk drives , and 1 bit in 1014 in ordinary disk drives . | [
"The UBE ( Unrecoverable Bit Error ) rate is typically specified at 1 bit in 1015 for enterprise class disk drives ( SCSI , FC , SAS ) , and 1 bit in 1014 for desktop class disk drives ( IDE\\/ATA\\/PATA , SATA ) ."
] | [
"The majority of flash drives use USB , but some flash drives use other interfaces , such as IEEE1394 ( FireWire ) , one of their theoretical advantages when compared to USB drives being the minimal latency and CPU utilisation that the IEEE1394 protocol provides , but in practice because of the prevalence of the US... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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This is like RAID 5 . | [
"If a database is expected to be strongly write-biased , RAID 5 becomes the more attractive option , since RAID 5 does not suffer from the same write handicap inherent in RAID 10 ; all spindles in a RAID 5 can be utilized to write simultaneously , whereas only half the members of a RAID 10 can be used ."
] | [
"Cole blamed Microsoft `` This is related to XP SP3 . ''"
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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However , any power outage can then mean a significant data loss of any data queued in such a cache . | [
"A power outage or system hang such as a BSOD can mean a significant loss of any data queued in such a cache ."
] | [
"It rarely indicates that there is a fatal problem with an actual file server at the Wikimedia Foundation , which has been preparing the webpage ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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NetApp WAFL file system solves it by never updating the data in place , as does ZFS . | [
"The journaling in NetApp WAFL file system gives atomicity by never updating the data in place , as does ZFS ."
] | [
"Some volume managers allow the re-sizing of LVs in either direction while online ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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A RAID 5 with a failed disk will continue to work . | [
"If a database is expected to be strongly write-biased , RAID 5 becomes the more attractive option , since RAID 5 does not suffer from the same write handicap inherent in RAID 10 ; all spindles in a RAID 5 can be utilized to write simultaneously , whereas only half the members of a RAID 10 can be used . However , f... | [
"The journaling in NetApp WAFL file system gives atomicity by never updating the data in place , as does ZFS ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
The error correction mechanism in RAID assumes that failures of drives are independent . | [
"The theory behind the error correction in RAID assumes that failures of drives are independent ."
] | [
"But the main performance-gain occurs because there is a good chance that the same datum will be read from cache multiple times , or that written data will soon be read ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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This solution can still fail , though : the battery may have worn out , the power may have been off for too long , the disks could be moved to another controller , the controller itself could fail . | [
"This solution still has potential failure cases : the battery may have worn out , the power may be off for too long , the disks could be moved to another controller , the controller itself could fail ."
] | [
"Synchronization also prevents the loss of information stored on the device if it is lost , stolen , or destroyed ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Hardware-assisted RAID uses a special controller chip ( like hardware RAID ) , but this chip can not do many operations . | [
"Hardware RAID controllers are expensive and proprietary . To fill this gap , cheap `` RAID controllers '' were introduced that do not contain a RAID controller chip , but simply a standard disk controller chip with special firmware and drivers ."
] | [
"When the top array is a RAID 0 ( such as in RAID 10 and RAID 50 ) most vendors omit the '' + '' , though RAID 5 +0 is clearer ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
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} |
In practice , there is a chance that a second disk will also fail before the first has been recovered . This means that data loss can occur at significant rates , in practice . | [
"In practice then , the chances of a second failure before the first has been recovered is not nearly as unlikely as might be supposed , and data loss can , in practice , occur at significant rates ."
] | [
"Leaving such a flash drive out to dry completely before allowing current to run through it has been known to result in a working drive with no future problems ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
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Logging relies on the original data being either in the old or the new state , though . This permits backing out the logical change , but few storage systems provide an atomic write semantic on a RAID disk . | [
"The little known failure mode is that delta logging relies on the original data being either in the old or the new state so as to enable backing out the logical change , yet few storage systems provide an atomic write semantic on a RAID disk ."
] | [
"The alternative situation , when the cache is consulted and found not to contain a datum with the desired tag , has become known as a cache miss. ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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It uses two or three disks , and then partitions them equally to form a combination of RAID 0 , RAID 1 , RAID 5 or RAID 1 +0 levels . | [
"Whether an array runs as RAID 0 +1 or RAID 1 +0 in practice is often determined by the evolution of the storage system . A RAID controller might support upgrading a RAID 1 array to a RAID 1 +0 array on the fly , but require a lengthy offline rebuild to upgrade from RAID 1 to RAID 0 +1 ."
] | [
"The UBE ( Unrecoverable Bit Error ) rate is typically specified at 1 bit in 1015 for enterprise class disk drives ( SCSI , FC , SAS ) , and 1 bit in 1014 for desktop class disk drives ( IDE\\/ATA\\/PATA , SATA ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
RAID 6 uses two parity blocks . | [
"Many RAID levels employ an error protection scheme called `` parity '' . Most use the simple XOR parity described in this section , but RAID 6 uses two separate parities based respectively on addition and multiplication in a particular Galois Field ."
] | [
"The journaling in NetApp WAFL file system gives atomicity by never updating the data in place , as does ZFS ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
The unrecoverable bit error rate ( UBE ) tells how long a disk drive will be unable to recover data after using cyclic redundancy check ( CRC ) codes and multiple retries . | [
"; Unrecoverable bit error rate ( UBE ) : This is the rate at which a disk drive will be unable to recover data after application of cyclic redundancy check ( CRC ) codes and multiple retries ."
] | [
"What causes RAID 5 to be slightly slower than RAID 10 on sustained reads is the fact that RAID 5 has parity data interleaved within normal data . For every read pass in RAID 5 , there is a probability that a read head may need to traverse a region of parity data ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
The disk formats on different RAID controllers are not necessarily compatible . It may therefore not be possible to read a RAID on different hardware . | [
"The methods used to store data by various RAID controllers are not necessarily compatible , so that it may not be possible to read a RAID array on different hardware , with the exception of RAID 1 , which is typically represented as plain identical copies of the original data on each disk ."
] | [
"A partition editor ( also called partitioner or partitioning utility ) is a kind of utility software designed to view , create , alter and delete disk partitions on a computer storage device , most commonly a hard disk , but often a USB flash drive or other storage medium ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
In addition to the normal RAID levels 0-6 , it also has a RAID 10 implementation . Since Kernel 2.6.9 , RAID 10 is a single level . | [
"Additionally , the time required to rebuild data on a hot spare in a RAID 10 is significantly less than RAID 5 , in that all the remaining spindles in a RAID 5 rebuild must participate in the process , whereas only the spindle being created and its mirror need to participate in RAID 10 ."
] | [
"The methods used to store data by various RAID controllers are not necessarily compatible , so that it may not be possible to read a RAID array on different hardware , with the exception of RAID 1 , which is typically represented as plain identical copies of the original data on each disk ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
"neg": "Represent the description:"
} |
Transactional support is not present in all hardware RAID controllers . Therefore many operating systems include it to protect against data loss during an interrupted write . | [
"Since transactional support is not universally present in hardware RAID , many operating systems include transactional support to protect against data loss during an interrupted write ."
] | [
"Firmware controllers often can only use certain types of hard drives in their RAID arrays ( e.g. SATA for Intel Matrix RAID ) , as there is neither SCSI nor PATA support in modern Intel ICH southbridges ; however , motherboard makers implement RAID controllers outside of the southbridge on some motherboards . Befo... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
Mean time to data loss of a given RAID may be higher or lower than that of its hard disks . This depends on the type of RAID used . | [
"Mean time to data loss of a given RAID may be higher or lower than that of its constituent hard drives , depending upon what type of RAID is employed ."
] | [
"The disk buffer is controlled by the microcontroller in the hard disk drive , and the page cache is controlled by the computer to which that disk is attached . The disk buffer is usually quite small , from 2 to 32 MiB , and the page cache is generally all unused physical memory ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
The read performance of RAID 5 is almost as good as RAID 0 for the same number of disks . | [
"What causes RAID 5 to be slightly slower than RAID 10 on sustained reads is the fact that RAID 5 has parity data interleaved within normal data . For every read pass in RAID 5 , there is a probability that a read head may need to traverse a region of parity data ."
] | [
"The disk buffer is controlled by the microcontroller in the hard disk drive , and the page cache is controlled by the computer to which that disk is attached . The disk buffer is usually quite small , from 2 to 32 MiB , and the page cache is generally all unused physical memory ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
A RAID can be made with software in two different ways . | [
"Software RAID has advantages and disadvantages compared to hardware RAID . The software must run on a host server attached to storage , and server 's processor must dedicate processing time to run the RAID software ."
] | [
"This is useful for creating space for new operating systems ( works with Vista \\/ Windows 7 System & Data partitions ) , reorganizing disk usage , copying data residing on hard disks and mirroring one partition with another ( disk imaging ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
} |
The calculations for RAID 0 or RAID 1 are simple . | [
"The different schemes or architectures are named by the word RAID followed by a number ( e.g. , RAID 0 , RAID 1 ) ."
] | [
"Thus , addressable memory is used as intermediate stage ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
The disk system can acknowledge the write operation as soon as the data is in the cache . It does not need to wait until the data has been physically written . | [
"The disk system can acknowledge the write operation as soon as the data is in the cache , not waiting for the data to be physically written ."
] | [
"A buffer is a temporary memory location , that is traditionally used because CPU instructions can not directly address data stored in peripheral devices ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
"neg": "Represent the description:"
} |
T.S.V. 1860 MÃ 1\/4 nchen is a football club which plays in Germany . | [
"Turn - und Sportverein MÃ 1\\/4 nchen von 1860 , commonly known as TSV 1860 MÃ 1\\/4 nchen or 1860 Munich , is a German sports club based in Munich , Bavaria ."
] | [
"The Karlsruher SC II , historically also referred to as Karlsruher SC Amateure , is a successful side in its own right , playing as high up as the Regionalliga SÃ 1\\/4 d , where it is currently , as of 2009 â `` 10 , based ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
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