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Drug of choice for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis is:
Answer is option 2,beta interferon Early treatment with high-dose interferon beta-1a reverses cognitive and coical plasticity deficits in multiple sclerosis. Mori F1, Kusayanagi H, Buttari F, Centini B, Monteleone F, Nicoletti CG, Bernardi G, Di Cantogno EV, Marciani MG, Centonze D. Author information Abstract Acute in...
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All are true about ischemia associated kidney injury, EXCEPT:
Healthy kidneys receive 20% of the cardiac output and 10% of resting oxygen consumption. despite constituting only 0.5% of the human body mass. The renal medulla is the site of one of the most hypoxic regions in the body. Ischemia alone in a normal kidney is usually not sufficient to cause severe AKI. Clinically, AKI m...
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Exposure of left subclan aery by supraclavicular approach does not require cutting of ?
Scalenus medius lies posterior to the subclan aery and thus need not be divided to expose the aery. Whereas, sternocleidomastoid & scalenus anterior lie anteriorly and omohyoid lies superiorly and thus are cut during exposure of the subclan aery.
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Bilayer cell membrane contains
The phospholipids are arranged in bilayers with the polar head groups oriented towards the extracellular side and the cytoplasmic side with a hydrophobic core (Fig. 2.4A). The distribution of the phospholipids is such that choline-containing phospholipids are mainly in the external layer and ethanolamine and serine con...
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Presence of Hbe Ag in patients with hepatitis indicates -
HBeAg appears in blood concurrently with HBsAg or soon afterward. Circulating HBeAg is an indicator of active intrahepatic viral multiplication, and the presence in blood of DNA polymerase, HBV DNA and virions, reflecting high infectivity. REF:ANANTHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO-54...
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True about fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liver:
“A distinctive variant of hepatocellular carcinoma is the fibrolamellar carcinoma, constituting less than 5% of HCCs. This tumor occurs in young male and female adults (20 to 40 years of age) with equal incidence, has no association with HBV or cirrhosis risk factors, and often has a better prognosis It usually present...
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A patient in emergency depament shows Mc Ewan sign. This sign is positive in the following condition:
Mc Ewan sign is seen in stage of coma of acute alcohol intoxication. Stage of coma of alcohol intoxication: In this stage, the motor and sensory cells are deeply affected, speech becomes thick and slurring, coordination is markedly affected, causing the patient to become giddy, stagger and possibly to fall. The person ...
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Sentinel lymph node is defined as -
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Primary LN draining tumor
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Buonian line is seen in poisoning
Chr. Lead poisoning = Plumbism = Saturnism = Saturnine poisoning- ALA in urine, Coproporphyrin in urine, facial pallor, Basophilic stippling/Punctate basophilia (dark blue, pin-head spots in cytoplasm of RBCs), Buonian line (blue line gums' margin, PbS, 50-70% cases, near carious/diy teeth, Lead palsy, Pb encephalopath...
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Avascular necrosis of bone is LEAST likely to be associated with?
Avascular necrosis is an infarction of bone that is associated with (1) long-term corticosteroid use, such as in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (most common cause), (2) sickle-cell disease, (3) trauma, (4) Legg-Perthes disease, or (5) Kienbock disease involving the scaphoid (navicular) bone. OsgoodSchlatter...
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All of the following are ketone bodies EXCEPT
Primary ketone body-Acetoacetate. Secondary ketone bodies- Acetone, Beta-hydroxybutyrate. Neutral Ketone body-Acetone. Ketone body excreted through lungs-Acetone. Site of synthesis of ketone bodies-Liver mitochondria. Organs which do not utilize ketone bodies-Liver, RBCs. Rate limiting step of ketone body synthesis-HMG...
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Fasciculation are caused by
Fasciculations are the characteristic feature of depolarising block. Succinylcholine is the depolarising muscle relaxant. d-tubocurare, vecuronium and pancuronium are the non-depolarising muscle relaxants.
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A young man weighing 65 Kg was admitted to the hospital with severe burns in a severe catabolic state. An individual in this slate requires 40 KCal per Kg body weight per day 1 gm of protein/Kg body weight/da. This young man was given a solution containing 20% glucose and 4.25% protei. If 3000 ml of solution in infused...
Calories are calculated by catabolism of glucose (not proteins) Glucose: Amount of glucose in 20% glucose in 3000 ml of solution: 3000*20/100 = 600 gms. 1 gm glucose on catabolism produces: 4.2 KCal. 600 gms of glucose would produce: 600*4.2 = 2520 KCal. Protein: Percentage of protein in fluid: 4.25% Percentage of prot...
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The most effective contraceptive available is:
- Amongst the choices, third generation is most effective with a failure rate of only 0.2/HWY. PEARL INDEX OF DIFFERENT CONTRACEPTIONS: Male condoms 2-14 / HWY Female condoms 5-21 / HWY Centchroman 1.84 - 2.84 /HWY OCPs 0.1 - 2 /HWY Sterilization 0.1 / HWY Vaginal sponge 9-20 / HWY
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Endogenous triglycerides in plasma aremaximally carried in -
Ans. is 'a' i.e., VLDL
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'Cayenne pepper' stippling due to hemosiderin is found in :
C i.e. Plasma cell balantitis of zoon
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Vomiting centre is situated in which part of brain?
The area postrema (AP) has been implicated as a chemoreceptor trigger zone for vomiting (emesis) for over 40 years. The AP is located on the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata at the caudal end of the fourth ventricle. It is one of the so-called circumventricular organs that serve as an interface between the brain...
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A 41 year old male complains of pain in lower right back tooth region. Intraoral examination reveals deep caries in relation to 47 and IOPA examination reveals deep dentinal caries not involving the pulp. Dentist excavates the caries and restored it with zinc oxide eugenol. Which of the following substance can be used ...
MANIPULATION  Powder/liquid system: Powder/liquid ratio - 4:1 to 6:1 by weight. The bottles are shaken gently. Measured quantity of powder and liquid is dispensed onto a cool glass slab. The bulk of the powder is incorporated into the liquid and spatulated thoroughly in a circular motion with a stiff bladed stainless s...
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The parents of a 2-year-old boy with hyposadias (urethra opens on the ventral aspect of the penis) visit a genetic counselor to discuss the chances that a similar birth defect will occur in their future offspring. This birth defect shows which of the following patterns of inheritance?
The inheritance of a number of birth defects is multifactorial. Most normal human traits are inherited neither as dominant nor as recessive mendelian attributes, but rather in a more complex manner. For example, multifactorial inheritance determines intelligence, height, skin color, body habitus, and even emotional dis...
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A 12-year-old male is admitted to the hospital with profuse rectal bleeding but appears to be free of any associated pain. Which of the following is the most common cause of severe rectal bleeding in the pediatric age group?
Ileal (Meckel) diverticulum, which is an outpouching of the distal ileum, is twice as prevalent in males as in females. The diverticulum is clinically important because ulceration of the diverticulum with pain, bleeding, perforation, and obstruction is a complication that may require emergent surgery. Signs and symptom...
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Valve of Hasner
Ref BDC volume3,6th edition pg 76Nasolacrimal duct begins at the lower end of the lacrimal sac, runs downwards, backward and laterally and opens into the inferior meatus of the nose.A fold of mucous membrane called hasners valve forms an imperfect valve at the lower end of the duct.
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Sensory supply to tongue is by all, EXCEPT:
The sensory innervation of the tongue reflects its embryological development. The nerve of general sensation to the presulcal pa is the lingual nerve, which also carries taste sensation derived from the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve. The nerve supplying both general and taste sensation to the postsulcal pa ...
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Spalding sign is seen in ?
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Maceration Dead born : A deadborn child is one which has died in utero and shows one of the following signs after it is completely born :? 1) Rigor mois : Rigor mois may occur in dead fetus before bih or at bih. 2) Maceration : Maceration is a process of aseptic autolysis. It occurs when a dead fetus ...
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Which one of the following modes of intervention covers the process of advising a patient to change his lifestyle in order to prevent any risk factor for a disease ?
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Health promotion
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A 'case' in TB is defined as -
- the case in tuberculosis is defined as the one in which sputum positive for acid fast bacilli is detected. Reference: Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no:182 <\p>
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Most common hallucination in schjizophrenia is:
A. i.e. Auditory
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Which of the following statements is false about Brucella?
Brucellae are strict aerobes and do not grow anaerobically. Brucellae consists of very small, non-motile, aerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus that grows poorly on ordinary media and has little fermentative powers. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayana and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg:345
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Dukes classification is used for
Dukes' classification was originally described for rectal tumours but has been adopted for histopathological repoing of colon cancer as well. Dukes' classification for colon cancer is as follows: A: confined to the bowel wall; B: through the bowel wall but not involving the free peritoneal serosal surface; C: lymph nod...
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A 19-year-old female with sho stature, wide spread nipples and primary amenorrhea most likely has a karyotype of: (AI 2003)
Given features suggests the diagnosis of Turner's syndrome. Turner's syndrome Most common sex chromosomal disorder in phenotypic females. Results from complete or paial loss of one X chromosome (45, XO) Characterized by hypogonadism in phenotypic females.
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RNA polymerase is
Ans. is 'a' i.e., DNA dependent RNA polymerase The major enzyme involved in transcription (i.e. synthesis of DNA to RNA) is RNA polymerase.It is DNA dependent RNA polymerase.DNA dependent DNA polymerase DNA plymerase (In DNA replication)DNA dependent RNA polymerase - RNA polymerase (In transcription)RNA dependent DNA p...
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Lateral aberrant thyroid is node from
Ans. (a) Papillary cancerRef: Page 765. Bailey and love 26th edition* Lateral aberrant thyroid is a metastatic node from papillary cancer which is not palpable
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Which of the following statements about High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is false:
HDL prevent oxidation of LDL in complex in vitro models as a result HDL function as a naturally acting antioxidant which protect vessel wall from oxidative damage and resulting atherogenesis. Ref: Current Pharmaceutical Design, Page 6.
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Which among the following is an impoant step in acute inflammation?
Stages of acute inflammation:Vasodilation (after a transient vasoconstriction) Increased vascular permeabilityMovement of white blood cells from blood vessels into soft tissue at the site of inflammation: The steps required are rolling, pavementing, and transmigration. Chemotaxis is the process by which white blood cel...
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Mercaptopurine is
Ref: Katzung, 14th ed. pg. 960; KDT, 6th ed. pg. 820* Mercaptopurine is synthetic purine used in cancer chemotherapy.* Use: Childhood acute leukemia.
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In multibacillary leprosy, the follow-up examination after adequate treatment should be done yearly for –
Surveillance after treatment Clinical surveillance of cases after completion of treatment is an important part of the current recommendations for multidrug therapy. It is essential for the assurance of the long-term success of treatment and for the early detection of any relapses. The recommendations are - i) Paucib...
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In all of the following enzyme deficiencies, hyperammonemia is a common feature, EXCEPT:
Excess ornithine from urea cycle is taken by enzyme OAT (Ornithine amino transferase) OAT deficiency leads to gyrate atrophy. In this deficiency, plasma, urine, spinal fluid and aqueous humour concentration of ornithine levels are 10-20 times higher than normal Hyperammonemia is absent because urea cycle is not disrupt...
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Interleukin secreted by macrophages, stimulating lymphocytes is:
Macrophages release IL-1 which stimulates the T-helper cells. The T-cells in response proliferate and release IL-2 which in turn stimulates still further T-cell proliferation and B cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells. Thus Macrophages release→IL-1* T-helper cells release→ IL-2*
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Which of the following is associated with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis -
Acute hemorhagic conjunctivitis is caused by Enterovirus 70. REF:ANATHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO:493
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In traumatic brain injury, Glasgow outcome score of 4 stands for
Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS)Good recovery 5Moderate disability 4Severe disability 3Persistent vegetative state 2Dead 1Bailey and Love 26e pg:320
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Which of the following cardiac valves is not commonly involved in rheumatic fever?
In chronic disease the mitral valve is viually always involved. The mitral valve is affected in isolation in roughly two thirds of RHD, and along with the aoic valve in another 25% of cases. Tricuspid valve involvement is infrequent, and the pulmonary valve is only rarely affected.
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Which of the below given bone is best suitable for sex determination
Ans. (B) Pelvis"Krogman's degree of accuracy"The accuracy of estimating the sex from skeletal remains depends upon the number of bones available.If the entire skeleton is available, the accuracy is 100%;Pelvis alone is available, it is 95%Skull alone, it is 90%Skull + pelvis, the accuracy is 98%
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All are catalase positive Except
S.dysenteriae (subgroup A): This species of mannitol non-fermenting bacilli consists of ten serotypes. It is indole negative and is the only member of the family that is always catalase-negative. S.flexineri, S.boydii, and S.sonnei are catalase positive. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Aanthanarayan and paniker's; 10th ...
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Pneumatosis Intestinalis is associated with?
Pneumatosis Intestinalis is the presence of intramural air seen in Stage IIb of Necrotising Enterocolitis / Intestinal ischemia.
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Earliest detection of pregnancy by ultrasound is by:
Ans. is a i.e. Gestational sac "The first definitive sonographic finding to suggest pregnancy is visualization of the gestational sac." First sign of intrauterine pregnancy is presence of yolk sac within the gestational sac.deg Extra Edge The position of a normal gestational sac is in the mid to upper uterus. As the sa...
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The drug that causes first dose phenomenon in elderly patients -
The side effect postural hypotension also known as "First Dose Hypotension" is observed with drugs ending with 'zosin' eg. Prazosin, Terazosin,Doxazosin These drugs cause blocking of a1 receptors, leading to vasodilation, that can cause Postural Hypotension. Acarbose - Inhibition of intestinal absorption of carbohydrat...
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Definitive criteria for PID is
Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease manifest as Hydrosalpinx Chronic pyosalpinx Tubo ovarian abscess or cyst Tubercular tubovarian masses Ref: Shaw Gynecology 17 e pg 340.
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A 25 years old male c/o recurrent abdominal pain but biochemical assays and ultrasound abdomen is normal. He also complains of constant headaches. He suddenly complains of loss of vision of bilateral eyes. Ophthalmologist finds nothing on examination. Symptoms are most probably due to
Ans. D. Factitious disorderFactitious disorderIt is also known as Hospital addiction, hospital hoboes, or Professional patient.The term Munchausen syndrome is used for those patients who repeatedly simulate or fake diseases (intentionally) for the sole purpose of obtaining medical attention. There is no other recogniza...
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Which of the following denotes the trend of events that pass with time?
Ans. c (Line chart) (Ref. Text book of biostatistics by B K Mahajan, Vlth /pg. 20; Park PSm 22nd/788)Line diagrams are used to show the trend of events with the passage of time.Type of dataQualitative dataQuantitative dataDefinitionCharacteristics same, only frequency variesCharacteristics as well as frequency both var...
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Which of the following tests are used to screen for gestational diabetes in a 22 year old primigravida?
Glucose challenge test (GCT) is commonly used in screening for gestational diabetes. No special preparation is needed for this test. Fifty grams of oral glucose is given between 24-28 weeks of gestation irrespective of the time or the meal and blood glucose is determined 1 hour later. A plasma value of 140 mg/dl is con...
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A child scratches his hand with a pen. A red wheel appears which persists for 30 minutes. What would be the diagnosis?
Ans. b. DermographismWhite dermographism is seen in atopic dermatitisDermographism is seen in urticaria
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Ideal contraceptive for a couple who are living separately in two cities and meets only occasionally:-
Ideal contraceptive for a couple who are living separately in two cities and meets only occasionally is Condom as long term contraception is not desirable. - Also OCPs and IUCD are required for long term contraception and both of them have few side effects too; so they are not desirable in this case. - Inj. DMPA is an ...
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Which of the following is malignant intraocular tumor of children: September 2010
Ans. A: Retinoblastoma The most common primary malignant intraocular tumor in children is retinoblastoma. Neuroblastoma is the most common cause of orbital metastases in children. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common orbital tumour of children.
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After tonsillectomy, secondary haemorrhage occurs
After tonsillectomy primary haemorrhage occurs during surgery reactionary bleeding with in 24 hrs, secondary haemorrhage between 5-10 days Secondary haemorrhage is the result of sepsis and premature separation of the membrane Simple measures like removal of clots, application of adrenaline or hydrogen peroxide usually ...
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Treatment for scabies is
(B) Benzene hexachloride
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All the following manifestations suggest the development of lymphoma is sjogren syndrome except:
Low C4 Complement levels suggest the development of lymphoma.
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1729. A 28 yr old female presented with malaise and generalised weakness since 6 month. Her appetite Is reduced and she has giddiness and palpitations on and off. There was no organomegaly. Laboratory Study showed normochromic to hypochromic anaemia and MCV-80. What Is the diagnosis
<p> Iron deficiency anemia is much more common in women between the age of 20 & 45 yrs than in men.The onset of this anemia is generally slow .The usual symptoms are weakness ,fatigue ,palpitations ,dyspnoea on exeion & pallor of skin, sclera & mucous membrane.</p><p>Also MCV will be less than 80fl in iron deficiency a...
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According to WHO, exclusive breast milk is given upto –
Exclusive breast feeding : The baby should be given only breast milk and nothing else (not even water) for first 6 months of life. Weaning should be started by 6 months of age with semisolid food, in addition to continuing breast feeding. The WHO recommends exclusive breast feeding for the first six months of life and...
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The skin overlying the region where a venous "cut-down" is made to access the Great saphenous vein is supplied by -
Great saphenous vein on its course is accompanied by saphenous nerve which is a branch of femoral nerve.
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'Second gas effect' is exerted by which of the following gas when co-administered with halothane:
Concentration-effect, second gas effect and diffusion hypoxia are seen with inhalational agents used in high concentrations (like N2O).
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Mount Fuji sign is a feature of
Mount Fuji sign refers to the presence of gas (pneumocephalus) between the tips of the frontal lobes with a heaped-up appearance giving the appearance of Mount Fuji or M like appearance.
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After falling on the pavement, a 72-year-old woman is found to have a fracture of the radius and ulna (Colles' fracture). What is true of this fracture?
The distal radial metaphysis is displaced dorsally. This fracture was described by Colles over 150 years ago. The impact is caused by a fall on the flexor surface of the wrist. The distal segment is displaced dorsally. The reverse injury, involving a fall on the extensor surface of the wrist and flexor deformity, is a ...
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Identical twins may not have :
B i.e. Same finger print
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Denominator of infant mortality rate is?
Ans. (c) Per 1000 live birthsRef: Park 20thed./488
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Increased ventilation at sta of exercise is due to?
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Proprioceptors[Ref Ganong 23'd/e p. 636)In moderate exercise the abrupt increase in ventilation at the sta of exercise is due to psychic stimuli and afferent impulsE from proprioceptors in muscles, tendons and joints.Aerial pH, PCO2, and PO2, remain constant during moderate exercise because increase i...
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A 19-year-old woman presents to the clinic for evaluation of primary amenorrhea. Her physical examination is normal, and she has female sex characteristics and breast development. The only abnormality is the absence of body hair. Among other investigations she also has genetic testing that reveals an XY chromosome patt...
Androgen receptor defect such as androgen insensitivity will result in the phenotypic characteristics seen in this patient. Other disease states due to abnormal intracellular receptors include cortisol resistance; vitamin D-dependent rickets, type II; thyroid hormone resistance; and pseudo-hypoaldosteronism. Androgen i...
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Epitheliod granulomatous lesions are found in all of the following disease except
ref Robbins 9/e p98 Pneumocystis carinii causes bilateral diffuse pneumonitis in immunocompromised patients and no discernible disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Clinical features are to some extent age-dependent. In premature and debilitated infants, onset is subtle, staing with mild tachypnea. Within a week or...
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Which of the following is not an extra aicular feature of Rheumatoid ahritis?
Answer- D. ProteinuriaExtra-aicular manifestations in RASystemic manifestations: Fever, weight loss, fatigue.Dermatological: Subcutaneous nodule.Cardio-pulmonary: Pericardial & pleural effusion, constrictive pericariditis, pulmonary fibrosis, lung nodules.Eye : Sjogren syndrome (Keratoconjunctivitis sicca), scleritis.N...
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Vitamin required for hydroxyproline to proline conversion:
A i.e. Vitamin C
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Bone with a bone appearance is seen in
Bone within bone appearance is seen in : Osteopetrosis Acromegaly Bisphophonate therapy sickle cell anemia Healed phase of rickets and scurvy. Normal neonate.
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In pancreatic scanning radio-isotope used is
se75 is used for pancreatic scanning Cr51 is used to label red blood cells for measurement of mass or volume I131 is used for treating hypehyroidism and thyroid cancer I123 and Tc99 are used for thyroid scanning
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UV radiation -
The oncogenic effect of UV rays merits special mention because it highlights the impoance of DNA repair in car cinogenesis. Natural UV radiation derived from the sun can cause skin cancers (melanomas, squamous cell carcino mas, and basal cell carcinomas). At greatest risk are fair skinned people who live in locales suc...
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Which wall of hea is enlarged first in a patient with mitral stenosis ?
Wall of hea enlarged in mitral stenosis - left atria
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This x-ray is suggestive of
Boot shaped heart - Tetralogy of fallot.
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40-year-old male presents with fever and abdominal pain and diagnosed with HIV and TB. How will you give treatment?
If a patient is diagnosed with HIV & TB, treatment for TB should be given first, to decrease bacterial load in the body & decrease chances of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Then, treatment of HIV should be given.
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A 40 year old male brought to the emergency room with a stab injury to the chest.On examination pt is found to be hemodynamically stable. The neck veins are engorged and the hea sounds are muffled .The following statements are true for this pt except ?
Ans is 'b' Immediate emergency room thoracotomy should be done There is no need for emergency thoracotomy in a hemodynamically stable pt. Cardiac tamponade is quite common in stab injuries to the chest. The classical signs of tamponade are:? (a) Muffled hea sounds (b) Distended neck veins k/a Beck's Triad (c) Hypotensi...
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A one month old infant with a congenital cardiac lesion shows increased sweating during feeding. Which of the following is the sure sign of congestive cardiac failure in this infant?
Congestive hea failure (CHF) is unusual in childhood. When it does present, it is usually as a manifestation of congenital hea disease and is seen in the first year of life. The classic triad of symptoms for pediatric CHF is tachypnea, tachycardia, and hepatomegaly. There may also be a history of poor feeding, sweating...
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All of the following are true about Ondansetron except?
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Dopamine antagonist Ondansetron is 5-HT3 receptor antagonist at CTZ and NTS, as well as in GIT.
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are first line treatment in:
lmatinib This novel antineoplastic drug inhibits the tyrosine protein kinases in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) cells and the ones that are activated by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor, stem cell receptor and c-kit receptor found in gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST), a rare tumour. Stricking succes...
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The expression of the following oncogene is associated with a high incidence of medullary carcinoma of thyroid:
- RET proto-oncogene is mutation is associated with medullary carcinoma of thyroid - RET proto-oncogene is mutated in MEN-2A & 2B syndromes, hence these are also associated with medullary carcinoma of thyroid. - Prophylactic thyroidectomy is indicated in pt with family history of RET mutation
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Which of the following is a part of secondary granules in neutrophils?
Ans. is 'b' i.e., LactoferrinLvsosomal enzymes:o These are present in the lysosomes of neutrophils and monocytes. Lysosomes contain two types of granules; Primary (azurophilic) and Secondary (specific) granules.Lvsosomal granulesPrimary (azurophilic) granulesSecondary (specific) granuleso Require high level of agonist ...
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The best indicator for a potential explosiveness of plague outbreak is-
Question repeated
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A 4-year-old child presented with palpable purpura and polyahralgia without any frank ahritis along with colicky abdominal pain associated with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and the passage of blood and mucus per rectum. Urine examination revealed proteinuria and microscopic haematuria. Laboratory studies revealed mild le...
Perivascular neutrophils, leukocytoclasis and fibrinoid degeneration involving the small dermal blood vessels with subsequent hemorrhage in a skin biopsy of a patient with HSP. Skin biopsy showing positive immunofluorescence of the small blood vessels for IgA. Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) Acute immunoglobulin A (IgA)...
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All of the following structures are at risk of damage in anterior cranial fossa fracture, EXCEPT?
Fracture of the anterior cranial fossa can damage the roof of the orbit, roof of the nose, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid sinus. It can result in anosmia, black eye, subconjunctival hemorrhage, bleeding into nose and mouth and CSF leak if meninges is involved. Fracture of the middle cranial fossa is accompanied by leaka...
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Functions of basal ganglia include
The clear and best known function of basal ganglia is planning and programming of motor functions. Mainly- Complex actions such as writing alphabets and skilled movements such as using scissors to cut.
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Who described that P. intermedia is responsible for pregnancy gingivitis?
Kornman and Loesche reported that the subgingival flora changes to a more anaerobic flora as pregnancy progresses; the only microorganism that increases significantly during pregnancy is P. intermedia.
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Which of the following is true about the main respiratory control neurons?
The main respiratory control neurons called the Pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BOTC), are located in the medulla. Pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BOTC) is located on the either side of the medulla, between the nucleus ambiguus and the lateral reticular nucleus. They send out regular bursts of impulses to inspiratory muscles phr...
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Swelling of deep lobe of parotid gland presents as swelling in:-
Swelling of deep lobe of parotid gland presents as swelling in parapharyngeal space. The parotid gland is the most common site for salivary tumours. Most tumours arise in the superficial lobe and present as slow-growing, painless swellings below the ear, in front of the ear or in the upper aspect of the neck. Less comm...
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Which of the following is not a parameter in Bishop's score: March 2009
Ans. C: Position of Head
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Which of the following is primary prevention -
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Use of mosquito net Level of preventionExampleso Primordial preventiono Discouragement from adapting a harmful lifestyle, e.g. smokingo Primary preventiono Immunization (vaccination)o Chemoprophylaxiso Nutritional supplementation programmeso Chlorination of watero Using a mosquito neto Health educatio...
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medmcqa_train
The closest speaking space was suggested by:
The space between the teeth during casual repetition of the sound “s”. It is considered the closest relationship of the occlusal surfaces and incisal edges of the mandibular teeth to the maxillary teeth during function and rapid speech. This phonetic method is one of the several techniques to determine vertical dimensi...
3,389
medmcqa_train
Absolute contraindication for IUCD is/ are
Who category 4: absolute contraindications for use of IUP: Immediate post spec abortion Uterine anomaly Pregnancy Pelvic tuberculosis Vaginal bleeding supicious/unexplaned Current pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)/ Current STDs Puerperal sepsis Malignant trophoblast disease Cervical cancer Current STSs Endometrial ca...
3,390
medmcqa_train
Which of the following complications is currently the major limitation to the long-term success of cardiac transplantation?
Currently, graft aeriosclerosis (AKA graft vascular disease) is the most impoant limit to the long-term success of hea transplantation. For unknown reasons, the coronary aeries of transplanted heas undergo intimal thickening associated with hyperplasia of myocytes and fibroblasts and deposition of matrix. This results ...
3,391
medmcqa_train
Infliximab -
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Chimeric antibody against TNF alphaMonoclonal AntibodyTargetIndicationTrastuzumabTositumomabRituximabIbritumomabDaclizumabBasiliximabAbciximabPalivizumabInfliximabEtanerceptOfatumumabBelimumabEpratuzumabOcrelizumabAdalimumabAlefaceptAlemtuzumabBevacizumabCetuximabGemtuzumabEfalizumabOmalizumabNatalizu...
3,392
medmcqa_train
Which of the following ovarian tumors is most radiosensitive -
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Dysgerminoma o Dysgerminoma is the most radiosensitive among the ovarian tumors, but radiotherapy is not the treatment of choice as dysgerminoma occurs in pre - reproductive or reproductive age group and fertility is impaired with radiotherapy.
3,393
medmcqa_train
Preserved in manchester operation: September 2009
Ans. D: Menstruation Surgeon combines an anterior colporrhaphy with the amputation of the cervix, sutures the cut ends of the Mackenrodt's ligament in front of the cervix, covers the raw area on the amputated cervix with vaginal mucosa and follows it up with a colpoperineorrhaphy. It preserves menstrual and childbearin...
3,394
medmcqa_train
Red Color on color doppler suggests?
Color Doppler Imaging: Doppler imaging illustrates only the direction of flow, color coded mean velocities and the range of the mean velocities. Blood flowing towards the ultrasound transducer is conventionally depicted in a band of colors ranging from deep red (low velocity) to bright yellow (high velocity). Flow in d...
3,395
medmcqa_train
Causes of death in drowning are all except : March 2009
Ans. A: Vagal hyperactivity Causes of death in drowning: Asphyxia Ventricular fibrillation/ if an examination of the larynx reveals that a spasm occurred, the victim may have died from sudden exposure to the cold, which caused an immediate hea attack. Laryngeal spasm Vagal inhibition Exhaustion Injuries In some cases, ...
3,396
medmcqa_train
Chloroquine is useful in
All of the above arr correct Refer KDT 6/e p 786 Discoid lupus erythematous Rheumatoid ahritis Infectious mononucleosis. Are Crct
3,397
medmcqa_train
Length of lower esophageal sphincter -
Ans. is 'b' i.e., 3-4 cm "The cricopharyngeal sphincter is 2-3 cm, and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is 3-4 cm long". - Textbook of GI Surgeryo Approximately 2 cm of the esophagus lie below the diaphragm in the abdomen (abdominal part of esophagus)o Within this portion of esophagus the abdominal part of LES is l...
3,398
medmcqa_train
A 52-year-old man presents to the eye clinic with painless vision loss of his right eye. He describes the visual loss as a gradual progression from blurry to total blackout over the past two hours. He has no history of prior visual problems. Past medical history is significant for a myocardial infarction three years ag...
The visual cascade: 11-cis-retinal + opsin -> rhodopsin + light -> meta-rhodopsin II. Meta-rhodopsin II dissociates after light exposure to form all-trans-retinal. 11-cis retinal and opsin are essential first steps in generating the photochemical visual cascade. All-cis-retinal is not a pa of the visual cascade. All-tr...
3,399
medmcqa_train