query stringlengths 12 2.51k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1 value | instruction dict |
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The capital city of Malacca is Malacca Town . | [
"Malacca also has one international school called Melaka International School , which caters to the expatriate community in Malacca ."
] | [
"The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Malacca ( also known in Malay as Melaka ) is a state in Malaysia that is located on the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia . The capital city of Malacca is Malacca Town . | [
"Malacca has adopted as its slogan , `` Visiting Malacca Means Visiting Malaysia '' ( `` Melawat Melaka Bererti Melawati Malaysia '' ) ."
] | [
"Sungai Besar is a coastal town in the district of Sabak Bernam in Selangor , Malaysia ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Kuala Lumpur is the capital city of Malaysia . | [
"Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia ."
] | [
"Abuja is the capital city of Nigeria ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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With the completion of Putrajaya in the late 1990s , the administrative capital has been moved to Putrajaya . Kuala Lumpur is home to one of the tallest buildings in the world , the Petronas Twin Towers . | [
"The administrative and judicial functions of the government were shifted from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya ."
] | [
"At 871 feet ( 265 m ) tall , it is currently the seventh tallest building in Chicago and the 25th tallest in the United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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Since Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory of Malaysia on February 1 , 1972 , the city has been led by seven mayors . | [
"Kuala Lumpur later achieved city status in 1972 , becoming the first settlement in Malaysia to be granted the status after independence . Later , on February 1 , 1974 , Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory ."
] | [
"As South Australia ( 1836 ) , Tasmania ( January 1855 ) and Victoria ( May 1855 ) obtained responsible government , their Lieutenant-Governors were replaced by Governors ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Kuala Lumpur is home to one of the tallest buildings in the world , the Petronas Twin Towers . | [
"In addition , Kuala Lumpur is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world , the Petronas Twin Towers , which have become an iconic symbol of Malaysia 's futuristic developments ."
] | [
"The tower was constructed by South Korean company , Samsung Engineering & Construction , which also did work on the Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The average player can generally play around ten pieces from memory which they will aim to play very well , learning new pieces as and when they feel like it . | [
"The average player will generally have a repertoire of around ten pieces which they will aim to play very well , learning new pieces as and when they feel like it or if the opportunity arises ."
] | [
"A page-turner needs to be able to understand the musician 's signals and follow the music to know when to turn the page , and to do so quickly and unobtrusively ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Qin pieces are usually around three to eight minutes in length , with the longest being `` Guangling San '' ã å '' # é æ # ã , which is 22 minutes long . | [
"Qin pieces are usually around three to eight minutes in length , with the longest being `` Guangling San '' , which is 22 minutes long ."
] | [
"JÄ `` n XuÄ fÄ `` i ( simplified Chinese : é ` é é # ; traditional Chinese : é ` é é # ; born February 15 , 1956 ) is a contemporary Chinese-American writer using the pen name Ha Jin ( å `` é ` ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The rich tones of the qin can be categorised as three distinctively different `` sounds . '' | [
"The music of the qin can be categorised as three distinctively different `` sounds . ''"
] | [
"It is written in a longhand form called wenzi pu ( æ -- å -- è ) ( literally `` written notation '' ) , said to have been created by Yong Menzhou during the Warring States Period , which gives all the details using ordinary written Chinese characters ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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The first is san yin ã '' æ # é ã , which means `` scattered sounds . '' | [
"The first is san yin ( æ # é ) , which means `` scattered sounds . ''"
] | [
"The name is derived from the Chinese å dà meaning 'em peror ' and é 3\\/4 \\/ é 3\\/4 là ng meaning ` dragon ' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The twisted cord of strings is then wrapped around a frame and immersed in a vat of liquid of natural glue that binds the strands together . | [
"The twisted cord of strings is then wrapped around a frame and immersed in a vat of liquid composed of a special mixture of natural glue that binds the strands together ."
] | [
"Shortly thereafter , a superior technique was discovered : two wooden halves were carved , a graphite stick inserted , and the two halves then glued togetherâ '' essentially the same method in use to this day ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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It can also be called qixianqin ã ä ç ç ã ( `` seven-stringed instrument '' ) . | [
"It can also be called qixianqin ( lit . `` seven-stringed instrument '' ) ."
] | [
"The name is derived from the Chinese å dà meaning 'em peror ' and é 3\\/4 \\/ é 3\\/4 là ng meaning ` dragon ' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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Later in the Tang dynasty , Cao Rou ( æ æ '' ) and others simplified the notation , using only the important elements of the characters ( like string number , plucking technique , hui number and which finger to stop the string ) and combined them into one character notation . | [
"Later in the Tang dynasty , Cao Rou and others simplified the notation , using only the important elements of the characters ( like string number , plucking technique , hui number and which finger to stop the string ) and combined them into one character notation ."
] | [
"For example , dots 1-3-4 ( â ) would describe a cell with three dots raised , at the top and bottom in the left column and on top of the right column , i.e. , the letter m. The lines of horizontal Braille text are separated by a space , much like visible printed text , so that the dots of one line can be different... | SimpleWiki | {
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By the 20th century , there had been attempts to try to replace the shorthand notation , but so far , it has been unsuccessful ; since the 20th century , qin music is generally printed with staff notation above the qin tablature . | [
"By the 20th century , there had been attempts to try to replace the `` jianzi pu '' notation , but so far , it has been unsuccessful ; since the 20th century , qin music is generally printed with staff notation above the qin tablature ."
] | [
"This practice differs from what is standard for any given language , and it reaches its extremity concerning transliterations from other languages ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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An earlier form of music notation from the Tang era survives in just one manuscript , dated to the 7th century CE , called Jieshi Diao : You Lan ã ç cents # ç è å 1\/2 è ã ( Solitary Orchid , in Stone Tablet Mode ) . | [
"An earlier form of music notation from the Tang era survives in just one manuscript , dated to the seventh century CE , called Jieshi Diao Youlan ( Solitary Orchid in Stone Tablet Mode ) ."
] | [
"The name ( Traditional Chinese : ç å ç 3\\/4 ç ` ; Simplified Chinese : ç '' å ç 3\\/4 ç ` `` wà i jÄ `` bÇ i kÄ `` '' ) means `` Wiki Encyclopedia '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Other famous pieces include `` Liu Shui '' ã æ æ ã ( Flowing Water ) , `` Yangguan San Die '' ã é 1\/2 é -- ä ç -- ã ( Three Refrains on the Yang Pass Theme ) , `` Meihua San Nong '' ã æ cents è ä å 1\/4 ã ( Three Variations on the Plum Blossom Theme ) , `` Xiao Xiang Shui Yun '' ã ç æ æ é ã ( Mist and Clouds over the Xiao and Xiang Rivers ) , and `` Pingsha Luo Yan '' ã å æ è 1\/2 é ã ( Wild Geese Descending on the Sandbank ) . | [
"Other famous pieces include `` Liu Shui '' ( Flowing Water ) , `` Yangguan San Die '' ( Three Refrains on the Yang Pass Theme ) , `` Meihua San Nong '' ( Three Variations on the Plum Blossom Theme ) , `` Xiao Xiang Shui Yun '' ( Mist and Clouds over the Xiao and Xiang Rivers ) , and `` Pingsha Luo Yan '' ( Wild Ge... | [
"JÄ `` n XuÄ fÄ `` i ( simplified Chinese : é ` é é # ; traditional Chinese : é ` é é # ; born February 15 , 1956 ) is a contemporary Chinese-American writer using the pen name Ha Jin ( å `` é ` ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Qin study was initially confined to China in ancient times . Today countries like Japan also have their own qin small traditions . | [
"There are a number of ancient sources that discuss qin lore , qin theory and general qin literature ."
] | [
"As a result of his teachings in putting emphasis on literature as a fundamental form of human expression , Chinese writing would begin to thrive in Japan , becoming an accepted artistic pursuit ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In 1977 , a recording of `` Liu Shui '' ( Flowing Water , as performed by Guan Pinghu , one of the best qin players of the 20th century ) was chosen to be included in the Voyager Golden Record , a gold-plated LP recording containing music from around the world , which was sent into outer space by NASA on the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecrafts . | [
"In 1977 , a recording of `` Flowing Water '' ( Liu Shui , as performed by Guan Pinghu , one of the best qin players of the 20th century ) was chosen to be included in the Voyager Golden Record , a gold-plated LP recording containing music from around the world , which was sent into outer space by NASA on the Voyag... | [
"Sagan assembled the first physical message that was sent into space : a gold-anodized plaque , attached to the space probe Pioneer 10 , launched in 1972 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Because Robert Hans van Gulik 's famous book about the qin is called The Lore of the Chinese Lute , the qin is sometimes inaccurately called a lute . | [
"Because Robert Hans van Gulik 's famous book about the qin is called The Lore of the Chinese Lute , the guqin is sometimes inaccurately called a lute ."
] | [
"The Sorai school introduced Selections of Tang Poetry , a work thought to have been edited by Li Panlong ( æ æ '' ç `` 1514-70 ) , a founder of the Ancient Rhetoric school , to Japan , where it became very popular ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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This meant simply pluck the required string to sound an open note . | [
"This is produced by plucking the required string to sound an open note ."
] | [
"But when a relative key ascends the opposite side of the circle from its home key , then theory suggests that double-sharps and double-flats would have to be incorporated into the notated key signature ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Players mainly learn popular well studied versions , often using a recording as a reference . | [
"Players mainly learn popular well transcribed versions , often using a recording as a reference ."
] | [
"They are not primarily teaching tools ( even though they are popular with listeners as an aid to learning ) but communication tools ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Because of this , traditional qinpu do not indicate them . | [
"Because of this , traditional qinpu do not indicate them ( though near the end of the Qing dynasty , a handful of qinpu had started to employ various rhythm indicating devices , such as dots ) ."
] | [
"Those that do not are called similar folds ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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In 2003 , guqin music was proclaimed one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . | [
"In 2003 , guqin music was proclaimed as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO ."
] | [
"Owing to its uniqueness , the Old Town of Vilnius was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Many qinpu compiled before the Ming dynasty are now lost , and many pieces have remained unplayed for hundreds of years . | [
"Sadly , many qinpu compiled before the Ming dynasty are now lost , and many pieces have remained unplayed for hundreds of years ."
] | [
"Seimu is regarded by historians as a `` legendary emperor '' and there is a paucity of information about him ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Furthermore , it is the case that nylon-wrapped metal strings can cause damage to the wood of old qins . | [
"Additionally , nylon-wrapped metal strings can cause damage to the wood of old qins ."
] | [
"Some of the positive features of these mouthpieces are that they are very durable and will not chip nor dent as is the case with metal mouthpieces , they are very affordable compared to metal mouthpieces , and they are commonly used when playing in outdoor conditions as a result of their short `` warm-up '' time .... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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The modern form has been standardized from about two thousand years . | [
"The modern form has been standardized for about two millennia ."
] | [
"But as a result of his research during two years , he has collected only about one hundred words ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:",
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Other incorrect classifications ( mainly from music CDs ) include `` harp '' or `` table-harp '' . | [
"Other incorrect classifications , mainly from music compact discs , include `` harp '' or `` table-harp '' ."
] | [
"The name of the group or artist ( `` the act '' ) in plain text only ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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The entire length of the qin ( in Chinese measurements ) is 3 feet , 6.5 inches , representing the 365 days of the year ( though this is just a standard since qins can be shorter or longer depending on the period 's measurement standard or the maker 's preference ) . | [
"The entire length of the qin ( in Chinese measurements ) is 3 chi , 6 cun and 5 fen ; representing the 365 days of the year ( though this is just a standard since qins can be shorter or longer depending on the period 's measurement standard or the maker 's preference ) ."
] | [
"Because qin tablature is so useful , logical , easy , and the fastest way ( once the performer knows how to read the notation ) of learning a piece , it is invaluable to the qin player and can not totally be replaced ( just as staff notation can not be replaced for Western instruments , because they developed a no... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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Normally , qin players will learn the rhythm of a piece through a teacher . | [
"Normally , qin players will learn the rhythm of a piece through a teacher or master ."
] | [
"It is written in a longhand form called wenzi pu ( æ -- å -- è ) ( literally `` written notation '' ) , said to have been created by Yong Menzhou during the Warring States Period , which gives all the details using ordinary written Chinese characters ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
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It was so successful that from the Ming dynasty ( 1368-1644 ) onwards , a lot of qinpu ã '' ç è ã ( qin tablature collections ) appeared , the most famous and useful being `` Shenqi Mipu '' ( The Mysterious and Marvellous Tablature ) compiled by Zhu Quan ( æ å ) , the 17th son of the founder of the Ming dynasty . | [
"It was so successful that from the Ming dynasty onwards , a great many qinpu ( ç è ) ( qin tablature collections ) appeared , the most famous and useful being `` Shenqi Mipu '' ( The Mysterious and Marvellous Tablature ) compiled by Zhu Quan , the 17th son of the founder of the Ming dynasty ."
] | [
"The Sorai school introduced Selections of Tang Poetry , a work thought to have been edited by Li Panlong ( æ æ '' ç `` 1514-70 ) , a founder of the Ancient Rhetoric school , to Japan , where it became very popular ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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These are harmonics , and the player simply lightly touches the string with one or more fingers of the left hand at a position indicated by the white hui dots , pluck and then lift , creating a crisp and clear sound ringing sound . | [
"These are harmonics , in which the player lightly touches the string with one or more fingers of the left hand at a position indicated by the hui dots , pluck and lift , creating a crisp and clear sound ."
] | [
"An `` arpeggiated chord '' means a chord which is `` spread '' , i.e. , the notes are not played exactly at the same time , but are spread out ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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é ã literally `` elegant gatherings '' ) , at which a number of qin players , music lovers , or anyone with an interest in Chinese culture can come along to discuss and play the qin . | [
"The qin society will encourage meetings with fellow qin players in order to play music and maybe discuss the nature of the qin . Gatherings like this are called yajis , or `` elegant gatherings '' , which take place once every month or two ."
] | [
"By the 20th century , there had been attempts to try to replace the `` jianzi pu '' notation , but so far , it has been unsuccessful ; since the 20th century , qin music is generally printed with staff notation above the qin tablature ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the text:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
} |
The earliest example of the modern shorthand tablature survives from around the 12th century CE . | [
"The earliest example of the modern shorthand tablature survives from around the twelfth century CE ."
] | [
"The oldest khachkars in the cemetery date back to the late 10th century ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about History:",
"pos": "Represent the text about History:",
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The tablature will only be looked at if the teacher is not sure of how to play a certain part . | [
"The tablature will only be consulted if the teacher is not sure of how to play a certain part ."
] | [
"A page-turner needs to be able to understand the musician 's signals and follow the music to know when to turn the page , and to do so quickly and unobtrusively ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
} |
The ' ( Chinese : å ç ; pinyin : gÇ '' qà n ; Wade-Giles : ku-ch ` in ; literally `` ancient stringed-instrument '' ) is the modern name for a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument of the zither family . | [
"The guqin ( simplified\\/traditional : å ç ; pinyin : gÇ '' qà n ; Wades-Giles ku-ch ` in ; ; literally `` ancient stringed instrument '' ) is the modern name for a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument of the zither family ."
] | [
"The vielle possibly derived from the lira , a Byzantine bowed instrument closely related to the Rebab , an Arab bowed instrument"
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Legend has it that the qin , has a history of about 5,000 years ; that the legendary people of China 's pre-history ; Fuxi , Shennong and Huang Di ( the Yellow Emperor ) , was involved in its creation . | [
"Legend has it that the qin , the most revered of all Chinese musical instruments , has a history of about 5,000 years . This legend states that the legendary figures of China 's pre-history â '' Fuxi , Shennong and Huang Di , the `` Yellow Emperor '' â '' were involved in its creation ."
] | [
"Later , in the Zhou dynasty , Zhou Wen Wang added a sixth string to mourn his son , Bo Yihou ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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Later , in the Zhou dynasty , Zhou Wen Wang å ` æ -- ç added a sixth string to mourn his son , Bo Yihou ä 1\/4 é ` è . | [
"Later , in the Zhou dynasty , Zhou Wen Wang added a sixth string to mourn his son , Bo Yihou ."
] | [
"The People 's Republic of China government equates XÄ `` zà ng with the XÄ `` zà ng Zà zhà qÅ `` è è -- è æ '' å `` Tibet Autonomous Region '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Geography:"
} |
The third is an yin ã '' æ é \/ æ é \/ å é \/ è é ã , or `` stopped sounds . '' | [
"The third is an yin ( æ é \\/ æ é \\/ å é \\/ è é ) , or `` stopped sounds . ''"
] | [
"The name is derived from the Chinese å dà meaning 'em peror ' and é 3\\/4 \\/ é 3\\/4 là ng meaning ` dragon ' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Classical books such as Qin Shi , Qinshi Bu and Qinshi Xu have biographies of hundreds of more players . | [
"The classical collections such as Qin Shi , Qinshi Bu and Qinshi Xu include biographies of hundreds more players ."
] | [
"It is written in a longhand form called wenzi pu ( æ -- å -- è ) ( literally `` written notation '' ) , said to have been created by Yong Menzhou during the Warring States Period , which gives all the details using ordinary written Chinese characters ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
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Some famous players are also associated with some melodies , like Confucius and Qu Yuan . | [
"Certain melodies are also associated with famous figures , such as Confucius and Qu Yuan ."
] | [
"People therefore called him a master of Zhuang ethnic studies ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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This forms the majority of most qin pieces and requires the player to press on a string with a finger or thumb of the left hand until it touches with the surface board , then pluck . | [
"This forms the bulk of most qin pieces and requires the player to press on a string with a finger or thumb of the left hand until it connects with the surface board , then pluck ."
] | [
"The method of producing vibrato on other instruments varies . On string instruments , for example , the finger used to stop the string can be wobbled on the fingerboard , or actually moved up and down the string for a wider vibrato ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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It is mentioned in Chinese writings dating back nearly 3,000 years , and related instruments have been found in tombs from about 2,500 years ago . | [
"It is mentioned in Chinese writings dating back nearly 3,000 years , and related instruments have been found in Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng from about 2,500 years ago ."
] | [
"The oldest known description and surgical treatment of cancer was discovered in Egypt and dates back to approximately 1600 BC ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Written qin music did not directly tell what notes were played like many outer musical instruments ; instead , it was written in a tablature detailing tuning , finger positions , and plucking technique , thus made up of a step by step method and description of how to play a piece . | [
"Written qin music did not directly tell what notes were played ; instead , it was written in a tablature detailing tuning , finger positions , and stroke technique , thus comprising a step by step method and description of how to play a piece ."
] | [
"The entire length of the qin ( in Chinese measurements ) is 3 chi , 6 cun and 5 fen ; representing the 365 days of the year ( though this is just a standard since qins can be shorter or longer depending on the period 's measurement standard or the maker 's preference ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
} |
The guqin is nearly always used a solo single instrument , as its quietness of tone means that it can not be heard over the sounds of most other instruments or an ensemble . | [
"The guqin is nearly always used a solo instrument , as its quietness of tone means that it can not compete with the sounds of most other instruments or an ensemble ."
] | [
"These works are for narrator and full orchestra , intended to be broadcast over the radio ( since a human voice would not be able to be heard over the full volume of an orchestra ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia text:"
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There have been many players throughout the ages . The instrument was a favorite of the scholars , so many artists played it . | [
"Many artists down through the ages have played the instrument , and the instrument was a favorite of scholars ."
] | [
"They were often touring during his childhood , and he was brought up in Trieste for the most part ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Dapu ã '' æ `` è ã is the conversion of old tablature into a playable form . | [
"Dapu ( æ `` è ) is the transcribing of old tablature into a playable form ."
] | [
"This usage is based on the ' of the alphabet . '"
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Because of the difference in geography in China , many qin schools known as qin pai ( ç æ 3\/4 ) developed over the centuries . | [
"Because of the difference in geography in China , many qin schools known as qin pai developed over the centuries ."
] | [
"Geographical association , as in northern ( å -- æ , bÄ iquà n ) and southern ( å -- æ , nà nquà n ) , is another popular method of categorization ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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Some tablatures do indicate notes using the gongche notation system , or indicate rhythm using dots . | [
"Some tablatures do indicate notes using the gongche system , or indicate rhythm using dots ."
] | [
"A half flat , indicating the use of quarter tones , may be marked with various symbols including a flat with a slash or a reversed flat sign ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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To enjoy qin songs , one must learn to become accustomed to the strange style some players may sing their songs to . | [
"To enjoy qin songs , one must learn to become accustomed to the eccentric style some players may sing their songs to , like in the case of Zha Fuxi ."
] | [
"Because of this , traditional qinpu do not indicate them ( though near the end of the Qing dynasty , a handful of qinpu had started to employ various rhythm indicating devices , such as dots ) ."
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The second is fan yin ã '' æ é ã , or `` floating sounds . '' | [
"The second is fan yin ( æ é ) , or `` floating sounds . ''"
] | [
"The name is derived from the Chinese å dà meaning 'em peror ' and é 3\\/4 \\/ é 3\\/4 là ng meaning ` dragon ' ."
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Traditionally the instrument was called simply qin ã ç ã , but by the 20th century the term had come to be used on many other musical instruments as well ( for example , the yangqin ã æ ç ã hammered dulcimer , the huqin ã è ç ã family of bowed string instruments , and the Western piano ( Chinese : é 1\/4 ç ; pinyin : gÄ ng qà n ; literally `` steel stringed-instrument '' ) ) , so the prefix `` gu - '' ã å ã ( meaning `` ancient '' ) was added for clarification . | [
"Traditionally , the instrument was simply referred to as qin ( Wade-Giles ch ` in ) but by the twentieth century the term had come to be applied to many other musical instruments as well : the yangqin hammered dulcimer , the huqin family of bowed string instruments , and the Western piano are examples of this usag... | [
"Sichuan pepper is known in Chinese as huÄ jiÄ o ( è æ ' ; literally `` flower pepper '' ) . A lesser-used name is shÄ njiÄ o ( å æ ' ; literally `` mountain pepper '' ; not to be confused with Tasmanian mountain pepper ) , which is also the root of the Japanese ."
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Until the Cultural Revolution , the guqin 's strings were always made of various thicknesses of twisted silk ã ç ã , but since then most players use modern nylon-flatwound steel strings ã é 1\/4 ç ã . | [
"zhongqing gauge ) with a container of ` string gum ' ã ç è ã , ã -- ä é ç ç å 1\\/4 ã -- Shangyin Shanghai Conservatorie Quality Qin Strings ( metal-nylon ) , ã -- è ä å ç ç ã -- Huqiu Silk Strings ) ) Until recently , the guqin 's strings were always made of various thicknesses of twisted silk , but since then mo... | [
"According to the Jungbo Sallim geongje ( ì ë ì ë 1\\/4 ê 1\\/2 ì , 1765 ) , gochujang was made by adding powdered red chili peppers and glutinous rice powder to soybean paste , and aging this paste under the sun ."
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The qin is a very quiet instrument , with a range of about four octaves , and its open strings are tuned in the bass register ( its lowest pitch is about two octaves below middle C , or the lowest note on the cello ) . | [
"The guqin is a very quiet instrument , with a range of about four octaves , and its open strings are tuned in the bass register . Its lowest pitch is about two octaves below middle C , or the lowest note on the cello ."
] | [
"In the United States , Canada and United Kingdom , most professional orchestral players use four-string double basses with a `` C extension '' , which extends the lowest string down as far as low C , an octave below the lowest note on the cello ( more rarely , this string may be tuned to a low B ) ."
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His successor , Zhou Wu Wang å ` æ ç , added a seventh string to motivate his troops into battle with the Shang . | [
"His successor , Zhou Wu Wang , added a seventh string to motivate his troops into battle with the Shang ."
] | [
"The Han Dynasty 's first emperor was originally known as the king of the region of ` Han Zhong ' æ ä , which is where the word is derived ."
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The strings are taken out and left to dry , before being cut into the appropriate length . | [
"The strings is taken out and left to dry , before being cut into the appropriate length ."
] | [
"Another grooved plank is glued on top , and the whole assembly is then cut into individual pencils , which are then varnished or painted ."
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Because qin tablature is so useful , logical , easy , and the fastest way ( once the performer knows how to read the notation ) of learning a piece , it is invaluable to the qin player and can not totally be replaced . | [
"Because qin tablature is so useful , logical , easy , and the fastest way ( once the performer knows how to read the notation ) of learning a piece , it is invaluable to the qin player and can not totally be replaced ( just as staff notation can not be replaced for Western instruments , because they developed a no... | [
"As a language no longer in common use ( a dead language , though some would dispute whether it should be called `` dead '' ) , Latin has the advantage that the meaning of its words is less likely to change radically from century to century ."
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This notation form was called jianzi pu ã '' æ å -- è ã ( literally `` reduced notation '' ) and it was a great step forward for recording qin scores . | [
"This notation form was called jianzi pu ( æ å -- è ) ( literally `` reduced notation '' ) and it was a great leap forward for recording qin pieces ."
] | [
"Dapu ( æ `` è ) is the transcribing of old tablature into a playable form ."
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It is the longest music track included on the disc . | [
"It is the longest excerpt included on the disc ."
] | [
"The song was not intended to be included in either the upcoming album or the Holy Wood feature film ."
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Each part of the qin has meaning , some more obvious , like `` dragon pool '' ã é 3\/4 æ ã and `` phoenix pond '' ã é æ 1\/4 ã . | [
"Each part of the qin has meaning , some more obvious , like `` dragon pool '' and `` phoenix pond '' ."
] | [
"ã , but is practically always ã `` ã '' ã `` ã ã"
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But it would be a mistake to say that qin music has no rhythm or melody . | [
"But it would be a mistake to assume that qin music is devoid of rhythm and melody ."
] | [
"He argued that allowing human emotions to express themselves was important and nurtured Chinese literature in Japan for this reason ."
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Thus , the xiao generally used for this purpose is one pitched in the key of F , known as qin xiao , which is narrower than an ordinary xiao . | [
"Thus , the xiao generally used for this purpose is one pitched in the key of F , known as qin xiao ã ç ç `` ã , which is narrower than an ordinary xiao ."
] | [
"Similar to the Medieval recorders , and unlike the Baroque style recorders typically used today , Renaissance recorders have a wide , more or less cylindrical bore . They have powerful low notes ( much more so than the Baroque recorders ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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It is written in a longhand form called wenzi pu ã '' æ -- å -- è ã ( literally `` written notation '' ) , which gives all the details using ordinary written Chinese characters . | [
"It is written in a longhand form called wenzi pu ( æ -- å -- è ) ( literally `` written notation '' ) , said to have been created by Yong Menzhou during the Warring States Period , which gives all the details using ordinary written Chinese characters ."
] | [
"The term radical may also be applied to the graphic portion of a character ( regardless of its roleâ '' phonetic , semantic , both , or noneâ '' in that character ) under which it is listed in the dictionary , known in Chinese as é é -- bà shÇ ' u ( Japanese bushu , Korean busu ) ."
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Many qin players attend yaji ( ã é é ã literally `` elegant gatherings '' ) , at which a number of qin players , music lovers , or anyone with an interest in Chinese culture can come along to discuss and play the qin . | [
"Many qin players attend yajis , at which a number of qin players , music lovers , or anyone with an interest in Chinese culture can come along to discuss and play the qin ."
] | [
"By the 20th century , there had been attempts to try to replace the `` jianzi pu '' notation , but so far , it has been unsuccessful ; since the 20th century , qin music is generally printed with staff notation above the qin tablature ."
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Sounds are produced by pluck open strings , stopped strings , and harmonics . | [
"Sounds are produced by plucking open strings , stopped strings , and harmonics ."
] | [
"The method of producing vibrato on other instruments varies . On string instruments , for example , the finger used to stop the string can be wobbled on the fingerboard , or actually moved up and down the string for a wider vibrato ."
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The thirteen hui ã å 3\/4 1\/2 ã on the surface represent the 13 months of the year ( the extra 13th is the ` leap month ' in the lunar calendar ) . | [
"The thirteen hui on the surface represent the 13 months of the year ( the extra 13th is the ` leap month ' in the lunar calendar ) ."
] | [
"Ï Î ( psyche , `` soul '' ) and Î Î Î '' Î á Î 1\\/2 ( deloun , `` to manifest '' ) , translating to `` soul-manifesting '' ."
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In addition to learning to play established or ancient pieces very well , highly skilled qin players may also compose or improvise , although the player must be very good and extremely familiar with the instrument to be successful at it . | [
"In addition to learning to play established or ancient pieces very well , highly skilled qin players may also compose or improvise , although the player must be very good and extremely familiar with the instrument to do this successfully ."
] | [
"Tchaikovsky likely had some form of instruction in composing Swan Lake , as he had to know what sort of dances would be required ."
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Schwelm is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District the state of North Rhine-Westphalia . | [
"The city of Schwelm was officially established in 1496 and became seat of the Ennepe-Ruhr district in 1929 . According to its area , Schwelm is the smallest town in North Rhine-Westphalia ."
] | [
"Gevelsberg is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis , in North Rhine-Westphalia , ( Germany ) ."
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The original office building of the brewery , the `` Rietz ` sche Haus '' built in 1701 , is still in use today . | [
"The original administration building of the brewery , the `` Rietz ` sche Haus '' built in 1701 , is still in use today ."
] | [
"In 1842 , Ignaz Vanotti from Constance bought a large tract of land and built a residential and commercial building in 1843 to house the emigrant press of Bellevue , which had previously been located in RÃ merburg ."
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The history of Schwelm goes back to the ninth century , where it is first mentioned as `` Suelmiu '' . | [
"The history of Schwelm can be traced back to the ninth century , where it is first mentioned as `` Suelmiu '' ."
] | [
"It was then located on the territory of Lower Lorraine , in the area of Geldern and Roermond , with its main stronghold at Montfort ( built 1260 ) ."
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It was started in 1830 by Haarmann & Kathagen , the brewery was one of the first worldwide to switch from wooden to metal barrels . | [
"Established in 1830 by Haarmann & Kathagen , the brewery was one of the first worldwide to switch from wooden to metal storage containers ."
] | [
"Kupferhof Bauschenberg had a great influence on the brass industry in the city which made Stolberg the world leader in brass production for more than a century ."
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Parasites are very specialised feeders : many species have only one host ; and only a minority use more than two host species . | [
"; Infracommunity : All the parasites of all species in a single individual host . ; Compound community : All the parasites of all species in all host species in an ecosystem ."
] | [
"This cycle of a predator and prey evolving to one another is sometimes termed an evolutionary arms race and has resulted in the newts producing levels of toxin far in excess of what is needed to kill any other conceivable predator ."
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The introduction of what became the Class 126 diesel multiple units originated in a British Transport Commission report of 1952 that suggested the trial use of diesel railcars . | [
"The introduction of these early diesel multiple units originated in a British Transport Commission report of 1952 that suggested the trial use of diesel railcars ."
] | [
"In the early planning stages of the line an articulated type of rolling stock was considered but the idea was dropped because of difficulties in transferring the stock to Acton Works for heavy overhauls ."
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Brazil is a city in the state of Indiana , in the United States . | [
"Brazil is a city in Clay County , Indiana , United States ."
] | [
"Cairo is a city in Alexander County , Illinois in the United States ."
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It is the county seat of Clay County . | [
"The city is the county seat of Clay County ."
] | [
"Warsaw is a city in Indiana and the county seat of , Kosciusko County , Indiana , United States ."
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One notable omission was South Africa , who were banned from international cricket due to apartheid . | [
"One notable omission was the South African cricket team who were not competing due to the international sports boycott ."
] | [
"FIFA objected to the president 's decision and threatened to evict Nigeria from the association ."
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At a meeting which followed the World Cup , the International Cricket Conference agreed to make the competition a quadrennial event . | [
"At their meeting which followed the World Cup , the International Cricket Conference agreed to make the competition a four-yearly event ."
] | [
"Officially , the games lasted for four and a half months ; in fact , James Edward Sullivan tried to hold an event every day for the duration of the fair ."
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In the semi-final , Sri Lanka , heading towards a crushing victory over India at Eden Gardens ( Calcutta ) after their hosts lost eight wickets while scoring 120 runs in pursuit of 254 , were awarded victory by default after riots broke out in protest against the Indian performance . | [
"In the semi-final , Sri Lanka , headed towards a crushing victory over India at Eden Gardens ( Calcutta ) after their hosts slumped to 120\\/8 from being 98\\/1 in pursuit of 252 , were awarded victory by default after riots broke out in protest against the Indian performance ."
] | [
"Ireland making their World Cup debut tied with Zimbabwe and defeated Pakistan to progress to the second round , where they went on to defeating Bangladesh to get promoted to the main ODI table . Following their defeat to Ireland , the Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer was found dead in his hotel room ; contrasting repor... | SimpleWiki | {
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Kenya 's victories over Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe , among others -- and a forfeit by the New Zealand team , which refused to play in Kenya because of security concerns -- enabled Kenya to reach the semi-finals , the best result by an associate . | [
"Kenya 's victories against Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe , among others , along with New Zealand 's forfeit helped them get a Semi-final berth against India , the best result by an associate ."
] | [
"Ireland making their World Cup debut tied with Zimbabwe and defeated Pakistan to progress to the second round , where they went on to defeating Bangladesh to get promoted to the main ODI table . Following their defeat to Ireland , the Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer was found dead in his hotel room ; contrasting repor... | SimpleWiki | {
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Eight teams participated in the first tournament : Australia , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , and the West Indies ( the six Test nations at the time ) , together with Sri Lanka and a composite team from East Africa . | [
"Eight teams participated in the first tournament : Australia , England , the West Indies , Pakistan , India , and New Zealand ( the six Test nations at the time ) , with Sri Lanka and a composite team from East Africa ."
] | [
"The Rous Cup was a short-lived football competition in the second half of the 1980s , contested between England , Scotland and , in later years , a guest team from South America ."
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The 1992 World Cup , held in Australia and New Zealand , introduced many changes to the game , such as colored clothing , white balls , day\/night matches , and an alteration to the fielding restrictions . | [
"The 1992 Cricket World Cup held by Australia and New Zealand brought many changes to the game such as colored clothing , white balls , day\\/night matches and an alteration to the fielding restrictions ."
] | [
"He created a style of hockey puck still used today , and advocated an improved style of goal nets , a change that lasted forty years ."
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In the final , Australia dismissed Pakistan for 132 and then reached the target in less than 20 overs , with eight wickets in hand . | [
"In the final Australia dismissed Pakistan for 132 and reached the target in just over 20 overs , with eight wickets in hand ."
] | [
"In the game , he threw for two touchdowns and a Super Bowl-record 414 passing yards , including a critical 73-yard touchdown to Isaac Bruce when the game was tied with just over two minutes to play ."
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The 1979 World Cup saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy competition to select non-Test playing teams for the World Cup , with Sri Lanka and Canada qualifying . | [
"The 1979 Cricket World Cup saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy , a competition used to select non-Test playing teams for the World Cup . Sri Lanka and Canada qualified through the ICC Trophy in 1979 ."
] | [
"The Rous Cup was a short-lived football competition in the second half of the 1980s , contested between England , Scotland and , in later years , a guest team from South America ."
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The first three events were held in England and officially known as the Prudential Cup after the sponsors Prudential plc. . | [
"The first three tournaments were officially known as the Prudential Cup after the financial services company Prudential plc who sponsored the event ."
] | [
"The stadium has previously officially been titled the City Stadium due to a sponsorship deal with the City group ; it had also previously been called the West Lothian Courier Stadium ."
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The matches consisted of 60 six-ball overs per team , played during the daytime in traditional form , with the players wearing cricket whites and using red cricket balls . | [
"The matches were of 60 overs per team and played in traditional white uniform and red balls ."
] | [
"The main difference is that the ball may bounce twice before it is hit , the second bounce may even be outside the court . All four Grand Slam tournaments include wheelchair tennis ."
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Ireland making their World Cup debut tied with Zimbabwe and defeated Pakistan to progress to the second round , where they went on to defeat Bangladesh Following their defeat to Ireland , the Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer was found dead in his hotel room . | [
"Ireland making their World Cup debut tied with Zimbabwe and defeated Pakistan to progress to the second round , where they went on to defeating Bangladesh to get promoted to the main ODI table . Following their defeat to Ireland , the Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer was found dead in his hotel room ; contrasting repor... | [
"Kenya 's victories against Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe , among others , along with New Zealand 's forfeit helped them get a Semi-final berth against India , the best result by an associate ."
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India , an outsider quoted at 66-1 to win by bookmakers before the competition began , were crowned champions after upsetting the West Indies by 43 runs in the final . | [
"India were crowned champions after upsetting the West Indies by 43 runs in the final ."
] | [
"Fans queued overnight for a seat in the stadium , and the capacity was reached more than two hours before kick-off ."
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West Indies won a second consecutive World Cup tournament , defeating the hosts , England , by 92 runs in the final . | [
"West Indies again won the World Cup tournament , defeating England by 92 runs ."
] | [
"It followed the 1995 Rugby World Cup by hosting the 1996 African Cup of Nations , with the national team going on to win the tournament ."
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By this time , Sri Lanka had become a Test-playing nation , and Zimbabwe qualified through the ICC Trophy . | [
"By this time , Sri Lanka had become a Test playing nation , and Zimbabwe qualified through the ICC Trophy ."
] | [
"Its squad was a group of hopefuls who were only contracted to clubs within Lebanon . Lebanon drew 4 games , won 2 against the Hong Kong national football team and the India national football team and lost twice to the powerhouses , and eventual qualifiers , Korea Republic ."
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In the final , Australia made 359 runs for the loss of two wickets , the largest ever total in a final , defeating India by 125 runs . | [
"In the final , Australia made 359 runs for the loss of two wickets , the largest ever total in a final , to defeat India by 125 runs ."
] | [
"He was a right arm medium pace swing bowler , and played in 32 Test matches and 42 One Day Internationals for the New Zealand national cricket team ."
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They then proceeded to the final with a tied match in the semi-final ( also against South Africa ) where a mix-up between South African batsmen Lance Klusener and Allan Donald saw Donald drop his bat and stranded mid-pitch to be run out . | [
"However , a mix-up between Klusener and Allan Donald on the fourth ball saw Donald drop his bat and be stranded mid-pitch to be run out ."
] | [
"Though the challenge started on even ground , Ian was the first to get the fire high enough to burn through a rope and raise a red flag , and Jenn was eliminated from the game ."
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The inaugural Cricket World Cup was hosted in 1975 by England , the only nation able to put forward the resources to stage an event of such magnitude at that time . | [
"The Cricket World Cup was first held in 1975 in England , which was the only nation that was able to put forward the resources to stage an event of such magnitude ."
] | [
"The United States has hosted four Summer Olympics Games , more than any other nation . The United Kingdom will have hosted three Summer Olympics Games when they return to the British capital in 2012 , all of them have been ( and will be ) in London , making it the first city to hold the Summer Olympic Games three ... | SimpleWiki | {
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Australia won the championship by defeating England by 7 runs in the final , the closest margin in World Cup final history . | [
"Australia won the championship by defeating England by 7 runs , the closest margin so far in World Cup final history ."
] | [
"The Indian hockey team won the 1975 Hockey World Cup and 8 gold , 1 silver and 2 bronze medals at the Olympic games , making it one of the world 's most successful national hockey teams ever ."
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The tournament was won by the West Indies , who defeated Australia by 17 runs in the final at Lord 's . | [
"West Indies won the first Cricket World Cup by defeating Australia by 17 runs in the final ."
] | [
"The final was played at the City of Manchester Stadium , Manchester , England on 14 May 2008 between Rangers of Scotland and Zenit St. Petersburg of Russia ."
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The games were reduced from 60 to 50 overs per innings , the current standard , because of the shorter daylight hours in the Indian subcontinent compared with England 's summer . | [
"The games were reduced from 60 to 50 overs per innings , the current standard , because of the shorter daylight hours on the subcontinent when compared to England ."
] | [
"Although the minimum stadium capacity for category four is 8,000 , no stadium with a capacity less than 40,000 has been selected to host a UEFA Europa League Final , and no stadium with a capacity less than 60,000 has been selected to host a UEFA Champions League Final , since these regulations were introduced in ... | SimpleWiki | {
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In 2007 the tournament was hosted by the West Indies . The Cricket World Cup became the world tournament to be hosted on all six populated continents . | [
"In 2007 the tournament was hosted by the West Indies ; the Cricket World Cup became the first such tournament to be hosted on all six populated continents - Europe ( 1975 , 1979 , 1983 , 1999 ) ; Asia ( 1987 , 1996 ) ; Australasia ( 1992 ) ; Africa ( 2003 ) ; North and South America ( 2007 ) ."
] | [
"Instead , those events were held five months earlier in Stockholm , Sweden , marking the second time that events of the same Olympics were held in different countries ."
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Sri Lanka went on to win their maiden championship by defeating Australia by seven wickets in the final , which was held in Lahore . | [
"Sri Lanka went on to claim their inaugural championship by defeating the favorites Australia in the final by seven wickets , held in Lahore ."
] | [
"He was a right arm medium pace swing bowler , and played in 32 Test matches and 42 One Day Internationals for the New Zealand national cricket team ."
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The cause of death was heart failure , Australia defeated Sri Lanka in the final by 53 runs ( D\/L ) , extending their undefeated run in the World Cup to 29 matches and winning three straight World Cups . | [
"Australia defeated Sri Lanka in the final by 53 runs ( D\\/L ) , in farcical light conditions , extending their undefeated run in the World Cup to 29 matches and winning three straight World Cups ."
] | [
"Kenya 's victories against Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe , among others , along with New Zealand 's forfeit helped them get a Semi-final berth against India , the best result by an associate ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
In 1999 the event was hosted by England , with some matches also being held in Scotland , Ireland , Wales and the Netherlands . | [
"The 1999 event returned to England after sixteen years with some matches also held in Ireland , Scotland and the Netherlands ."
] | [
"Instead , those events were held five months earlier in Stockholm , Sweden , marking the second time that events of the same Olympics were held in different countries ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
"neg": "Represent the description:"
} |
The South African cricket team participated in the event for the first time , following the fall of the apartheid regime and the end of the international sports boycott . | [
"It was the first tournament that the South African cricket team played in , following the end of the international sports boycott ."
] | [
"Controlled by the Football Federation of Kosovo , the governing body for football in Kosovo , they are not a member of FIFA or UEFA . The Kosovo national football team was formed following the break-up of the former Yugoslavia , and has played a number of friendly matches ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
"neg": "Represent the description:"
} |
The 1987 tournament , named the Reliance World Cup after their Indian sponsors , was held in India and Pakistan , the first time that the competition was held outside England . | [
"The 1987 Cricket World Cup held in India and Pakistan was the first World Cup hosted outside of England ."
] | [
"Instead , those events were held five months earlier in Stockholm , Sweden , marking the second time that events of the same Olympics were held in different countries ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
} |
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