dataset string | id string | question string | choices list | rationale string | answer string | subject string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sciq | sciq_722 | What element is typically used to shield things from gamma rays? | [
"lead",
"gold",
"silver",
"aluminum"
] | High-density materials are much more effective protection against gamma emissions than low-density ones. Gamma rays are usually blocked effectively by lead shielding. The thickness of the shielding will determine the effectiveness of the protection offered by the lead. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_4872 | An example of hydrolysis working within our bodies is the process of what? | [
"absorption",
"digestion",
"filtration",
"breathing"
] | B | null | |
sciq | sciq_9404 | What are known as the building blocks of proteins? | [
"amino acids",
"organism acids",
"bases",
"protein acids"
] | Introduction Since the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900, the definition of the gene has progressed from an abstract unit of heredity to a tangible molecular entity capable of replication, expression, and mutation (Figure 15.1). Genes are composed of DNA and are linearly arranged on chromosomes. Genes specify the sequences of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. In turn, proteins are responsible for orchestrating nearly every function of the cell. Both genes and the proteins they encode are absolutely essential to life as we know it. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_3317 | The flow of water through the sponge is unidirectional, driven by the beating of what? | [
"flagella",
"cilia",
"antennae",
"fin"
] | Sponges are characterized by a feeding system unique among animals. As sponges don't have mouths, they must feed by some other method. Sponges have tiny pores in their outer walls through which water is drawn. Cells in the sponge walls filter food from the water as the water is pumped through the body and out other larger openings. The flow of water through the sponge is unidirectional, driven by the beating of flagella, which line the surface of chambers connected by a series of canals. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_7480 | What is a biochemical compound that is a chain of amino acids called? | [
"hormones",
"proteins",
"lipids",
"DNA"
] | Proteins are biochemical compounds that consist of one or more chains of amino acids. Proteins have many different functions. For example, some are enzymes, and some are hormones. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_2077 | What changes from heat or pressure during metamorphism? | [
"fossils",
"minerals",
"grains",
"carbohydrates"
] | Metamorphism does not cause a rock to melt completely. It only causes the minerals to change by heat or pressure. If the rock melts completely, it will cool to become an igneous rock. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_3770 | Transforming from a caterpillar to a butterfly requires a lot of what? | [
"fuel",
"Water",
"energy",
"food"
] | This caterpillar is busily munching its way through leaf after leaf. In fact, caterpillars do little more than eat, day and night. Like all living things, they need food to provide their cells with energy. The caterpillar will soon go through an amazing transformation to become a beautiful butterfly. These changes require a lot of energy. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_6999 | Which measure shows how individuals in a population are distributed, or spread throughout their area? | [
"geographical distribution",
"population phase",
"proportional distribution",
"population distribution"
] | Population density is an average measure. Often, individuals in a population are not spread out evenly. Instead, they may live in clumps or some other pattern. How individuals in a population are distributed, or spread throughout their area, is called population distribution. You can see different patterns of population distribution in Figure below . Different patterns characterize different species and types of environments, as you can read in the figure. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_2840 | Most fossils form when a dead organism is buried in what? | [
"sediment",
"soil",
"ash",
"sand"
] | Most fossils form when a dead organism is buried in sediment. Layers of sediment slowly build up. The sediment is buried and turns into sedimentary rock. The remains inside the rock also turn to rock. The remains are replaced by minerals. The remains literally turn to stone. Fossilization is illustrated in Figure below . | A | null |
sciq | sciq_7129 | What provides an early, rapid, and nonspecific defense against invading pathogens? | [
"microorganisms",
"toxins",
"bacteria",
"neutrophils"
] | Figure 42.1 In this compound light micrograph purple-stained neutrophil (upper left) and eosinophil (lower right) are white blood cells that float among red blood cells in this blood smear. Neutrophils provide an early, rapid, and nonspecific defense against invading pathogens. Eosinophils play a variety of roles in the immune response. Red blood cells are about 7–8 µm in diameter, and a neutrophil is about 10–12µm. (credit: modification of work by Dr. David Csaba). | D | null |
sciq | sciq_6503 | Birds flying thousands of miles south in the winter, then returning to their homes in spring, is a familiar example of what? | [
"migration",
"hibernation",
"emigration",
"evacuation"
] | One type of migration that you are probably familiar with is the migration of birds. Maybe you have heard that birds fly south for the winter. In the fall, birds fly thousands of miles to the south where it is warmer. In the spring, they return to their homes. ( Figure below ). | A | null |
sciq | sciq_818 | What does every star emit that humans cannot see? | [
"light",
"dust",
"radiation",
"sound"
] | Visible light is only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum. There are parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that humans cannot see. This radiation exists all around you. You just can’t see it! Every star, including our Sun, emits radiation of many wavelengths. Astronomers can learn a lot from studying the details of the spectrum of radiation from a star. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_11298 | Birds are thought to have evolved around 150 million years ago from what? | [
"teradactils",
"parrot dinosaurs",
"theropod dinosaurs",
"raptor dinosaurs"
] | Birds are thought to have evolved from theropod dinosaurs around 150 million years ago. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_1916 | Loss of what eventually threatens other species not impacted directly, because of their interconnectedness; as species disappear from an ecosystem others are threatened by changes in available resources? | [
"oxygen",
"climate",
"biodiversity",
"technology"
] | Community Dynamics Community dynamics are the changes in community structure and composition over time. Sometimes these changes are induced by environmental disturbances such as volcanoes, earthquakes, storms, fires, and climate change. Communities with a stable structure are said to be at equilibrium. Following a disturbance, the community may or may not return to the equilibrium state. Succession describes the sequential appearance and disappearance of species in a community over time. In primary succession, newly exposed or newly formed land is colonized by living things; in secondary succession, part of an ecosystem is disturbed and remnants of the previous community remain. Primary Succession and Pioneer Species Primary succession occurs when new land is formed or rock is exposed: for example, following the eruption of volcanoes, such as those on the Big Island of Hawaii. As lava flows into the ocean, new land is continually being formed. On the Big Island, approximately 32 acres of land is added each year. First, weathering and other natural forces break down the substrate enough for the establishment of certain hearty plants and lichens with few soil requirements, known as pioneer species (Figure 45.32). These species help to further break down the mineral rich lava into soil where other, less hardy species will grow and eventually replace the pioneer species. In addition, as these early species grow and die, they add to an ever-growing layer of decomposing organic material and contribute to soil formation. Over time the area will reach an equilibrium state, with a set of organisms quite different from the pioneer species. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_3498 | In celsius, what is the boiling point of water? | [
"two hundred twelve degrees",
"ninety eight degrees",
"one hundred degrees",
"zero degrees"
] | The crystal structure of ionic compounds is strong and rigid. It takes a lot of energy to break all those ionic bonds. As a result, ionic compounds are solids with high melting and boiling points. You can see the melting and boiling points of several different ionic compounds in the Table below . To appreciate how high they are, consider that the melting and boiling points of water, which is not an ionic compound, are 0°C and 100°C, respectively. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_5621 | What is the complex network of nervous tissue that carries electrical messages throughout the body? | [
"respiratory system",
"circulatory system",
"nervous system",
"lymphatic system"
] | A small child darts in front of your bike as you race down the street. You see the child and immediately react. You put on the brakes, steer away from the child, and yell out a warning, all in just a split second. How do you respond so quickly? Such rapid responses are controlled by your nervous system. The nervous system is a complex network of nervous tissue that carries electrical messages throughout the body. It includes the brain and spinal cord, the central nervous system , and nerves that run throughout the body, the peripheral nervous system (see Figure below ). To understand how nervous messages can travel so quickly, you need to know more about nerve cells. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_11177 | What is the outer layer of the adrenal gland called? | [
"adrenal skin",
"adrenal cortex",
"medulla",
"zona reticularis"
] | 17.6 The Adrenal Glands The adrenal glands, located superior to each kidney, consist of two regions: the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex—the outer layer of the gland—produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. The adrenal medulla at the core of the gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. The adrenal glands mediate a short-term stress response and a long-term stress response. A perceived threat results in the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla, which mediate the fight-or-flight response. The long-term stress response is mediated by the secretion of CRH from the hypothalamus, which triggers ACTH, which in turn stimulates the secretion of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex. The mineralocorticoids, chiefly aldosterone, cause sodium and fluid retention, which increases blood volume and blood pressure. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_3814 | How many digits do primates have on each extremity? | [
"five",
"ten",
"three",
"four"
] | Primates have five digits (fingers or toes) on each extremity. Unlike the hooves of horses or the paddles of whales, the digits of primates are relatively unspecialized. Therefore, they can be used to do a variety of tasks, including grasping branches and holding tools. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_2122 | What is it called when plants release water vapor through their leaves? | [
"transpiration",
"photosynthesis",
"evaporation",
"eutrophication"
] | Transpiration is like evaporation because it changes liquid water to water vapor. In transpiration, plants release water vapor through their leaves ( Figure below ). This water vapor rises into the atmosphere. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_4434 | Medical problems associated with the body responding poorly to insulin are commonly associated with what disease? | [
"diabetes",
"pertussis",
"AIDS",
"colitis"
] | In some cases, an endocrine gland secretes a normal amount of hormone, but target cells do not respond to the hormone. Often, this is because target cells have become resistant to the hormone. Type 2 diabetes is an example of this type of endocrine disorder. In type 2 diabetes, body cells do not respond to normal amounts of insulin. As a result, cells do not take up glucose and the amount of glucose in the blood becomes too high. This type of diabetes is usually treated with medication and diet. The addition of extra insulin to the treatment can help some patients. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_8197 | What kind of relationship exists between living things that depend on the same resources? | [
"antagonistic",
"competition",
"symbiotic",
"parasitic"
] | Competition is a relationship between living things that depend on the same resources. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_2279 | What is a high concentrated solution typically referred to as? | [
"share solution",
"stock solution",
"saline sollution",
"percent solution"
] | Another common dilution problem involves deciding how much of a highly concentrated solution is requires to make a desired quantity of solution of lesser concentration. The highly concentrated solution is typically referred to as the stock solution. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_2467 | What determines the color of visible light? | [
"exact wavelength",
"wavelength density",
"wavelength speed",
"molecular wavelength"
] | Human beings and other primates also have the ability to see in color. We have special cells inside our eyes that can distinguish different wavelengths of visible light. Visible light is light in the range of wavelengths that the human eye can sense. The exact wavelength of visible light determines its color. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_3026 | What concentrates wave energy or disperses it? | [
"wave refraction",
"wave reflection",
"wave diffusion",
"a prism"
] | Wave refraction either concentrates wave energy or disperses it. In quiet water areas, such as bays, wave energy is dispersed. This allows sand to be deposited. Land that sticks out into the water is eroded by the strong wave energy. The wave energy concentrates its power on the wave-cut cliff . | A | null |
sciq | sciq_10719 | What is the space around the magnet called? | [
"gravitational field",
"optical field",
"resistance field",
"magnetic field"
] | D | null | |
sciq | sciq_8568 | What is the layer above the troposphere? | [
"condensation",
"sediment",
"earth",
"stratosphere"
] | The stratosphere is the layer above the troposphere. The layer rises to about 50 kilometers (31 miles) above the surface. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_7669 | What is the force of gravity called? | [
"pressure",
"weight",
"scale",
"mass"
] | The force of gravity is called weight. Near the surface of a planet, it has magnitude and is directed perpendicular to its surface. This is different from the Gravitational Constant, and differs from planet to planet. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_1413 | What type of forces are involved when deposited rock forms deltas or barrier islands? | [
"gravity forces",
"constructive forces",
"matter forces",
"accumulation forces"
] | Rivers and streams flow across continents. They cut away at rock, forming river valleys ( Figure below ). These are destructive forces. The bits and pieces of rock carried by rivers are deposited where rivers meet the oceans. These can form deltas, like the Mississippi River delta. They can also form barrier islands, like Padre Island in Texas. Rivers bring sand to the shore, which forms our beaches. These are constructive forces. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_407 | What is friction that acts on objects while it is rolling over a surface called? | [
"surface friction",
"blowing friction",
"rolling friction",
"opposing friction"
] | Rolling friction is friction that acts on objects when they are rolling over a surface. Rolling friction is much weaker than sliding friction or static friction. This explains why most forms of ground transportation use wheels, including bicycles, cars, 4-wheelers, roller skates, scooters, and skateboards. Ball bearings are another use of rolling friction. You can see what they look like in the Figure below . They let parts of a wheel or other machine roll rather than slide over on another. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_8991 | A solution is what type of mixture, where the dissolved particles are spread evenly through the mixture? | [
"heterogeneous",
"gaseous",
"homogeneous",
"saline"
] | A solution is a mixture of two or more substances, but it’s not just any mixture. A solution is a homogeneous mixture. In a homogeneous mixture, the dissolved particles are spread evenly through the mixture. The particles of the solution are also too small to be seen or to settle out of the mixture. To put solutions in context as a type of mixture, watch the video at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=z2vM-G5I92U . | C | null |
sciq | sciq_3057 | The posterior half of the foot is formed by seven tarsal bones. the most superior of these bones is called? | [
"calcareous",
"talus",
"patella",
"metatarsal"
] | Tarsal Bones The posterior half of the foot is formed by seven tarsal bones (Figure 8.19). The most superior bone is the talus. This has a relatively square-shaped, upper surface that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint. Three areas of articulation form the ankle joint: The superomedial surface of the talus bone articulates with the medial malleolus of the tibia, the top of the talus articulates with the distal end of the tibia, and the lateral side of the talus articulates with the lateral malleolus of the fibula. Inferiorly, the talus articulates with the calcaneus (heel bone), the largest bone of the foot, which forms the heel. Body weight is transferred from the tibia to the talus to the calcaneus, which rests on the ground. The medial calcaneus has a prominent bony extension called the sustentaculum tali (“support for the talus”) that supports the medial side of the talus bone. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_6368 | If the frequency of the electromagnetic wave is the same as the natural frequencies of the system, the transfer of what is much more efficient? | [
"sound",
"light",
"heat",
"energy"
] | 24.4 Energy in Electromagnetic Waves Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes this energy is obvious, such as in the warmth of the summer sun. Other times it is subtle, such as the unfelt energy of gamma rays, which can destroy living cells. Electromagnetic waves can bring energy into a system by virtue of their electric and magnetic fields. These fields can exert forces and move charges in the system and, thus, do work on them. If the frequency of the electromagnetic wave is the same as the natural frequencies of the system (such as microwaves at the resonant frequency of water molecules), the transfer of energy is much more efficient. Connections: Waves and Particles The behavior of electromagnetic radiation clearly exhibits wave characteristics. But we shall find in later modules that at high frequencies, electromagnetic radiation also exhibits particle characteristics. These particle characteristics will be used to explain more of the properties of the electromagnetic spectrum and to introduce the formal study of modern physics. Another startling discovery of modern physics is that particles, such as electrons and protons, exhibit wave characteristics. This simultaneous sharing of wave and particle properties for all submicroscopic entities is one of the great symmetries in nature. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_705 | What is the name of the portion of a nucleotide lacking phosphate groups? | [
"nucleolus",
"a nucleobase",
"a nucleoside",
"nuclear shell"
] | C | null | |
sciq | sciq_10221 | Sounds or pictures can be encoded in pulses of what, which are then sent through an optical fiber? | [
"laser light",
"kinetic energy",
"quasars",
"microwaves"
] | Besides entertaining a cat, laser light has many other uses. One use is carrying communication signals in optical fibers. Sounds or pictures are encoded in pulses of laser light, which are then sent through an optical fiber. All of the light reflects off the inside of the fiber, so none of it escapes. As a result, the signal remains strong even over long distances. More than one signal can travel through an optical fiber at the same time, as you can see in the Figure below . Optical fibers are used to carry telephone, cable TV, and Internet signals. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_4986 | What are the key cells in the immune response? | [
"leukocytes",
"erythrocytes",
"keratinocytes",
"lymphocytes"
] | Lymphocytes are the key cells in the immune response. They are leukocytes that become activated by a particular antigen. There are two major type of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_5635 | What part of a bird is adapted for the food it eats? | [
"eye",
"teeth",
"beak",
"head"
] | Bird beaks are generally adapted for the food they eat. For example, the sharp, hooked beak of a raptor is well suited for killing and tearing apart prey. The long beak of the hummingbird in Figure below co-evolved with the tube-shaped flowers from which it sips nectar. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_4936 | Plants can lose their leaves, flower, or break dormancy in response to a change in what? | [
"averages",
"seasons",
"events",
"periods"
] | Plants can respond to the change of season by losing their leaves, flowering, or breaking dormancy. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_8020 | What is the name for speed with a direction? | [
"velocity",
"trajectory",
"distance",
"acceleration"
] | Speed represents how quickly an object is moving through space. Velocity is speed with a direction, making it a vector quantity. If an object’s velocity changes with time, the object is said to be accelerating. As we’ll see in the next chapters, understanding the acceleration of an object is the key to understanding its motion. We will assume constant acceleration throughout this chapter. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_10743 | What occurs when the cartilage at the ends of the bones breaks down? | [
"osteoarthritis",
"osteoporosis",
"rheumatism",
"stress fracture"
] | Osteoarthritis occurs when the cartilage at the ends of the bones breaks down. The break down of the cartilage leads to pain and stiffness in the joint. Decreased movement of the joint because of the pain may lead to weakening of the muscles that normally move the joint, and the ligaments surrounding the joint may become loose. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis . It has many contributing factors, including aging, sport injuries, fractures, and obesity. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_2064 | Most cases of syphilis can be cured with what? | [
"abstinence",
"vitamins",
"enzymes",
"antibiotics"
] | Syphilis is less common than chlamydia or gonorrhea but more serious if untreated. Early symptoms of syphilis infection include a small sore on or near the genitals. The sore is painless and heals on its own, so it may go unnoticed. If treated early, most cases of syphilis can be cured with antibiotics. Untreated syphilis can cause serious damage to the heart, brain, and other organs. It may eventually lead to death. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_7274 | What common sea creature can be both awake and asleep at the same time? | [
"dolphins",
"Whales",
"reefs",
"sharks"
] | A | null | |
sciq | sciq_6279 | The root system is usually anchored by one main root developed from what? | [
"organisms radicle",
"nuclei radicle",
"embryonic radicle",
"sperm radicle"
] | Eudicots Eudicots, or true dicots, are characterized by the presence of two cotyledons. Veins form a network in leaves. Flower parts come in four, five, or many whorls. Vascular tissue forms a ring in the stem. (In monocots, vascular tissue is scattered in the stem. ) Eudicots can be herbaceous (like dandelions or violets), or produce woody tissues. Most eudicots produce pollen that is trisulcate or triporate, with three furrows or pores. The root system is usually anchored by one main root developed from the embryonic radicle. Eudicots comprise two-thirds of all flowering plants. Many species seem to exhibit characteristics that belong to either group; therefore, the classification of a plant as a monocot or a eudicot is not always clearly evident (Table 14.1). | C | null |
sciq | sciq_10937 | Translucent matter is matter that transmits and does what else to light? | [
"absorbs",
"condenses",
"scatters",
"reflects"
] | Translucent matter is matter that transmits but scatters light. Light passes through a translucent object but you cannot see clearly through the object because the light is scattered in all directions. The frosted glass doors in the figure are translucent. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_2618 | When are peptide bonds between amino acids formed? | [
"process of transcription",
"process of migration",
"process of translation",
"process of production"
] | Amino acids can bond together through peptide bonds to form short chains called peptides or longer chains called polypeptides ( Figure below ). A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed from a condensation reaction between two molecules, causing the release of a molecule of water. This bond usually forms between two amino acids, hence forming a peptide or polypeptide. Peptide bonds between amino acids are formed during the process of translation. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_1396 | Covalent bond energies can be used to estimate the enthalpy changes of what? | [
"crystals reactions",
"chemical reactions",
"Pressure reactions",
"liquid reactions"
] | Covalent bond energies can be used to estimate the enthalpy changes of chemical reactions. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_7134 | Probability can be used to predict the chance of gametes and offspring having certain what? | [
"particles",
"alleles",
"atoms",
"molecules"
] | Probability can be used to predict the chance of gametes and offspring having certain alleles. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_10643 | What do monotremes have instead of a uterus and vagina? | [
"cloaca",
"urethra",
"endometrium",
"pouch"
] | Monotremes have a cloaca instead of a uterus and vagina. The eggs pass through the opening of the cloaca. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_8029 | The production of light by living things is called what? | [
"bioluminescence",
"attenuation",
"apoptosis",
"bio-glow"
] | Another interesting feature of many cnidarians is the ability to produce light. The production of light by living things is called bioluminescence. A more familiar example of bioluminescence is the light produced by fireflies. In cnidarians, bioluminescence may be used to startle predators or to attract prey or mates. Watch this short video to see an amazing light show put on by a jellyfish at the Monterey Aquarium in Monterey, California: https://www. youtube. com/watch?v=kdufLq2P1Ag . | A | null |
sciq | sciq_178 | Cations have what type of charge? | [
"neutral",
"positive",
"negative",
"constant"
] | Cations have positive charges, and anions have negative charges. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_7596 | What type of map projection is used for small areas to avoid distortion? | [
"unmeasured projection",
"equatorial projection",
"mercator projection",
"gnomic projection"
] | What if you want a different approach? Let's say you don't want to wrap a flat piece of paper around a round object. You could put a flat piece of paper right on the area that you want to map. This type of map is called a gnomonic map projection ( Figure below ). The paper only touches Earth at one point. The sizes and shapes of countries near that point are good. The poles are often mapped this way to avoid distortion. A gnomic projection is best for use over a small area. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_8105 | What branch of science is the study of human origins? | [
"paleoanthropology",
"biology",
"palaeobiology",
"pharmacology"
] | A | null | |
sciq | sciq_6807 | What do loess deposits form? | [
"horizontal cliffs",
"vertical cliffs",
"rotational cliffs",
"diagonal cliffs"
] | When the wind drops fine particles of silt and clay, it forms deposits called loess ( Figure below ). Loess deposits form vertical cliffs. Loess can become a thick, rich soil. That’s why loess deposits are used for farming in many parts of the world. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_9774 | What do willow trees produce to kill bacteria? | [
"enzymes",
"salicylic acid",
"chlorophyll",
"cytoplasmic acid"
] | Plants don’t have immune systems, but they do respond to disease. Typically, their first line of defense is the death of cells surrounding infected tissue. This prevents the infection from spreading. Many plants also produce hormones and toxins to fight pathogens. For example, willow trees produce salicylic acid to kill bacteria. The same compound is used in many acne products for the same reason. Exciting new research suggests that plants may even produce chemicals that warn other plants of threats to their health, allowing the plants to prepare for their own defense. As these and other responses show, plants may be rooted in place, but they are far from helpless. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_2629 | The earliest types of what lacked flowers, leaves, roots and stems? | [
"plants",
"houses",
"clouds",
"animals"
] | Most modern plants, like the skunk cabbage, produce flowers. However, flowers evolved relatively late in the history of plants. The earliest plants not only lacked flowers. They also lacked leaves, roots, and stems. They probably resembled the alga in Figure below . | A | null |
sciq | sciq_4248 | All cells have certain parts in common. these parts include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, dna, and what? | [
"lipids",
"chromosomes",
"crystals",
"ribosomes"
] | All cells have certain parts in common. These parts include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_158 | What celestial body is the earth’s main source of energy? | [
"sun",
"ocean",
"rivers",
"moon"
] | The Sun is Earth’s main source of energy. The Sun gives us both light and heat. The Sun changes hydrogen into helium through nuclear fusion. This releases huge amounts of energy. The energy travels to Earth mostly as visible light. The energy is carried through the empty space by radiation . We can use sunlight as an energy resource, called solar energy. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_11042 | What do you call the entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic waves? | [
"molecular spectrum",
"electromagnetic spectrum",
"gaseous spectrum",
"electric spectrum"
] | Sunlight contains the complete range of wavelengths of electromagnetic waves. The entire range is called the electromagnetic spectrum. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_10233 | What paired organs help regulate blood pressure through sodium ion and water retention and loss? | [
"lungs",
"kidneys",
"tissues",
"lymph nodes"
] | 25.10 The Urinary System and Homeostasis The effects of failure of parts of the urinary system may range from inconvenient (incontinence) to fatal (loss of filtration and many others). The kidneys catalyze the final reaction in the synthesis of active vitamin D that in turn helps regulate Ca++. The kidney hormone EPO stimulates erythrocyte development and promotes adequate O2 transport. The kidneys help regulate blood pressure through Na+ and water retention and loss. The kidneys work with the adrenal cortex, lungs, and liver in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system to regulate blood pressure. They regulate osmolarity of the blood by regulating both solutes and water. Three electrolytes are more closely regulated than others: Na+, Ca++, and K+. The kidneys share pH regulation with the lungs and plasma buffers, so that proteins can preserve their three-dimensional conformation and thus their function. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_10521 | What are the catalysts that occur naturally in living organisms and are primarily protein molecules? | [
"hormones",
"acids",
"enzymes",
"carbohydrates"
] | Enzymes Enzymes, catalysts that occur naturally in living organisms, are almost all protein molecules with typical molecular masses of 20,000–100,000 amu. Some are homogeneous catalysts that react in aqueous solution within a cellular compartment of an organism. Others are heterogeneous catalysts embedded within the membranes that separate cells and cellular compartments from their surroundings. The reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is called a substrate. Because enzymes can increase reaction rates by enormous factors (up to 10 17 times the uncatalyzed rate) and tend to be very specific, typically producing only a single product in quantitative yield, they are the focus of active research. At the same time, enzymes are usually expensive to obtain, they often cease functioning at temperatures greater than 37°C, have limited stability in solution, and have such high specificity that they are confined to turning one particular set of reactants into one particular product. This means that separate processes using different enzymes must be developed for chemically similar reactions, which is time-consuming and expensive. Thus far, enzymes have found only limited industrial applications, although they are used as ingredients in laundry detergents, contact lens cleaners, and meat tenderizers. The enzymes in these applications tend to be proteases, which are able to cleave the amide bonds that hold amino acids together in proteins. Meat tenderizers, for example, contain a protease called papain, which is isolated from papaya juice. It cleaves some of the long, fibrous protein molecules that make inexpensive cuts of beef tough, producing a piece of meat that is more tender. Some insects, like the bombadier beetle, carry an enzyme capable of catalyzing the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water (Figure 14.28 "A Catalytic Defense Mechanism"). Enzyme inhibitors cause a decrease in the reaction rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by binding to a specific portion of an enzyme and thus slowing or preventing a reaction from occurring. Irreversible inhibitors are therefore the equivalent of poisons in heterogeneous catalysis. One of the oldest and most Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_3296 | Spores are generally produced through what type of reproduction? | [
"asexual",
"similar",
"hormone",
"sexual"
] | The lifecycle of basidiomycetes includes alternation of generations (Figure 24.16). Spores are generally produced through sexual reproduction, rather than asexual reproduction. The club-shaped basidium carries spores called basidiospores. In the basidium, nuclei of two different mating strains fuse (karyogamy), giving rise to a diploid zygote that then undergoes meiosis. The haploid nuclei migrate into basidiospores, which germinate and generate monokaryotic hyphae. The mycelium that results is called a primary mycelium. Mycelia of different mating strains can combine and produce a secondary mycelium that contains haploid nuclei of two different mating strains. This is the dikaryotic stage of the basidiomyces lifecyle and and it is the dominant stage. Eventually, the secondary mycelium generates a basidiocarp, which is a fruiting body that protrudes from the ground—this is what we think of as a mushroom. The basidiocarp bears the developing basidia on the gills under its cap. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_2107 | The weather conditions in an area over time is also called a what? | [
"biome",
"habitat",
"climate",
"landscape"
] | C | null | |
sciq | sciq_11431 | What do you call the space around a charged particle where the particle exerts electric force on other charged particles? | [
"charged field",
"powered field",
"melodic field",
"electric field"
] | An electric field is a space around a charged particle where the particle exerts electric force on other charged particles. Because of their force fields, charged particles can exert force on each other without actually touching. Electric fields are generally represented by arrows, as you can see in the Figure below . The arrows show the direction of electric force around a positive particle and a negative particle. For an animated diagram, go to this URL: http://ocw. mit. edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/electrostatics/15-CreateField/CreateField_640. mpg. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_3695 | What are are segmented invertebrates in phylum annelida called? | [
"flatworms",
"fungi",
"annelids",
"corals"
] | Annelids are segmented invertebrates in Phylum Annelida. They include earthworms, polychaete worms, and leeches. Annelids have a coelom and several organ systems. Their body segments may have a variety of different structures such as tentacles or suckers. Annelids may be predators, parasites, filter feeders, or decomposers. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_11216 | What is produced when hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are ignited? | [
"air",
"Fire",
"liquid",
"water"
] | Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are ignited to produce water. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_10986 | What does an underwater spider use to breathe and keep alive? | [
"gills",
"metallic air bubble",
"forehead air bubble",
"shiny air bubble"
] | 11.8 Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids Children blow soap bubbles and play in the spray of a sprinkler on a hot summer day. (See Figure 11.27. ) An underwater spider keeps his air supply in a shiny bubble he carries wrapped around him. A technician draws blood into a small-diameter tube just by touching it to a drop on a pricked finger. A premature infant struggles to inflate her lungs. What is the common thread? All these activities are dominated by the attractive forces between atoms and molecules in liquids—both within a liquid and between the liquid and its surroundings. Attractive forces between molecules of the same type are called cohesive forces. Liquids can, for example, be held in open containers because cohesive forces hold the molecules together. Attractive forces between molecules of different types are called adhesive forces. Such forces cause liquid drops to cling to window panes, for example. In this section we examine effects directly attributable to cohesive and adhesive forces in liquids. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_4813 | While light travels at different speeds in different kinds of matter, the speed of light is constant in what condition? | [
"vacuum",
"through glass",
"outer space",
"under water"
] | Although the speed of light is constant in a vacuum, light travels at different speeds in different kinds of matter. For example, light travels more slowly in glass than in air. Therefore, when light passes from air to glass, it slows down. If light strikes a sheet of glass straight on, or perpendicular to the glass, it slows down but passes straight through. However, if light enters the glass at an angle other than 90°, the wave refracts, or bends. This is illustrated in Figure below . How much light bends when it enters a new medium depends on how much it changes speed. The greater the change in speed, the more light bends. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_4232 | The sporophyte phase is the longest phase in the life of what? | [
"arthropod",
"gymnosperm",
"echinoderm",
"angiosperm"
] | Figure 26.8 illustrates the life cycle of a conifer. The sporophyte (2n) phase is the longest phase in the life of a gymnosperm. The gametophytes (1n)—microspores and megaspores—are reduced in size. It may take more than year between pollination and fertilization while the pollen tube grows towards the megasporocyte (2n), which undergoes meiosis into megaspores. The megaspores will mature into eggs (1n). | B | null |
sciq | sciq_8831 | What is the name of the "point" that refers to the temperature at which water vapor condenses? | [
"water point",
"melting point",
"brine point",
"dew point"
] | You’ve probably noticed dew on the grass on a summer morning. Why does dew form? Remember that the land heats up and cools down fairly readily. So when night comes, the land cools. Air that was warm and humid in the daytime also cools over night. As the air cools, it can hold less water vapor. Some of the water vapor condenses on the cool surfaces, such as blades of grass. The temperature at which water vapor condenses is called the dew point . If this temperature is below freezing, ice crystals of frost form instead of dew ( Figure below ). The dew point occurs at 100 percent relative humidity. Can you explain why?. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_9632 | What organs need constant pressure to filter the blood? | [
"kidneys",
"dialysis",
"lungs",
"arteries"
] | The kidneys also need constant pressure to filter the blood. When the blood pressure drops too low, the kidneys increase the pressure. One way is by producing angiotensin, a blood vessel-constricting protein. This protein also signals the body to retain sodium and water. Together, the constriction of blood vessels and retention of sodium and water help restore normal blood pressure. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_7831 | Light retains its original color under water because what remains the same when light is refracted? | [
"sound",
"density",
"wave length",
"frequency"
] | When light is refracted its wavelength and speed change; however, its frequency remains the same as the frequency of the light source. Proof of this is that light retains its original color under water. For example, blue light is still blue under water. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_8909 | Temperature is a measure of the motion (kinetic energy) of what? | [
"particles",
"molecules",
"nucleus",
"electrons"
] | Water Stabilizes Temperature The hydrogen bonds in water allow it to absorb and release heat energy more slowly than many other substances. Temperature is a measure of the motion (kinetic energy) of molecules. As the motion increases, energy is higher and thus temperature is higher. Water absorbs a great deal of energy before its temperature rises. Increased energy disrupts the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Because these bonds can be created and disrupted rapidly, water absorbs an increase in energy and temperature changes only minimally. This means that water moderates temperature changes within organisms and in their environments. As energy input continues, the balance between hydrogen-bond formation and destruction swings toward the destruction side. More bonds are broken than are formed. This process results in the release of individual water molecules at the surface of the liquid (such as a body of water, the leaves of a plant, or the skin of an organism) in a process called evaporation. Evaporation of sweat, which is 90 percent water, allows for cooling of an organism, because breaking hydrogen bonds requires an input of energy and takes heat away from the body. Conversely, as molecular motion decreases and temperatures drop, less energy is present to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. These bonds remain intact and begin to form a rigid, lattice-like structure (e. , ice) (Figure 2.9a). When frozen, ice is less dense than liquid water (the molecules are farther apart). This means that ice floats on the surface of a body of water (Figure 2.9b). In lakes, ponds, and oceans, ice will form on the surface of the water, creating an insulating barrier to protect the animal and plant life beneath from freezing in the water. If this did not happen, plants and animals living in water would freeze in a block of ice and could not move freely, making life in cold temperatures difficult or impossible. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_189 | Inside the nasal area of the skull, the nasal cavity is divided into halves by the what? | [
"cell wall",
"cytoplasm",
"cerebral cortex",
"nasal septum"
] | Inside the nasal area of the skull, the nasal cavity is divided into halves by the nasal septum. The upper portion of the nasal septum is formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the lower portion is the vomer bone. Each side of the nasal cavity is triangular in shape, with a broad inferior space that narrows superiorly. When looking into the nasal cavity from the front of the skull, two bony plates are seen projecting from each lateral wall. The larger of these is the inferior nasal concha, an independent bone of the skull. Located just above the inferior concha is the middle nasal concha, which is part of the ethmoid bone. A third bony plate, also part of the ethmoid bone, is the superior nasal concha. It is much smaller and out of sight, above the middle concha. The superior nasal concha is located just lateral to the perpendicular plate, in the upper nasal cavity. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_8123 | What may be lost when waves travel through matter, but not when they travel through space? | [
"energy",
"matter",
"frequency",
"threshold"
] | As you can see in the Figure above , the electric and magnetic fields that make up an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular (at right angles) to each other. Both fields are also perpendicular to the direction that the wave travels. Therefore, an electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave. However, unlike a mechanical transverse wave, which can only travel through matter, an electromagnetic transverse wave can travel through empty space. When waves travel through matter, they lose some energy to the matter as they pass through it. But when waves travel through space, no energy is lost. Therefore, electromagnetic waves don’t get weaker as they travel. However, the energy is “diluted” as it travels farther from its source because it spreads out over an ever-larger area. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_6512 | What body system consists of organs that break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste? | [
"lymphatic system",
"digestive system",
"hormonal system",
"skeletal system"
] | The digestive system consists of organs that break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_1554 | Terrestrial biomes are associated with land, while aquatic ones are associated with what? | [
"blood",
"air",
"water",
"plants"
] | 20.3 Terrestrial Biomes Earth has terrestrial and aquatic biomes. Aquatic biomes include both freshwater and marine environments. There are eight major terrestrial biomes: tropical rainforests, savannas, subtropical deserts, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate forests, boreal forests, and Arctic tundra. The same biome can occur in different geographic locations with similar climates. Temperature and precipitation, and variations in both, are key abiotic factors that shape the composition of animal and plant communities in terrestrial biomes. Some biomes, such as temperate grasslands and temperate forests, have distinct seasons with cold and hot weather alternating throughout the year. In warm, moist biomes, such as the tropical rainforest, net primary productivity is high as warm temperatures, abundant water, and a year-round growing season fuel plant growth. Other biomes, such as deserts and tundra, have low primary productivity due to extreme temperatures and a shortage of water. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_1543 | Puberty and other physical changes occurs during which stage of development? | [
"childhood",
"adolescence",
"adulthood",
"infancy"
] | Adolescence includes the physical changes of puberty among other changes. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_10748 | The depth of the atmosphere is greatest where? | [
"sea level",
"the stratosphere",
"the ionosphere",
"under water"
] | The depth (distance from top to bottom) of the atmosphere is greatest at sea level and decreases at higher altitudes. With greater depth of the atmosphere, more air is pressing down from above. Therefore, air pressure is greatest at sea level and falls with increasing altitude. On top of Mount Everest, which is the tallest mountain on Earth, air pressure is only about one-third of the pressure at sea level. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_9134 | What small glands are abundant within the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue? | [
"retinal glands",
"hypothalamus glands",
"salivary glands",
"localized glands"
] | The Salivary Glands Many small salivary glands are housed within the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue. These minor exocrine glands are constantly secreting saliva, either directly into the oral cavity or indirectly through ducts, even while you sleep. In fact, an average of 1 to 1.5 liters of saliva is secreted each day. Usually just enough saliva is present to moisten the mouth and teeth. Secretion increases when you eat, because saliva is essential to moisten food and initiate the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates. Small amounts of saliva are also secreted by the labial glands in the lips. In addition, the buccal glands in the cheeks, palatal glands in the palate, and lingual glands in the tongue help ensure that all areas of the mouth are supplied with adequate saliva. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_4611 | What is the name for a change in a single nucleotide in dna? | [
"cell regeneration",
"point mutation",
"adaptation",
"spontaneous mutation"
] | A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide in DNA. This type of mutation is usually less serious than a chromosomal alteration. An example of a point mutation is a mutation that changes the codon UUU to the codon UCU. Point mutations can be silent, missense, or nonsense mutations, as shown in Table below . The effects of point mutations depend on how they change the genetic code. You can watch an animation about nonsense mutations at this link: http://www. biostudio. com/d_%20Nonsense%20Suppression%20I%20Nonsense%20Mutation. htm . | B | null |
sciq | sciq_9184 | A can of warm soda will fizz more because increasing the temperature decreases the what of a gas? | [
"viscosity",
"humidity",
"solubility",
"Acidity"
] | A: A can of warm soda will fizz more because increasing the temperature decreases the solubility of a gas. Therefore, less carbon dioxide can remain dissolved in warm soda than in cold soda. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_5040 | What is the study of rock strata called? | [
"biology",
"biochemistry",
"stratigraphy",
"chemistry"
] | The study of rock strata is called stratigraphy . The laws of stratigraphy can help scientists understand Earth’s past. The laws of stratigraphy are usually credited to a geologist from Denmark named Nicolas Steno. He lived in the 1600s. The laws are illustrated in the Figure below ; refer to the figure as you read about Steno's laws below. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_925 | What branch of physical science looks at how heat, work, and various forms of energy are related to one another? | [
"frigidity",
"transformations",
"thermodynamics",
"photosynthesis"
] | Just as the burning of wood releases energy in the form of heat, many other chemical reactions also release heat. There are also chemical reactions, such as photosynthesis in plants, which absorb energy in the form of heat. The study of energy changes in chemical reactions is called thermochemistry . The broader term thermodynamics also looks at how heat, work, and various forms of energy are related to one another. In this lesson, we will study the difference between reactions that absorb versus release heat as well as how to measure this change in energy. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_4120 | Incomplete dominance and epistasis are both terms that define what? | [
"genetic difficulties",
"learned behaviors",
"genetic habits",
"genetic relationships"
] | D | null | |
sciq | sciq_9902 | What is the transition from liquid to gas is called? | [
"melting",
"freezing",
"boiling",
"condensing"
] | The liquid to gas transition is called boiling. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_7798 | An individual with down's syndrome has 47 of what instead of the normal 46? | [
"chromosomes",
"prokaryotes",
"mitochondria",
"ribosomes"
] | 16.9 Human genetic disorders Down's Syndrome(Mongolism) Down's Syndrome is usually produced by the nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during oogenesis and sometimes during spermatogenesis. The individual suffering from this type of syndrome has 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46. The extra chromosome is not a sex chromosome but an autosome. Most cases of mongolism were found to occur in children born by women in their forties. The affected children, called mongoloids, show mental retardation and have a shorter life expectancy. Their most prominent feature is the Mongolian folds in their eyes; hence, the term mongolism. Klinefelter's Syndrome. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_2439 | What is the shortest phase of the sexual response cycle? | [
"the orgasm",
"plateau phase",
"resolution phase",
"sexual stimulation"
] | A | null | |
sciq | sciq_10008 | What are the organic compounds that the body needs in small amounts to function properly; humans need 13 different ones? | [
"vitamins",
"nutrients",
"proteins",
"minerals"
] | Vitamins are organic compounds that the body needs in small amounts to function properly. Humans need 13 different vitamins. Some of them are listed below ( Table below ). The table also shows how much of each vitamin you need every day. Vitamins have many roles in the body. For example, Vitamin A helps maintain good vision. Vitamin B 9 helps form red blood cells. Vitamin K is needed for blood to clot when you have a cut or other wound. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_5399 | In amniotes that lay eggs, the shell of the egg provides protection for the developing embryo while being permeable enough to allow for the exchange of carbon dioxide and this? | [
"gas",
"Protein",
"oxygen",
"tissue"
] | Characteristics of Amniotes The amniotic egg is the key characteristic of amniotes. In amniotes that lay eggs, the shell of the egg provides protection for the developing embryo while being permeable enough to allow for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. The albumin, or egg white, provides the embryo with water and protein, whereas the fattier egg yolk is the energy supply for the embryo, as is the case with the eggs of many other animals, such as amphibians. However, the eggs of amniotes contain three additional extra-embryonic membranes: the chorion, amnion, and allantois (Figure 29.20). Extra-embryonic membranes are membranes present in amniotic eggs that are not a part of the body of the developing embryo. While the inner amniotic membrane surrounds the embryo itself, the chorion surrounds the embryo and yolk sac. The chorion facilitates exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the embryo and the egg’s external environment. The amnion protects the embryo from mechanical shock and supports hydration. The allantois stores nitrogenous wastes produced by the embryo and also facilitates respiration. In mammals, membranes that are homologous to the extra-embryonic membranes in eggs are present in the placenta. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_5430 | What type of gas are stars made up of? | [
"water vapor",
"hydrogen",
"freon",
"calcium"
] | the fact that stars are made up of very lightweight hydrogen gas. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_5534 | What is the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties? | [
"quark",
"molecule",
"element",
"atom"
] | An element is the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_10405 | Echinoderms lack what type of system that in humans consists of the brain and spinal cord? | [
"endocrine system",
"autonomic system",
"centralized nervous system",
"peripheral nervous system"
] | Echinoderms lack respiratory and excretory systems. Instead, the thin walls of their tube feet allow oxygen to diffuse in and wastes to diffuse out. Echinoderms also lack a centralized nervous system. They have an open circulatory system and lack a heart. On the other hand, echinoderms have a well-developed coelom and a complete digestive system. Echinoderms use pheromones to communicate with each other. They detect the chemicals with sensory cells on their body surface. Some echinoderms also have simple eyes ( ocelli ) that can sense light. Like annelids, echinoderms have the ability to regenerate a missing body part. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_9575 | Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen are three important types of what type of interaction between different types of atoms? | [
"bonds",
"conflicts",
"forms",
"levels"
] | 2.2 | Chemical Bonds By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Explain the relationship between molecules and compounds • Distinguish between ions, cations, and anions • Identify the key difference between ionic and covalent bonds • Distinguish between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds • Explain how water molecules link via hydrogen bonds Atoms separated by a great distance cannot link; rather, they must come close enough for the electrons in their valence shells to interact. But do atoms ever actually touch one another? Most physicists would say no, because the negatively charged electrons in their valence shells repel one another. No force within the human body—or anywhere in the natural world—is strong enough to overcome this electrical repulsion. So when you read about atoms linking together or colliding, bear in mind that the atoms are not merging in a physical sense. Instead, atoms link by forming a chemical bond. A bond is a weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity. The new grouping is typically more stable—less likely to react again—than its component atoms were when they were separate. A more or less stable grouping of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds is called a molecule. The bonded atoms may be of the same element, as in the case of H2, which is called molecular hydrogen or hydrogen gas. When a molecule is made up of two or more atoms of different elements, it is called a chemical compound. Thus, a unit of water, or H2O, is a compound, as is a single molecule of the gas methane, or CH4. Three types of chemical bonds are important in human physiology, because they hold together substances that are used by the body for critical aspects of homeostasis, signaling, and energy production, to name just a few important processes. These are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_4557 | What is the part of the flower that produces pollen? | [
"stigma",
"cones",
"stamen",
"leaves"
] | stamens The part of the flower that produces pollen. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_2382 | Do bacteria sexually reproduce? | [
"yes",
"they don't reproduce",
"sometimes",
"no"
] | Are there male and female bacteria? Of course the answer is no. So, sexual reproduction does not occur in bacteria. But not all new bacteria are clones. This is because bacteria can acquire new DNA. This process occurs in three different ways:. | D | null |
sciq | sciq_9651 | What is the most important factor in determining the type of soil that forms in a particular area? | [
"climate",
"landscape",
"migration",
"altitude"
] | Climate is the most important factor in determining the type of soil that forms in a particular area. | A | null |
sciq | sciq_11145 | Like acetic acid, pentanoic acid is what kind of acid? | [
"hydroxyl",
"amino",
"carboxylic",
"carbonic"
] | Like acetic acid, pentanoic acid is a carboxylic acid. Unlike acetic acid, however, the alkyl group is rather large, consisting of a 4-carbon chain as in butanol. As with butanol, the nonpolar character of the alkyl group is likely to be as important as the polar character of the carboxylic acid group, making it unlikely that pentanoic. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_8979 | What is it called when body’s internal environment is stable? | [
"hypothesis",
"synchronicity",
"homeostasis",
"ketosis"
] | The tennis player in Figure below has really worked up a sweat. Do you know why we sweat? Sweating helps to keep us cool. When sweat evaporates from the skin, it uses up some of the body’s heat energy. Sweating is one of the ways that the body maintains a stable internal environment. It helps keep the body’s internal temperature constant. When the body’s internal environment is stable, the condition is called homeostasis . | C | null |
sciq | sciq_2883 | Crossover occurs between non-sister chromatids of which chromosomes? | [
"identical chromosomes",
"homologous",
"analogous",
"compound chromosomes"
] | Figure 11.3 Crossover occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. The result is an exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. | B | null |
sciq | sciq_10871 | When magma heats groundwater, it may come to the surface as a hot spring or a what? | [
"pond",
"cave",
"geyser",
"volcano"
] | When magma heats groundwater, it may come to the surface as a hot spring or a geyser. | C | null |
sciq | sciq_2636 | What are non-steroid hormones made of? | [
"proteins",
"amino acids",
"Molecules",
"fats"
] | Non-steroid hormones are made of amino acids. They are not fat soluble, so they cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells. Instead, a non-steroid hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane (see Figure below ). The binding of the hormone triggers an enzyme inside the cell membrane. The enzyme activates another molecule, called the second messenger, which influences processes inside the cell. Most endocrine hormones are non-steroid hormones, including insulin and thyroid hormones. | B | null |
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