query stringlengths 1 1.57k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
A 70-year-old man comes to casualty with urinary retention and back pain. Which investigation should be performed - | [
"pt. is suspected to have Ca Prostate as Prostatic Ca is the most common malignant tumor in men over 65 yrs. of age. Symptoms of Bladder outlet obstruction and back pains (due to bony metastasis in the pelvis & lumbar veebra) indicate towards prostate Ca. Serum acid phosphates is a tumor marker of prostate Ca. But ... | [
"Free bleeding in the peritoneal cavity results in pain referred to the right supraclavicular region due to diaphragmatic irritation. Patients who present with abdominal pain and (usually) a history of missed menstruation should undergo a pregnancy test after hospital admission."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Elaboration of inactivating enzymes are the impoant mechanism of drug resistance among all of these antibiotics except | [
"Refer KDT 6/e p688 Resistance to fluoroquinolone is mediated by mutation in DNA gyrase"
] | [
"Plasmids contain extra-chromosomal DNAs that help in transferring the genes responsible for multiple drug resistance among bacteria. These are therefore involved in the horizontal transfer of resistance. As it is not due to penicillinase, beta-lactamase inhibitors like clavulanic acid cannot reverse this resistanc... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which among the following is TRUE about confounding factor? | [
"A confounding factor is defined as one which is associated both with exposure and disease, and is distributed unequally in study and control groups. More specifically a confounding factor is one that, although associated with exposure under investigation, is itself, independently of any such association, a risk fa... | [
"Among the given options, dentition is the best method for age determination."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Investigation of choice for esophageal rupture is | [
"Gastrografin (water soluble) is preferred to prevent extravasation of barium into the mediastinum or pleura. If no leak is seen, a barium study should follow"
] | [
"Dianosil is the contrast agent used for Esophageal atresis, tracheo esophageal fistula and bronchoscopy."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Dobutamine differs from dopamine in that | [
"Dopamine (DA):- It is a dopaminergic (D1 and D2) as well as adrenergic a and b1 (but not b2) agonist. Dobutamine:- A derivative of DA, but not a D1 or D2 receptor agonist. Though it acts on both a and b adrenergic receptors. Ref:- kd tripathi; pg num:-134"
] | [
"Dopamine activates b1 -receptors and this was probably the reason for the arrhythmia. Amrinone will inhibit phosphodiesterase and result in an increased cyclic AMP level, producing the same result as b-receptor stimulation. Dobutamine and epinephrine also stimulate the b- receptors. The only choice which stimulate... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Garlicky odour in the gastric contents seen in which non metallic poisoning | [
"Postmoem appearance Esophagus and stomach shows inflammatory changes and luminous material may be seen in the GIT. There may be garlicky odour in the gastric contents. There may be jaundice, and fatty change in the liver. Liver shows centrilobular steatosis and neurosis. If the person survived for one week or so, ... | [
"In corrosive acid poisoning, it is open along the greater curvature. Toxic substances may be held in high concentrations in the rugae and crypts of the mucosa in the actual stomach wall. The pathway of acids and alkalis in food-filled stomach stas along the lesser curvature of the stomach and leads to the pylorus,... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The capsule of cryptococcus neoformans in a CSF sample is best seen by - | [
"Cryptococcus is the capsulated yeast.\nAmong the given staining techniques, India ink preparation is the best staining technique used for demonstration of capsule (negative staining) - sensitivity of the technique: 60–75%.\n\nOther capsular staining techniques are:\n\n10% Nigrosin staining\nModified India ink prep... | [
"- Cigar shaped yeast cells are seen in sporothrix schenkii on H and E staining of tissue sections at 37 degree C - it is yeast at 25 degree C - it is mould - Flower like sporulation appearance is seen in mould form of the sporothrix. H. capsulatum - histopath. show tiny oval yeast cell with narrow based budding C.... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
which is not a radiographic finding of CHF | [
"ref : harrisons 21st ed"
] | [
"In postmortem drowning this finding is not seen."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Alternating RBBB with Left anterior hemiblock is seen in | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Bi-fascicular block Bifascicular block - combination of RBBB with either left anterior hemiblock or left posterior hemiblock. Tri fascicular block - RBBB plus either LAHB/LPHB+ first degree AV block. Complete hea block destruction of - AV node leading to AV dissociation"
] | [
"HR is 50/min with normal axis. Giant T wave inversions are noted in leads I, II, V2-V6. Giant T wave inversion are said to present if T wave is >10mm in depth. Giant T wave inversions : Wellen syndrome: T wave inversions in V2-V3 indicate critical narrowing of Left anterior descending aery. At high risk for develo... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is false about cholangiocarcinoma | [
"Diagnosis is made by MRCP"
] | [
"Clonorchis Sinensis causes cholangiocarcinoma of liver, bileduct and Adenocarcinoma of pancreas"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following clinical laboratory observations is suggestive of Hanup disease? | [
"High fecal levels of tryptophan and indole derivatives Hanup disease is autosomal recessive metabolic disorder also known as pellagra like dermatosis. This affect the absorption of nonpolar( neutral ) amino acids specially tryptophan. So there is no absorption of tryptophan."
] | [
"Counting the number of neutrophils with different nuclear lobes and expressing the count as percentage of cells with different number of nuclear lobes is called Arneth count. Clinical significance: The Arneth count is useful in judging the rate of formation of neutrophils. Individuals who have a larger percentage ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All are true about pathogenesis of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, EXCEPT? | [
"Symptoms of OHSS are the result of ovarian enlargement and fragility, extravascular fluid accumulation, and intravascular volume depletion (and not increase as stated in option b). Fluid shifts that accompany OHSS are due to increased protein-rich fluid secretion from the stimulated ovaries, increased renin and pr... | [
"Ans. A. Cerebral edema* The Major non metabolic complication of DKA therapy is cerebral edema, which most often develops in children as DKA is resolving.* Precipitating events leading to D.K.A:1. Infection2. Myocardial infarction3. Venous thrombosis4. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding5. Acute respiratory distress sy... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Biological value of a protein is related to | [
"Ans) a (Nitrogen content) Ref paik 20th ed p 549Biological value of a protein is Retained N2 / Absorbed N2 x 100Protein efficiency ratio = Wt gain in gms / Gram of protein consumedNet protein utilization =Digestibility Coefficent x Biological value100 Aminoacid score =No of mg of one AA/gm of proteinNo of mg of sa... | [
"It is the ratio of total nitrogen retained by total nitrogen intake multiplied by 100/Ref. Park 20/e, p 549 (19/e p503)1 Repeat from Nov 08 Net Protein Utilization (NPU): NPU is a method of assessing protein quality. It is the ratio of amino acid conveed to proteins to the ratio of amino acids supplied. Experiment... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The study for correlation of genetic disease to consanguinity - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Case Control Study \" The association of consanguinity with complex disorders can be studied using different approaches. For example, epidemialogial surveys could compare the frequency of a disorder in the progeny offirst cousin parents with that of unrelated parents, whereas case-control studies... | [
"- In advanced epidemiological triad, agent is replaced by causative factors. - Advanced model of epidemiological triangle"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Von Gierke&;s occurs due to deficiency of | [
"Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) or von Gierke&;s disease, is the most common of the glycogen storage disease. This genetic disease results from deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase and has an incidence in the American population of approximately 1 in 100,000 bihs.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, p... | [
"Menkes disease Wilson's disease Defective gene & its product ATP7A- ATPase (chromosome) ATP7B (Chromosome 13) Inheritance X-linked recessive Autosomal recessive Pathogenic defect Intestinal absorption of copper Defective biliary excretion of copper Accumulation of copper in liver Spillage into circulation due to l... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 38 year old male has paroxysmal hypeension. He is subsequently found to have medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, pheochromocytoma, and mucosal neuromas. Parathyroid involvement is not noted. What is the most likely diagnosis? | [
"MEN III, also known as MEN IIb, is characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and mucosal neuromas.Wermer's syndrome is also called MEN type I . It is characterized by pancreatic (insulinoma), pituitary, and parathyroid involvement.Sipple's syndrome, or MEN type II , is similar to MEN III, but... | [
"Hypokalemia with neuromuscular irritability, hypertension, and low plasma renin suggests hyperaldosteronism. The most common cause for primary hyperaldosteronism is idiopathic adrenal cortical nodular hyperplasia. An insulinoma arising in the pancreas could account for episodic weakness, but the glucose level woul... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Mrs Shikha, 50-years-old woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer. Which lymph node group would be the first involved in metastatic spread of this disease beyond the cervix and uterus? NOT RELATED -anatomy | [
"."
] | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Carcinoma Breast Sentinel node is first node to receive drainage from the tumor site. The node is most likely to contain metastasis, if metastasis to that regional lymph node basin is present. Thus the biopsy of sentinel lymph node, helps to decide whether lymph node dissection of that lymphatic ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A viral infection causes damage to both hippocampi in a patient. This damage would cause the patient to exhibit functional deficits in | [
"The hippocampus is crucial for the formation of long-term (declarative) memory. Without the hippocampus, sho-term memory is intact but the conversion to long-term does not take place.The retrieval of stored declarative memory does not require the hippocampus. The hippocampus is not needed for the retrieval of proc... | [
"Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or disease, but it can also be caused temporarily by the use of various sedatives and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or paially lost due to the extent of damage that was caused.There are two main types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia and anterog... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Type of collagen maximum in skin:- | [
"Collagen - the most abundant protein in mammals contains 4-hydroxyproline and 5-hydroxylysine. Vitamin C plays the role of a coenzyme in hydroxylation of proline and lysine while protocollagen is conveed to collagen The hydroxylation reaction is catalysed by lysyl hydroxylase (for lysine) and prolyl hydroxylase (f... | [
"A i.e. Higher concentration are found in adult b"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Rotameters | [
"Rotameters are constant pressure drop-variable orifice devices. They are accurate at values as low as 200mL/min both laminar and turbulent flow determine their accuracy ."
] | [
"Seoli Cells"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is true of Wilson's disease all except - | [
"Urinary copper excretion <100 microgram/di Symptomatic pts. of Wilson disease invariably have urine copper levels > 100 pg per day. Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation in the ATP 7B gene (a copper transpoing ATPase) Diagnosis - The gold standard for diagnosis is Liver biopsy with q... | [
"Ans. Change in the level of consciousness"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 25 year male presented with high grade fever, headache, neck stiffness, on examination found to have neck rigidity, kernig's sign positive, csf analysis showed neutrophilic predominance, low glucose and limulus amebocyte lysate assay was positive. Which of the following is the likely pathogen? | [
"The Limulus amebocyte lysate assay is a rapid diagnostic test for the detection of gram-negative endotoxin in CSF and thus for making a diagnosis of gram-negative bacterial meningitis. The test has a specificity of 85-100% and a sensitivity approaching 100%. Thus, a positive Limulus amebocyte lysate assay occurs i... | [
"Harrison's textbook of internal medicine 17th edition. *In tuberculous meningitis present subtly as headache and slightly mental changes after a prodrome of weeks of low grade fever ,malaise ,anorexia ,irritability .if not recognised ,it involved with severe headache,altered sensorium,lethargy *Brain imaging shows... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Tuberculin test denotes: | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Previous or present sensitivity to tubercle proteins(a) Tuberculin test denotes Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein 0.1 ml (Purified protein derivative) and used in diagnosis of latent tuberculosis.(b) Positive tuberculin test indicates exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in... | [
"A i.e. Transketolase level in blood"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Tumor suppressor gene p53 prevents carcinoma by? | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above * p53 gene is located on chromosome 17 & acts as molecular policeman that prevents the propagation of genetically damage cell. p53 gene product, i.e. p53 protein is a DNA binding protein in the nucleus, when called into action, it controls the transcription of several other genes... | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., HPV HPV selectively infects the epithelium of skin and mucous membrane and may immoalize the keratinocytes leading either asymptomatic infection, or was or neoplasia. Products of E-genes (E6, E7) are related to immoalization or malignant transformation of keratinocytes by interfering with p53 and... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Most specific enzyme for mi is: | [
"Ans: bRef: Harrison, 16thed, p. 1450"
] | [
"Glycogen Phosphorylase absent an Mc Ardle's disease -lactate will not formed- alkaline PH Normal Condition"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is not a part of fatty acid synthase Complex? | [
"Ans. C. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase(Ref: Harper 31/e page 217)Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) Multienzyme ComplexThe complex is a homodimer of two identical polypeptide monomers in which six enzyme activities and the acyl carrier protein (ACP)ACP contains the vitamin pantothenic acid in the form of 4'-phosphopantetheineX-ray... | [
"Although both ribosomes & RER are involved in the synthesis of protein, the cellular component on which all interactions take place to synthesize the protein in the ribosome."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
All of the followings are responsible for Right shifting of O2 saturation curve; except: | [
"Ans. b. HypocapniaThe factors shift the curve to the right:Increased CO2 (Bohr effect)Increased hydrogen ion (decrease pH)Increased temperatureIncreased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)Shifts in Hb-O2 dissociation curveStored blood loses 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate, causing a left shift in the curve, while hypoxia s... | [
"Rate of induction depends on Blood gas partition coefficient."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
True about rash of chickenpox | [
"Rash of chicken pox : Superficial, unilocular, centripetal, pleomorphic, symmetrical, affects flexor surfaces and axilla, spares palms and sales, has inflammation around, rapid evolution and dew-drop on rose petal appeamace."
] | [
"Virus can be isolated up to 12 months after bih. Tired of CRS is cardiac defects, cataract and sensory neural defects. Infection is not serious after 5 months of pregnancy Blueberry muffin rash is seen in congenital rubella syndrome."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All are true about Klumpke's paralysis except | [
"Klumpke's paralysis\n\nC8 and T1 roots involved.\nIntrinsic muscles of hand paralysed.\nWrist and finger flexous are weak.\nUnilateral Horner's syndrome.\nClaw hand is seen."
] | [
"- Horner syndrome is due to involvement of white matter of spinal cord at T1 level.\" Klumpke's palsy: Occurs in lower trunk of brachial plexus (C8-T1) Claw hand is present due to the paralysis of intrinsic muscles of hand It is associated with Horner's syndrome Has poor prognosis"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Hyperglycemia is seen in all except? | [
"In cirrhosis, blood sugar is elevated, due to reduced uptake of sugar by liver. In myotonic dystrophy and lipodystrophy, there is tissue insensitivity to insulin leading to hyperglycemia. Sarcoma especially large retroperitoneal sarcomas secrete IGF-2 and lead to hypoglycaemia."
] | [
"Among the given options, peripheral neuropathy is least common, and occurs in less than 10% of cases."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
LSD was introducd by | [
"Hallucinogens * ALSO CALLED AS Psychotomimetic/ Psychedelic * FIRST Man made HALLICINOGEN ==================== Albe Hoffman * MECHANISM OF ACTION Lysergic acid diethylamide=======serotonin * Introduced by Albe Hoffmann and he himself experienced its effects * Phencyclidine =======NMDA antagonist * Also known as an... | [
"Ans. is'a' i.e., CocaineCocaine was the first local anaesthetic used by Carl Koller. It was used for anaesthetizing cornea."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Decreased basal metabolic rate is seen in | [
"The remaining options utilise energy. Basal metabolic rate and obesity The basal metabolic rate accounts for about 60 to 75% of the daily calorie expenditure by individuals. It is influenced by several factors. BMR typically declines by 1-2% per decade after age 20, mostly due to loss of fat-free mass, although th... | [
"(A) GH secretion increases after exercise, stress and hypoglycemia # GH secretion is pulsatile, with highest peak levels occurring at night, generally correlating with sleep onset. GH secretory rates decline markedly with age so that hormone levels in middle age are about 15% of pubertal levels. These changes are ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A 70 kg athlete is taken for surgery, due to unavailability of vecuronium, succinylcholine is given repeatedly (>640mg). He now is unable to take breath and his lower limbs are paralyzed. What will be cause? | [
"Prolonged apnea due to repeated dosing with succinylcholine is due to it entering phase 2 block. Phase I depolarizing block is preceded by muscle fasciculation. During paial neuromuscular block, phase I depolarizing block is characterised by: No fade during repetitive stimulation (tetanic or TOF) No post tetanic f... | [
"Tensilon test (edrophonium test) is a pharmacological test used for the diagnosis of ceain neural diseases, especially myasthenia gravis. It is also used to distinguish a myasthenic crisis from a cholinergic crisis in individuals undergoing treatment for myasthenia gravis 10 mg edrophonium hydrochloride syringe an... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Inheritance of ABO blood group is: | [
"Ans. d. Codominance (Ref Robbins 9/e p140; Ganong 23/e p527)Inheritance of ABO blood group is Codominance.\"Although Mendelian traits are usually described as dominant or recessive, in some cases both of the alleles of a gene pair contribute to the phenotype--a condition called codominance. Histocompatibility and ... | [
"When both of the allels of a gene pair contribute to the phenotype ,this is called as Co dominance. Good examples of co dominant inheritance are; Histocompatibility Blood group antigens Refer robbins 9/140"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which is not ketogenic | [
"Ans. is 'c >d' i.e., Methionine > TryptophanLeucine and lysine are purely ketogenic.Trypotophan is not purely ketogenic, but it is ketogenic along with glucogenic. Methionine is purely glucogenic."
] | [
"Ref-Katzung 10/869 Albendazole is used furlong X at high dose can lead to hepatotoxicity"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
All are the branches of internal iliac artery except: | [
"Ans. C. Femoral arteryThe internal iliac artery supplies the walls and viscera of the pelvis, the buttock, the reproductive organs, and the medial compartment of the thigh.It arises at the bifurcation of the common iliac artery, opposite the lumbosacral articulation, and, passing downward to the upper margin of th... | [
"If the circumflex aery gives off the posterior interventricular aery, then the aerial supply is called left dominance. In 65% of the population, the posterior interventricular aery (PIVA) is a branch of right coronary aery and this is called the right dominance. In 10% of the population, PIVA is given by the circu... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
SACD (Subacute combined degeneration of cord) is feature of which vitamin deficiency? | [
"Ans. d (Vitamin B12) (Ref. H - 17th/pg. Table 71-1).Vitamins: Major FunctionsVITAMINFUNCTIONVitamin AA component of visual pigment; Maintenance of specialized epithelia; Maintenance of resistance to infectionVitamin DFacilitates intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus and mineralization of boneVitamin EMaj... | [
"(A) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) # JC virus (JCV): JCV is a type of human polyomavirus (formerly known as papovavirus) and is genetically similar to BK virus and SV40. It was discovered in 1971 and named after the two initials of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopa:hy (PML). ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Main aim for treatment of TB ? | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Complete bacteriological cure Chemotherapy is indicated in every case of active tuberculosis. The objective of treatment is cure-that is, the elimination of both the fast and slowly multiplying bacilli from the patient's body. The effects of chemotherapy are judged not by the anatomic healing of ... | [
"AWSTEMI. Treatment of choice is PCI"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All of the following are functions of CD 4 helper cells, except- | [
"CD4 T cells are helper T cells. They stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, release of cytokines and are responsible for memory. They do not directly produce any antibody by their own. Basic Pathology, Robbins. Page no.:101"
] | [
"T cells are mainly divided into: 1. T helper cells 2. Cytotoxic T cells T helper cells are also called CD4+ T cells Cytotoxic T cells are also called CD8+ T cells T helper cells have all of the listed markers except for CD8 while cytotoxic T cells have all of the listed markers except for CD4 CD2, CD3 and TCR will... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A 35-year-old man with duodenal stump leak after partial gastrectomy is receiving central parenteral nutrition containing the standard D25W, 4.25% amino acid solution. Which is TRUE of essential fatty acid deficiency seen after hyperalimentation? | [
"Essential fatty acid deficiency usually occurs if hyperalimentation is extended for more than 1 month and when soybean oil is not administered at least twice a week. There is a decrease in linolenic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids and an increase in oleic and palmitoleic acid. In addition to the skin changes, the... | [
"The baseline protein requirements are calculated as 1 g/kg/d. Following stress, there is an increased protein requirement, and protein intake should be 1.5 g/kg/d after surgery, 2 g/kg/d after polytrauma, and after sepsis. Glucose and amino acids must be infused simultaneously to appropriately utilize nitrogen. Th... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Sacrum becomes a single bone at ___ years of age.:- | [
"Sacrum The five sacral veebrae are separated by cailage until pubey. Later, fusion of epiphyses takes place and ossification of interveebral discs extend from below upwards. Sacrum becomes single bone at 21-25 years of age. Sometimes, it leaves a gap between S1 and S2, until 32 years called as 'lapsed union'."
] | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lower end of femur Site given in question Secondary ossification center appears at Lower end of femur 9th month intrauterine life Upper end of tibia At bih Upper end humerus 1/2 -1 year of age Lower end of fibula 1 year of age"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which is True about dobutamine? | [
"Ref: HL Sharma 3rd ed pg no: 177 Dobutamine is a derivative of dopamine and is a selective beta1 agonist. It causes an increase in the force of contraction without a significant increase in hea rate. It also produces some vasodilatation by stimulating the beta 2 receptors. It doesn't decrease kidney circulation."
... | [
"Answer: b) Canaglifozin. Refer previous question."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following statements about cutaneous shunt~vessels is true? | [
"These are low resistance connection between the aerioles and veins bypassing the capillariesAbundantly innervated by sympathetic nerve fibresEspecially found in skin of fingers, toes and earlobes where they are involved in the thermoregulationRef: Medical Physiology Indu Khurana 2015 edition page No: 237"
] | [
"Peliosis Hepatis Although sinusoidal dilatation can occur secondary to many liver diseases, peliosis hepatis is an uncommon condition of primary sinusoidal dilatation that results in blockage of blood outflow and may result in massive intraperitoneal haemorrhage. Although exact etiology is not known, peliosis hepa... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Blow out fracture of orbit commonly produces | [
"(D) Fracture of floor of orbit # Blow out fracture of orbit; Intraorbital haemorrhages, proptosis, paralysis of extrinsic muscles and fracture of the floor of the orbit are not infrequent following a blunt injury to the orbital region> Proptosis develops due to reactive oedema and intra-orbital haemorrhage.> Parti... | [
"Coup and contre coup injuries are seen in injury to skull and brain."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Drug used in cancer chemotherapy induced vomiting is? | [
"Ondansetron is drug of choice for chemotherapy induced vomiting Dexamethasone,lorazepam and aprepitant are also used for chemotharapy induced vomiting.( ref KDT 7/e p876)"
] | [
"Liraglutide is cardioprotective and it is also used to treat obesity."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
NOT a cause of granular contracted kidney ? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Diabetes mellitusCauses of Granular contracted kidney ?Chronic glomerulonephritis (symmetric)Chronic pyelonephritis (asymmetric) o Benign Nephrosclerosis (Symmetric) Sometimes, Diabetes too can cause granular contracted kidney"
] | [
"There no fever unless secondary infection of skin lesion occurs."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Anticoagulant of choice for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patient with cancer surgery is:- | [
"Venous Thromboembolism- precipitating factor -estrogen in females PREVENTION OF Venous Thromboembolism AMONG HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS Condition Prophylaxis High risk non - ohopedic surgery Unfractionated heparin Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) Cancer surgery(associated thromboembolism ) LMWH Major ohopedic surger... | [
"It is used in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after hip and knee replacement surgery. Rivaroxaban is also used for treatment of deep vein thrombosis in higher doses. Stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation is another role for the drug. It is better avoided in those with significant renal dysfu... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following does not belong to dystrophin-glycoprotein complex | [
"Perlecan is a large extracellular matrix proteoglycan that plays a crucial role in tissue development and organogenesis. Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex provides a structural link between the cytoskeleton of the muscle cell and the extracellular matrix, which appears to stabiliz... | [
"One of the cause is mutations in dystrophin."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Patient came to the OPD with recent onset photphobia within 24 hours and sloughing corneal ulcer. There is greenish ulcer base. Which of the following can be the causative organism: | [
"Pseudomonas Ulcer Rapid onset & Greenish ulcer base Produce biofilm that cause resistance MC cause of infection in contact lens users Nocardia ulcer resembles fungal ulcer in its characteristics."
] | [
"A typical fungal corneal ulcer has following salient features: The corneal ulcer is dry-looking, greyish white, with elevated rolled out margins. Delicate feathery finger-like extensions are present into the surrounding stroma under the intact epithelium. A sterile immune ring (yellow line of demarcation) may be p... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Culture media used for leptospira | [
"Culture media for leptospira is EMJH media, Korthof's, Stuart's and fletcher's media."
] | [
"Sterile pyuria -caused by Chlamydia , ureaplasma and mycoplasma. McCoy culture is used for Chlamydia. Thayer Main - Neisseria gonorrhea. L J medium - Mycobacterium tuberculosis Levinthal medium - Hemophilus"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
The advantage of using a tooth positioner as a retainer is : | [
"The use of a tooth positioner rather than final settling archwires has two advantages: \n\nIt allows the fixed appliance to be removed somewhat more quickly than otherwise would have been the case (i.e., some finishing that could have been done with the final archwires can be left to the positioner)\nIt serves not... | [
"Jiffy dentures refers to a type of interim immediate dentures, which are fabricated very quickly using readily available, but temporary materials."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Cryosurgery is used in treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. It is appropriate in all except | [
"Cryosurgery is generally not favoured for treatment of CIN-3 due to higher rates of disease persistence following treatment, and lack of histologic specimen to exclude occult invasive cancer."
] | [
"Ans. A: CIN III Conization of the cervix is defined as excision of a cone-shaped or cylindrical wedge from the cervix uteri that includes the transformation zone and all or a poion of the endocervical canal. It is used for the definitive diagnosis of squamous or glandular intraepithelial lesions, for excluding mic... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
In respiratory and GIT infections, which is the most affected immunoglobulin - | [
"IgA Antibody:- IgA is the second most abundant antibody (2nd highest for DHS). It is of two types: Serum IgA: Predominantly in monomeric form. Secretory IgA (SIgA): It is dimeric (valency four); Secretory IgA is responsible for Mucosal /local immunity. IgA also exist in two subclasses/isotypes: IgA1 is mainly foun... | [
"Answer is C (Increased fraction of IgA immunoglobulins) : Although 8 lymphocytic development is normal most patients are deficient in serum IgE and IgA - Harrison"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
All are risk factors of squamous cell carcinoma except | [
"Ultraviolet radiation, chronic inflammation, and chemical carcinogens (arsenicals, tar) and infection with HPV 5 and 16.There is also evidence that current and previous tobacco use doubles the relative risk of SCC.Ref: Bailey and Love, 27e, page: 606"
] | [
"Acnitic keratosis may progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Judge can ask questions: Punjab 07 | [
"Ans. Any time during trial"
] | [
"CLASS OF MAGISTRATE IMPRISONMENT FINE Chief Judicial Magistrate up to 7 years unlimited First Class Magistrate up to 3 years 10000 rupees Second Class Magistrate up to 1 year 5000 rupees Ref: K. s. Narayan Reddys Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 29 th edition, Page 4."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which is not an aryl phosphate - | [
"Organophosphate poisoning is the most common poisoning in India followed by aluminium phosphide. Organophosphorus compounds are classified as 1. Alkyl compounds -- such as tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP), hexa ethyl tetraphosphate (HETP), octa methyl pyrophosphate (OMPA), malathion etc. 2. Aryl compounds -- such a... | [
"Ans is (a ) ie., isopropyl alcohol"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A female, Lalita, aged 26 yrs accidentally takes 100 tablets of paracetamol. What is the treatment of choice - | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e Acetylcysteine \"In cases of moderate to severe poisoning N acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) should be given orally. It is most effective when given within 16-24 hours of overdosage. It prevents hepatic damage\". - Parikh"
] | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e. Oral Calcium Since the pt. is presenting with mild symptoms he should be treated with oral calcium supplementation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
True for Bochdalek hernia: | [
"Ans. B. Congenital disorderBochdalek hernia is the other name for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. It is a posterior (and not anterior) congenital defect of the diaphragm and is primarily due to lack of closure of the pleuroperitoneal cavity between the eighth and tenth week of embryonic life. Majority of cases oc... | [
"Amyand's hernia - content is appendix Little's hernia - content is Meckel's diveiculum Richter's hernia - Herniation of pa of circumference of bowel - Mimics acute gastro enteritis Peterson hernia - Type of internal hernia - Hernia behind Roux - LIMB, After Roux-en-y gastrojejunostomy"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Hypercalcemia is most commonly associated in which of the following cancers? | [
"The most common neoplasm associated with hypercalcemia is squamous cell carcinoma. Other tumors often associated with paraneoplastic hypercalcemia are carcinomas of the lung, kidney, breast and ovary. Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia is caused by parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) secreted by these tumours. P... | [
"Metastatic bone disease is the most commonest malignancy of bones and is much more than primary bone tumors Metastatic Bone Diseases(MBD) Cancer that begins in an organ, such as the lungs. breast, or prostate, and then spreads to bone is called metastatic bone disease (MBD). More than 1.2 million new cancer cases ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Ethanol is given in methyl alcohol poisoning because: | [
"Ethanol is preferentially metabolised by alcohol dehydrogenase over methanol.At a concenteration 100mg/DL in blood it saturates alcohol dehydrogenase over methanol &retads methanol metabolism. This reduces formation of formaldehyde & formic acid. Ref KD Tripathi 8th ed."
] | [
"Fatal dose of methyl alcohol is 60-250 ml in adults, but as little is 15 ml can cause blindness."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A term born 6-month-old, lethargic blonde infant, presented with multiple episodes of vomiting, poor feeding, convulsions and severe psychomotor retardation. O/E: - Microcephaly with prominent maxillae and widely spaced teeth Blue iris Seborrheic or eczematoid rash Spasticity, hyperreflexia, and tremor Musty odour of u... | [
"This is a case of Phenylketonuria. Autosomal recessive Deficiency of Phenylalanine hydroxylase May also be due to deficiency of cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin BH4 Leads to hyperphenylalaninemia - Impairs brain development Normal at bih Becomes symptomatic later on in life Present with seizures, hypopigmentation of s... | [
"Hanup disease: Most children remain asymptomatic In symptomatic patient- cutaneous photosensitivity: pellagra-like rash on sun exposure Some patients may have intermittent ataxia & psychological disturbances, but mental development is usually normal."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
PK reactio detects - | [
"The Prausnitz-Kustner test (PK test, Prausnitz-Kustner reaction) is an immunologic test formerly used by physicians to determine if a patient has an allergic reaction to a specific antigen i.e, IgE Ref: Ananthanarayan & Parkers textbook of microbiology 9th edition pg:98"
] | [
"A i.e. CO & surface area"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Most common cause of facial nerve palsy: | [
"Facial Nerve - Course Intracranial pa 15-17mm Intra temporal pa Meatal segment 8-10mm Labyrinthine segment 4.0mm Tympanic / horizontal segment 11.0mm Mastoid / veical segment 13.0mm Extracranial pa Branches Greater superficial petrosal nerve 1st branch Nerve to stapedius Chorda tympani Communicating branch Posteri... | [
"Glossopharyngeal neuralgia has the following neurologic deficits: Excruciating, paroxysmal pain that comes from the tonsillar area and radiates to the ear. Loss of taste sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue; and loss of palatal and gag reflexes Potential causes include fractures of the skull base, thromb... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Sinus of Morgagni is between: | [
"Sinus of Morgagni is a gap between the base of skull and the upper concave border of superior constrictor muscle.\nStructures passing through that are: Auditory tube, levator palati muscle, ascending palatine artery and palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery."
] | [
"Bifurcation of Trachea is at the level of Body of T6"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
The typical bone marrow finding in ITP is:March 2004 | [
"Ans. C i.e. Increased megakaryocytesDiagnosis of ITPDespite the destruction of platelets by splenic macrophages, the spleen is normally not enlarged.In fact, an enlarged spleen should lead to a search for other possible causes for the thrombocytopenia.Bleeding time is usually prolonged in ITP patients.Normal bleed... | [
"Hypercellulor Bone marrow\nPeripheral Blood smear shows pancytopenia\n15 % myeloblast cells are characteristically seen in MDS\nIt is common seen in elderly"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Abdominal ultra-sonography in a 3 year old boy show a solid circumscribed hypoechnoic renal mass. Most likely diagnosis is - | [
"Amongst the given options only Wilms tumor is common at 3 years of age :-\n\t Wilm's tumor → young children (mean 3 years)\n\tMesoblastic nephroma → < 1 year\n\tRenal cell carcinoma → > 40 years\n\tOncocytoma → 25-95 years (mean 65)"
] | [
"Renal abscess Presence of air, rim enhancement on CT and posterio acoustic enhancement in a focal mass with acute clinical history is suggestive of an abscess."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The term that best describes the nuclear dissolution is | [
"Pyknosis is condensation of nucleus.\nKaryorrhexis is fragmentation of nucleus.\nKaryolysis is dissolution of nucleus."
] | [
"Routine, as a pa of screening"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following test is used to estimate the amount of fetal maternal hemorrhage: | [
"KLEIHAUER BETKE TEST or ACID ELUTION TEST done to measure the amount of feto maternal hemorrhage usually in an Rh negative mother to calculate the dose of anti D required This method is based on the fact that an acid solution (citric acid phosphate buffer, pH 3.5) elutes the adult but not the fetal hemoglobin from... | [
"Acetylcholinesterase Presence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the amniotic fluid is seen in cases of fetal open neural tube defects (NTD). It has got a better diagnostic value than AFP. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) a neural enzyme is present in cerebral spinal fluid and fetal blood. AChE is not normally detectabl... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
In volume cycled ventilation the inspiratory' flow rate is set at: | [
"In volume cycled ventilation the inspiratory flow rate is usually set at 60-100 U/min to allow greater expiration time for each breath. Use of high inspiratory flow rate can minimize end inspiratory lung volume and intrinsic PEEP, but it can cause higher peak airway pressures. Volume cycled assist control mode of ... | [
"APRV - Airway Pressure Release Ventilation Mode of mechanical ventilation that is less common than pressure control or volume control, APRV was described initially by Stock and Downs in 1987 as a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with an intermittent release phase. APRV applies CPAP (P high) for a prolong... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following statement is/are true about Obstructive lung disease ? | [
"Acute asthma and Emphysema- TLC | due to air trapping Myasthenia gravis- TLC | RV| Obstructive Restrictive | in airflow | Lung volume - Expiratory -Inspiratory COPD Asthma Bronchiectasis ILD Scoliosis NM causes FEV1-| FVC- Normal or | TLC - Normal or | | PEFR Normal | | |PEFR Management of COPD Group A Low Risk, l... | [
"The number of false positives will be more, when the prevalence is less because, the predictive value of a test and hence its ability to identify the true positive is decreased. Therefore Y shows more false positives because the prevalence of disease in question in Y community is low. Ref: Park's Textbook of Preve... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Diplopia is not a presenting feature in: | [
"C i.e. Latent squint Hetrophoria or latent strabismus is a condition in which there is a tendency to misalignment of the visual axis, which is corrected by the fusional capacity. Often latent squints give no trouble until the demand of near vision increase the strain. No symptoms arise, perhaps, until after readin... | [
"Cyanosis is not a feature of CO poisoning."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Not a branch of external carotid aery:- | [
"Branch of ECA: - Superior thyroid aery Lingual aery Facial aery Anteriorly Ascending pharyngeal aery medially Occipital aery Posteriorly Posterior auricular aery Superficial temporal aery Maxillary aery Terminal aery Branches of ICA Ophthalmic aery Anterior choroidal aery Anterior cerebral Middle cerebral Posterio... | [
"Ans. Middle meningeal aery"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Not a marker for hyperparathyroidism is : | [
"Answer is C (Decrease in serum calcitonin) : Serum calcitonin is no marker fir hyperparathyroidism. It antagonizes the actions of parathyroid hormone and may be used as a modality of treatment of hypercalcemia secondary to hyperparathyroidism. Markers of hyperparathyroidism (|ed PTH): 1. Increased serum calcium: S... | [
"Increased bone density is seen in secondary hyperparathyroidism (not in Primary hyperparathyroidism)."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is TRUE about branchial cyst? | [
"Branchial cleft cysts usually present as a soft cystic mass along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. These lesions are usually recognized in the second or third decades of life. To prevent recurrent infection and possible carcinoma, they should be completely excised, along with their fistulous ... | [
"Among the given options, dentition is the best method for age determination."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Pawaer burr, appearance on laparoscopy is characteristic of : | [
"Endometriosis"
] | [
"In reidel thyroiditis trucut biopsy is taken."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which structure(s) passes behind the inguinal ligament -a) Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerveb) Superficial epigastric arteryc) Psoas majord) Femoral veine) Saphenous vein | [
"Structures passing deep to inguinal ligament.\n- Psoas major, Iliacus, pectineus\n- Femoral nerve and vessels\n- Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh\n- Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve\n- Lymphatics"
] | [
"Boundaries of Inguinal canal:Floor is formed by the grooved upper surface of the inguinal ligamentRoof is formed by the arching lower fibers of Internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles.Anterior wall is formed by the external oblique aponeurosis all through it is extentreinforced laterally by the Internal ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
I/V contrast is not used in – | [
"IV contrast agent is given in :-\n\n\nX-ray based investigation (Radiocontrast agent) :- Radiography (simple x-ray), CT-Scan.\nMRI (MR contrast agents).\nUltrasound (USG contrast agents).\n\n\nIVP (intravenous pyelography) as the name suggests, the contrast agent is given intravenously.\nIn myelography, the contra... | [
"Calcification is best detected by CT scan."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Patient with persistent diarrhea & hypotension. Diagnosis - | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., VIPoma Pancreatic Neuroendocrine TumorsTumourBiologicaly active peptide secretedTumour locationMalignant percentageMain symptoms and signsGastrinoma (non b cell tumour)GastrinDuodenum (70%) Pancreas (25%) other sites (5%)60-90o Pain (79-J 00%)o Diarrhoea (30-73%)o GERD (30-35%)o Peptic ulcerInsul... | [
"Answer is D (Neutropenic Colitis) Acute Right sided lower quadrant pain following chemotherapy in an immunocompromised host in characteristic of Neutropenic colitis. Tvphilitis : Syn : Neutropenic colitis, Necrotizing colitis, Necrotizing enteropathy, ileocoecal syndrome or cecitis. This syndrome is classically se... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Haascheiben cells in epidermis are responsible for? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Touch"
] | [
"Corneal stroma, keratocytes and endothelium is derived from the Neural crest."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Pancytopenia with cellular marrow is seen in all Except: | [
"Answer is D (G-6PD Deficiency) Glucose - 6 - PD Deficiency is not associated with Pancytopenia and a cellular marrow Myelodysplasias, PNH and Megaloblastic anemia (Vit B12,Folate deficiency) may present with Pancytopenia and a cellular marrow."
] | [
"Hypercellulor Bone marrow\nPeripheral Blood smear shows pancytopenia\n15 % myeloblast cells are characteristically seen in MDS\nIt is common seen in elderly"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The following are adverse effects of SSRIs except | [
"Galactorrhea is a side effect of hyperprolactinemia is not usually seen with SSRIs Side effects of SSRIs include weight changes, delayed ejaculation,diarrhoea,bleeding , discontinuation syndrome,insomnia. Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed."
] | [
"Antibiotic, coicosteroids, H2 blockers and NSAIDS also have a role."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The germinal cell layer surrounding the oocyte before ovulation is known as : | [
"In one area , the granulosa cells are collected together to form a projection into the cavity of graffian follicle. This projection is referred to as the discus proligerus or cumulus oophorus. The ovum itself lies within it.With the exception of area around the discus, the peripheral granulosa cells form a layer o... | [
"Ans. A. The oviduct and has entered the second meiotic divisionFertilization occurs in the oviduct. The oocyte must have entered a second meiotic division to reduce the chromosome number of the oocyte to a haploid state (n) so that it may fuse with the sperm (also haploid), producing a 2n zygote. Fertilization doe... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Folie a deux is | [
"Shared psychotic disorder or folie a deux, the characteristic feature is the transmission of delusions from \"inducer\" (primary patient), who is the \"originally\" ill patient and suffers from a psychotic disorder to another person who may share the inducer's delusions in entirety or in pa. the person who receive... | [
"Tache Noire, a change after death"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
After the death of the 78 years old male patient in a hospital , who was suffering from COPD. His relatives entered the hospital with heavy sharp weapons and damaged the hospital propey and stared abusing and beating the doctor as well as his staff, Violence against a medical practitioner is considered as: | [
"Medical protection act: The Act, covering doctors affiliated to institutions as well as independent practitioners, outlaws attacks against physicians and damage to their propey. Offenders can get a jail term of up to 3 years and a fine of Rs 50,000. As per the medicare service persons and damage to propey in medic... | [
"In case of suicide, there is no need to inform the police if the person is alive. If the person dies due to complications, we should inform the police."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which soft tissue sarcoma commonly gives to bone secondaries: (PGI June 2008) | [
"Ans. C (Osteosarcoma) \"Any cancer can spread to bone ,but in adults more than 75% of skeletal metastases originate from cancers of the prostate,breast,kidney & lung. In children, metastases to bone originate from Neuroblastoma, Wilm's tumor, Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma & Rhabdomyosarcoma\"- Robbins7th/1303Sarcoma... | [
"Solitary adenoma common cause around 80% of primary hyperparathyroidism Ref - ( Harrison 17 pg 2380)"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The intermediate host for T. Saginata is: | [
"Cow"
] | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Reduvid bug Chaga's disease is transmitted by Reduvid bug."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is associated with cough? | [
"Ans: a (Lisinopril) Ref: KDT, 6th ed, p. 484* Cough is a side effect of ACE-1.* Bradykinin and substance P seem to be responsible for the cough. Thromboxane antagonism, aspirin, and iron supplementation reduce cough induced by ACE inhibitors. Once ACE inhibitors are stopped, the cough disappears, usually within 4 ... | [
"Ans. Are usually associated with marked loss of vision"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Wernicke&;s encephalopathy involves | [
"Wernicke's encephalopathy : The neuropathological lesions are symmetrical and paraventricular, involving the mammillary bodies, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the midbrain, the pons, the medulla, the fornix, and the cerebellum. Ref: Synopsis of Psychiatry, 11th edition, page 632."
] | [
"Metabolic encephalopathy: damage by ammonia or urea intoxication that will contribute to anomic aphasia (difficulty in naming objects) - Uremic / hepatic encephalopathy / CO2 narcosis Motor Aphasia: Broca's area Sensory Aphasia: Wernicke's area Conduction Aphasia: arcus fasciculus"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
When VA/Q is infinity, it means | [
"-Ventilation / perfusion ratio - normal = 4l/min/5l/min=0.8 - AV/Q= INFINITY - Means Perfusion (Q) to lungs is zero that is blood supply to that area is hindered making it awasted ventilationin those alveoli. - This may be due to pulmonary embolism causing |ed Physiological DEAD space . DEAD SPACE- Some of the air... | [
"A i.e. | - ed temperature within first 2 hours of death"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which is true regarding Savage syndrome? | [
"In Savage syndrome, there is receptor defect to gonadotrophic hormones. The clinical features resemble autoimmune disease. Height is normal. The ovaries contain follicles. FSH is raised. Ref: Shaw's Textbook of Gynaecology, 18th edition, p286"
] | [
"Option A, B, C are all risk factors for Angiosarcoma."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
What is the dosage of retinol palmitate for early stages of xerophthalmia: September 2011 | [
"Ans. C: 110 mg orally on two successive days Nearly all of the early stages of xerophthalmia can be reversed by administration of a massive dose (2,00,000 IU or 110 mg of retinol palmitate) orally on 2 successive days Xerophthalmia/ Dry eyes Condition in which the eye fails to produce tears. Xerophthalmia caused b... | [
"Vitamin A toxicity causes nausea ,increased intracranial pressure and Papilloedema due to high dose of retinol . Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 86"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which among the following organisms causes Buruli ulcer? | [
"Ans. B. M. UlceransM. Ulcerans causes Buruli ulcer.* It starts as a nodule or papule which progresses further to form a shallow necrotic ulcer.* Children (5-15 years old) have the highest incidence of Buruli ulcers, with most lesions on the lower extremities.Image: Extensive Buruli ulcer"
] | [
"Ans. B: Man The species in which the larval stage of the parasite lives or the asexual multiplication takes place is called intermediate host Man is intermediate host for hydatid disease and malaria. Man is definitive host for majority of human parasitic infections like filarial, roundworm or hookworm."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 41 year old patient presented with chronic diarrhoea for 3 months. A d-xylose absorption test was ordered to look for: | [
"Ans is A (Carbohydrate malabsorption due to mucosal disease) `The urinary D-xylose test for carbohydrate absorption provides an assessment of proximal small intestine mucosal function.' Urinary D-xylose test: Principle D-xylose is a `pentose. that is completely absorbed almost exclusively in the proximal small int... | [
"Sweat test. The most common cause of digital clubbing in children, other than cyanotic congenital hea disease, is cystic fibrosis. The history of bronchitis and of abdominal pain (probably secondary to malabsorption) is compatible with this diagnosis. Therefore, a sweat test is the best test to order. Pulmonary fu... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following extraocular muscles does not arise from annulus: | [
"The annulus of Zinn, also known as the annular tendon or common tendinous ring, is a ring of fibrous tissue surrounding the optic nerve at its entrance at the apex of the orbit.It can be used to divide the regions of the superior orbital fissure.The aeries surrounding the optic nerve are sometimes called the \"cir... | [
"Tight closing of eyes is a function of orbicularis oculi, which is supplied by facial nerve. This nerve doesn’t enter the cavernous sinus."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Ptosis is due to: | [
"Ans. (a) 3rd CN palsy (oculomotor)Ref.:BDC 6th ed. Vol-III/361-62* Ptosis is drooping of eyelid.* Eyelid is comprised of 4 muscles:Muscles, their innervation and functionMuscleCN innervationFunction* LPSIIIOpens the eyelid* Muller's muscleT1 (NOT a CN; sympathetic nerve)Opens eyelid when LPS tired* FrontalisVIIClo... | [
"SURGICAL CORRECTION * Levator resection : very commonly done in congenital ptosis with moderate and severe grades of ptosis * Fascia lata sling surgery : done in patients having severe ptosis with no levator function. In Marcus Gunn Jaw Winking Ptosis , LPS excision is combined with frontalis sling operation and i... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
True about isoenzymes is/are | [
"Consist of multimeric complex & `e' i.e., Have different physical properties\n\nisozymes are the physically distinct forms of the same enzymes that catalyze the same reaction, and differ from each other structurally, electrophoretically and immunologically.\nThey differ in their physical properties because of gene... | [
"A i.e. Increases hea rate with exercise"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Osteoclast has specific receptor for: | [
"Calcitonin receptor is expressed in osteoclasts. Calcitonin inhibits bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts; and promotes Ca2+ from blood to be deposited on the bone. This decreases blood Ca2+. PTH is a primary endocrine regulator of bone remodeling in adults. The PTH/PTHrP receptor is expressed on osteoblasts,... | [
"Refer Robbins page no Pg 804 Paneth cell contains zinc along with lysozyme.they ate involved in gut defence"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
All are true about precocious puberty except - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Secondary sexual characters before the age of 6 years o Precocious puberty is the appearance of appropriate secondary sexual characters before the age of 8 years and occurrence of menstruation before 10 years of chronological age.o It is divided into the following types:A) Gonadotropin dependent ... | [
"hallucination is a perception without stimulus hallucination are of several different types based on the modality this is the most impoant question asked in the entrance examination auditory hallucination is more common among schizophrenia visual hallucinations is more common in delirium tremens tactile hallucinat... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Initiation of nerve impulse occurs at the axon hillock because : | [
"A i.e. It has lower threshold than rest of axonAxon hillock is the initial segment of neuron, nerve impulses begin in this initial segment of axon because it has lowest threshold potential.QAxon hillock:- This is a thickened area of cell body from which originates the long fibrous axon.AP is generated in this segm... | [
"i.e. (Myelinated axon, the jumping of depolarization node to node): (87-Ganong 23rd)* In myelinated axons, depolarization jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next-Saltatory conduction.* Orthodromic conduction means conduction in one direction only one neuron called the presynaptic neuron to another neuron called... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Most common LMN cause of Facial nerve palsy is? | [
"*one of the most common cause of facial weakness is bell's palsy ,a lower motor neuron lesion of the 7th (facial)nerve ,effecting all ages and both sexes *here the lesion is within the facial canal . Ref Harrison20th editionpg 1082-1083"
] | [
"Ans. C Reduced corneal reflex. Remember: * Most common nerve from which vestibular schwannoma arises * Earliest symptom * Earliest cranial nerve to be involved by acoustic neuroma * Earliest presentation of Vth nerve involvement! * 2nd earliest cranial nerve to be involved by acoustic neuroma * Earliest presentati... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
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