chunks
dict | ids
stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|
{
"retrieved": [
"Transport in Waterford This article deals with transport in Waterford city in Ireland. The city is connected by road, rail, bus, air and sea. There are currently proposals for a bus rapid transit (BRT) system, consisting of bus trams, or streetcars, to be used in future. Rail services in Waterford are provided by Iarnród Éireann, Ireland's national railway system. Rail services run from Plunkett Station Waterford. The station is located across Rice Bridge on the North side of the city. Services are provided to Dublin, Limerick, Rosslare Europort, Kilkenny, Clonmel. Freight services are also provided to Dublin, Port of Waterford and Rosslare Europort There are seven daily services to Dublin including an express service which departs at 07:10 and takes 1 hour 50 minutes. Other services take around 2 Hours 10 Minutes. On Sundays there are four services. There are two daily services to Limerick Junction via Clonmel. All services connect with Limerick, Cork (city), Ennis and Galway. There used to be one daily service to Rosslare Europort. The service connected with Stena Line and Irish Ferries sailings to Fishguard and Pembroke Dock in the UK respectively. This rail service ceased after the operation of the evening train on Saturday 18 September 2010. It was replaced by a revised Bus Éireann Route 370 service from 20 September 2010. However this bus service does not serve Waterford Railway Station. In November 2016 it was revealed that Waterford could lose its connection to Limerick Junction by 2018 with the closure of the Limerick Junction Waterford line by CIE/IE to save money as the line has low demand. The award winning narrow gauge Waterford & Suir Valley Railway follows 10 km of the old Waterford to Dungarvan - Cork route along what is now part of the Deise Greenway. It is a heritage line that runs between Bilberry outside Waterford and Kilmeaden. The panoramic views from this line are considered to be exceptional and are enjoyed by over 28,000 passengers each year. The railway is a registered charity operated by over 50 volunteers who hope to return steam to the scenic route and extend the line closer into Waterford city in the near future. Eurolines Coach route 890 operates from the tourist office. Bus Éireann and JJ Kavanagh and Sons provide bus services around Waterford city centre and to other towns and cities in Ireland. All regional bus services depart from the Waterford Bus Station on the quay and city centre services run throughout the city. Planning for Bus lanes in the city centre are at an early stage and bus lanes will be on Parnell Street, Manor Street, The Mall, and the South Quays. A bus lane will be in each direction. On street parking will be removed from Parnell Street to facilitate the lanes. This is part of the city centre green plan. Bus Éireann City services J. J. Kavanagh & Sons Waterford City Service Bus Éireann Regional services J. J. Kavanagh & Sons Dublin Coach Suir Way Regional services Over the last number of years the road network in Waterford have improved greatly. The city is connected to Cork, Dublin, Kilkenny, Dungarvan, Limerick, Wexford, Rosslare Europort and Clonmel and Tramore. On 19 October 2009 the N25 Waterford City Bypass opened. The route consists of 23 km of High Quality Dual Carriageway as well as 14 km of Single carriageway and a second crossing over the River Suir. The road was designed as a Toll Road. On 22 March 2010 a section of the M9 opened as part of the new Motorway linking Waterford with Dublin. The final section between Carlow and Knocktopher was opened on September 9, 2010, which completed construction of the 118.5 km route. Journey times have been cut between Kilkenny, Carlow and Dublin. In 2007 the R710 outer ring road opened. The road is a dual-carriageway which connects Ardkeen with the Waterford City Bypass which connects to all major primary routes from Waterford. The main airport road is also connected. The R709 forms the Inner Ring Road around the south of the inner city. The airport is located on the R708 road which can be accessed from the R710 outer ring road. Waterford City Council are in the early stages of planning to have Cycle tracks in the city centre as part of the city centre green plan. There are other cycle tracks in the city but they are not in the main city centre. The new cycle lanes will be on Parnell Street, Manor Street, The Mall, and the South Quays. There will be a lane in each direction. In July 2010 Waterford City Council have started to put cycle lanes around the city. Currently there is a cycle lane in both directions on the Cork road. They start from Ballybeg and contuine into the city centre. There are also lanes being put on the quays. The Waterford Greenway is Ireland's longest greenway, and connects the city with Mount Congreve, Kilmeaden, Kilmacthomas, and Dungarvan. Port of Waterford is located in Belview on the N29 on the north bank of the River Suir. The Port is the closest to mainland Europe from Ireland. Waterford Port is one of the busiest ports in Ireland. The port is very important for tourism in Waterford. Between April and September 2010 25 Cruise Ships will dock in Dunmore East, Waterford Port and the quay in Waterford City Centre. In September 2008 a new 190-metre quay was built that cost €11 million. In 2008 the port of Waterford handled 2.5 million tons of cargo passed through the port. The port hosted the Tall Ships race in 2005 and will do so again in June 2011. The closest passenger port is Rosslare Europort in County Wexford (72 km (45 miles) away by road), which has services to Fishguard, Pembroke Dock, Cherbourg, Roscoff and Le Havre. Waterford Airport is located 9 km south-east of Waterford. The airport serves Waterford and the south east region. There is currently no carrier operating flights at this airport. Aer Southeast is a new carrier established at Waterford Airport in 2017 and will operate flights to London Luton, Birmingham, and Manchester when they obtain a licence to operate these services. There is an air sea rescue service operating out of Waterford Airport from a dedicated Irish Coastguard base. This operation is currently contracted to a private operator, CHC Ireland. Rescue cover is provided by a Sikorsky S-61. A reserve S-61 helicopter is also based here. Transport in Waterford This article deals with transport in Waterford city in Ireland. The city is connected by road, rail, bus, air and sea."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Bookmobile A bookmobile or mobile library is a vehicle designed for use as a library. Bookmobiles expand the reach of traditional libraries by transporting books to potential readers, providing library services to people in otherwise-underserved locations (such as remote areas) and/or circumstances (such as residents of retirement homes). Bookmobile services and materials (such as Internet access, large print books, and audiobooks), may be customized for the locations and populations served. In addition to motor vehicles, bookmobiles have been based on various means of conveyance, including bicycles, boats, and trains, as well as elephants, camels, horses, mules, and donkeys. In the United States of America, The American School Library (1839) was a traveling frontier library published by Harper & Brothers. The Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History has the only complete original set of this series complete with its wooden carrying case. \"The British Workman\" reported in 1857 about a perambulating library operating in a circle of eight villages, in Cumbria. A Victorian merchant and philanthropist, George Moore, had created the project to \"diffuse good literature among the rural population\". The Warrington Perambulating Library, set up in 1858, was another early British mobile library. This horse-drawn van was operated by the Warrington Mechanics' Institute, which aimed to increase the lending of its books to enthusiastic local patrons. One of the earliest mobile libraries in the United States was a mule-drawn wagon carrying wooden boxes of books. It was created in 1904 by the People's Free Library of Chester County, South Carolina, and served the rural areas there. Another early mobile library service was developed by Mary Lemist Titcomb (1857–1932). As a librarian in Washington County, Maryland, Titcomb was concerned that the library was not reaching all the people it could. The annual report for 1902 listed 23 \"branches\", each being a collection of 50 books in a case that was placed in a store or post office throughout the county. Realizing that even this did not reach the most rural residents, the Washington County Free Library began a \"book wagon\" in 1905, taking the library materials directly to people's homes in remote parts of the county. With the rise of motorized transport in America, a pioneering librarian in 1920 named Sarah Byrd Askew began driving her specially outfitted Model T to provide library books to rural areas in New Jersey. The automobile remained rare, however, and in Minneapolis, the Hennepin County Public Library operated a horse-drawn book wagon starting in 1922. Following the Great Depression in the United States, a WPA effort from 1935 to 1943 called the Pack Horse Library Project covered the remote coves and mountainsides of Kentucky and nearby Appalachia, bringing books and similar supplies on foot and on hoof to those who could not make the trip to a library on their own. Sometimes these \"packhorse librarians\" relied on a centralized contact to help them distribute the materials. At Fairfax County, Virginia, county-wide bookmobile service was begun in 1940, in a truck loaned by the Works Progress Administration (\"WPA\"). The WPA support of the bookmobile ended in 1942, but the service did not. The \"Library in Action\" was a late-1960s bookmobile program in the Bronx, NY, run by interracial staff that brought books to teenagers of color in under-served neighborhoods. Bookmobiles reached their height of popularity in the mid-twentieth century. Bookmobiles are still in use, operated by libraries, schools, activists, and other organizations. Although some feel the bookmobile is an outmoded service, giving reasons like high costs, advanced technology, impracticality, and ineffectiveness, others cite the ability of the bookmobile to be more cost-efficient than building more branch libraries would be and its high use among its patrons as support for its continuation. To meet the growing demand for \"greener\" bookmobiles that deliver outreach services to their patrons, some bookmobile manufacturers have introduced significant advances to reduce their carbon footprint, such as solar/battery solutions in lieu of traditional generators, and all-electric and hybrid-electric chassis. Bookmobiles have also taken on an updated form in the form of \"m libraries\", also known as \"mobile libraries\" in which patrons are delivered content electronically The Internet Archive runs its own bookmobile to print out-of-copyright books on demand. The project has spun off similar efforts elsewhere in the developing world. National Bookmobile Day, which is sponsored by the American Library Association, is celebrated in April each year, on the Wednesday of National Library Week. In Glasgow, Scotland in 2002, MobileMeet—a gathering of about 50 mobile libraries that was held annually by the IFLA—there were \"mobiles from Sweden, Holland, Ireland, England, and of course Scotland. There were big vans from Edinburgh and small vans from the Highlands. Many of the vans were proudly carrying awards from previous meets.\" Bookmobile A bookmobile or mobile library is a vehicle designed for use as a library."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Baru Barat River Baru Barat River (; \"Western New River\") is a man-made canal flowing from Cisadane River in Bogor Regency to Jakarta, Indonesia. It was one of two canals built in 18th century under the order of the Governor-General Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff originally to transport agriculture harvest from Bogor to Batavia (now, Jakarta). Currently both canals, now known as \"Kali Baru Timur\" (Baru Timur River) and \"Kali Baru Barat\" (Baru Barat River), are among the main rivers in Jakarta, and part of the Ciliwung Cisadane flood control project. Flowing through the areas of Pancoran and Tebet, South Jakarta, among others, Baru Barat River is one of the drainages that flow the water into Banjir Kanal Barat. The name \"Kali Baru\" (\"New River\") is connected to the fishing harbor in Tanjung Priok area. In 1960's, the harbor was established to replace the Kali Kresek Lahoa fishing harbor that was closed in 1967. The area was divided into two parts: Kalibaru Timur (\"Eastern Kali Baru\") and Kalibaru Barat (\"Western Kali Baru\"). Although the fishing harbor was closed in 1988, the harbor became place to unload woods in Jakarta, but the name continues to be used for the rivers and areas. In 1739, the Dutch East Indies government under the Governor General Van Imhoff built \"Oosterslokkan\" (\"Eastern Canal\") for irrigation and transportation of goods from inlands. The canal was completed 14 years later, in 1753, but the effort to use it as transportation way failed due to many leaking and high cost of building multiple water gates. Finally, it is used only for irrigation. In 1753, \"Oosterslokkan\" was lengthened to the eastern canal at Weltevreden (\"Lapangan Banteng\"), joining \"Prapatan\" canal, to be known as \"Kali Baru\", and currently as \"Kali Baru Timur\" (Baru Timur River). As the eastern canal required high maintenance and repair costs, in 1776, Van Imhoff ordered the opening of another canal from Cisadane River to flow into Ci Liwung. This canal was called \"Westerslokkan\" (\"Western Canal\"), and currently is called \"Kali Baru Barat\" (Baru Bart River). While the eastern canal was digged from Katulampa until Meester (Jatinegara) and received additional water supply from Cikeas River until Sunter River, the \"Westerslokkan\" or the eastern canal flowed from Cisadane River, passing Cipakancilan River, into Kali Baru Barat, Matraman (Minangkabau River), and discharging into Banjir Kanal Barat. Baru Barat River was built to connect Cisadane and Ciliwung Rivers in the northern part of Bogor, and functioned to irrigate the rice and fruit fields in Cilebut, Citayam, Depok, Pondok Cina, Tanjung Barat, and Pondok Labu. Now, the part connected to Ciliwung is already closed. Baru Barat River is grouped into the Central Area Stream Handling System of Jakarta, along with Krukut River, Ci Liwung, and Banjir Kanal/Tarum Barat, with a total entry debit at the upstream of 50 m/sec and at the downstream of 290 m/sec, and the exit debit at the upstream of 150 m/sec and at the downstream of 370 m/sec, from about 17 tributaries. In 2016 the river had a width of 3 meter and looked clear. The depth reached only the toes in the dry season, but up to 1 meter in the rain season. The bottom and banks of the river were covered by green algae and wild bushes, giving a green tint to the river despite the transparent water. The river flows in the northwest area of Java with predominantly tropical rainforest climate (designated as \"Af\" in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 27°C. The warmest month is March, when the average temperature is around 30°C, and the coldest is May, at 26°C. The average annual rainfall is 3674 mm. The wettest month is December, with an average of 456 mm rainfall, and the driest is September, with 87 mm rainfall. Baru Barat River is one of flooding sources in Jakarta, mainly due to the accumulation of garbage thrown into the river. The government strived to clean the river and the result was shown in 2015 that more children could play in the river. Baru Barat River Baru Barat River (; \"Western New River\") is a man-made canal flowing from Cisadane River in Bogor Regency to Jakarta, Indonesia. It"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Blusas Blusas are Basque citizens who dress in the traditional clothes of the region and attend events in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country) such as the Virgen Blanca Festivities. The \"blusas\" assemble in groups called \"cuadrillas\" and their main role is to provide entertainment at these events. Etymologically, \"blusas\" comes from the Basque language and refers to the typical blouse worn a festivities. However, this word was a loanword from the Spanish \"blusa\" which describes the clothes worn in the countryside by farmers. It was also a loanword from the French \"blouse\" which itself had a German origin. The festivities in Vitoria-Gasteiz have a rural origin. Throughout history they have been developed in accordance with the population. Even though the beginning of the \"blusas\" tradition is pretty unknown, it is believed that it may have a direct relationship with the myth of \"Celedón\". There are several versions of this story as the tale was passed down orally. However, two have been reckoned by the Basque traditions as the most reliable ones: This emblematic character of the Basque was undoubtedly the origin of the festivities of Vitoria-Gasteiz. It is a mystery when did officially the \"blusas\" and \"neskas\" start with the tradition of dressing up but it is believed that at the very beginning, there used to be only men. However, those ancient characteristics have gradually changed up to the point that nowadays almost every \"cuadrilla\" are mixed. One curiosity could be that it is thought \"blusas\" have celebrated this tradition from its very beginning to nowadays inconstantly, but after the civil war and the time of the dictation this tradition disappeared for some years. These groups are usually thought to be just the grouping of inhabitants in the festivities but it is far more than that. In fact, they give social aid by going to elderly's residences or organizing special events for children during the year. Also their brotherhood goes much further as in other festivities such as \"San Prudencio\" they also hang up. The \"cuadrillas\", have the curiosity that inside them there are not real rules. Nevertheless, they do have some unwritten ones, which are given from the veterans to the freshmen. Besides, everybody has the opportunity to join these groups in exchange of some money. Blusas are the main cheerleaders of festivals and thus, their routine is connected with it. Their activities could be divided into two parts: The blusas wear the typical rural attire the Araba natives once wore. The outfit consists of a shirt, a \"blusa\" (blouse), a pair of trousers and the \"albarcas\" whereas \"neskak\" wear a blouse, long skirt and \"albarcas\". Blusas Blusas are Basque citizens who dress in the traditional clothes of the region and attend events in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country) such as the Virgen Blanca Festivities. The \"blusas\" assemble in groups called \"cuadrillas\" and their main role is to provide entertainment at these events. Etymologically, \"blusas\" comes from the Basque language and refers to the typical blouse worn a festivities. However, this word was"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Alexandra Shipp Alexandra Ruth Shipp (born July 16, 1991) is an American actress, singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist who rose to prominence for portraying real-life musician Aaliyah in 2014 film \"\" and Kimberly Woodruff in the 2015 Oscar-nominated film \"Straight Outta Compton\". Shipp is best known for playing Storm in the \"X-Men franchise\", starting with \"\", and Abby Suso in the 2018 romantic comedy \"Love, Simon\". Shipp was raised in Phoenix, Arizona. Her mother is a Kundalini yoga teacher, and her father is a musician. Her father is African-American and her mother is European-American. She has two brothers, James and Jordan, and a stepsister, Kasia. Shipp was educated at Squaw Peak Elementary School, Arizona School for the Arts, and St. Mary's Catholic High School in Phoenix. She moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17 to pursue an acting career. In 2009, Shipp made her acting debut with a minor role in \"\". She went on to star in the third season of Nickelodeon's mystery teen drama series \"House of Anubis\", playing the role of KT Rush. In 2014, Shipp gained attention for her roles as Dani Raymond in the VH1 television film sequel \"\" and Aaliyah Haughton, the title role, in the Lifetime television film \"\". For the latter performance, Shipp also sang. She next portrayed Ice Cube's wife, Kimberly Woodruff, in the biographical drama film \"Straight Outta Compton\", which chronicled the careers of hip hop group N.W.A. In January 2015, she joined the cast of Bryan Singer's superhero film \"\" as Ororo Munroe / Storm, a weather-controlling mutant previously portrayed by Halle Berry. Shipp will star alongside Kathryn Prescott and Lucy Hale in the comedy film \"Dude\". She will reprise the role of Ororo Munroe / Storm in the 2019 film \"Dark Phoenix\". and will star as the female lead in an upcoming Shaft reboot. Alexandra Shipp Alexandra Ruth Shipp (born July 16, 1991) is an American actress, singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist who rose to prominence for portraying real-life musician Aaliyah in 2014 film \"\" and Kimberly Woodruff in the 2015 Oscar-nominated film \"Straight Outta Compton\". Shipp is best known for playing Storm in the \"X-Men franchise\", starting with \"\", and Abby Suso in the 2018 romantic comedy \"Love, Simon\". Shipp was raised in Phoenix, Arizona. Her mother is a Kundalini yoga teacher, and her father is a musician. Her father is African-American and her mother is European-American."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Constitution of the Czech Republic The Constitution of the Czech Republic () is the supreme law of the Czech Republic. The current constitution was adopted by the Czech National Council on 16 December 1992. It entered into force on 1 January 1993, replacing the 1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia and the constitutional act No. 143/1968 Col., when Czechoslovakia gave way to the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic in a peaceful dissolution. The constitution is a constitutional act, and together with other constitutional acts constitutes the so-called constitutional order of the Czech Republic, or the constitution (with a small c). While the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms (Listina základních práv a svobod, No. 2/1993 Coll.), an equally important constitutional act, asserts human and civic rights, the Constitution is concerned with state sovereignty and territorial integrity, and defines the institutions governing the state. The Constitution is divided into a preamble and 8 chapters. The fundamental provisions are followed by long chapters on the legislative power, the executive power (the cabinet and the president), and the judicial power (the Constitutional Court and other courts), and shorter chapters on the Supreme Audit Office, the Czech National Bank, and territorial self-government, concluding with interim provisions. As of April 2013, the constitution has been amended eight times. The most important amendments are Act No. 395/2001 Coll. providing the legal framework for the accession to the EU in 2004, and Act No. 71/2011 Coll., which came into force on 1 October 2012, and provided for the election of the president by popular vote. At the 28th meeting of the National Assembly of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic on 27 October 1968, a bill called the Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation was introduced jointly by the Czech National Council, the Slovak National Council, and the Czechoslovak Cabinet. The bill was enacted the same day as Constitutional Act No. 143/1968 Coll. On its entry into force on 1 January 1969, it created the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic, both of them on an equal footing within the federation. The Act stipulated in article 142, paragraph 2, that both republics would in due course enact their own constitutions, and also envisaged the creation of three constitutional courts. The plan, however, was not followed through due to the onset of normalization. De facto, Czechoslovakia only functioned as a federation until the enactment of Constitutional Act No. 125/1970 Coll. in December 1970. Its explanatory notes clearly and openly articulate the need for \"\"strengthening of the structural role of the central government of the federation\"\". This act introduced 37 direct changes and additions, which undid the original plan for federation and took away most of the powers of the federal republics. Thus in 1970 Czechoslovakia became essentially a centrally governed country, with only \"prima facie\" attributes of a federation. The need for a new federal constitution was first announced officially at the 17th Congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in spring 1986. A working group fronted by Marián Čalfa was set up in 1987 to draft this, and in November 1988, a 153-strong committee of the Communist Party and the National Front was created, led by Miloš Jakeš. The constitution was expected to be enacted after the 18th Congress of the Communist Party, during the course of 1990. In its last draft, it was to be a single constitution serving both the federation and the two republics, and in contrast with its predecessor did not include the leading role of the Communist Party, and somewhat expanded the list of basic human rights. In autumn 1989, a group of members of the Federal Assembly proposed the Constitutional Act on the Mode of Enactment of the New Constitutions of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the Czech Socialist Republic, and the Slovak Socialist Republic. Despite not having seen the drafts of the constitutions themselves, the national assemblies of both countries approved on 31 October 1989 the bill of the constitutional act on the mode on their enactment; the resolution of the Czech National Council was promulgated as Act. No. 123/1989 Coll., the resolution of the Slovak National Council as Act No. 124/1989 Coll. This constitutional act was intended as a prerequisite for the enactment of a single 'three-in-one' constitution, serving the federation and both republics. Through the consent of both national councils, both republics waived their entitlement to their own constitutions. But very soon, the events of the Velvet Revolution in 1989 changed everything. As early as the plenary session of the Slovak National Council on 30 November 1989, deputy Majer asked whether it would be necessary to re-enact the provision on the way of enactment together with the new constitution, or whether the resolution of the Slovak National Council from the end of October would stay intact. In its next session on 6 December 1989, the Slovak National Council has withdrawn its consent of 31 October 1989 in Resolution No. 167/1989 Coll. The Czech National Council enacted a similar provision as Resolution No. 166/1989 Coll. on 19 December 1989. Subsequently, several constitutional acts were enacted, which were supposed to pave the way towards the creation, or rather restoration of the federation. Both republics have passed constitutional acts on their symbols, and have had a number of powers devolved to them, which were hitherto vested in federal bodies. However, neither the Constitution of the federation, neither the constitutions of either of the republics had been enacted prior to election of 1992. On 5 and 6 June 1992, elections were held for the Federal Assembly of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (parliament), the Czech National Council, and the Slovak National Council. In the Czech Republic, the Civic Democratic Party won the election; in its electoral programme, the party spoke of either a functional federation, or separation, although keeping the federation was the preferred option. In Slovak Republic, the winner was the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, whose election promise was to acquire international legal subjectivity for Slovakia – although this was clearly inconsistent with the continuation of the shared state, the party convinced voters that it did not rule out the existence of the federation. The Constitution of the Slovak Republic was enacted on 1 September 1992, and came into force on 1 October 1992, three months before the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The making of the Constitution of the Czech Republic also commenced soon after the election. Two committees were set up: a government committee, and a committee of the Presidium of the Czech National Council. The government committee was chaired by Václav Klaus; its other members were Jan Kalvoda, Cyril Svoboda, Filip Šedivý, Jiří Vlach, Vojtěch Cepl, Daniel Kroupa, Václav Benda, Václav Pečich, Jan Litomiský, Miloslav Výborný, Václav Novotný, Miroslav Sylla, Pavel Zářecký, and Dušan Hendrych. The members of the committee of the Czech National Council were Marek Benda, Jiří Bílý, Pavel Hirsch, Antonín Hrazdíra, Ivana Janů, Hana Marvanová, Ivan Mašek, Jaroslav Ortman, Jiří Payne, Anna Röschová, Vítězslav Sochor, Milan Uhde, and Jan Vik. In August 1992, it was agreed that the government committee would be entrusted with drafting the Constitution. There were several possible starting points for the new constitution. The secretary of the government committee, Cyril Svoboda, summed them up: to take the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 as a point of departure, to rework the existing Constitution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, or to draft a brand new one. Svoboda, as well as several other members of the committee, were in favour of the first option, to make use of the Constitution of the First",
"of the Czech National Council were Marek Benda, Jiří Bílý, Pavel Hirsch, Antonín Hrazdíra, Ivana Janů, Hana Marvanová, Ivan Mašek, Jaroslav Ortman, Jiří Payne, Anna Röschová, Vítězslav Sochor, Milan Uhde, and Jan Vik. In August 1992, it was agreed that the government committee would be entrusted with drafting the Constitution. There were several possible starting points for the new constitution. The secretary of the government committee, Cyril Svoboda, summed them up: to take the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 as a point of departure, to rework the existing Constitution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, or to draft a brand new one. Svoboda, as well as several other members of the committee, were in favour of the first option, to make use of the Constitution of the First Czechoslovak Republic. One of the major obstacles seemed to be the status of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms. It had been declared a part of the legal system by Constitutional Act No. 23/1991 Coll., which required other constitutional acts to comply with it. Václav Klaus was totally opposed to the Charter in any form. In particular, he was against the wording of article 17 of the Charter, concerning a right to information (Klaus would have preferred the wording \"\"a right to search out information\"\" instead) and he also disagreed with the Charter granting a right to organize in trade unions, and a right to reward for work, vested in article 28. Miroslav Výborný proposed a solution to the problem, introducing the idea of the so-called constitutional order, although influential jurists (Filip, Knapp) were critical of it. Between 19 and 24 October 1992, work on the final draft of the constitution commenced in Karlovy Vary. The first few articles were taken from older drafts; the articles on executive power were penned by Miroslav and Jindřiška Syllovi. The articles on the powers of the president were written by Cyril Svoboda, those concerning the powers of the cabinet by Dušan Hendrych, and the articles on the judiciary by František Zoulík. Hendrych also drafted chapters on the Czech National Bank and the Supreme Audit Office, while Pavel Zářecký drafted chapters on territorial self-government. On 23 October 1992, three experts on constitutional law arrived to review the draft: Pavel Peška, Vladimír Klokočka and Pavel Holländer. The explanatory notes were written by Cyril Svoboda and Milena Poláková, on the weekend before it was due to be presented to prime minister Klaus. In all, four different drafts were created during the preparation of the Constitution, written respectively by the government, the Czechoslovak Social-Democratic Party, the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, and the Liberal-Social Union. Only the first of these was read in the Czech National Council. The government bill of the Constitution of the Czech Republic was read in the Czech National Council on 16 December 1992. It was introduced by Václav Klaus, the prime minister of the Czech Republic. Out of a number of changes proposed during the reading, only deputy Pavel Hirš's proposal was incorporated, returning into the bill proportional voting system for the Chamber of Deputies and two-round run-off system for the Senate. The result of the vote was announced by the chair of the Czech National Assembly, Milan Uhde: \"\"[...] out of 198 deputies present, who registered their vote, 16 were against, 10 abstained, and by 172 votes in its support, the Constitution of the Czech Republic has been enacted.\"\" The Constitution of the Czech Republic is a written constitution, having been promulgated in the official journal, the Collection of Laws. With reference to the provision of the article 39, paragraph 4 of the Constitution, which states that \"\"for the enactment of a constitutional act, 3/5 of all deputies must agree, and 3/5 of senators present\"\", we can conclude that changing the constitution is a more difficult procedure, then changing an ordinary statute. That makes it an entrenched constitution in the typology of constitutions. Despite the tradition of entrenched constitutions throughout Czech history, some voiced the opinion, during the preparation of the Constitution of the Czech Republic, that this one should be flexible. With regard to Karl Loewenstein's ontological classification of constitutions, the Czech Constitution can be characterized as \"normative\". The political process is carried out by the rules set out in it. High level of correspondence between the constitution and reality also makes it a real constitution. Despite being heavily influenced by the Czechoslovak Constitutional Charter of 1920, the Czech Constitution is an original one. It has been agreed on through a political process. Most of the preamble was written by Václav Havel and edited by Milan Uhde. The text recalls the history of Czech statehood and goes on to declare the basic values of the state, mentioning democracy and, thanks to Havel, the \"\"civic society\"\". The provisions of article 1 of the Constitution enshrine fundamental principles of the whole constitutional system of the Czech Republic. It defines the state as a republic, as sovereign, unitary and democratic 'rechtsstaat' (state characterized by the rule of law) based on respect to rights and freedoms of the citizen and man. The word \"\"sovereign\"\" means that the Czech Republic is fully capable of holding rights and carrying out legal acts, and is a full subject of international law, independent of any other power. Such sovereignty may, however, be voluntarily limited by membership in an international organisation (this is the so-called shared or pooled sovereignty), as is the case with the Czech Republic and the European Union. The term \"\"unitary\"\" makes it clear that the state is not a federation or confederation. The definition of the Czech Republic as a democratic 'rechstaat' stresses the combination of the two principles, democracy and the rule of law. To modify either of these two is forbidden by article 9 of the Constitution. The term 'rechtsstaat' should not be understood merely formally, but substantively. The Constitutional Court confirmed this in its adjudications. As early as December 1993, it ruled: \"\"The Constitution accepts and respects the principle of legality as a part of the overall concept of 'rechtsstaat'; it does not merely link positive law to formal legality, it also subordinates the construction and application of legal norms to the substantive meaning of their content; it makes it a premise of law that it respects basic constitutive values of democratic society, and measures the application of legal norms by these values.\"\" The statement that the Czech Republic is a state \"\"based on respecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen\"\" defines the purpose of the state, which is binding for the government. This is closely related to the provision of article 3, pronouncing the Charter a part of the constitutional order, and article 9, forbidding everyone, including those legislating constitutional acts, to change the fundamental requisites of the democratic 'rechtsstaat'. There is no doubt that the Czech Republic, as a 'rechtsstaat' and a democratic state, is also a social state, although this is not explicitly mentioned anywhere in the constitution. The second paragraph, added to the Constitution in the so-called Euro-amendment, adopts the basic principle of international law, to honestly fulfil all international obligations. From this article, a duty arises for the government, namely the legislature, not to enact laws, which would impede the compliance with international legal obligations. As a part of application of international legal norms, case law of international judicial institutions responsible for application of such norms must be taken into account. In his 1863 Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln spoke of three features of democracy: \"\"government of the people, by the people, for the people\"\". Government of the",
"democratic state, is also a social state, although this is not explicitly mentioned anywhere in the constitution. The second paragraph, added to the Constitution in the so-called Euro-amendment, adopts the basic principle of international law, to honestly fulfil all international obligations. From this article, a duty arises for the government, namely the legislature, not to enact laws, which would impede the compliance with international legal obligations. As a part of application of international legal norms, case law of international judicial institutions responsible for application of such norms must be taken into account. In his 1863 Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln spoke of three features of democracy: \"\"government of the people, by the people, for the people\"\". Government of the people is enshrined in article 2 paragraph 1 of the Constitution, which postulates the sovereignty of the people, and the division of government into executive power, legislative power, and judicial power. The sovereignty of the people is not a legal principle, but a political principle – it means that it is the people, who have the right to create the system of values, institutions, and procedures, through which the state is governed. No government body can exist, unless it derived its legitimacy from the people, directly or indirectly. Paragraph 2 makes it possible for future enactment of a constitutional act that would introduce some institutions of direct democracy, namely referendum. The Cabinet's draft of the Constitution did not contain such a provision, as the Civic Democratic Party and the Civic Democratic Alliance were opposed to referendum. In the end, it did find its way into the Constitution, with support from some social democratic deputies, and at the insistence of Václav Havel. Although several drafts of a constitutional act on referendum had been prepared since the enactment of the Constitution, the only nationwide referendum conducted so far was the referendum on the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union. Paragraphs 3 and 4 embody the principle of enumerated powers and the silence of law principle. The principle of enumerated powers requires that the power of the state can only be applied in such cases, within such boundaries, and by such means, as is stipulated by law. The silence of law principle, in contrast, states that everyone may do everything law does not prohibit, and is not required to do anything, unless it is imposed on him by law. This provision is similar to article 2 of the Charter. Where the constitution talks of \"\"every citizen\"\", the Charter widens its to \"\"everyone\"\". Article 3, incorporating the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms into the constitutional order of the Czech Republic, is not a provision typical for a constitution. It was not before December 1992 that it was incorporated into the Constitution, based on political deal. While the government's draft at first did not contain any reference to the Charter, future drafts at least mentioned it in interim and final provisions, which was considered inadequate to its importance. In the end, all committees of the Czech National Council proposed in December 1992 that a reference to the Charter be incorporated into the first section of the Constitution. The Charter, hitherto part of Constitutional Act 23/1991 Coll., was disconnected from it and newly enacted in an extraordinary resolution of the Presidium of the Czech National Council, and published as No. 2/1993, Coll. This has later been used to question the normative nature of the Charter. Similar reference to a statute regulating fundamental rights and freedoms was also enshrined in Austria's December Constitution (Dezemberverfassung) of 1867 and the second interim constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic (No. 37/1918 Coll. and following). Article 4 states that fundamental rights and freedoms are subject to judicial protection. These rights are not limited to those enshrined in the Charter, but also includes those in other constitutional regulations and international treaties. The political system of the Czech Republic is defined in article 5, which also ascribes irreplaceable role to political parties. Article 6 is dedicated to political decision-making, enshrining the principles of majority rule coupled with the protection of minorities. Article 7 enshrining the protection of nature was not a part of the Cabinet's draft of the Constitution. It was written by Václav Havel, convinced that there should be an \"\"environmental paragraph\"\" in the Constitution. In the upshot, only a curtailed version of Havel's proposal made it into the Constitution. Article 8 is a basic provision granting the principle of territorial self-government. Such a provision is indispensable, as it is a substantial constitutive feature of democratic 'rechsstaat', as well as a requirement of the European Charter of Local Self-Government. Territorial self-government is further detailed in articles 99–105. There are three basic rules laid out in article 9, stating that the Constitution can only be changed by a Constitutional Act (par. 1), that not even such a change can remove or disrupt the substantive core of the Constitution (par. 3), and that not even construction or interpretation of legal regulations can remove or disrupt this core (par. 3). The second paragraph, stating that changing substantial features of a democratic state is not admissible, is what is known as entrenched substantive core of the Constitution. Historically, such entrenchment clause first appeared in the first Constitution of the French Republic of August 1804, stating that republican form of government can not be revised. Identical construction is in the current Constitution of France. Another important historical instance of entrenched clause in a constitution was enshrined in the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany of 1949, in reaction to development of 1919–1945. Firstly, it states that the Basic Law can only be changed by a statute that explicitly modifies or amends the wording of the Basic Law. Secondly, it contains a provision, which sets the substantive core beyond the reach of powers of the constitution-maker. This is called imperative of unchangeability or eternity clause. Unlike its Czech counterpart, the eternity clause (\"Ewigkeitsklausul\") of the German Basic Law does specify, what its substantive core is: the subdivision of the federation into states, the states' powers in lawmaking, the dignity of a human, the principles of a democratic social state, the sovereignty of the people, the division of powers, the limitation of government by law, and the right to resist. Article 10 of the Constitution embeds key provisions in relation to incorporation of international law into domestic law. Until the 'Euro-amendment' came into effect, it bestowed legal power akin to constitutional order onto international treaties on human rights and fundamental freedoms. The amendment has extended the treaties this applies to, and also granted them priority of application. Articles 10a and 10b have been added into the Constitution by the 'Euro-amendment' in reaction to the accession of the Czech Republic to the EU. Article 10a set the condition on the transfer of powers on an international organization or institution. Article 10b stipulates that regarding issues obligations arising from such a membership, it is a duty of the Cabinet to inform the Parliament, and a right of the chambers of the Parliament to give their opinion. Constitutional grounds for defining what is Czech national territory are article 11, also stipulates that a constitutional act is necessary to modify Czech Republic's national borders. Article 12 sets rules about the acquisition and loss of Czech citizenship. In 2007, a bill of a constitutional act on citizenship was drafted, which said explicitly that there was no legal claim to being granted Czech citizenship. This was likely an",
"the accession of the Czech Republic to the EU. Article 10a set the condition on the transfer of powers on an international organization or institution. Article 10b stipulates that regarding issues obligations arising from such a membership, it is a duty of the Cabinet to inform the Parliament, and a right of the chambers of the Parliament to give their opinion. Constitutional grounds for defining what is Czech national territory are article 11, also stipulates that a constitutional act is necessary to modify Czech Republic's national borders. Article 12 sets rules about the acquisition and loss of Czech citizenship. In 2007, a bill of a constitutional act on citizenship was drafted, which said explicitly that there was no legal claim to being granted Czech citizenship. This was likely an attempt to overcome case law of the Supreme Administrative Court, which has adjudicated that there is a right to Czech citizenship. Prague is declared the capital in article 13. While details are left to a statute, article 14 lists the symbols of the Czech Republic: the coat of arms, the official colours, the national flag, the flag of the president, the official seal and the national anthem. Chapter two vests legislative and constitution-making power in the Czech Parliament. Article 15 stipulates that legislative power belongs to the Parliament, consisting of two chambers, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Article 16 says that the Chamber of Deputies has 200 members elected for a four-year term (the election is based upon proportional system representation), while the Senate has 81 members elected for 6 years (the election is based upon majority system), election being held every two year to select one third of them. Article 17 specifies election schedule. Article 18 regulates active suffrage, or the right to be elected, and the election process. It provides for the ways in which specific executive powers shall be delineated between the President of the Republic and the government (as headed by the Prime Minister). The chapter also outlines the nature of the direct election of the President by the public as well as the limitations of presidential power in selecting a government. (Articles 54–80). In article 81, the Constitution states that the judicial power shall be carried out in the name of the republic by courts of law, independent on the legislature and the executive. The \"in the name of republic\" formula contained here is also quoted in each substantive ruling of a Czech court. Article 82 lays out the requirement of independence and impartiality of judges, and in effect of all the decision by the judiciary. Articles 83–89 is dedicated to the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic and states, that it is only to be governed by the constitution. Limiting its powers by a regular statute, for example, is out of question. The 15 judges, nominated by the Senate and named by the president for the period of 10 years, are granted immunity akin to the one members of parliament enjoy. Articles 90–96 describe the court system, comprising the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic, the Supreme Administrative Court, high courts, regional courts, and district courts. The constitution establishes The Supreme Control Office (Article 97). In article 98, the constitution establishes the position and competences of the Czech National Bank (CNB). It assign the CNB the role of central bank, with the primary purpose of maintaining price stability. External interventions into its activities must be permitted by law. It was the then-governor of the national bank Josef Tošovský, who requested that the bank's position be incorporated into the Constitution. As the lawyers drafting the document could not find a way of placing it within the three powers, the bank was given its own chapter. The constitution provides the basis for local government, by dividing the territory of the republic into self-governing territorial districts, and regions (Articles 99–105). The document concludes by weighing in on a number of so-called 'interim' issues which mainly applied to the Republic in its first year of existence. Chiefly, it specifically delineates what officers or laws of the former Czech government as a constituent part of the Czechoslovak Federal Republic remained in force until the Czech Republic produced new officeholders or laws under the provisions found elsewhere in the constitution. Of the provisions of this chapter, by far the most lasting has been Article 112 (1), which made the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (1991) a part of the constitution. This move has commonality with the way in which the Bill of Rights was quickly annexed to the US constitution, granting Czech citizens specific personal rights that would be extremely difficult for a future Czech government to abrogate (Articles 106–113). Stability has always been a characteristic of constitutional law of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia, and their constitutions (the sum of all constitutional acts). Since the Constitution came into force, it has only been modified a few times, and the amendments did not have a major impact on the Czech constitutional system. The first Act of Parliament modifying the Constitution was Constitutional Act No. 347/1997 Coll, on the Creation of Higher Self-Governing Units and Amending Constitutional Act of the Czech National Assembly No. 1/1993 Coll., the Constitution of the Czech Republic. It created higher territorial self-governing units, as assumed by Article 100 paragraph 3 of the Constitution. The wording of the Constitution was further changed by Constitutional Act No. 300/2000 Coll., relating to accession of the Czech Republic into the North Atlantic Alliance in 1999. The act changed provisions of the Constitution on matters such as deployment of armed forces, stay of allied armed forces on the territory of the Czech Republic, participation of the country in the defence systems of international organisations, and division of powers between the cabinet and the Parliament in such matters. Another modification to the Constitution brought Constitutional Act No. 448/2001 Coll. The Cabinet has prepared an amendment of the constitution in February 2000, but this has been this rejected by the Chamber of Deputies in second reading. Part of the bill proposed the change of article 98 of the Constitution, in preparation for the new wording of Act No. 6/1993 Coll. on the Czech National Bank. As a result of the rejection by the legislature, the Act on the Czech National bank became incompatible with the Constitution. The new wording of the Act, which entailed the necessity to modify the constitution, has become a necessity as a consequence and a requirement of the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community and the Protocol on the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and the European Central Bank, attached to this treaty. A new bill has been drafted, limited to a technicality – replacing \"\"the stability of currency\"\" by \"\"the stability of prices\" \"in article 98. Passed on 18 October 2001, the so-called 'Euro-amendment', was a rather important change to the Constitution. Having entered into effect on 1 June 2002, Act No. 395/2001 Coll. added paragraph 2 into article 1, stating that the country abides by obligations arising from international law. It changed article 10, hitherto ascribing high legal force only to international treaties on basic human rights and freedoms, broadening it to grant this higher legal force to all promulgated international treaties, which the Parliament agreed to ratify. Articles 10a and 10b have been added, providing guidelines on the conditions of transfer of powers to an international organisation or organisations. With respect to obligations arising from the membership in such a body, the Cabinet has the duty to inform the Parliament, and both chambers of the Parliament have the right to give their opinion. Several other articles have",
"into effect on 1 June 2002, Act No. 395/2001 Coll. added paragraph 2 into article 1, stating that the country abides by obligations arising from international law. It changed article 10, hitherto ascribing high legal force only to international treaties on basic human rights and freedoms, broadening it to grant this higher legal force to all promulgated international treaties, which the Parliament agreed to ratify. Articles 10a and 10b have been added, providing guidelines on the conditions of transfer of powers to an international organisation or organisations. With respect to obligations arising from the membership in such a body, the Cabinet has the duty to inform the Parliament, and both chambers of the Parliament have the right to give their opinion. Several other articles have been changed, including the list of laws that are binding for a judge of the Constitutional Court. The opposition of a part of the political class towards the introduction of features of direct democracy was the reason, for a one-off provision to have been incorporated into the Constitution, for the referendum on the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union, published as Constitutional Act No. 515/2002 Coll. Constitutional Act No. 319/2009 Coll. has in essence been prepared back in 2001 by the standing committee of the Senate for the Constitution of the Czech Republic and parliamentary procedures. The Act has introduced the possibility of self-dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies, in reaction to a previous ruling by the Constitutional Court, which had annulled the Constitutional Act on the Shortening of the Fifth Electoral Term of the Chamber of Deputies. At the same time, the Act fixed a loophole in the Constitution, which had not foreseen and provided for the situation, when the president would not be able to call elections. In June 2011, the government introduced into the chamber of deputies a bill of a constitutional act, providing for president to be elected by popular vote. The bill has been approved by the Chamber of Deputies in December 2011 and by the Senate in February 2012. Until the new Constitutional Act No. 71/2012 Coll. entered into force on 1 October 2012, president was elected at a joint session of both Chambers of the Parliament. The election was supposed to take place within 30 days before the incumbent president's term of office ended, or 30 days after, in case it ended prematurely. The powers of president have been modified too. To order that a criminal procedure must not be commenced, or, had it been commenced, that it not be continued, the president now needs co-action of the government. While the general entry into force of the Act has been fixed in advance for the coming presidential election, for the part of the Act regarding the liability of president for high treason, and the condition for bringing a constitutional action against the president by the Senate, a later date has been set, 8 March 2013. Constitution of the Czech Republic The Constitution of the Czech Republic () is the supreme law of the Czech Republic. The current constitution was adopted by the Czech National Council on 16 December 1992. It entered into force on 1 January 1993, replacing the 1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia and the constitutional act No. 143/1968 Col., when Czechoslovakia gave way to the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Interurban Trail (King County) The Interurban Trail South is a rail trail in King and Pierce counties, Washington. The interurban trail North is a bicycle route running from Downtown Seattle through Shoreline and to the Snohomish County, Washington line. The Interurban Trail South is a partially paved recreational trail open for non-motorized use. It connects Tukwila to Pacific, and the towns of Kent, Auburn, and Algona along the way. Additionally, the Cities of Edgewood and Milton have completed and opened paved segments of the Interurban trail that are not yet connected to the main segment from Tukwila to Pacific, and the City of Fife has a short segment now under construction. When planned construction is completed to close the gaps in Pacific, Edgewood, and Milton, the trail will extend from Tukwila to Fife. The trail occupies an abandoned Puget Sound Electric Railway corridor and connects to the Green River Trail. In addition to the main line of the Interurban trail between Tukwila and Fife the Interurban Trail will connect to the planned northerly extension of the Foothills Trail through Puyallup and Sumner. When that connection is completed, a continuous trail will extend south through Pacific, across the county line into Sumner and Puyallup where it will connect with the existing Pierce County Foothills Trail to South Prairie and the planned extension of the Foothills trail to Buckley and Enumclaw. The Interurban Trail North begins as a signed bicycle route in downtown Seattle running through the Fremont neighborhood, through Phinney Ridge and Greenwood, to 110th and Fremont where it becomes a paved rail trail until 128th and Linden where it will become a cycletrack to the City of Shoreline Border. At the City of Shoreline the route becomes a wide non-motorized route for 3 miles until the Snohomish County line. Interurban"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Field marshal (Serbia and Yugoslavia) Field Marshal ( or etymologically; \"Battle Warlord\") was the highest rank in the army of the Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1901 until end of Second World War in 1945. It was created with the passing of the Law on the \"Organization of the Army\" of the Kingdom of Serbia in 1901. Law was passed on the suggestion of Lieutenant colonel (later Divisional General) Miloš Vasić who was Minister of the Defense at the time. The rank was awarded only during the war for \"Particular military contributions of top generals.\" In the Balkan Wars and World War I this title was used to designate the highest military rank in Serbian Army. The first Field Marshal was promoted by the \"Great military decree\" of the Kingdom of Serbia on October 20, 1912. Only four people ever officially held that military rank: Radomir Putnik (got it in 1912), Stepa Stepanović (middle 1914), Živojin Mišić (late 1914) and Petar Bojović (1918). Before this rank was introduced, the highest rank in the Kingdom of Serbia was Army General. After Second World War, newly formed Yugoslav People's Army stopped using Royal ranking system, so this rank ceased to exist. The rank insignia of a field marshal was epolete consisted of braids and in the middle was added two-headed white eagle, the national emblem of the Kingdom of Serbia. In 1923 the design of epaulets remained the same with one amendment, the national emblem of the Kingdom of Serbia was replaced by the state coat of arms of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In late 1897 and early 1898 took place the fracture stages in the development of the army. King Milan return to Serbia, initiated the process of radical military reform. The most important date in the history of the Kingdom of Serbia was December 25, 1897. On that day, King Alexander I of Serbia has signed a two decrees. The first is re-established active Army Command, which was supposed to start work on Saint Sava next year, while other was appointment of King Milan as new commander. On the same day an active Army Command is a military regulation was subordinate to the Ministry of military. In practice, this was not so, because practically active military commander commanded all commands, units and military institutions, a minister of defense has only managed there by deprived of the right to use military force, and he turned into a military administrators. At that time, the first Minister of War was Dragomir Vučković who had the rank of colonel. He formally subordinate to the commander of the active army held the rank of general. When the post of Minister of War set up Jovan Atanacković who had the rank of general, there is a need for the introduction of a new military rank for the active military commander. The change in the structure of the army from 1897 to 1900 year was time when new military ranks where intronduced. The then existing Law on Organization of the Army from 1886 included eight military ranks. Sub-lieutenant, Lieutenant, Captain II class, Captain I class and they were lower officer ranks, while major, lieutenant colonel, colonel and general where were higher officer ranks. At this time new ranks where intronduced warrant officer and army general that was honorary rank. In December 1898, King Alexander I has signed a decree and authorized the then minister of defense to submit it for approval to the assembly. The new command is related to the increase in salaries lower-ranking officers and generals grading rank within: Brigade, Divisional and Corps. This command is not passed with the amendments in national assembly, but for a little more than a year in a modified form, this project is finally realized. At the XXVI regular session of the National Assembly, following the report of the Military Committee, adopted new amendments to the Law on the organization of the army. Minister Ilija Stojanović during the parliamentary debate, before the adoption of the law emphasized the need for introducing a higher rank than the current staff, the act of army general. According to him, the victim would not be large because the Serbian Army had one, and then in the future two or three. It was clear that the new act is intended active army commander to the King Milan. The opposite opinion was Živan Živanović, who pointed out that the allocation of this act in this case had more political than military significance. This is supported by the aforementioned fact that King Milan, before returning, it is not intended that their military rank, raised by this, but by their desire other military act, which was the title of the Supreme Commander. Therefore, in the summer of 1897 addressed to Stojan Novaković opinion, if anyone other than Karađorđe, was the holder. How Novaković did not know that the founder of the house Obrenović, Prince Miloš was in the Second Serbian uprising, also holds the title of Supreme Leader, King Milan knowing only then that the founder of another dynasty holder of this title, he refused to accept the proposal of this title. And without this title, the former king has become the holder of the highest military rank in the state, and not only in relation to all the other generals, but also in relation to his son, the then supreme commander of King Alexander I. Decision Assembly, and adopted the draft Law on amendments to the Law on the organization of the army, confirmed King Alexander January 12, 1900. Two days later (January 14), the new act is due to the merit of the two-year work on reforming the Army awarded the King's father. The act was introduced due to the rise of the military rank of King Milan. According to the legislation on the organization of the Army (Article 27), \"the rank of army general was granted to only by the monarch any general regardless of the time spent in a general's rank\". The departure of the King of the Kingdom of Serbia, Milan, gone is the main reason for the existence of this act. General Mihailo Srećković successor as commander of the active army, wasn't promoted to this rank. The new law on the organization of the army from 1901 (Article 7), contrary to earlier, it is not anticipated that the Minister of War in command only performs the tasks laid down in laws and was administrator of army. The new law on the Organization of the army of January 27, 1901, whose creator was then Minister of War, Lieutenant Colonel (later Divisional general) Miloš Vasić, has introduced a new highest military rank in the Serbian army. Field marshal rank brought changes in the general officer ranks. Instead of the previously divided into upper and lower sistem, it was introduced a new category for generals, made up of the two highest rank – General and Field Marshal. The introduction of this act repealed the act of Army General a mark on the epaulets, which previously belonged to the previous act, have been taken as a mark of rank of Field Marshal. According to the law (Article 17), the \"rank of Field Marshal could only get during the war and it had allocated monarch at its discretion\". The new amendments to the Law on Organization of the Army of March 31, 1904, \"the rank of Field Marshal could get only in war and in him only improve the general who was awarded for successful work\". On the first promotion to the rank Serbian army waited eleven years. First promoted general was Radomir Putnik in 1912, and he was wearing only this rank for two years. Stepa Stepanović and Živojin Mišić were acquired this rank in the space of five months in 1914. Petar Bojović earned rank in 1918 and he was the last Serbian general promoted. The newly formed army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia continued the system of military ranks of the army of the Kingdom of Serbia, with small changes. In 1919, former Austria-Hungarian Field Marshal Svetozar Borojević filed a petition over the command in Klagenfurt, to be accepted into a new army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. This request had been rejected as Field Marshal Mišić",
"improve the general who was awarded for successful work\". On the first promotion to the rank Serbian army waited eleven years. First promoted general was Radomir Putnik in 1912, and he was wearing only this rank for two years. Stepa Stepanović and Živojin Mišić were acquired this rank in the space of five months in 1914. Petar Bojović earned rank in 1918 and he was the last Serbian general promoted. The newly formed army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia continued the system of military ranks of the army of the Kingdom of Serbia, with small changes. In 1919, former Austria-Hungarian Field Marshal Svetozar Borojević filed a petition over the command in Klagenfurt, to be accepted into a new army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. This request had been rejected as Field Marshal Mišić said that one of the ministers from the Croatia proteseted. On July 19, 1923 a new law on the organization of the army and navy was introduced graduation generals act modeled on the French system of grading: Brigadier general, Divisional general and Army general. According to the law from the regular structure of general promotion Field Marshal was single out and could only get in a war of exceptional merit. According to the constitutions of the Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the supreme commanders wore uniforms with the special Field Marshal insignia. Among them are Kings: Milan I, Alexander I (Obrenović), Peter I, Alexander I (Karađorđević) and Peter II. Constitution gave permition that in case of war due to the underage of king, deputy Supreme Commander would be Field Marshal active or in reserve. After the end of World War II, the proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on November 29, 1945 and the establishment of the Yugoslav People's Army on April 24, 1946, adopted the military hierarchy modeled on the Soviet Union with Marshal as the highest rank. This decree abolished all ranks who had previously force is an act of Field Marshal that existed for a full forty-four years ceased to exist. Field marshal (Serbia and Yugoslavia) Field Marshal ( or etymologically; \"Battle Warlord\")"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Doctor Jazz \"Doctor Jazz\" is a popular tune and song written by Joe \"King\" Oliver in 1926. Publisher Walter Melrose got his name on it as co-composer, as was often his practice. It enjoyed its initial popularity in the 1920s. It continues to be played by Dixieland jazz groups. It has been performed by many notable acts, such as Jelly Roll Morton, Chris Barber, Harry Connick Jr. and Dutch Swing College Band. \"Doctor Jazz,\" as a record made by Jelly Roll Morton and his Red Hot Peppers in 1926, is a prime example of early New Orleans jazz counterpoint and collective improvisation. The number of special features, pre-written stop-time breaks and improvised solo passages in this record yield a tapestry of musical contrasts. Jazz was producing significant accomplishments in its other aspects, such as the development of the soloist, but the specifically New Orleans jazz style of collective counterpoint playing would reach its apotheosis here and in a few other 1926-7 Morton recordings. The Bonzo Doo Dah Dog Band did a performance of this song on their 1969 release \"Tadpoles\". \"Doctor Jazz\" was also the title of a Broadway musical with a jazz theme that ran from February to March 1975 at the Winter Garden Theatre, produced by Cyma Rubin with music by Buster Davis. Doctor Jazz \"Doctor Jazz\" is a popular tune and song written by Joe \"King\" Oliver in 1926. Publisher Walter Melrose got his name on it as co-composer, as was often his practice. It enjoyed its initial popularity in the 1920s. It continues to be played by Dixieland jazz groups. It has been performed by many notable acts, such as Jelly Roll Morton, Chris Barber, Harry Connick Jr. and Dutch Swing College Band. \"Doctor Jazz,\" as a record made by Jelly Roll Morton and his Red"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"PAWS Chicago PAWS Chicago (Pets Are Worth Saving) is a non-profit animal shelter organization based in Chicago, Illinois. The organization was co-founded in 1997 by Paula Fasseas and her daughter Alexis Fasseas. The duo aspired to create an organization that focused on discovering solutions to end the euthanasia of homeless pets. In 1998, Fasseas launched PAWS Chicago with an adoption event titled \"Angels with Tails\" aiming to save the lives of stray or homeless animals. The event facilitated animal adoptions, and was intended to raise awareness around the issue of pet overpopulation and the euthanasia of homeless animals. The event was held on Michigan Ave in Chicago, where the organization partnered with local businesses and boutiques who agreed to showcase animals in their storefronts. In 2000, PAWS opened the Lurie Spay and Neuter Clinic. The clinic offers free and low cost services in the Chicago area, performing over 17,000 spray and neuter surgeries each year. On September 7, 2007, PAWS opened its Lincoln Park adoption center located at 1997 N. Clybourn Ave. The new adoption center cost $9 million and is 13,000 square feet. It was the first cage-free shelter in the Midwest. PAWS works with shelters across the U.S., particularly in times of crisis and natural disaster. During Hurricane Katrina in 2005, PAWS volunteers drove from Chicago to Louisiana to rescue 200 pets caught in the floods. PAWS also assisted in rescuing animals in the 2008 flooding in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and Quincy, Illinois, as well as the 2013 floods in Oklahoma. In August 2016, PAWS assisted in rescuing animals from floodings in Louisiana. PAWS also assisted in rescue efforts for Hurricane Irma in Florida, Hurricane Harvey in Texas in 2017, as well as Hurricane Michael in Florida in 2018. On December 1, 2013 Merrick Pet Care and PAWS teamed up to provide meals for the cats and dogs of PAWS. Merrick Pet Care provides food for all of PAWS pets as well as giving each pet that is newly adopted and their owner a supply of food. Since its inception, PAWS Chicago has reduced the number of animals euthanized in the city by 80 percent, becoming an active participant in the No Kill Movement. In 2018, PAWS Chicago received a 4-star rating from Charity Navigator for the 16th consecutive year. Charity Navigator assesses non-profit organizations by rating their performances based on Financial Health and their Accountability and Transparency. The assessment found that charity’s total revenue sums up to $16,427,736 while 89.4 percent of the organizations total expenses are spent on the programs and services it delivers. In November 2012, Chicago Magazine named PAWS Chicago as one of their “gold standard charities” under their Guide to Charitable Giving in Chicago. The guide is a means of navigating which charities readers should donate to when considering charitable gifting during the holiday season. The charities were ranked by a group philanthropic consultants, professors, and Charity Navigator, a non-profit website that rates the practicality of non-profit organizations on a four-scale rating. In January 2007, Paula Fasseas was labeled a \"Transformer\" by Chicago Magazine and honored as Chicago Magazine’s Chicagoan of the Year. The award is set out to honor a handful of people that have changed Chicago for the better. In 2003, PAWS Chicago won the Chicago Innovation Award by the Chicago Sun-Times. The award goes out to ten businesses in Chicago that have presented successful business developments and innovative marketing techniques. In 2008, Oprah Winfrey visited PAWS Chicago during the filming of a three-part series she was producing on puppy mills. The feature showcased good living environments and lifesaving work, which aided in putting PAWS name on the map across the country. Winfrey featured her self-funded suite for PAWS in loving memory of her cocker spaniel, Sophie, whom is featured on the 2009 cover of O, The Oprah Magazine. After the issue was released, there has been about a 50 percent decrease in the number of pets being euthanized in Chicago per year. The annual 'PAWS Beach Party' is organized to raise money for the organization. PAWS' 16th annual Beach Party in 2018 attracted over 500 guests and 125 dogs, raising over $300,000 for the organization. The money raised went towards funding PAWS' lifesaving program for homeless cats and dogs in addition to a renovation and an expansion of the medical center. The Fur Ball is an annual fundraising gala that showcases rescue cats and dogs for adoption. The gala includes a number of activities for the pets to participate in, such as buffets and paw-dicures while the humans engage in live auctions and raffles. In 2017, 800 people and 200 dogs attended the ball, collectively raising $1.3 million for the organization. In 2013, Smashing Pumpkins co-founder William Corgan and Michelin Guide-awarded star-chef, Curtis Duffy, made appearances at the Fur Ball, curating an event of their own to be auctioned off during the gala. Northwestern College in Bridgeview, IL hosted a 5K Run/Walk in September 2018 to benefit PAWS Chicago. Dubbed \"PAWS for a Cause\", the family-friendly event is open to the public and is designed to bring students, alumni, staff, and the Bridgeview/Burbank/Bedford Park communities together to raise funds for helpless animals in need. PAWS Chicago's 5K Walk/Run was named one of Chicago's Top 100 Events in 2016 and 2017, and Top 10 Athletic Events in 2017 by BizBash. In this event, owners and their pets are allowed to participate in a 5K. In addition to the race, there is also food and games for the participants. The Holiday Adopt-A-Thon is a two-day adoption marathon intended to help homeless pets find a home in time for the holidays. The event takes place during the holiday season to reduce the risk of the euthanasia of homeless pets in animal shelters during a time of the year when the shelters are short-staffed. In 2017, over 100 homeless pets were adopted during the Holiday Adopt-A-Thon. PAWS Chicago PAWS Chicago (Pets Are Worth Saving) is a non-profit animal shelter organization based in Chicago, Illinois."
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Max Major Max Major is a world-renowned mentalist and a magician who tours and performs live, as well as having appeared on the Oxygen network's reality show \"Love Games\" and \"Inside Edition\", where he was dubbed \"Washington D.C.'s Hottest Bachelor.\" Max also hosted the web's first live-streaming magic show, where he beta-tested material for a new show the same way a technology company might beta-test software Max Major is based in Washington D.C. but is originally from Carroll County in Western Maryland. He has appeared on radio and television where he has performed feats such as predicting the winners of March Madness. Major says that he was initially inspired to become a magician after seeing David Copperfield on television as a teenager. In 2014 he was voted \"D.C.'s Best Performance Artist\" by \"Washington City Paper\". Max Major Max Major is a world-renowned mentalist and a magician who tours and performs live, as well as having appeared on the Oxygen network's reality show \"Love Games\" and \"Inside Edition\", where he was dubbed \"Washington D.C.'s Hottest Bachelor.\" Max also hosted the web's first live-streaming magic show, where he beta-tested material for a new show the same way a technology company might beta-test"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Georgia Shiels Georgia Shiels (born 14 January 1996 in Royal Tunbridge Wells) is an English rally driver. She has won the 2013 Novice Forest Rally Championship, the 2015 Jack Wills Young Brit award and in 2016, Georgia accepted an offer from the University of Bolton to study a degree in Automotive Engineering BEng. Georgia also worked with Abarth as their Abarth 500 Group R R1 development driver in the British Rally Championship 2014 and various other events. Georgia began rallying at the age of sixteen after a chance meeting with the Junior 1000 Ecosse Challenge coordinator at Knockhill Racing Circuit Motor Show 2011. She took part in the Junior 1000 championship in a 1000cc Nissan Micra, finishing eighth overall. Georgia's best result was sixth overall on the Solway Coast Rally, just seconds off fourth place. By her fourth rally, Georgia had been selected to join the Motor Sports Association Academy AASE course which equips the UK's most promising young drivers with the knowledge, skills and attitude needed to maximise their performance. In 2013, Shiels turned seventeen and gained her road licence. She competed in her first forest rally a few months later in a 2000cc M-Sport Ford Fiesta ST and finished fourth in the competitive class N3 and first lady driver overall. Georgia was the youngest driver in her class. Georgia selected various forest rallies to compete in. Her best result was second in class N3 and fiftieth overall on Trackrod Rally Yorkshire. Georgia won ANWCC Novice Forest Rally Champion 2013. In 2014, at age eighteen, Georgia became a development driver for Abarth, driving the Abarth 500 Group R R1 car in numerous asphalt events. Georgia was nominated for Downforce UK's Teen Racing Driver of the Year after showcasing her talent across the year. In 2015, Georgia became a Scouting ambassador for 4th Blackpool Scouts and began testing her M-Sport Ford Fiesta Group R R2. Georgia won the Jack Wills Young Brit award in the endurance category out of thousands of young British talent. Georgia is also a STEM First ambassador, encouraging young girls into engineering and motorsport. Shiels is currently competing in the British Rallycross Championship in 2017 in an RX150 buggy assisted by LOCO Energy Drink. Georgia Shiels Georgia Shiels (born 14 January 1996 in Royal Tunbridge Wells) is an English rally driver. She has won the 2013 Novice Forest Rally Championship, the 2015 Jack Wills Young Brit"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Hildegarde Swift Hildegarde H. Swift (January 10, 1890 – January 10, 1977) was a published children's book author. One of her books, \"\" was the recipient of the Newbery Honor Medal. She is best known for her book \"The Railroad to Freedom\". She won the prestigious Newbery Honor in 1933. Hildegarde Swift was born in Clinton, New York on January 10, 1890. Her father, Author S. Hoyt was an English Literature professor at Hamilton College. Swift had a different educational background than most. In her younger years, she had private tutors and attended European boarding schools. She later graduated from Auburn High School, moving on to further her education and graduate from Smith College. She continued her studies at the New York School of Social Work where she worked with children, which she credits gave her, her \"first real knowledge of children.\" She married Arthur L. Swift, a pastor from New York. Their son Hewson H. Swift was born November 8, 1920. In her later years, she taught children's literature at the New School for Social Research. In 1929, she began to write children's books which she says has been the \"most interesting\" part of her life. Swift died on January 10, 1977. In her honor, \"The New York Times\" published an obituary. Swift's book \"The Little Red Lighthouse and the Great Gray Bridge\" has sold more than 400,000 copies. After the United States Coast Guard's plans to tear down the Little Red Lighthouse, Swift's book was used by fans to help make the site a national landmark. Eleanor Roosevelt praised Swift for admonishing young people to care for the wilderness in her writings Hildegarde Swift Hildegarde H. Swift (January 10, 1890 – January 10, 1977) was a published children's book author. One of her books, \"\" was the recipient"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"At 10:00 am, October 28, Kennedy first learned of Khrushchev's solution to the crisis with the US removing the 15 Jupiters in Turkey and the Soviets would remove the rockets from Cuba. Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear. Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers, Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer. \"This is a pretty good play of his,\" Kennedy said, according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting. Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March of the year, causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev. \"Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it,\" Kennedy said. Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose the offer. Finally, Kennedy ended the debate. \"We can't very well invade Cuba with all its toil and blood,\" Kennedy said, \"when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on Turkey. If that's part of the record, then you don't have a very good war.\" \n Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout October 21, considering two remaining options:an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases or a naval blockade of Cuba. A full-scale invasion was not the administration's first option. McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control. However, the term \"blockade\" was problematic. According to international law, a blockade is an act of war, but the Kennedy administration did not think that the Soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade. Additionally, legal experts at the State Department and Justice Department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification, based on the Rio Treaty for defense of the Western Hemisphere, was obtained from a resolution by a two-thirds vote from the members or the Organization of American States (OAS). \n On October 7, Cuban President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado spoke at the UN General Assembly:\"If ... we are attacked, we will defend ourselves. I repeat, we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves; we have indeed our inevitable weapons, the weapons, which we would have preferred not to acquire, and which we do not wish to employ.\" \n Further after the crisis, the U.S. and the Soviet Union created the Moscow–Washington hotline, a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington. The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis. \n The US requested an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on October 25. US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin in an emergency meeting of the Security Council, challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles. Ambassador Zorin refused to answer. The next day at 10:00 pm EDT, the US raised the readiness level of SAC forces to DEFCON 2. For the only confirmed time in US history, B-52 bombers went on continuous airborne alert, and B-47 medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off, fully equipped, on 15 minutes' notice. One eighth of SAC's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert, and some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert, some of which targeted Cuba, and Air Defense Command (ADC) redeployed 161 nuclear-armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours, with one third maintaining 15-minute alert status. Twenty-three nuclear-armed B-52s were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so that it would believe that the US was serious. Jack J. Catton later estimated that about 80 percent of SAC's planes were ready for launch during the crisis; David A. Burchinal recalled that, by contrast:\n the Russians were so thoroughly stood down, and we knew it. They didn't make any move. They did not increase their alert; they did not increase any flights, or their air defense posture. They didn't do a thing, they froze in place. We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba, never further. \n | This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---|---\n By October 19, frequent U-2 spy flights showed four operational sites. On the night of October 19 at 23:56 a helicopter from USS Essex CVS-9 squadron HSS-2 crashed into the Gulf of Mexico. Lt. Cmdr. James Robert Hughes and AM-3 George Blythe perished. Their bodies were never recovered. On October 22, 1962 a second helicopter crashed into the Gulf, that also was from HSS-2 stationed on the Essex. Lost that night were Lt. Cmdr. Witkowski and Enlisted Serviceman 50 AZ Murphy. The details of the deaths of October 19, 1962 have never been provided to the families affected. There are numerous rumors that exist from bad storms, Soviet interference with the flight, or a one-way suicide recon mission. However, the most consistently repeated accounts from on deck witnesses indicate that the helicopter on October 19 was \"shot down.\" \n On October 27, Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro, what is now known as the Armageddon Letter (dated the day before), which was interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba:\"I believe the imperialists' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality, that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense, however harsh and terrible the solution would be,\" Castro wrote. \n In addition, Khrushchev's impression of Kennedy's weaknesses was confirmed by the President's response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961, particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall. Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis, Khrushchev asserted, \"I know for certain that Kennedy doesn't have a strong background, nor, generally speaking, does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge.\" He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba, Kennedy \"would make a fuss, make more of a fuss, and then agree.\" \n In May 1961, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was persuaded by the idea of countering the US's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Cuba, despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana, Alexandr Ivanovich Alexeyev, who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles. Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a \"splendid first strike\" capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage. In 1962, the Soviets had only 20 ICBMs capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet Union. The poor accuracy and reliability of the missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness. A newer, more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965. \n U-2 pilot Anderson's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honors in South Carolina. He was the first recipient of the newly created Air Force Cross, which was awarded posthumously. Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis, 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing RB-47 Stratojets of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between September 27 and November 11, 1962. Seven crew died when a Military Air Transport Service Boeing C-135B Stratolifter delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on October 23.",
"U-2 pilot Anderson's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honors in South Carolina. He was the first recipient of the newly created Air Force Cross, which was awarded posthumously. Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis, 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing RB-47 Stratojets of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between September 27 and November 11, 1962. Seven crew died when a Military Air Transport Service Boeing C-135B Stratolifter delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on October 23. \n On October 23, at 11:24 am EDT, a cable, drafted by George Wildman Ball to the U.S. Ambassador in Turkey and NATO, notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw what the US knew to be nearly-obsolete missiles from Italy and Turkey, in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba. Turkish officials replied that they would \"deeply resent\" any trade involving the U.S.'s missile presence in their country. Two days later, on the morning of October 25, American journalist Walter Lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column. Castro reaffirmed Cuba's right to self-defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection. \n At 3:00 pm EDT on October 22, President Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee (EXCOMM) with National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) 196. At 5:00 pm, he met with Congressional leaders who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response. In Moscow, Ambassador Foy D. Kohler briefed Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy's speech to the nation. Ambassadors around the world gave notice to non-Eastern Bloc leaders. Before the speech, U.S. delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, and French President Charles de Gaulle to brief them on the US intelligence and their proposed response. All were supportive of the U.S. position. \n At 9:00 am EDT on October 27, Radio Moscow began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev. Contrary to the letter of the night before, the message offered a new trade:the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey. At 10:00 am EDT, the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin. Kennedy realized that he would be in an \"insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev's proposal\" because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and \"It's gon na–to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man, it will look like a very fair trade.\" Bundy explained why Khrushchev's public acquiescence could not be considered:\"The current threat to peace is not in Turkey, it is in Cuba.\" \n At this point, the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate. The Soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made several comments to the contrary. The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion, along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union if it responded militarily, which was assumed. \n Fifty years after the crisis, Graham T. Allison wrote:\n In his negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin, Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed \"within a short time after this crisis was over.\" The last U.S. missiles were disassembled by April 24, 1963 and were flown out of Turkey soon afterward. \n The practical effect of the Kennedy-Khrushchev Pact was that the US would not invade Cuba. It is possible that Khrushchev placed the missiles in Cuba only to get Kennedy to remove the missiles from Italy and Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out-gunned by the U.S. Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Italy and Turkey was not made public at the time, Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened. The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that Khrushchev had been humiliated. However, both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments. Khrushchev held power for another two years. \n When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il-28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba, the blockade was formally ended on November 21, 1962. The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick, clear, and direct communication line between Washington and Moscow. As a result, the Moscow–Washington hotline was established. A series of agreements reduced U.S.–Soviet tensions for several years until the United States and Russia began to build their nuclear arsenal even further. \n Castro, on the other hand, was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand, and on October 26, he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the US in case of attack. However, in a 2010 interview, Castro expressed regret about his earlier stance on first use:\"After I've seen what I've seen, and knowing what I know now, it wasn't worth it at all.\" Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft:the orders had been to fire only on groups of two or more. At 6:00 am EDT on October 27, the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and the two sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational. It also noted that the Cuban military continued to organize for action but was under order not to initiate action unless attacked. \n A second reason that Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was because Khrushchev wanted to bring West Berlin, controlled by the American, British and French within Communist East Germany, into the Soviet orbit. The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of Berlin a grave threat to East Germany. Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War. Khrushchev believed that if the U.S. did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba, he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in Berlin. If the U.S. tried to bargain with the Soviets after it became aware of the missiles, Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin. Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba, the trade would be a win for Khrushchev, as Kennedy recognized:\"The advantage is, from Khrushchev's point of view, he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it.\" \n The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to target effectively most of the Continental U.S. The planned arsenal was forty launchers. The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami.U.S. intelligence received countless reports, many of dubious quality or even laughable, most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles.",
"The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to target effectively most of the Continental U.S. The planned arsenal was forty launchers. The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami.U.S. intelligence received countless reports, many of dubious quality or even laughable, most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles. \n Arguably, the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference, in October 2002. Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis, they all learned that on October 27, 1962, USS Beale had tracked and dropped signaling depth charges (the size of hand grenades) on B-59, a Soviet Project 641 (NATO designation Foxtrot) submarine. Unknown to the US, it was armed with a 15-kiloton nuclear torpedo. Running out of air, the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface. An argument broke out among three officers aboard B-59, including submarine captain Valentin Savitsky, political officer Ivan Semonovich Maslennikov, and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank (U.S. Navy Commander rank equivalent) Vasili Arkhipov. An exhausted Savitsky became furious and ordered that the nuclear torpedo on board be made combat ready. Accounts differ about whether Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface. During the conference, McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought. Thomas Blanton, director of the National Security Archive, said, \"A guy called Vasili Arkhipov saved the world.\" \n On October 26 at 6:00 pm EDT, the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev. It was Saturday at 2:00 am in Moscow. The long letter took several minutes to arrive, and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it. \n McNamara noted that another tanker, the Grozny, was about 600 miles (970 km) out and should be intercepted. He also noted that they had not made the Soviets aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying that information to them via U Thant at the United Nations. \n The 1962 United States elections were under way, and the White House had for months denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles (140 km) from Florida. The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium-range (SS-4) and intermediate-range (R-14) ballistic missile facilities. The U.S. established a naval blockade on October 22 to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba; Oval Office tapes during the crisis revealed that Kennedy had also put the blockade in place as an attempt to provoke Soviet-backed forces in Berlin as well. It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union. \n Ellsberg said that Robert Kennedy (RFK) told him in 1964 that after the U-2 was shot down and the pilot killed, he (RFK) told Soviet ambassador Dobrynin, \"You have drawn first blood ... (T) he president had decided against advice ... not to respond militarily to that attack, but he (Dobrynin) should know that if another plane was shot at, ... we would take out all the SAMs and antiaircraft ... And that would almost surely be followed by an invasion.\" \n Admiral Anderson, Chief of Naval Operations wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a \"quarantine\" of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials, claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention. Since it would take place in international waters, Kennedy obtained the approval of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defense provisions of the Rio Treaty:\n The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev. Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand, but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started. \n Later that same day, what the White House later called \"Black Saturday,\" the US Navy dropped a series of \"signaling depth charges\" (practice depth charges the size of hand grenades) on a Soviet submarine (B-59) at the blockade line, unaware that it was armed with a nuclear-tipped torpedo with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was damaged by depth charges or surface fire. As the submarine was too deep to monitor any radio traffic, the captain of the B-59, Valentin Grigorievitch Savitsky, decided that a war might already have started and wanted to launch a nuclear torpedo. The decision to launch these required agreement from all three officers on board, but one of them, Vasili Arkhipov, objected and so the nuclear launch was narrowly averted. \n Three days after Kennedy's speech, the Chinese People's Daily announced that \"650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people.\" In West Germany, newspapers supported the U.S.'s response by contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months. They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in Berlin. In France on October 23, the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers. The next day, an editorial in Le Monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA's photographic evidence. Two days later, after a visit by a high-ranking CIA agent, the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs. Also in France, in the October 29 issue of Le Figaro, Raymond Aron wrote in support of the American response. On October 24, Pope John XXIII sent a message to the Soviet embassy in Rome to be transmitted to the Kremlin in which he voiced his concern for peace. In this message he stated, \"We beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity. That they do all that is in their power to save peace.\" \n In September 1962, analysts from the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) noticed that Cuban surface-to-air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the Soviet Union to protect its ICBM bases, leading DIA to lobby for the resumption of U-2 flights over the island. Although in the past the flights had been conducted by the CIA, pressure from the Defense Department made the authority be transferred to the Air Force. Following the loss of a CIA U-2 over the Soviet Union in May 1960, it was thought that if another U-2 were shot down, an Air Force aircraft arguably being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a CIA flight. \n The worldwide U.S. Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on November 20, 1962. General Curtis LeMay told the President that the resolution of the crisis was the \"greatest defeat in our history\", however his was a minority position. He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles. Twenty-five years later, LeMay still believed that \"We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba, we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time.\"",
"The worldwide U.S. Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on November 20, 1962. General Curtis LeMay told the President that the resolution of the crisis was the \"greatest defeat in our history\", however his was a minority position. He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles. Twenty-five years later, LeMay still believed that \"We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba, we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time.\" \n The Kennedy administration had been publicly embarrassed by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in May 1961, which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA-trained forces of Cuban exiles. Afterward, former President Dwight Eisenhower told Kennedy that \"the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do.\" The half-hearted invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and, as one Soviet adviser wrote, \"too young, intellectual, not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations ... too intelligent and too weak.\" U.S. covert operations against Cuba continued in 1961 with the unsuccessful Operation Mongoose. \n On October 15, the CIA's National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC) reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles. This identification was made, in part, on the strength of reporting provided by Oleg Penkovsky, a double agent in the GRU working for CIA and MI6. Although he provided no direct reports of the Soviet missile deployments to Cuba, technical and doctrinal details of Soviet missile regiments that had been provided by Penkovsky in the months and years prior to the Crisis helped NPIC analysts correctly identify the missiles on U-2 imagery. \n BBC journalist Joe Matthews published the story, on October 13, 2012, behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above. Khrushchev feared that Castro's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the US. To prevent that, Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long-range missiles but, crucially, had escaped the notice of U.S. intelligence. Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands, keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union's interests. \n Within the US establishment, it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position. Military preparations continued, and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action. Robert Kennedy later recalled the mood:\"We had not abandoned all hope, but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev's revising his course within the next few hours. It was a hope, not an expectation. The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday (October 30), and possibly tomorrow (October 29) ...\" \n They, no more than we, can let these things go by without doing something. They can't, after all their statements, permit us to take out their missiles, kill a lot of Russians, and then do nothing. If they don't take action in Cuba, they certainly will in Berlin. \n At 8:05 pm EDT, the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered. The message read, \"As I read your letter, the key elements of your proposals–which seem generally acceptable as I understand them–are as follows:1 ) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate United Nations observation and supervision; and undertake, with suitable safe-guards, to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba. 2 ) We, on our part, would agree–upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations, to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments (a) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and (b) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba.\" The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be \"delayed.\" With the letter delivered, a deal was on the table. However, as Robert Kennedy noted, there was little expectation it would be accepted. At 9:00 pm EDT, the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day. Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets, notably petroleum storage. McNamara stated that they had to \"have two things ready:a government for Cuba, because we're going to need one; and secondly, plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe, because sure as hell they're going to do something there.\" \n Another major reason why Khrushchev placed missiles on Cuba was to level the playing field. Before this event, America had the upper hand as they could launch from Turkey and destroy USSR before they would have a chance to react. After the transmission of nuclear missiles, Khrushchev had finally established mutually assured destruction. Mutually assured destruction means that if America decided to launch a nuclear strike against the USSR, the latter would react by launching a nuclear strike against America. \n With this background, when Khrushchev heard Kennedy's threats relayed by Robert Kennedy to Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin, he immediately drafted his acceptance of Kennedy's latest terms from his dacha without involving the Politburo, as he had previously, and had them immediately broadcast over Radio Moscow, which he believed the US would hear. In that broadcast at 9:00 am EST, on October 28, Khrushchev stated that \"the Soviet government, in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons, has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as' offensive' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union.\" \n The Soviet leadership believed, based on its perception of Kennedy's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion, that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli. On September 11, the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war. The Soviets continued the Maskirovka program to conceal their actions in Cuba. They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature. On September 7, Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin assured United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson that the Soviet Union was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba. On September 11, the Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza (Soviet News Agency TASS) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba. On October 13, Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba. He denied any such plans. On October 17, Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that \"under no circumstances would surface-to-surface missiles be sent to Cuba.\" \n OPLAN 312, primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation, was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316's ground forces. \n * Thirteen Days, Robert F. Kennedy's account of the crisis, released in 1969; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries. \n * Topaz, 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris, set during the run-up to the crisis",
"OPLAN 312, primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation, was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316's ground forces. \n * Thirteen Days, Robert F. Kennedy's account of the crisis, released in 1969; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries. \n * Topaz, 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris, set during the run-up to the crisis \n * The Missiles of October, 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis \n * Matinee, 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent-filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film. \n * seaQuest 2032, 1995 TV Show, (Season 3 Episode, \"Second Chance\"), seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban Missile Crisis \n * K-19:The Widowmaker, Docudrama about the history just before the crisis \n * Thirteen Days (film), 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis \n * The Fog of War, 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris, which won that years' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. \n * Ur, a 2009 short novel by Stephen King, is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in another \"Ur\", the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that \"Ur\". \n * Call of Duty:Black Ops, 2010 video game, set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis. \n * The Kennedys (TV miniseries), 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family, including a dramatization of the crisis \n * X-Men:First Class, 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war. \n * The Doomsday Machine:Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Daniel Ellsberg, Bloomsbury USA, New York, 2017",
"Critics, including Seymour Melman, and Seymour Hersh suggested that the Cuban Missile Crisis encouraged the United States' use of military means, such as the case in the later Vietnam War. \n Fifty years ago, the Cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster. During the standoff, US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was \"between 1 in 3 and even,\" and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds. We now know, for example, that in addition to nuclear-armed ballistic missiles, the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba, and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow. The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops, and perhaps even Miami. The resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians. \n Throughout the crisis, Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the Jupiter missiles were removed. Italy's Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani, who was also Foreign Minister ad interim, offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in Apulia as a bargaining chip. He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends, Ettore Bernabei, the general manager of RAI-TV, to convey to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting. Unknown to the Soviets, the US regarded the Jupiter missiles as obsolescent and already supplanted by the Polaris nuclear ballistic submarine missiles. \n On the morning of October 27, a U-2F (the third CIA U-2A, modified for air-to-air refueling) piloted by USAF Major Rudolf Anderson, departed its forward operating location at McCoy AFB, Florida. At approximately 12:00 pm EDT, the aircraft was struck by a S-75 Dvina (NATO designation SA-2 Guideline) surface-to-air missile launched from Cuba. The aircraft was shot down, and Anderson was killed. The stress in negotiations between the Soviets and the US intensified; it was only later believed that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander, acting on his own authority. Later that day, at about 3:41 pm EDT, several US Navy RF-8A Crusader aircraft, on low-level photoreconnaissance missions, were fired upon. \n The American popular media, especially television, made frequent use of the events of the missile crisis and both fictional and documentary forms. Jim Willis includes the Crisis as one of the 100 \"media moments that changed America.\" Sheldon Stern finds that a half century later there are still many \"misconceptions, half-truths, and outright lies\" that have shaped media versions of what happened in the White House during those harrowing two weeks. \n Thirdly, from the perspective of the Soviet Union and of Cuba, it seemed that the United States wanted to increase its presence in Cuba. With actions like attempting to expel Cuba from the Organization of American States, placing economic sanctions on the nation and conducting secret operations on containing communism and Cuba, it was assumed that America was trying to invade Cuba. As a result, to try and prevent this, the USSR would place missiles in Cuba and neutralize the threat. \n 1. Do nothing:American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new. \n 2. Diplomacy:Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles. \n 3. Secret approach:Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Russians or being invaded. \n 4. Invasion:Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro. \n 5. Air strike:Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites. \n 6. Blockade:Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba.",
"| Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22, 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba \n---|--- \nProblems playing this file? See media help. \n Specialists in missile construction under the guise of \"machine operators,\" \"irrigation specialists,\" and \"agricultural specialists\" arrived in July. A total of 43,000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in. Marshal Sergei Biryuzov, chief of the Soviet Rocket Forces, led a survey team that visited Cuba. He told Khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees. \n The first consignment of R-12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8, followed by a second on September 16. The R-12 was a medium-range ballistic missile, capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead. It was a single-stage, road-transportable, surface-launched, storable liquid propellant fueled missile that could deliver a megaton-class nuclear weapon. The Soviets were building nine sites–six for R-12 medium-range missiles (NATO designation SS-4 Sandal) with an effective range of 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) and three for R-14 intermediate-range ballistic missiles (NATO designation SS-5 Skean) with a maximum range of 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi). \n In January 1962, U.S. Army General Edward Lansdale described plans to overthrow the Cuban government in a top-secret report (partially declassified 1989), addressed to Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose. CIA agents or \"pathfinders\" from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization, including radio broadcasts. In February 1962, the US launched an embargo against Cuba, and Lansdale presented a 26-page, top-secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban government, mandating guerrilla operations to begin in August and September. \"Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime\" would occur in the first two weeks of October. \n To halt this offensive buildup, a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated. All ships of any kind bound for Cuba, from whatever nation or port, will, if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons, be turned back. This quarantine will be extended, if needed, to other types of cargo and carriers. We are not at this time, however, denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948. \n Khrushchev was also reacting in part to the nuclear threat of obsolescent Jupiter intermediate-range ballistic missiles that had been installed by the US in Turkey in April 1962. Additionally, placing nuclear missiles on Cuba was a way for Khrushchev to display and assert his strict political dominance; this was a much-needed display after numerous individuals within the Soviet Union began to doubt Khrushchev's power as they believed that he was appeasing the Americans. \n When former US President Harry Truman called President Kennedy the day of Khrushchev's offer, the President informed him that his Administration had rejected the Soviet leader's offer to withdraw missiles from Turkey and was planning on using the Soviet setback in Cuba to escalate tensions in Berlin. \n In early 1962, a group of Soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to Havana. They obtained a meeting with Cuban leader Fidel Castro. The Cuban leadership had a strong expectation that the U.S. would invade Cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles in Cuba. However, according to another source, Castro objected to the missiles deployment that would have made him look like a Soviet puppet, but he was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be an irritant to the U.S. and help the interests of the entire socialist camp. Also, the deployment would include short-range tactical weapons (with a range of 40 km, usable only against naval vessels) that would provide a \"nuclear umbrella\" for attacks upon the island. \n An indirect reason why Khrushchev placed missiles on Cuba would be to try and draw the line to how far the Soviet Union can go regarding threatening the United States. Prior to this, there was no clear barrier to how the United States was willing to react, and with new president John F. Kennedy, it was unknown to the Soviet Union to what they can do to manipulate the United States. By placing missiles on Cuba, next to the doorstep of the United States, it would be clear to the extent of which the United States would react. \n The crisis was continuing unabated, and in the evening of October 24, the Soviet news agency TASS broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy in which Khrushchev warned that the United States's \"outright piracy\" would lead to war. However, that was followed at 9:24 pm by a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy, which was received at 10:52 pm EDT. Khrushchev stated, \"if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion, you will understand that the Soviet Union can not afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA\" and that the Soviet Union views the blockade as \"an act of aggression\" and their ships will be instructed to ignore it. \n Kennedy's Oval Office telephone conversation with Eisenhower soon after Khrushchev's message arrived revealed that the President was planning to use the Cuban Missile Crisis to escalate tensions with Khrushchev and in the long run, Cuba as well. The President also claimed that he thought the crisis would result in direct military confrontations in Berlin by the end of the next month. He also claimed in his conversation with Eisenhower that the Soviet leader had offered to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of missiles from Turkey and that while the Kennedy Administration had agreed not to invade Cuba, they were only in process of determining Khrushchev's offer to withdraw from Turkey. \n Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington, DC, on Saturday evening, October 27. Kennedy suggested to take Khrushchev's offer to trade away the missiles. Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM, Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin in Washington to discover whether the intentions were genuine. The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO's authority, and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade. \n With important Congressional elections scheduled for November, the crisis became enmeshed in American politics. On August 31, Senator Kenneth Keating (R-New York), who received his information from Cuban exiles in Florida, warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba. He charged the Kennedy administration of covering up a major threat to the US. Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September, and spy flights and minor military harassment from U.S. forces at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government. \n The US also led in missile defensive capabilities, naval and air power; but the Soviets had a 2–1 advantage in conventional ground forces, more pronounced in field guns and tanks, particularly in the European theater. \n Kennedy's response to Krushchev's proposals was lukewarm but Kennedy expressed to Cousins that he felt constrained in exploring these issues due to pressure from hardliners in the US national security apparatus. The US and the USSR did shortly thereafter agree on a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, known as the \"Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty\".",
"The US also led in missile defensive capabilities, naval and air power; but the Soviets had a 2–1 advantage in conventional ground forces, more pronounced in field guns and tanks, particularly in the European theater. \n Kennedy's response to Krushchev's proposals was lukewarm but Kennedy expressed to Cousins that he felt constrained in exploring these issues due to pressure from hardliners in the US national security apparatus. The US and the USSR did shortly thereafter agree on a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, known as the \"Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty\". \n The U.S. was concerned about an expansion of communism, and a Latin American country openly allying with the Soviet Union was regarded by the U.S. as unacceptable since the end of World War II, and the start of the Cold War. Such an involvement would also directly defy the Monroe Doctrine, a U.S. policy limiting U.S. involvement in European colonies and European affairs but holding that the Western Hemisphere was in the U.S. sphere of influence. \n During the speech, a directive went out to all U.S. forces worldwide, placing them on DEFCON 3. The heavy cruiser USS Newport News was designated flagship for the blockade, with USS Leary as Newport News's destroyer escort. \n On October 28, 1962, Khrushchev told his son Sergei that the shooting down of Anderson's U-2 was by the \"Cuban military at the direction of Raul Castro.\" \n After a long period of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev. Publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union, subject to United Nations verification, in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again. Secretly, the United States also agreed that it would dismantle all U.S.-built Jupiter MRBMs, which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well. \n Shortly before his speech, Kennedy called former President Dwight Eisenhower. Kennedy's conversation with the former President also revealed that the two were conspiring during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The two also anticipated that Khruschev would respond to the Western world in a matter that was similar to his response during the Suez Crisis and would possibly wind up trading off Berlin. \n Therefore, Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs and IRBMs). The missiles could hit American allies and most of Alaska from Soviet territory but not the Contiguous United States. Graham Allison, the director of Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, points out, \"The Soviet Union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil. In order to meet the threat it faced in 1962, 1963, and 1964, it had very few options. Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one.\" \n The enormity of how close the world came to thermonuclear war impelled Krushchev to propose a far-reaching easing of tensions with the US. In a letter to President Kennedy dated October 30, 1962, Krushchev outlined a range of bold initiatives to forestall the possibility of a further nuclear crisis, including proposing a non-aggression treaty between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact or even the disbanding these military blocs, a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and even the elimination of all nuclear weapons, resolution of the hot-button issue of Germany by both East and West formally accepting the existence of West Germany and East Germany, and US recognition of the government of mainland China. The letter invited counter-proposals and further exploration of these and other issues through peaceful negotiations. Krushschev invited Norman Cousins, the editor of a major US periodical and an anti-nuclear weapons activist, to serve as liaison with President Kennedy, and Cousins met with Krushchev for four hours in December 1962. \n The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously agreed that a full-scale attack and invasion was the only solution. They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba. Kennedy was skeptical:\n On Saturday, October 27, after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy's cabinet, Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy, the former on the border of the Soviet Union, in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba. There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement. Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was, and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey. \n Additionally, placing nuclear missiles on Cuba was a way for the USSR to show their support for Cuba and support the people in Cuba whose rights were taken away by the United States, as the latter had become their ally after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. According to Khrushchev, the Soviet Union's motives were \"aimed at allowing Cuba to live peacefully and develop as its people desire\". \n Kennedy's planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser Schlesinger Jr. in a \"Memorandum for the President\" describing the \"Post Mortem on Cuba.\" \n Khrushchev knew he was losing control. President Kennedy had been told in early 1961 that a nuclear war would likely kill a third of humanity, with most or all of those deaths concentrated in the US, the USSR, Europe and China; Khrushchev may well have received similar reports from his military. \n By October 22, Tactical Air Command (TAC) had 511 fighters plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft deployed to face Cuba on one-hour alert status. However, TAC and the Military Air Transport Service had problems. The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons, which faced critical undermanning in security, armaments, and communications; the absence of initial authorization for war-reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge; and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call-up of 24 Reserve squadrons. \n The US had no plan in place because its intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba. The EXCOMM quickly discussed several possible courses of action:\n Two Operational Plans (OPLAN) were considered. OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units, supported by the Navy following Air Force and naval airstrikes. However, Army units in the US would have had trouble fielding mechanized and logistical assets, and the US Navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armored contingent from the Army. \n At 12:12 am EDT, on October 27, the US informed its NATO allies that \"the situation is growing shorter ... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary.\" To add to the concern, at 6:00 am, the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action.",
"At 12:12 am EDT, on October 27, the US informed its NATO allies that \"the situation is growing shorter ... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary.\" To add to the concern, at 6:00 am, the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action. \n As the meeting progressed, a new plan emerged, and Kennedy was slowly persuaded. The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev's earlier one. Kennedy was initially hesitant, feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had been offered, but Llewellyn Thompson argued that it was still possible. White House Special Counsel and Adviser Ted Sorensen and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later, with a draft letter to that effect. The President made several changes, had it typed, and sent it. \n Schlesinger, a historian and adviser to Kennedy, told National Public Radio in an interview on October 16, 2002 that Castro did not want the missiles, but Khrushchev pressured Castro to accept them. Castro was not completely happy with the idea, but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them, both to protect Cuba against US attack and to aid the Soviet Union. Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn, Castro was more angry with Khrushchev than with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them. Although Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev, he planned on striking the US with remaining missiles if an invasion of the island occurred. \n Historian William Cohn argued in a 1976 article that television programs are typically the main source used by the American public to know about and interpret the past. According to Cold War historian Andrei Kozovoi, the Soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a coherent popular history. Khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story. Cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic David against the American Goliath. One contradiction that pervaded the Soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasizes the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare Soviets for war against American aggression. \n At 7:15 am EDT on October 25, USS Essex and USS Gearing attempted to intercept Bucharest but failed to do so. Fairly certain that the tanker did not contain any military material, the US allowed it through the blockade. Later that day, at 5:43 pm, the commander of the blockade effort ordered the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. to intercept and board the Lebanese freighter Marucla. That took place the next day, and Marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked. \n On October 25 at 1:45 am EDT, Kennedy responded to Khrushchev's telegram by stating that the US was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba, and when the assurances proved to be false, the deployment \"required the responses I have announced ... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation.\" \n \\-- Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, October 26, 1962 \n In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to Cuba's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion. An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer. \n When Kennedy ran for president in 1960, one of his key election issues was an alleged \"missile gap\" with the Soviets leading. In fact, the US led the Soviets by a wide margin that would only increase. In 1961, the Soviets had only four intercontinental ballistic missiles (R-7 Semyorka). By October 1962, they may have had a few dozen, with some intelligence estimates as high as 75. \n The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power, both political and military. The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance, but McNamara disagreed. An extra 40, he reasoned, would make little difference to the overall strategic balance. The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads, but the Soviet Union had only 300. McNamara concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance. In 1990, he reiterated that \"it made no difference ... The military balance wasn't changed. I didn't believe it then, and I don't believe it now.\" \n At 1:00 pm EDT on October 26, John A. Scali of ABC News had lunch with Aleksandr Fomin, the cover name of Alexander Feklisov, the KGB station chief in Washington, at Fomin's request. Following the instructions of the Politburo of the CPSU, Fomin noted, \"War seems about to break out.\" He asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his \"high-level friends\" at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution. He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would avoid invading Cuba. The US responded by asking the Brazilian government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be \"unlikely to invade\" if the missiles were removed. \n Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the Soviets were building missiles \"like sausages\" but Soviet missiles' numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertions. The Soviet Union had medium-range ballistic missiles in quantity, about 700 of them, but they were very unreliable and inaccurate. The US had a considerable advantage in total number of nuclear warheads (27,000 against 3,600) and in the technology required for their accurate delivery. \n At 4:00 pm EDT, Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the White House and ordered that a message should immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to suspend work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out. During the meeting, General Maxwell Taylor delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down. Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon, but he decided to not act unless another attack was made. Forty years later, McNamara said:\n We had to send a U-2 over to gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet missiles were becoming operational. We believed that if the U-2 was shot down that–the Cubans didn't have capabilities to shoot it down, the Soviets did–we believed if it was shot down, it would be shot down by a Soviet surface-to-air-missile unit, and that it would represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the conflict. And therefore, before we sent the U-2 out, we agreed that if it was shot down we wouldn't meet, we'd simply attack. It was shot down on Friday ... Fortunately, we changed our mind, we thought \"Well, it might have been an accident, we won't attack.\" Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did:we send over the U-2, if it was shot down, he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation. And therefore, he issued orders to Pliyev, the Soviet commander in Cuba, to instruct all of his batteries not to shoot down the U-2.",
"The United States had been sending U-2 surveillance over Cuba since the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion. The first issue that led to a pause in reconnaissance flights took place on August 30, when a U-2 operated by the U.S. Air Force's Strategic Air Command flew over Sakhalin Island in the Soviet Far East by mistake. The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized. Nine days later, a Taiwanese-operated U-2 was lost over western China to an SA-2 surface-to-air missile. US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2, initiating another international incident. In a meeting with members of the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance (COMOR) on September 10, Secretary of State Dean Rusk and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy heavily restricted further U-2 flights over Cuban airspace. The resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the \"Photo Gap.\" No significant U-2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island. US officials attempted to use a Corona photoreconnaissance satellite to obtain coverage over reported Soviet military deployments, but imagery acquired over western Cuba by a Corona KH-4 mission on October 1 was heavily covered by clouds and haze and failed to provide any usable intelligence. At the end of September, Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet ship Kasimov, with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il-28 light bomber fuselages. \n Khrushchev's fall from power two years later was in part because of the Soviet Politburo's embarrassment at both Khrushchev's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place. According to Dobrynin, the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as \"a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation.\" \n The U.S., on the other hand, had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more. It also had eight George Washington-and Ethan Allen-class ballistic missile submarines, with the capability to launch 16 Polaris missiles, each with a range of 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km). \n On October 22 at 7:00 pm EDT, Kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles. He noted:\n The next morning, October 26, Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba. However, he was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure. He agreed and ordered the low-level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours. He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead. \n That evening, the CIA notified the Department of State and at 8:30 pm EDT, Bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the President. McNamara was briefed at midnight. The next morning, Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA's analysis of the images. At 6:30 pm EDT, Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisors, in a group he formally named the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOMM) after the fact on October 22 by the National Security Action Memorandum 196. Without informing the members of EXCOMM, President Kennedy tape recorded all of their proceedings, and Sheldon M. Stern, head of the Kennedy library transcribed some of them. \n The executive committee continued to meet through the day. \n At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved, nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy-Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them. However, the Soviets changed their minds, fearing possible future Cuban militant steps, and on November 22, 1962, Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union Anastas Mikoyan told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well. \n Robert F. Kennedy described the letter as \"very long and emotional.\" Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to Scali earlier in the day:\"I propose:we, for our part, will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments. You will declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba. Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear.\" At 6:45 pm EDT, news of Fomin's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a \"set up\" for the arrival of Khrushchev's letter. The letter was then considered official and accurate although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing. Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night. \n This initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the Organization of American States and the Rio Treaty. Such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport. The action was to be backed up by surveillance of Cuba. The CNO's scenario was followed closely in later implementing the \"quarantine.\" \n Direct aggression against Cuba would mean nuclear war. The Americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact. I have no doubt they would lose such a war. \n The Cuban leadership was further upset when in September, the U.S. Congress approved Joint Resolution 230, which expressed Congress's resolve to prevent the creation of an externally-supported military establishment. On the same day, the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean, PHIBRIGLEX-62, which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba. \n Latin American participation in the quarantine now involved two Argentine destroyers which were to report to the U.S. Commander South Atlantic (COMSOLANT) at Trinidad on November 9. An Argentine submarine and a Marine battalion with lift were available if required. In addition, two Venezuelan destroyers (Destroyers ARV D-11 Nueva Esparta\" and \"ARV D-21 Zulia\") and one submarine (Caribe) had reported to COMSOLANT, ready for sea by November 2. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago offered the use of Chaguaramas Naval Base to warships of any OAS nation for the duration of the \"quarantine.\" The Dominican Republic had made available one escort ship. Colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the U.S. to discuss this assistance. The Argentine Air Force informally offered three SA-16 aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the \"quarantine\" operation. \n Only five reports bothered the analysts. They described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas-covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering. Defensive missiles could turn. The reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed. \n By May, Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba. Like Castro, Khrushchev felt that a U.S. invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists, especially in Latin America. He said he wanted to confront the Americans \"with more than words ... the logical answer was missiles.\" The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy, writing their plans longhand, which were approved by Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7.",
"By May, Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba. Like Castro, Khrushchev felt that a U.S. invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists, especially in Latin America. He said he wanted to confront the Americans \"with more than words ... the logical answer was missiles.\" The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy, writing their plans longhand, which were approved by Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7. \n I consider my letter to you of October twenty-seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out ... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows:it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders, its sovereignty, that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs, not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba, and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba, either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba. \n | This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---|---\n Kennedy immediately responded, issuing a statement calling the letter \"an important and constructive contribution to peace.\" He continued this with a formal letter:\n On October 18, Kennedy met with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs, Andrei Gromyko, who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only. Not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the American public, Kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup. \n While the meeting progressed, at 11:03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev. The message stated, in part:\n Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume \"a clear line\" to conquer Berlin. Kennedy also believed that US allies would think of the country as \"trigger-happy cowboys\" who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation. \n | Wikisource has original text related to this article:Cuban Missile Crisis \n---|---\n It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union. \n Anastas Mikoyan was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union. While in Havana, Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro, who was convinced that Moscow had made the agreement with the US at the expense of Cuba's defense. Mikoyan, on his own initiative, decided that Castro and his military not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima-sized bombs under any circumstances. He defused the seemingly intractable situation, which risked re-escalating the crisis, on November 22, 1962. During a tense, four-hour meeting, Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow's desire to help, it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law, which did not actually exist, to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent. Castro was forced to give way and, much to the relief of Khrushchev and the rest of the Soviet government, the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962. \n Cuban Missile Crisis \n--- \nPart of the Cold War \n| Date | October 16–28, 1962 (naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20) \n---|--- \nLocation | Cuba \nResult |",
"* Withdrawal of the Soviet Union's nuclear missiles from Cuba \n * Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy \n * Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation \n * Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union \n\n \nBelligerents \nSoviet Union Cuba Supported by:Warsaw Pact | United States Italy Turkey Supported by:NATO \nCommanders and leaders \n \n * Nikita Khrushchev \n * Anastas Mikoyan \n * Rodion Malinovsky \n * Issa Pliyev \n * Georgy Abashvili \n * Fidel Castro \n * Raúl Castro \n * Che Guevara \n\n| \n\n * John F. Kennedy \n * Robert McNamara \n * Maxwell D. Taylor \n * Curtis LeMay \n * George Whelan Anderson Jr. \n * Robert F. Kennedy \n * Amintore Fanfani \n * Giulio Andreotti \n * Cemal Gürsel",
"Casualties and losses \n64 Soviet citizens dead (statistics of the MoD of the RF for 1962–1964) | 1 U-2 spy aircraft lost 1 aircraft damaged 1 killed \n From the very beginning, the Soviets' operation entailed elaborate denial and deception, known as \"maskirovka\". All the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy, with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission. Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and being outfitted with ski boots, fleece-lined parkas, and other winter equipment. The Soviet codename was Operation Anadyr. The Anadyr River flows into the Bering Sea, and Anadyr is also the capital of Chukotsky District and a bomber base in the far eastern region. All the measures were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences. \n When the reconnaissance missions were reauthorized on October 9, poor weather kept the planes from flying. The U.S. first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on October 14, when a U-2 flight piloted by Major Richard Heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by DIA analysts, capturing images of what turned out to be an SS-4 construction site at San Cristóbal, Pinar del Río Province (now in Artemisa Province), in western Cuba. \n The EXCOMM agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance. Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that \"if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States ... the United States would act.\" Also, credibility among US allies and people would be damaged if the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic balance by placing missiles in Cuba. Kennedy explained after the crisis that \"it would have politically changed the balance of power. It would have appeared to, and appearances contribute to reality.\" \n In early 1992, it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had, when the crisis broke, already received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and Il-28 bombers. Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite Cuba being destroyed. \n \"You are disturbed over Cuba. You say that this disturbs you because it is ninety-nine miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America. But ... you have placed destructive missile weapons, which you call offensive, in Italy and Turkey, literally next to us ... I therefore make this proposal:We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive ... Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States ... will remove its analogous means from Turkey ... and after that, persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfillment of the pledges made.\" \n The US continued the blockade; in the following days, aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems. The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships. On November 2, 1962, Kennedy addressed the US via radio and television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R-12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region. The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9. The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line. Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet IL-28 bombers, and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on December 5 and 6. Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the IL-28s, the US government announced the end of the blockade from 6:45 pm EST on November 20, 1962. \n Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets, as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev. Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba, such as the status of the US Naval Base in Guantánamo, were not addressed. That caused Cuban–Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come. On the other hand, Cuba continued to be protected from invasion. \n As early as August 1962, the U.S. suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba. During that month, its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian-built MiG-21 fighters and Il-28 light bombers. U-2 spyplanes found S-75 Dvina (NATO designation SA-2) surface-to-air missile sites at eight different locations. CIA director John A. McCone was suspicious. Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba, he reasoned, \"made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States.\" On August 10, he wrote a memo to Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba. \n At Rusk's request, Fomin and Scali met again. Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different, and Fomin claimed it was because of \"poor communications.\" Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a \"stinking double cross.\" He went on to claim that an invasion was only hours away, and Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly and urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended. Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him, but he agreed to deliver the message. The two went their separate ways, and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM. \n On October 19, the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options, and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM shifted to the blockade option. However, reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as the October 21, the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect, the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles. Consequently, the US could find itself bombing operational missiles if blockade failed to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island. \n After the EXCOMM meeting, a smaller meeting continued in the Oval Office. The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn, military action would be used to remove them. Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey, but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed \"voluntarily\" in the immediate aftermath. The President agreed, and the message was sent. \n The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis of 1962 (Spanish:Crisis de Octubre), the Caribbean Crisis (Russian:Карибский кризис, tr. Karibsky krizis, IPA:( kɐˈrjipskjɪj ˈkrjizjɪs) ), or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day (October 16–28, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war. \n On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental, unauthorized ninety-minute overflight of the Soviet Union's far eastern coast. The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from Wrangel Island; in turn, the Americans launched F-102 fighters armed with nuclear air-to-air missiles over the Bering Sea.",
"On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental, unauthorized ninety-minute overflight of the Soviet Union's far eastern coast. The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from Wrangel Island; in turn, the Americans launched F-102 fighters armed with nuclear air-to-air missiles over the Bering Sea. \n At 5:00 pm EDT on October 25, William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on. That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all. In response, Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199, authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of SACEUR, which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union. During the day, the Soviets responded to the blockade by turning back 14 ships that were presumably carrying offensive weapons. \n At this point, Khrushchev knew things the US did not:First, that the shooting down of the U-2 by a Soviet missile violated direct orders from Moscow, and Cuban antiaircraft fire against other US reconnaissance aircraft also violated direct orders from Khrushchev to Castro. Second, the Soviets already had 162 nuclear warheads on Cuba that the US did not then believe were there. Third, the Soviets and Cubans on the island would almost certainly have responded to an invasion by using those nuclear weapons, even though Castro believed that every human in Cuba would likely die as a result. Khrushchev also knew but may not have considered the fact that he had submarines armed with nuclear weapons that the US Navy may not have known about. (See the section above on \"Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons\".)"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Revolution Tour The Chevy Revolution Tour is a snowboarding competition series created in 2005 by U.S. Snowboarding to bridge the gap between grassroots level and elite snowboarding competitions. The sole purpose of the Chevy Revolution Tour is to help young riders make the jump to elite level competition and to progress the sport of snowboarding Featuring halfpipe, slopestyle and snowboardcross the tour, which is hosted annually by top resorts across the country, is the main vein for qualification into the Chevy U.S. Snowboarding Grand Prix series. Competition is open to all riders 13 and older for halfpipe and slopestyle and 15 and older for SBX events. In addition to the Chevy U.S. Snowboarding Grand Prix, the Chevy Revolution Tour also serves as a qualifier for the US Open, FIS Junior World Snowboarding Championships, USASA Open Class Nationals and the Visa U.S. Snowboarding Cup – a World Cup competition held annually in Lake Placid, NY. Also on the line is $10,000 in prize money, plus the top male and female junior riders receive an invitation to join U.S. Snowboarding's Project Gold Team, an opportunity to train with U.S. Snowboarding at its annual summer camp. Jan. 11–13, 2008 – Spirit Mountain, MN Friday, Jan 11 – Snowboardcross Saturday, Jan 12 – Halfpipe featuring Junior Jam Sunday, Jan 13 – Slopestyle featuring Junior Jam Jan. 20–22, 2008 – Copper Mountain, CO Sunday, Jan 20 – Snowboardcross Monday, Jan 21 – Slopestyle Tuesday, Jan 22 – Halfpipe Jan. 26–27, 2008 – Park City Mountain Resort, UT Saturday, Jan 26 – Halfpipe Sunday, Jan 27 – Slopestyle Feb. 22–24, 2008 – Mt. Hood Meadows, OR Friday, Feb 22 – Snowboardcross Saturday, Feb 23 – Halfpipe Sunday, Feb 24 – Slopestyle Feb 29 – March 2, 2008 – Sno Mountain, PA Friday, Feb 29, – Snowboardcross Saturday, March 1 – Halfpipe Sunday, March 2 – Slopestyle Revolution Tour The Chevy Revolution Tour is a snowboarding competition series created in 2005 by U.S. Snowboarding to bridge the gap between grassroots level and elite snowboarding competitions. The sole purpose of the Chevy Revolution Tour is to help young riders make the jump to elite level competition and to progress the sport of snowboarding Featuring halfpipe, slopestyle and snowboardcross the tour, which is hosted annually by top resorts across the country, is the main vein for qualification into the Chevy U.S. Snowboarding Grand Prix series. Competition is open to"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Unger, West Virginia Unger is an unincorporated community in southern Morgan County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Unger is distinguished amongst other towns in Morgan County for retaining an operating post office since one was established there in 1853. From 1857 to 1935, it was known as Unger's Store until March 31, 1950 (see image) its name was then shortened to Unger on April 1, 1950 (see image). Unger is located at the crossroads of Winchester Grade Road (West Virginia Secondary Route 13) and Unger's Store Road (West Virginia Secondary Route 11). As of 2008 or earlier, the post office at Unger has been closed (the Berkeley Springs post office serves Unger). Unger does, however, boast The Farnham Colossi at Unger: http://www.roadsideamerica.com/tip/3699 and the former Unger's Store still sells produce on the porch in season. On the ground, the road is marked Unger's Store Road eastbound, (Big Oak Tree Road westbound) intersecting with Timber Ridge Road at a large oak tree. However, GPS systems and internet mapping sites often call what is locally known and posted as Unger's Store Road \"Blue Rock\" or \"Blue Roack\" road. There are no signs on the ground with these designations. Unger, West"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"James Kwak James Kwak is a Professor of Law at the University of Connecticut School of Law, best known as co-founder, with Simon Johnson, in September 2008, of the economics blog \"The Baseline Scenario\", a commentary on developments in the global economy, law, and public policy, mostly focused on the situation in the USA. Kwak received his A.B. \"magna cum laude\" in 1990 from Harvard University and his Ph.D. on French intellectual history in 1997 from the University of California, Berkeley (1997). While he frequently writes about the subject, Kwak holds no degrees in economics. He justifies this by stating that economics education below the PhD level is misleading. Kwak has worked as a consultant for McKinsey & Company and later was Director of Product Marketing at Ariba, where he led product strategy and marketing for the Platform Solutions division and the Ariba Network. He was a co-founder of Guidewire Software, an independent software vendor for the property and casualty insurance industry. After receiving his JD from Yale in 2011 he joined the faculty of the University of Connecticut School of Law in August 2011. He wrote the 2017 book \"Economism: Bad Economics and the Rise of Inequality (\"). He co-wrote, with Simon Johnson, the 2010 book \"\" () and the 2012 book \"White House Burning: The Founding Fathers, Our National Debt, and Why It Matters to You\" (). He is also an online columnist for \"The Atlantic\". James Kwak James Kwak is a Professor of Law at the University of Connecticut School of Law, best known as co-founder, with Simon Johnson, in September 2008, of the economics blog \"The Baseline Scenario\", a commentary on developments in the global economy, law, and public policy, mostly focused on the situation in the USA. Kwak received his A.B. \"magna cum laude\" in"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"COSMIC functional size measurement COSMIC Functional Size Measurement is a method to measure a standard functional size of a piece of software COSMIC may also refer to the Common Software Measurement International Consortium, a voluntary organization that has developed the method and is still expanding its use to more software domains. The COSMIC method defines the principles, rules and a process for measuring a standard functional size of a piece of software. Functional size is a measure of the amount of functionality provided by the software, completely independent of any technical or quality considerations. The generic principles of functional size are described in the ISO/IEC 14143 <ref name=\"ISO/IEC 14143\"></ref> standard. This method is also an International Standard by itself. The COSMIC standard is the first \"second generation\" implementation of the ISO/IEC 14143 standard. There are also four \"first generation\" implementations: The COSMIC method may be used to size software that is dominated by functionality to maintain data, rather than software that predominantly manipulates data. The method can be used in a wide variety of domains, like business applications, real-time software, mobile apps, infrastructure software and operating systems. The method translates the Functional User Requirements of the software to four types of base functional components: A public domain version of the COSMIC Measurement Manual and other technical reports, including translations into other languages can be found at the Knowledge base of www.cosmic-sizing.org. The foundation of the method is the ISO/IEC 19761 standard, which contains the definitions and basic principles of the method. The detailed guidelines of the method are laid down in a Measurement Manual that is independent of any software domain. For different domains underlying guidelines are available: To explain the use of the method a number of case studies have been developed: The COSMIC organization commenced its work in 1998. Legally COSMIC is an incorporated not for profit organization under Canadian law. The organization grew informally to a global community of professionals. COSMIC is an open and democratic organization. The organization relies and will continue to rely on unpaid efforts by volunteers, who work on various aspects of the method, based on their professional interest. The first generation Functional Size Measurement methods consisted of rules that are based on empirical results. Some define their own terminology, which may have overlap with other terms in software engineering. They work well for the software domains the rules were designed for, but for other domains, the rules need to be altered or extended. Key elements of a second generation Functional Size Measurement method are: The COSMIC method is based on principles rather than rules that are domain independent. The principles of the method are based on fundamental software engineering principles, which have been subsequently tested in practice. COSMIC functional size measurement COSMIC Functional Size Measurement is a method to measure a standard functional size of a piece of software COSMIC may also refer to the Common Software Measurement International Consortium, a voluntary organization that has developed the method and is still expanding"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Royalist attack on Chaves The attack on Chaves, which occurred on July 8, 1912, was a military action performed by supporters of the monarchy of Portugal in opposition to the Portuguese First Republic, which had been proclaimed two years prior. The attack was led by Henrique Paiva Couceiro, who had campaigned in Africa and who had become the leader of the royalists. The royalists had been discreetly armed by the Spanish king, Alfonso XIII, and had concentrated their forces in Galicia. The attack ended with a defeat for the royalist forces. Couceiro had undertaken a first incursion in 1911 with about 1,000 men, who had formed in groups of 60-70 men. They had left the town of Verín, 12 kilometers from the northern border with Spain, and had marched towards the border. Most of the men were from the region of Trás-os-Montes and were from a diverse array of social classes and skills. There were more than 100 priests in the group. In terms of military equipment, there were only 400 ancient rifles, a few Winchester rifles, and Mauser Pocket Pistols adapted to rifles, to which were added a score of semi-automatic pistols, daggers, and swords. The 1,000 men had crossed the border after a long march in the mountainous region between Bragança and Vinhais, near the present-day Montesinhos National Park. The republican garrison in Bragança had waited for an attack that never came. This is because the royalists had changed their plans and now marched on Vinhais, which had a smaller garrison of men—only eighty infantry, cavalry and border guards. These forces from Vinhais had left the small town and had concentrated on a hill nearby. Negotiations were begun but the military commander of Vinhais refused to join or to surrender. He gave Paiva Couceiro two hours to abandon Portuguese territory. Meanwhile, the Vinhais commander had sent messengers to Chaves and Bragança asking for reinforcements. When day came and he saw the large group of royalists camped nearby, he knew that he would have to retreat and he did so. The royalists occupied Vinhais. They hoisted the white-and-blue flag of the monarchy and proclaimed the end of the Republic. Priests of neighboring villages and a band of villagers cheered them on and used the Republican flag for target practice. However, the royalists, who were expecting a general uprising, did not receive the support they were expecting. On the nearby mountain, Republican troops remained and at any moment Republican reinforcements were expected to arrive from Chaves. Thus, the royalists abandoned Vinhais, and headed for the border. The republican garrison from Vinhais had meanwhile retreated towards Chaves, where they had met the troops coming in their support. When they arrived in Vinhais the royalists had already left. Crossing the rugged mountains north of Vinhais, and reduced to about 600 men after desertions, the rebels made their way back into Spain. The companies that still remained formed nine groups, some staying near Xinzo de Limia and Ourense, but the bulk of the column concentrated nearer the border in Verín. After a hard winter in exile the refugees were eager to fight again. In February Paiva Couceiro joined them in Galicia. It was hoped that the towns in the north, now more than ever, would come over to their side. They now had more men and material. The original plan was to cross the mountains of the Barroso, west of Chaves, and link up with followers of a pro-monarchist priest in Cabeceiras de Basto. The army was divided into three groups. One tried to capture the fortress of Valença do Minho across from Spanish Tui. This endeavor ended in resounding defeat and retreat back into Galicia. The second group, of 200 men, was to enter Portugal via Vila Verde da Raia and create a diversion for Couceiro’s larger plan. The third group, composed of 450 men was the main column, commanded by Paiva Couceiro. This larger group crossed the border near a small village called Sendin, north of Montalegre. 23 soldiers and some customs police defended the town. Alerting Chaves to the danger, these men from Sendin retreated to a nearby hill south of the town. Chaves was convinced that Couceiro would attack Montalegre and head south towards Cabeceiras de Basto. The rebels raised camp at dawn and moved east towards Chaves. In Padornelos a few people came out to greet them and offer their allegiance to the king and to the Catholic Church. Vilar de Perdizes was the next village, where the priest knelt to kiss Paiva Couceiro’s feet. Meanwhile, the military commander in Chaves, Augusto Ribeiro de Carvalho, not knowing of Paiva Couceiro’s move across the north, had decided to send the main part of his forces with machine guns towards Montalegre to stop the royalists’ passage to the south. Another group of 100 men was sent to the border to resist a possible incursion from the small group of Royalists that were in Feces, across from Vila Verde. On the morning of July 8 the rebels appeared just outside Chaves. No one had expected this attack, since the last news had the rebels just outside Montalegre. The people of Chaves had not even paid attention to the warnings brought from the customs guards who had fled the northern villages. Chaves then came under attack. Augusto Ribeiro de Carvalho hurried to recall the troops that he had sent out a day earlier; however, he also had local support from the townspeople. 150 civilian volunteers from Chaves, trained briefly months earlier, hurried to help the authorities against the royalists. The regular soldiers numbered around 100. The battle was one of scattered firing with small arms and casualties were light. The rebels could not penetrate the defenses, nor could the garrison venture out to attack them. Meanwhile, the rebel group on the border, in Feces, had remained in its position, until they could hear the sounds of gunfire coming from Chaves. They crossed the border and managed to raise the royalist flag over the customs house. The small detachment of regular troops had meanwhile moved south to take up a better position. This group of rebels, nevertheless, never made it past the border. After a lull in the fighting, the royalists opened fire on the town with their two artillery pieces. The town’s guns had been taken away to defend the road to Montalegre. However, the Chaves forces were supplemented by reinforcing regular forces, who set up their artillery on a hill called Alto da Forca, south of the town, from which they could fire at will on the royalists. The royalists were unable to return fire, and this defeat resulted in a general celebration in Chaves. The streets filled with people, who were crying and laughing in each other’s arms. Paiva Couceiro’s forces suffered 30 dead. It is said that, near the border, a rebel soldier, not hiding his tears and rage, responded to someone who offered him a glass of wine: “Why do I want wine? What I only wanted was the Monarchy in Portugal.” After the final dispersion of his men to Spain, Paiva Couceiro published a manifesto explaining his reasons for the defeat and proclaiming that his struggle was over. In honor of the republican victory, in Lisbon a street was given the name “Defenders of Chaves”, and in Porto another street was given the name “Heroes of Chaves.” Royalist attack on Chaves The attack on Chaves, which occurred on July 8, 1912, was a military action performed by supporters of the monarchy of Portugal in opposition to the Portuguese First Republic, which had been proclaimed two years prior. The attack was led by Henrique Paiva Couceiro, who had campaigned in Africa and who had become the leader of the royalists. The royalists had been discreetly armed by the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Highland Lake, Alabama Highland Lake is a town in Blount County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 412. Highland Lake is located in eastern Blount County at 33°53'3.376\" North, 86°25'19.744\" West (33.884271, -86.422151). The town consists of homes built around Highland Lake, a reservoir on the Blackburn Fork of the Little Warrior River. The lake, at an elevation of above sea level, is in a valley between Blount Mountain to the southeast and Straight Mountain to the northwest. The town is southwest of Oneonta, the county seat, along County Road 29. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town of Highland Lake has a total area of , of which is land and , or 17.97%, is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 408 people, 164 households, and 129 families residing in the town. The population density was 250.5 people per square mile (96.6/km²). There were 226 housing units at an average density of 138.8 per square mile (53.5/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.30% White, 0.25% Black or African American, 1.23% Native American, 0.74% Asian, and 0.49% from two or more races. 0.74% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 164 households out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.0% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.3% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.84. In the town, the population was spread out with 23.3% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 29.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males. The median income for a household in the town was $43,229, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $34,750 versus $28,333 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,829. None of the families and 3.5% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 5.4% of those over 64. Highland Lake, Alabama Highland Lake is a town in Blount County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 412. Highland Lake is located in eastern Blount County at 33°53'3.376\" North, 86°25'19.744\" West (33.884271, -86.422151). The town consists of homes built around Highland Lake, a reservoir on the Blackburn Fork of the Little Warrior River. The lake, at an elevation of above sea level, is in a valley between Blount Mountain to the southeast and Straight Mountain to the northwest. The town is southwest of Oneonta, the county seat, along County"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Jayaram K Udupa Jayaram K Udupa is Chief professor of Radiological Science at Perlman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania. J.K Udupa has been in the medical image science, image processing and physics analysis for medical imaging programing and medical diagnostic procedures for over 30 years. Developing the basic theory, algorithms, and large software systems for image processing, 3D visualization, and image analysis, and in utilizing these in over 15 medical application areas. He is a Professor of Radiological Sciences and the Chief of the Medical Image Processing Group, Department of Radiology, at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. He is known for his major contributions and MIPGs accomplishments in image processing, (\"Fuzzy connectedness and object definition: theory, algorithms, and applications in image segmentation\") and its applications in various fields of science, medicine and engineering. 1982-91 Director, Medical Image Processing Group, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania. 1991- 2016 Chief, Medical Imaging Section, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania. The first to transfer 3D visualization technology to the medical imaging industry. Implemented an early version of the software package DISPLAY82 (developed with a major role played by me at MIPG) on an Independent Physician Display Console (IPDC) of the General Electric (GE) CT Scanners in 1979 and in 1980. This was the earliest attempt to bring to use the 3D visualization technology via medical imaging scanner manufacturers. Subsequently, played a major role in developing software packages called 3D82, 3D83 and 3D98 all designed to run on the GE IPDC. This had a major impact on the industrialization of medical 3D visualization. In 1984 almost all scanner manufacturers and a few other independent vendors entered this field. Since then the field has seen tremendous growth. Subsequently assisted several vendors in their early development of the 3D visualization technology. Some major examples are: Technicare, Thomson CGR, Multiplanar Diagnostic Imaging, and Virtual Imaging. Implemented an early version of DISPLAY82 at the Mayo Clinic (Biodynamics Research Unit) in 1980 and revised again in 1981. This initial effort, which triggered widespread use of 3D in Mayo for research, led to the development of ANALYZE, a package Mayo Clinic has subsequently developed and commercialized. Designed and directed the development of a major software system, called 3DVIEWNIX., that is data-, machine-, and application-independent, for the visualization and analysis of multidimensional multimodality data. MIPG is one of the oldest and longest active research groups in the world and is engaged in research on the processing, visualization, and analysis of medical images and the medical and clinical applications of these computerized methods. It was formed in the Department of Computer Science, (then) State University of New York, Buffalo, in 1976 by Gabor Herman T. Jayaram K. Udupa joined the group in 1978. The whole group moved to University of Pennsylvania, its current home, in 1981. Jayaram K. Udupa was appointed its director in 1991. Medical Image Processing Group MIPG Department of Radiology Goddard Laboratories Philadelphia Jayaram K Udupa Jayaram K Udupa is Chief professor of Radiological Science at Perlman School"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Nalbari Nalbari (Pron: nɔ:lˈbɑ:rɪ) is a town and a municipal board in Nalbari district in the Indian state of Assam. Nalbari town is also the headquarters of Nalbari District. The town is one of many towns covered under proposed 'State Capital Region'. The word Nalbari derived from \"Nal\" and \"Bari\". Nal is variety of reed while Bari is enclosed ground with plantation. The history of Nalbari dates back to many centuries B.C. Arthashastra of Kautilya mentioned import of various economic products from Nalbari. The Suvarnakundya village nearby Nalbari town produced finest silk of Kautilya's times. The area also produced a special perfume among others. The Chandan and Aguru products were highly exported to faraway places including north India. The Western Assam was known as Kamarupa from earlier times to pre-modern period; which existed in harmony with Davaka of central Assam. Kamarupa was divided into Kamarupa Pithas or geographical divisions; Nalbari placed in Kamapitha division. The area congruent to Kamapitha, became Undivided Kamrup district of colonial and post colonial times until 1985, when Nalbari district was carved out. The Nalbari area is important for archeological point, there are various discoveries of copper plate inscriptions of Kamrupi kings from Nalbari. The village Guwakuchi near Nalbari town is one of such archeological sites, where several ancient inscriptions were discovered. In the early part of the twenties a railway station of the Assam-Bengal Railway Company had been established here. As the train started running through, certain traders and businessmen from outside the state came and interacted with the local people. Business transactions were started on the rail station road. The Nalbari M.E. School had been started in the meantime to the Gurdon School site, and it was upgraded into a High School named Gurdon High School in 1917. Both these two events attracted the people to throng to the area which had changed its shape and size. It became a strong business centre with great growth potentials in the whole of the north bank of the river. Migration started in a significant way. Population increased, administrative offices were started gradually and in 1931 it assumed an urban look. In 1941 it was declared as one of the town in Kamrup district with a town committee with a population of 3578. In 1945 the Nalbari College was started in a temporary shed and in 1950 it was shifted to its present site which helped in the growth of the Bidyapur-Shantipur area of the town into a densely populated area. The establishment of the PWD offices on the Palla road, led to the growth of the Gopalbazar area. In 1968 Nalbari was upgraded into a subdivision with headquarters at Nalbari and in 1984 it was made the district headquarters of Nalbari District, all of which led to the upsurge of development process with huge population migration, primarily of local people. Nalbari has subtropical climate, with chilly winters, hot summers and wet monsoons. Educational opportunities in Nalbari are of high quality. It boasts of producing most number of toppers in School level. Nalbari is famous for Sanskrit education and known as \"Nabadeep\" for presence of various Sanskrit education institutions like Kamrup Sanskrit Sanjivani Sabha. First School was set up in Nalbari in the year 1887, which later known as Nalbari Govt Gurdon H.S School. Nalbari College, Nalbari; Nalbari Sanskrit College, Nalbari; Nalbari Commerce College, Nalbari; MNC Balika College, Nalbari; Barbhag College, Kamarkuchi; Baska College, Mashalpur; Barkhetri College, Mukalmua; Tihu College, Tihu; Barama College, Barama; Kamrup College, Chamata; Dhamdhama Anchalik College, Dhamdhama; Gyanpeeth Mahavidyalaya; Nalbari Law College, Nalbari; Sankardev Academy, Nalbari, D.S.R.Academy, Nalbari are some premier colleges of Nalbari. Along with 28 Higher Secondary Schools, 145 High Schools, and 276 ME and MV Schools, Nalbari have massive educational infrastructure. \"Kumar Bhaskar Varma Sanskrit and Ancient Studies University\" named after glorious king of Kamarupa, Bhaskar Varman and \"Planetarium and the Science Centre\" at Sariahtali, added up to this existing system. By road, Nalbari is accessible through National Highway 27 in north and connected to National Highway 427 in south. The Nalbari railway station is within town center, and Guwahati International Airport is at distance of 60 km. Nalbari is part of Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency). Nalbari Nalbari (Pron: nɔ:lˈbɑ:rɪ)"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Versailles restaurant Versailles Restaurant (commonly referred to as simply Versailles), cafeteria, restaurant, and bakery, is a landmark eating establishment located on Calle Ocho (8th St) in Little Havana, Miami. The large restaurant seats 370 people and has ornate etched glass and statuettes and features a bakery, a takeout area, a counter window and the ability to host banquets and parties. Founded by Felipe A. Valls, Sr. (from Santiago de Cuba) in 1971, Versailles is a popular restaurant among local Cuban exiles and tourists for its Cuban cuisine and connection to anti-Castro politics. Versailles is a popular place for Cuban food and social gathering in Miami, serving \"cafecito\", \"cortadito\", Cuban pastries (beef or guava), and \"croquetas\" at a walk-up window. In its main dining room, the restaurant also serves dishes including Moros, palomilla steaks (Cuban minute steak), maduros, tasajo, croquetas de yuca, tamal en cazuela, and milanesa. There is an adjacent bakery, a take-out counter, and ample meeting space. For decades, Versailles has been ground zero for the Cuban-American exile community in South Florida. The restaurant has been a gathering point for anti-Castro protesters and the press wanting to cover their opinions. During Fidel Castro's hospitalization in August 2006, the news media set up a small tent city outside the restaurant in case news would break from the location. Cuban-American politicians, including those from out-of-state like New Jersey Senator Robert Menendez, often hold fundraisers and rallies at the restaurant. Revelers celebrated for hours in front of Versailles when Fidel Castro's death was announced soon after midnight in the early morning hours of November 26, 2016. Versailles restaurant Versailles Restaurant (commonly referred to as simply Versailles), cafeteria, restaurant, and bakery, is a landmark eating establishment located on Calle Ocho (8th St) in Little Havana, Miami. The large restaurant seats 370 people and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"June Ward Gayle June Ward Gayle (February 22, 1865 – August 5, 1942) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky. Born in New Liberty, Kentucky, Gayle attended Concord College, New Liberty, Kentucky, and Georgetown College, Georgetown, Kentucky. Deputy sheriff. He served as member of the Democratic State central committee and of the State executive committee. High sheriff of Owen County 1892-1896. He was an unsuccessful candidate for State auditor in 1899. He engaged in banking and in the tobacco business. Gayle was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Evan E. Settle and served from January 15, 1900, to March 3, 1901. He resumed his former business activities. He died in Owenton, Kentucky, on August 5, 1942. He was interred in New Liberty Cemetery, New Liberty, Kentucky. June Ward Gayle June Ward Gayle (February 22, 1865 – August 5, 1942) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky. Born in New Liberty, Kentucky, Gayle attended Concord College, New Liberty, Kentucky, and Georgetown College, Georgetown, Kentucky. Deputy sheriff. He served as member of the Democratic State central committee and of the State executive committee. High sheriff of Owen County 1892-1896. He was an unsuccessful"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Caspar Wolf Caspar Wolf (Muri, Aargau, 3 May 1735 – Heidelberg, 6 October 1783) was a Swiss painter, known mostly for his dramatic paintings of Alps. He was strongly influenced by Albrecht von Hallers poem on the Alps, and the Sturm und Drang movement. After 1773 Wolf mostly painted glaciers, caves, waterfalls and gorges. Wolf was the son of a furniture maker, who was banned from his city. Wolf was trained in Konstanz, between 1753 and 1759 he worked in Augsburg, Munich, Passau as a decoration painter. Not being able to sell his work he went disappointed back to his home town. For Horben Castle he painted by hand the wallpaper on the first floor. In 1768 Wolf lived in Basel. From 1769 till 1771 he stayed in Paris and worked with Philip James de Loutherbourg. In 1774 he moved to Bern. Wolf made a deal with the local publisher Abraham Wagner who had a geological interest, to deliver 200 paintings. He travelled with Wagner or a minister Jakob Samuel Wyttenbach in Berner Oberland and Wallis. From 1780-1781 he was working in Spa, Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle and Düsseldorf. He died in poor circumstances in a hospital. In 1779 his prints were exhibited in Bern but the book failed to sell. Wagner received help from a Swiss army officer in Dutch service and in 1785 thirty aquatints were published in Amsterdam. Till 1948 ninety of these aquatints were exhibited in Keukenhof Castle, but sold. Today these works can be seen in the Kunsthaus in Aarau. His son Theodor Wolf (1770–1818) was a still life painter. Caspar Wolf Caspar Wolf (Muri, Aargau, 3 May 1735 – Heidelberg, 6 October 1783) was a Swiss painter, known mostly for his dramatic paintings of Alps. He was strongly influenced by Albrecht von Hallers poem on the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Get the Party Started \"Get the Party Started\" is a song by American recording artist Pink, and was the first single from her second album titled \"Missundaztood\" (2001). It became an international hit and reached the top ten in many countries. The song was Pink's biggest-selling song at that time. The track was released on October 9, 2001 to positive reviews. After the release of the single, it was confirmed that Pink would be releasing \"Missundaztood\". The song was composed by former 4 Non Blondes frontwoman, Linda Perry. She said that the process of making the song was \"so unlike me\"; according to her, she was going through a \"weird phase\" during which she wanted to learn how to program drums. She programmed her first beat, picked up a bass guitar, and, in her words, \"did what the beat was asking me to do.\" She decided to put \"every wrong instrument\" in the song, and consequently acquired a horn sample. \"I was doing the music, the melody was already coming to me in what I wanted the song to be,\" she said. She finished the song by including in the song \"every catch phrase you possibly could imagine\", before laughing at the realization that she had written a potential hit single and her first dance song. \"You create something in your bedroom or your house, and it's just a fun thing that you're doing,\" she said. \"Then all of a sudden, you hear that song that you started in your house, and it's on the radio. And people are now acknowledging it. It's just trippy.\" AllMusic highlighted the song and added: \"This record bubbles over with imagination, as hooky pop songs like the title track rub shoulders with glitzy dancefloor anthems like \"Get the Party Started.\" Jim Farber was favorable: \"The single \"Get the Party Started\" has the tricky synth hook of a perfect new-wave hit from the '80s.\" \"NME\" was less positive: \"displays the kind of clod-hopping attention-seeking on single 'Get the Party Started' that makes you assume you're listening to a Geri Halliwell record.\" Jason Thompson described this song and praised: \"the dance inducing “Get the Party Started”. Again, even this isn’t really in the mold of current dance tracks. Instead, it feels more like the kinds of grooves that were coming out in the early Nineties, when alt-rock was influencing the discos as well as the college charts. In fact, it sounds a little like Apollo Smile who had an album out back in ‘91 or so. “Get the Party Started” also echoes the good time vibe that other hits like Deee-Lite’s “Groove Is in the Heart” had that won over many fans. This track should do just the same thing. It did for me, anyway.\" Slant Magazine called this song \"retro-dipped dance-pop.\" Sputnikmusic marked it as a highlight and added: \"It is not all slow and serious going though, as 1st single ‘Get The Party Started’ proves. As the song title suggests, this is the dance-oriented party-starter that the artist’s debut album lacked.\" Stylus Magazine called this song \"near perfection.\" The song reached number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on December 29, 2001, becoming one of Pink's biggest solo hits in the U.S. with \"Most Girls\" also reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2000 and \"So What\", \"Raise Your Glass\", and \"Just Give Me a Reason\" reaching number one in 2008, 2010, and 2013 respectively, and \"Fuckin' Perfect\" that reached number two in America. The single's success was spurred by heavy airplay in the US, which prompted the song to also peak at number four on Billboard's Radio Songs chart. It peaked at number two in the UK, where it was narrowly denied the top spot by the posthumous release of George Harrison's \"My Sweet Lord\". It reached number-one in Australia and number-two in many European countries, most notably Austria, Germany, Italy and Switzerland, being held off from the top position by Shakira's smash hit \"Whenever, Wherever\". \"Get the Party Started\" was certified gold in Australia, Austria, Germany, France, Sweden and Switzerland, and in Norway it received a platinum certification. The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2003 in the category of \"Best Female Pop Vocal Performance\", which it lost to Norah Jones's \"Don't Know Why\". It won the award for \"Favorite Song\" at the Kids' Choice Awards of 2002, and at the MTV Europe Music Awards of 2002, it won the award for \"Best Song\". \"Get the Party Started\" is often considered one of Pink's signature songs as she tends to finish her shows with this song in her encore section along with a ballad song such as \"Nobody Knows\" and \"Glitter In The Air\". In December, the song was listed as number 81 on \"Rolling Stone\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Top Songs of the 2000s. The music video was shot by director Dave Meyers in Los Angeles in late September 2001. At 1 minute and 46 seconds into the video, an American Flag is shown, a nod to the September 11 attacks just days earlier. The video uses an abbreviated version of the song, cutting out the last chorus, and also cutting out the instrumentals. The song's composer, Linda Perry, is seen as a bartender. In the video, Pink is getting ready to go out, trying on different outfits. One of her friends picks her up, and they drive in a car bobbing their heads to the music. However, the car runs out of fuel, so they get out and steal two skateboards from two boys. Pink falls off her skateboard because men in a car are whistling at her. The women arrive at the club but are refused entry, so to get in they use a scaffold to reach the top of the building. Inside the club, Pink changes her clothes and starts to party; in the end Pink dances with two other dancers (Kevin Federline and Georvohn Lambert). The video was nominated at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards for \"Best Pop Video\" and won the awards for \"Best Female Video\" and \"Best Dance Video\". Pink teamed up with Redman and Rockwilder for a remix of \"Get the Party Started\", using elements of the Eurythmics song \"Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)\". The remix was released as a single only in France, where it reached number four and was certified gold. Pink performed the remix during her I'm Not Dead Tour in 2006 and 2007. The remix was also featured on the 9th installment of the U.S. version of the \"Now That's What I Call Music!\" series. Shirley Bassey recorded a cover for a spy-themed 2006 Marks & Spencer Christmas television advertising campaign. Her version became a cult hit and was included on her 2007 album, also titled \"Get the Party Started\". \"The Guardian\" wrote, \"Bassey is the only singer alive who could take the bouncing, enthusiastic R&B of the original Get the Party Started and turn it into a grand, imperious swoop worthy of a Bond theme; it's a terrific cover version, even if it perhaps didn't quite merit the album attached to it.\" On 13 January 2008, Bassey's version was used in the opening sequence to the ITV1 series \"Dancing on Ice\". It was also used in the promo for Cycle 4 of \"Australia's Next Top Model\", and Bassey's version charted at number 47 in the UK and ended at the Billboard Year-End Charts at number forty-three in the Hot Dance Club Plays Tracks of the year, having peaked at number 3 in April 2008. The track was used again in 2010 for the opening credits of the spy-spoof movie \"\". The track was also used for 2015 commercial of Honda Stepwgn. UK CD single US Digital single Get the Party Started \"Get the Party Started\" is"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Gran Hermano (Argentinian TV series) Gran Hermano is a reality television program produced by Endemol hosted by Jorge Rial, taking over Soledad Silveyra after hosting the first three seasons. It's Argentina's version of the Big Brother franchise on Telefe. It first aired on March 10, 2001. It has had nine editions and one VIP/Celebrity season. The eighth regular edition started on April 22, 2015 after a three-year break, also in its new home América TV. Regular season Celebrity season Start Date: 10 March 2001<br> End Date: 30 June 2001<br> Duration: 112 days<br> Prize Money: $121,200 Housemates nominated for 2 and 1 points, shown in descending order in the nomination box. The two or more housemates with the most nomination points faced the public vote. Start Date: 4 August 2001<br> End Date: 1 December 2001<br> Duration: 120 days Start Date: 15 October 2002<br> End Date: 16 February 2003<br> Duration: 125 days In this series, for the first six rounds of nominations each Housemate nominates three other Housemates for eviction. The first Housemate nominated receives 2 points while the second and third nominated Housemates receives 1 point each. For the last two rounds of nominations each Housemate nominates two other Housemates for eviction. The first Housemate receives 2 points and the second Housemate receives 1 point. The Housemates with the most points face the public vote. Start Date: 9 January 2007<br> End Date: 7 May 2007 (Extended from 19 April 2007, 101 days due to high ratings)<br> Duration: 119 days<br> Prize Money: $100,000 In this series, the first person to go to the diary room to nominate has the option to allocate 3 points and 2 points to their nominees. This is called the \"Special Nomination\" and must be used before nominations start. All other housemates can assign 2 points and 1 point to their nominees. The first housemate listed received the most points and the second housemate listed received the least points.<br> Start Date: 8 August 2007 - 2 December 2007 (Days: 116) In this series, the first person to go to the diary room to nominate has the option to allocate 3 points and 2 points to their nominees. This is called the \"Special Nomination\" and must be used before nominations start. All other housemates can assign 2 points and 1 point to their nominees. The first housemate listed received the most points and the second housemate listed received the least points. \"Gran Hermano Argentina\" (season 6) \"Gran Hermano Argentina\" (season 7) \"Gran Hermano Argentina\" (season 8) \"Gran Hermano Argentina\" (season 9) Gran Hermano (Argentinian TV series) Gran Hermano is a reality television program produced by Endemol hosted by Jorge Rial, taking over Soledad Silveyra after hosting the first three seasons. It's Argentina's version of the Big Brother franchise on Telefe. It first aired on March 10, 2001. It has had nine editions and one VIP/Celebrity season. The eighth regular edition started on April 22, 2015 after a three-year break, also in its new home América TV. Regular season Celebrity"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Bindass Bindass is a Hindi entertainment channel in India targeted at Indian youth. It was launched on 24 September 2007 under CEO Zarina Mehta. UTV Software Communications launched Bindass as a youth oriented Entertainment channel on 24 September 2007 along with a movies channel Bindass Movies (which was later rebranded as UTV Action). Initial programming consisted of a sitcoms \"Sun Yaar Chill Maar\" and \"Lagegi\", Action series \"Shakira - The End of Evil\", magic show \"3rd Degree with Ugesh Sarcar\" and six international shows \"The Benny Hill Show\", \"Japanese Pro Wrestling Show, Gotcha, Motorrad Cops, Whacked Out Sports and Challenges of Fire. In February 2010, Bindass launched a new campaign titled \"What I Am\" which aimed at speaking for the youth of India, and dispel popular misconceptions about their attitude towards responsibilities. The Walt Disney Company acquired UTV in 2012 and \"Bindass\" along with other UTV channels became part of Disney Media Networks India. The channel launched \"Halla Bol\" in 2014, first show under the new brand campaign. The show showcased stories inspired by various real life instances and celebrates the victories of women who stood their ground to emerge as heroes. The show was hosted by television actor Karan Tacker. In 2016 Disney Media Networks India started producing Web television series which will be simulcast on Bindass as well digital platforms like Facebook and Youtube. The first series under this multi-platform strategy was \"The Girl in the City\" which was followed by \"The Trip\", \"Girl in the City Chapter 2\", \"Dil Buffering\" and \"Tere Liye Bro\". In 2017 Disney India closed Bindass Play, a music channel and its content was merged with Bindass. On 13 January 2008, Bindass presented a two-hour live concert starring popular Bollywood star Shahrukh Khan at MMRDA Grounds, Mumbai. The entourage included stars Priyanka Chopra, Dia Mirza, Rakhi Sawant and Dino Morea. The concert was hosted by Sajid Khan, and choreographed by Ganesh Hegde. Prior to the contest Bindass organized a nationwide contest called \"Dance with SRK\", where the lucky winners would get to dance with Shah Rukh Khan on stage. Through a lucky dip, three winners, Andrew from Kolkatta, Richa from Lucknow and 9 year old Vidhi from Mumbai, were chosen. The concert was telecast on Bindass on 26 January 2008 on Indian Republic Day. Bindass Bindass is a Hindi entertainment channel in India targeted at Indian youth. It was launched on 24 September"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Punctuated snake-eel The Punctuated snake-eel (Ophichthus remiger, also known as the Common snake eel in Peru) is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by Achille Valenciennes in 1837, originally under the genus \"Ophisurus\". It is a marine, subtropical eel which is known from the eastern central and southeastern Pacific Ocean, including Nicaragua, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama. It dwells at a depth range of , and inhabits sand and mud sediments. Males can reach a maximum total length of , but more commonly reach a TL of . The species epithet \"\"remniger\"\" refers to the type locality, Port Rame, in Chile. The Punctuated snake-eel's diet consists of fish and invertebrates. It is of commercial interest to Ecuadorian and Peruvian fisheries. Due to its wide distribution, lack of known major threats, and lack of observed population decline, the IUCN redlist currently lists the Punctuated snake-eel as Least Concern. Punctuated snake-eel The Punctuated snake-eel (Ophichthus remiger, also known as the Common snake eel in Peru) is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by Achille Valenciennes in 1837, originally under the genus \"Ophisurus\". It is a marine, subtropical eel which"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Salicylate testing Salicylate testing is a category of drug testing that is focused on detecting salicylates such as acetysalicylic acid for either biochemical or medical purposes. Salicylates can be identified by GC/MS, proton NMR, and IR. One of the first \"in vitro\" tests for aspirin was through the Trinder reaction. Aqueous ferric chloride was added to a urine sample, and the formation of the iron complex turned the solution purple. This test was not specific to acetylsalicylic acid but would occur in the presence of any phenol or enol. The downfall of this test occurs in the presence of hyperbilirubinemia or elevated bilirubin. When the level of bilirubin exceeds 1 mg/dl, a false positive could occur. The current \"in vitro\" testing utilizes molecule specific methods of detecting salicylates. Another identification mechanism is through immunoassay. Abbott Labs' AxSYM is an immunoassay device utilizing Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) technology that can determine the presence and quantify salicylates. The introduction of a salicylate specific antigen labeled with fluorescein into the sample will mark the sample. Upon irradiation with 490nm light, some of that light will be reflected back to a detector at 520nm. Polarization allows the machine to detect the difference between antibody bound, and unbound fluorescein. It is therefore possible to quantify the serum salicylate level through the signal strength—the amount of reflected light received. Salicylate testing Salicylate testing is a category of drug testing that is focused on detecting salicylates such as acetysalicylic acid for either biochemical or medical purposes. Salicylates can be identified by GC/MS, proton NMR, and IR. One of the first \"in vitro\" tests for aspirin was through the Trinder reaction. Aqueous ferric chloride was added to a urine sample, and the formation of the iron complex turned the solution purple. This test was not specific to acetylsalicylic"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Mariama Signaté Mariama Camara Signaté (born 22 July 1985 in Dakar, Senegal) is a French handball player who last played for Hungarian top division club Érdi VSE and for the French national team. Her playing position is left back. Signaté's former clubs include Toulon, where she played from 1990 to 2003, Le Havre, of which she was part from 2003 to 2005, and Fleury les Aubrais (2005–2008). In 2008, she switched to HBC Nîmes with that she reached the final of the French League Cup in her first season. A year later won the 2008–2009 edition of the EHF Challenge Cup ahead of German club Thüringer HC. In the summer 2010 she transferred to Danish side Aalborg DH, just to return to France a year later, joining Issy-Paris HB. During her time in Issy-Paris, Signaté reached the finals of the EHF Cup Winners' Cup and the EHF Challenge Cup, falling short in both occasions to Hypo Niederösterreich (2013) and H 65 Höör (2014), respectively. After three season in Issy-Paris, Signate decided to join Hungarian top division side Érd. She claimed that one of the main reasons in her decision to move to Érd was the figure of Edina Szabó – head coach of Érd and technical director of the French national team – with whom she has been working successfully since a long time. Signaté made her debut in the French national team in October 2004, in a match in Germany against the Norwegian team. In December 2004 she participated at the 2004 European Women's Handball Championship in Hungary, where the French team placed 11th. In 2004, she also achieved a 4th place representing France at the European Junior Championship in the Czech Republic. In 2005, she participated at the Mediterranean Games in Almería, placing 4th with the French team. She participated at the 2007 World Women's Handball Championship in France, where France finished 5th. She represented France at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, where France finished 5th. In 2009, she won a gold medal at the Mediterranean Games in Italy. She participated at the 2009 World Women's Handball Championship in China, where the French team won the silver medal behind Russia, and Signate was selected into the All-Star team as the best left back of the tournament. Mariama Signaté Mariama Camara Signaté (born 22 July 1985 in Dakar, Senegal) is a French handball player who last played"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Coup of June 1907 The Coup of June 1907, sometimes known as Stolypin's Coup, is the name commonly given to the dissolution of the Second State Duma of the Russian Empire, the arrest of some its members and a fundamental change in the Russian electoral law by Tsar Nicholas II on . This act is considered by many historians to mark the end of the Russian Revolution of 1905, and was the subject of intense subsequent debate as to its legality. It also created a fundamental shift in the makeup of future Dumas in the Russian Empire: whereas previous laws had given peasants and other lower-class people a larger proportion of electors to the Duma, the new law transferred this to the propertied classes, in an effort to avoid election of the large number of liberal and revolutionary deputies who had dominated the First and Second Dumas. Although it largely succeeded in this objective, it ultimately failed to preserve the Imperial system, which ceased to exist during the Russian Revolution of 1917. During the 1905 Revolution, the autocratic regime of Nicholas II was persuaded to adopt a form of constitutionalism, in an effort to preserve itself and keep the nation from sliding into outright anarchism. Nicholas first issued what became known as the October Manifesto on promising basic civil rights and the creation of a parliament, without whose approval no laws were to be enacted in Russia. A new Fundamental Law was issued on of the following year, in which the State Duma was established as the lower chamber of a bicameral parliament (the State Council of the Russian Empire forming the upper house). This Duma thus became the first genuine attempt at parliamentary government in Russia. Whereas the Council of State was partly appointed by the Emperor and partly elected by various governmental, commercial and clerical organizations, the Duma was to be elected by Russians of various social classes through a complex system of indirect elections. Initially, the electoral system was drawn up to give a sizable number of electors to the peasants, who were seen as loyal to the Tsarist regime. While many revolutionaries rejected the Emperor's concessions, most Russians decided to give the new system a chance. However, public faith in the new order was shaken by a fresh Manifesto, issued on ahead of the new Fundamental Law, which severely limited the rights of the newly constituted Duma. Since the absolute power of the Emperor did not formally end until his promulgation of the Fundamental Law itself on , the legality of this act could not be challenged by the new legislature. Furthermore, the newly promised civil liberties—freedom of press, assembly and expression, among others—had been greatly reduced during anti-revolutionary operations in that same year. Nicholas II opened the First Duma on with a speech from the throne in the Winter Palace. While he and his ministers hoped to keep the Duma quiescent, the deputies refused to cooperate: they introduced bills for agrarian reform, which were strenuously opposed by the landlords, together with other radical legislative proposals far beyond anything the Tsarist regime was prepared to accept. He dissolved the First Duma on but since elections for the Second Duma returned even more radicals than before, the impasse between legislature and executive continued. About 20% of seats in the Second Duma were taken by Socialists: Mensheviks, Bolsheviks (both factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party), Popular Socialists and Socialist Revolutionaries, all of whom had boycotted the elections for the First Duma. Unable to build a working relationship with the new Duma, the Imperial government, under newly appointed Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin, set about finding an excuse to dissolve it. The desired pretext came when the government became aware of ongoing revolutionary agitation among Tsarist soldiers; this agitation was often carried out by the members of the RSDLP. On June 2, the imperial government demanded that the Duma hand over 55 Social Democratic deputies, who had (like all the members of the Duma) been guaranteed parliamentary immunity by the Fundamental Law, unless stripped of it by the legislature itself. Impatient at the Duma's lack of cooperation, it chose to arrest them anyway on the night of June 3, without awaiting the decision of a Duma commission set up to investigate the government's accusations. On June 3 the Duma was formally dissolved by Imperial Manifesto followed by Imperial edict (ukase), with Prime Minister Stolypin playing an important role in this act. This action, which was perfectly legal according to the Fundamental Law (which gave the Tsar unlimited authority to dismiss the Duma at any time, for any reason that suited him), was followed by a dubious political maneuver. On June 3 a new electoral law was published, entirely on the Tsar's authority and without the consent of the Legislature. According to the new scheme, the wealthier landlords obtained sixty percent of the electors for the Duma; peasants got twenty-two percent, while merchants got fifteen percent and the remaining three percent went to the urban proletariat. Areas such as Central Asia were deprived of representation altogether, with the Tsar claiming that the new Duma must be \"Russian in spirit\", and that non-Russians must never be accorded a \"decisive influence\" over \"purely Russian questions\". The legality of this act was immediately challenged: according to the October Manifesto, new laws could not be enacted without the approval of the Duma, and neither Nicholas nor Stolypin has obtained the Duma's agreement prior to issuing this decree. The Fundamental Law did permit the Tsar to implement or change new laws without the Duma's consent, in intervals between sessions of the Duma (which is when the \"coup\" law was enacted), but these were supposed to be submitted to the new Duma within two months, and were subject to that Duma's power to suspend or repeal them. Furthermore, no such edict could ever make any changes in the Fundamental Law itself, which required not just the emperor's initiative but also the Duma's approval. Hence, the Tsar's new electoral statute had been enacted contrary to his own Fundamental Law. This raised the question of whether Russia was fundamentally a state ruled under an immutable organic statute (the Fundamental Law), or one still ruled by an all-powerful monarch. The Tsar's government countered by insisting that since the Emperor had granted the Fundamental Law to begin with, he had the God-given right to unilaterally alter it (even though the Fundamental Law clearly said otherwise) in extraordinary instances, such as Nicholas claimed this to be. The manifesto of June 3, 1907 announcing this change specifically appealed to the Tsar's \"historical authority\" as the legal basis for these changes, which Nicholas asserted \"cannot be enacted through the ordinary legislative route\" since the Second Duma had been \"pronounced unsatisfactory\" by him. The Tsar clearly indicated that his \"own\" authority, which he claimed to have received from God himself, superseded the authority of any law, even the Fundamental Law itself, which he himself had granted. This convinced many Russians that Nicholas had never embraced constitutionalism to begin with and that Russia ultimately remained an absolute autocracy hiding behind the facade of a constitution. Thus, the term \"coup\" came to be used to refer to the emperor's act even if it was not a coup d'état in the usual sense. Contrary to the expectations (and the hopes) of some deputies, the so-called \"coup d'état\" of June 1907 did not cause the resumption of the revolutionary movement. While SRs resumed the acts of individual terror, the number of such acts was relatively small. Since Russia remained relatively quiet, even in the face of the Tsar's contravening of the new Russian Constitution, June 3, 1907 is considered the date of the end of the first Russian revolution.",
"he himself had granted. This convinced many Russians that Nicholas had never embraced constitutionalism to begin with and that Russia ultimately remained an absolute autocracy hiding behind the facade of a constitution. Thus, the term \"coup\" came to be used to refer to the emperor's act even if it was not a coup d'état in the usual sense. Contrary to the expectations (and the hopes) of some deputies, the so-called \"coup d'état\" of June 1907 did not cause the resumption of the revolutionary movement. While SRs resumed the acts of individual terror, the number of such acts was relatively small. Since Russia remained relatively quiet, even in the face of the Tsar's contravening of the new Russian Constitution, June 3, 1907 is considered the date of the end of the first Russian revolution. The Tsar's new electoral law ensured that all future Dumas would remain under the control of the higher classes of society, but this did not ultimately prevent the Duma from taking an important role in the Tsar's eventual overthrow in the February Revolution of 1917. Nicholas' heavy-handed actions in the \"coup\" crisis irreparably damaged his image (already battered from previous policies he had pursued). This, in turn, caused many of his subjects to eagerly embrace the next revolution when it finally came. Coup of June 1907 The Coup of June 1907, sometimes known as Stolypin's Coup, is the name commonly given to the dissolution of the Second State"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Norman Corwin Presents Norman Corwin Presents is a Canadian-produced drama anthology television series which aired on CBC Television from 1972 to 1973. The series also aired on Group W owned television stations in the US The series host was American broadcast writer Norman Corwin who introduced dramas of various genres and subjects. The series was a co-production of Group W and Arjo Productions (Arthur Joel Katz). It was recorded in Toronto on videotape. The series relied on American actors such as Diane Baker, Milton Berle, Beau Bridges, Stan Freberg, Fred Gwynne, Rip Torn and Cicely Tyson. They were supported by Canadian actors such as Gale Garnett, Lynne Gorman, Don Harron, Leslie Nielsen, William Shatner and Donald Sutherland. This half-hour series was syndicated on American television. In Canada, it was broadcast on CBC Television from 19 June 1972 until 12 September 1973 approximately every week, scheduled on varying evening time slots during its sole season. Norman Corwin Presents Norman Corwin Presents is a Canadian-produced drama anthology television series which aired on CBC Television from 1972 to 1973. The series also aired on Group W owned television stations in the US The series host was American broadcast writer Norman Corwin who introduced"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"The Great King, Sejong The Great King, Sejong () is a 2008 South Korean historical television series depicting the life of the fourth king of Joseon, Sejong the Great (played by Kim Sang-kyung). Considered one of the greatest kings in Korean history, Sejong created Hangul, the Korean alphabet. The series aired on Korean Broadcasting System from January 5 to December 7, 2008 on Saturdays and Sundays at 21:30 for 86 episodes. Episodes 1 to 26 aired on KBS1, and episodes 27 to 86 aired on KBS2. Born as the third prince, Chungnyeong, was far from ascending the throne. His early years were turbulent as Korea faced political tensions from both within and abroad and facing abduction as a boy to make matters worse. Eventually the young prince finds himself living in a private residence outside of the palace and experiences the everyday life of commoners until he is a young man. Later on his ascension to the throne, Chungyeong (now called King Sejong) stabilizes the newly born country and gives rise to the blooming culture of Joseon. In the process he invents Hangul, the Korean writing system. The Great King, Sejong The Great King, Sejong () is a 2008 South"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Prysmian Group The Prysmian Group is an Italian multinational corporation headquartered in Milan that manufactures electric power transmission and telecommunications cables and systems. It is the largest manufacturer of cables in the world measured by revenues. Prysmian Group has sales of over €11 billions and about 30,000 employees across 50 countries, 112 production plants and 25 Research and Development centres. Prysmian Group is a public company, listed on the Borsa Italiana in the FTSE MIB index. Prysmian Srl was created by Goldman Sachs from the cables and systems division of Pirelli & C. S.p.A.. Goldman Sachs signed an agreement on 1 June 2005 to purchase the two companies who made up the division: Pirelli Cavi e Sistemi Energia S.p.A. and Pirelli Cavi e Sistemi Telecom S.p.A. The transaction was completed on 28 July 2005, after regulatory approval by the relevant antitrust authorities. Draka was founded in 1910 by Jan Teewis Duyvis as Hollandsche Draad & Kabel Fabriek. In 1970, Draka was acquired by Philips and became part of the Philips' Wire and Cable division. Through a buyout financed by Parcom and Flint Beheer, Draka became independent in 1986 at which point the name Draka was born. It formerly had a joint venture with Alcatel-Lucent for manufacturing optical fibre, but bought out its partner's 49.9% stake for €209 million in December 2007. Prysmian Group was created in 2011 through the merger of Prysmian and Draka. In 2009, Italian cable manufacturer Prysmian made a takeover offer for Draka, but doubts began to emerge in August. Prysmian called off the takeover talks in early September. In October 2010, French cable maker Nexans made a €15/share offer to buy the 43.9% of the company held by Flint Beheer, an investment fund owned by the wealthy Fentener van Vlissingen family. Nexans indicated that it would sell off Draka's telecommunications activities. However, Draka rejected Nexans' offer, and on 22 November 2010 instead accepted Prysmian's new offer of €17.20/share (9.1x EBITDA). Prysmian intended to integrate Draka's operations into their own, rather than breaking it up; integration costs are estimated at €170 million over three years. The merger of Prysmian and Draka, and the integration of the two market-leading companies, culminated in the creation of the world's largest cable maker by revenue, the Prysmian Group. In December 2017, Prysmian acquired General Cable in $3 billion deal which was finalized on June 6, 2018. Nexans, Southwire, Sumitomo Electric Industries Prysmian Group The Prysmian Group is an Italian multinational corporation headquartered in Milan that manufactures electric power transmission and telecommunications cables and systems. It is the largest manufacturer of cables in the world measured by revenues. Prysmian Group has sales of over €11 billions and about 30,000 employees across 50 countries, 112 production plants and 25 Research and Development centres. Prysmian Group is a public company, listed on the Borsa Italiana in the FTSE MIB index. Prysmian Srl was created by Goldman Sachs from the cables and systems division of Pirelli & C. S.p.A.. Goldman Sachs signed an agreement on"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Valentí Serra de Manresa Valentí Serra i Fornell (Manresa, Bages, 1959), is a Spanish Capuchin and priest, whose religious name is Valentí Serra de Manresa. He was born in a Catalan traditional family of farmers and ranchers. He became Capuchin in 1980 and he took the vows of saint Francis' rule on 30 October 1982. Once he finished his years of religious instruction, he became priest on 31 May 1987 in the Capuchin convent of Arenys de Mar. Then he moved to the Capuchin convent of Sarrià, where he lives nowadays. He became Doctor in History in the University of Barcelona in 1995. He is scientific partner of the Theology Faculty of Catalonia (2007). He is part also of the Doctors board of the University of Barcelona (1997). Since 1987 he is provincial archivist of the Capuchins and director of the Hispanic-Capuchin Library. He is correspondent in Barcelona of the \"Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique\" (Review of Church History) (Université catholique de Louvain) and member of the editorial staff of the review \"Analecta Sacra Tarraconensia\" (Balmesiana). He is also editor of the \"Índice Histórico Español\" (Spanish Historical Index), which is a review about bibliographical critics, founded in 1953 by Jaume Vicens Vives and published by the \"Centro de Estudios Históricos Internacionales\" (Center of Historical International Studies). He collaborates regularly with the weekly newspaper Catalunya Cristiana (Christian Catalonia). He has the weekly program \"Remeis de Frare\" (Friar's remedies) in Ràdio Estel, which deals with the traditions about medicinal plants in Catalonia. Since 2015 he takes part in the composition of the \"Calendar of Brother Ramon of the Pyrenees\", which is quite popular in Catalonia. He writes also the section \"L'hortet del frare\" (the friar's little garden) in the agrarian supplement of the Diari de Girona. He has made researches with a critical method about the institutional history of the Catalonia Capuchins from the beginning of the Bourbon dynasty (1700) until the outburst of the Spanish Civil War (1936); also about the Capuchin Clarisses since their foundation in Catalonia (1599) until the end of the Spanish Civil War (1939). He has also studied the evolution of the Franciscan laity that is linked with the Capuchins in the contemporary period (1883-1957) and the missionary history of the Catalan Capuchins overseas (1680-1989). These researches are included in nine volumes of the \"Col·lectània Sant Pacià\" (Saint Pacian collection) that publishes the Theology Faculty of Catalonia. He is currently making researches about the contribution of Catalan Capuchins to the Catalan popular and religious tradition: the representations of the birth of Jesuschrist and the popular devotions; the convents cuisine and the medicinal plants; the friars' horticulture and gardening The rest of his works, contributions to collective works, prologues, scientific and popular articles and even, participation in congresses between 1982 and 2007 have been gathered in the book \"Bibliografia de fra Valentí Serra de Manresa, OFMCap. (anys 1982-2007). Noces d'argent\" (Bibliography of Valentí Serra de Manresa, OFMCap. (1982-2007). Silver wedding), by Dr. Joan Ferrer i Costa and Núria Ferret i Canale O.Virg. (Barcelona 2007). Valentí Serra de Manresa Valentí Serra i Fornell (Manresa, Bages, 1959), is a Spanish Capuchin and priest, whose religious name is Valentí Serra de Manresa. He was born in a Catalan traditional family of farmers and ranchers. He became Capuchin in 1980 and he took the vows of saint Francis' rule on 30 October 1982. Once he finished his years of religious instruction, he became priest on 31 May 1987 in the Capuchin convent of Arenys de Mar. Then he moved to the Capuchin convent of Sarrià, where he lives nowadays. He became Doctor in History"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Delaware Township, Delaware County, Ohio Delaware Township is one of the eighteen townships of Delaware County, Ohio, United States. The population at the 2010 census was 2,152. Located in the western part of the county, it borders the following townships: Most of Delaware Township is occupied by the city of Delaware, the county seat of Delaware County. Statewide, other Delaware Townships are located in Defiance and Hancock counties. The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. Emergency medical services in Delaware Township are provided by the Delaware County EMS. Delaware Township, Delaware County, Ohio Delaware Township is one of the eighteen townships of Delaware County, Ohio, United States. The"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Kathrin Becker From 1984 to 1991, Kathrin Becker studied art history and Slavic languages at the Ruhr University Bochum, the Moscow State University, and the Leningrad State University. Becker started to work as head of the \"Video-Forum\" at the Berlin arts association \"Neuer Berliner Kunstverein (NBK)\" 2001, a collection of video art that includes over 1000 works of international artists from the early phase of video art in the 1960s to the present day. Becker was responsible for including some new focuses in the collection, such as the acquisition of works from the East and South East of Europe, as well as the Middle and Far East. Besides digitizing the archive’s holdings, she was responsible for numerous exhibition projects, special programs and screenings, as well as collaborations with institutions in the United States, France, the UK, Mexico, Hungary, Slovakia, Moldavia, Siberia, China, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Estonia, Macedonia, and in Serbia. Recently, Becker realized projects such as “Masculinities”, “Displaced. Interventions/Interactions in public space”, both in Berlin, 2005, or Artur Żmijewski (movie maker) - Selected works\", 2007. Becker has been head of the Video-Forum at the Neuer Berliner Kunstverein (NBK) in Berlin since 2001. Kathrin Becker From 1984 to 1991, Kathrin Becker studied art"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Maa Madurai Maa Madurai is a Tamil film directed by newcomer K. K. Krishnan. The film stars Vaasan Karthik, son of comedian Singamuthu and Midhuna, younger sister of Rajashree in lead roles. The music was composed by Karthik Raja. The film was released in 2007 to mixed reviews. The story starts in Madurai Railway station, where Saravanan (Vaasan Karthik) is a coolie and he was accompanied by his friends Karunas & Mayilsami. Saravanan is go-header spends his life like-that with his friends. One day Saravanan found one mobile phone lying unclaimed in railway station and he comes to know that was belonging to Nandini (Mithuna). Then Saravanan will go to Nandini’s home and hand over the phone, by the time he came to know Nandini is sister of politician Kumar (Kottai Kumar). The intro between Saravanan & Nandini grew into friendship and later on it became love. Kumar is aware of his sister love affair, so he tries to separate the couple by means of force, even then Saravanan and Nandini love was steady. At another end, Saravanan came to know about his mother presence through Church-Father (Delhi Ganesh), Father helping Saravanan to find his mother (Sita). Whether Saravanan able to find his mother? Music is composed by Karthik Raja. Track \"Sorgam Madhuvile\" from Kamal Haasan starrer \"Sattam En Kaiyil\" was remixed in this film. Maa Madurai Maa Madurai is a Tamil film directed by newcomer K. K. Krishnan. The film stars Vaasan Karthik, son of comedian Singamuthu and Midhuna, younger sister of Rajashree in lead roles. The music was composed by Karthik Raja. The film was released in 2007 to mixed reviews. The story starts in Madurai Railway station, where Saravanan (Vaasan Karthik) is a coolie and he was accompanied by his friends Karunas & Mayilsami. Saravanan is go-header"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Haywood Junction Haywood Junction (), or Great Haywood Junction, is the name of the canal junction where the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal terminates and meets the Trent and Mersey Canal near to the village of Great Haywood, Staffordshire, England. The Trent and Mersey Canal was conceived as a way to provide a link between Liverpool and Hull, passing through the Potteries. It was authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1766, and with James Brindley acting as engineer, its were completed eleven years later in 1777. Brindley also built the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, which was begun at much the same time as the Trent and Mersey, and was completed in 1772. It joined the Trent and Mersey Canal at Great Haywood, and was part of his Grand Cross plan to link four English estuaries: the Humber, Thames, Severn and Mersey. Haywood Junction therefore became a major transport interchange. At Great Haywood, the Trent and Mersey Canal heads north, as it continues its ascent from Derwent Mouth towards its short summit near Stoke on Trent. Haywood Lock is just to the south, while Hoo Mill Lock is a little further to the north. The River Trent runs to the west of the canal, much too small at this point to support navigation. Derwent Mouth, where the canal joins the river, is from the junction, while Etruria Lock, where the summit level begins, is away. The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal heads west from the junction. The Trent and Mersey towpath is carried over it by a bridge, and almost immediately, it crosses the River Trent on an aqueduct. It follows the valley of the River Sow, which joins the Trent below the junction, and soon reaches Tixall Wide, a broad expanse of water, which, although it looks like a lake, is deep enough to allow boats to reach its edges. Shugborough Park and Hall, now owned by the National Trust, is located to the south, and Tixall Gatehouse is to the north. The canal ascends through Tixall Lock, after which is crossed the Sow on another aqueduct. Tixall Lock is from the junction. Shugborough Hall was begun in 1695, was extended in the 1760s, and some remodelling was carried out at the end of the eighteenth century by Samuel Wyatt. Internally, the plasterwork is magnificent, and the building is grade I listed. Many of the structures within the grounds are also listed. Tixall Lodge is a small octagonal-shaped building with a stone dome, which bears the date 1807. It is grade II listed, as is the roving bridge at the junction. Just to the south of Haywood Lock, a bridge carries a footpath from Great Haywood to Shugborough Hall. The path crosses the Trent at Essex Bridge, a grade I listed structure with fourteen arches, which is only wide. It was probably built in the 1500s, and is virtually unaltered. Haywood Junction Haywood Junction (), or Great Haywood Junction, is the name of the canal junction where the Staffordshire and Worcestershire"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Bart Biemans Bart Biemans (born 14 March 1988) is a Belgian professional footballer who currently plays as a centre back for FC Den Bosch in the Dutch Eerste Divisie. Playing for K.VV. Hamontlo (2923), K.F.C. Lommel S.K. (1986) and FC Eindhoven in his youth years, Biemans joined Willem II in 2005. Biemans played for several Willem II youth squads and became captain of the Willem II Reserve squad in 2008. Because of many injuries with defensive players like Danny Schenkel, Rens van Eijden and Angelo Martha, he made his debut in the lost away-match against AZ. After a three-year at Willem II, he signed to a two-year plus an option year contract with Roda JC on 22 June 2011.Though his had contract expired in 2014, and he had actually left the club after it, Biemans signed a new two-year deal in August 2014. Bart Biemans Bart Biemans (born 14 March 1988) is a Belgian professional footballer who currently plays as a centre back for FC Den Bosch in the Dutch Eerste Divisie. Playing for K.VV. Hamontlo (2923), K.F.C. Lommel S.K. (1986) and FC Eindhoven in his youth years, Biemans joined Willem II in 2005. Biemans played for several Willem II"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"The One That Got Away (1957 film) The One That Got Away is a 1957 Second World War film starring Hardy Krüger and featuring Michael Goodliffe, Jack Gwillim and Alec McCowen. The film was directed by Roy Ward Baker with a screenplay written by Howard Clewes, based on the 1956 book of the same name by Kendal Burt and James Leasor. The film chronicles the true exploits of Oberleutnant Franz von Werra, a Luftwaffe pilot shot down over Britain in 1940. He initially tried to escape while captive in England, but was later successful during transfer to a Canadian POW camp. Luftwaffe fighter pilot Franz von Werra (Hardy Krüger) is shot down during the Battle of Britain and captured. He wagers with his RAF interrogator (Michael Goodliffe) at the POW reception centre, Air Defence Intelligence, located at Trent Park in Cockfosters, near Barnet in Hertfordshire, that he will escape within six months. Initially, von Werra is sent to No 1 prisoner-of-war (POW) camp Grizedale Hall in the Furness area of Lancashire. His first escape attempt results in his recapture after an intense manhunt. Subsequently, von Werra is sent to a more secure POW camp (based on the Hayes Conference Centre) near Swanwick, Derbyshire. He and four others escape through a tunnel. The others pair up, but von Werra continues alone. Reaching Codnor Park railway station, he impersonates a Dutch pilot and claims his Wellington bomber had crashed while on a secret mission. He telephones the nearest airfield, RAF Hucknall, and tricks the duty officer into sending a car. When his story starts to fray, von Werra creeps away and tries to steal an experimental Hawker Hurricane, only to be caught at the last moment. Along with many other POWs, von Werra is sent by ship to Canada. On the train ride across the country, while the guards are distracted, he escapes near Smith's Falls, Ontario, by jumping from a window. Making his way south, von Werra crosses the nearly frozen St Lawrence River in a stolen rowboat and reaches Ogdensburg, New York, in the then still-neutral United States to claim asylum. The RAF interrogator receives a postcard from von Werra featuring a photograph of the Statue of Liberty, informing him that he has lost his bet. The epilogue states: Despite the efforts of the Canadian Government to obtain his return, and of the United States Authorities to hold him, von Werra crossed the border into Mexico. Travelling by way of Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and Spain, he reached Berlin on 18 April 1941. On 25 October of the same year, while on patrol, his plane was seen to dive into the sea. No trace of von Werra was found. Kenneth More says he was approached to play the lead role but turned it down as he had just played another real-life POW, Douglas Bader in \"Reach for the Sky\" (1956). John David, head of the Rank organisation, wanted Dirk Bogarde. Director Roy Baker insisted on a German. O.W. Fischer was reportedly considered for the lead, then disregarded as he was too old. Rank's overseas distribution manager then suggested Hardy Krüger. A Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Hawker Hurricane were featured in the production. , the Hawker Hurricane IIc (serial number LF363) is still in existence, flying with the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight. \"The One That Got Away\" was generally well received by audiences and critics; Howard H. Thompson of \"The New York Times\" noted its \"... restrained, well-knit scenario.\" The film was popular in Britain and did extremely well in West Germany, making over £3 million. It made a comfortable profit. This prompted producer Julian Wintle to form his own production company and he made two films with German protagonists, \"Bachelor of Hearts\" (also starring Krüger) and \"Tiger Bay\". The One That Got Away (1957 film) The One That Got Away is a 1957 Second World War film starring Hardy Krüger and featuring Michael Goodliffe, Jack Gwillim and Alec McCowen. The film was directed by Roy Ward Baker with a screenplay written by Howard Clewes, based on the 1956 book of the same name by Kendal Burt and James Leasor. The film chronicles the true exploits of Oberleutnant Franz von Werra,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Mahdi Yahya Mahdi Yahya (born August 1987) is a Lebanese telecommunications executive, founder, and CEO of SAMA Telecom. SAMA Telecom operates the international telecoms gateway into Iraq. As CEO, Yahya has overseen the development of the company into one of the major wholesale telecoms carriers in the MENA region. The company carries traffic through nodes in London and Frankfurt, and terminates more than 1 billion voice minutes per year. Yahya is also President of Room One in London, the design and technology lab in London, and production company Room One Films, headed by Czech director Michal Samir. Yahya is also a shareholder of virtual reality headset designer and manufacturer Opto. Yahya is a Board Member of FINCA International, the Royal Court Theatre, and the Middle East and North African Acquisition Committee at The Tate. Mahdi Yahya Mahdi Yahya (born August 1987) is a Lebanese telecommunications executive, founder, and CEO of SAMA Telecom. SAMA Telecom operates the international telecoms gateway into Iraq. As CEO, Yahya has overseen the development of the company into one of the major wholesale telecoms carriers in the MENA region. The company carries traffic through nodes in London and Frankfurt, and terminates more than 1 billion voice"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Toothfriendly International Toothfriendly International is a non-profit association which has been established in 1989 in Basel, Switzerland. The purpose of the association is to advance oral health, particularly through preventive measures which include regular oral hygiene (toothbrushing with a fluoridated toothpaste), appropriate dietary habits (avoidance of frequent intake of sugary foods) and regular check-ups by a dentist. It is governed by an Executive Board of dental professionals. Since 1989, Toothfriendly International grants the rights for the Toothfriendly quality mark. The Toothfriendly label distinguishes products that are demonstrably not harmful for teeth. The association has national groups in Switzerland, Germany, Turkey, Japan, Korea and Thailand. The members of the organization are dental professionals, dental and public health institutions, confectionery and oral care manufacturers. Toothfriendly International Toothfriendly International is a non-profit association which has been established in 1989 in Basel, Switzerland. The purpose of the association is to advance oral health, particularly through preventive measures which include regular oral hygiene (toothbrushing with a fluoridated toothpaste), appropriate dietary habits (avoidance of frequent intake of sugary foods) and regular check-ups by a dentist. It is governed by an Executive Board of dental professionals. Since 1989, Toothfriendly International grants the rights for the Toothfriendly quality"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Egon Balas Egon Balas (born June 7, 1922 in Cluj, Romania) is an applied mathematician and a professor of industrial administration and applied mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University. Balas is the Thomas Lord Professor of Operations Research at Carnegie Mellon's Tepper School of Business. Balas did some of the fundamental work in developing integer and disjunctive programming. Balas was born in Cluj (Romania) in a Hungarian Jewish family. His original name was Blatt, which was first changed to the Hungarian Balázs and then later to the Romanian Balaş. He is married to art historian Edith Balas, a survivor of Auschwitz, with whom he has two daughters. He was imprisoned by the Communist authorities for several years after the war. He left Romania in 1966 and accepted an appointment with the Carnegie Mellon University in 1967. Balas obtained a \"Diploma Licentiate\" in economics (Bolyai University, 1949) and Ph.D.s in economics (University of Brussels, 1967) and mathematics (University of Paris, 1968). Egon Balas Egon Balas (born June 7, 1922 in Cluj, Romania) is an applied mathematician and a professor of industrial administration and applied mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University. Balas is the Thomas Lord Professor of Operations Research at Carnegie Mellon's Tepper"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Jambi Jambi is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the east coast of central Sumatra and spans to the Barisan Mountains in the west. Its capital and largest city is Jambi. The province has a land area of 50,058.16 km, and it has a population of 3,092,265 according to the 2010 Census; by January 2014 this had risen to 3,412,459. Jambi was the site of the Srivijayan kingdom that engaged in trade throughout the Strait of Malacca and beyond. Jambi succeeded Palembang, its southern economic and military rival, as the capital of the kingdom. The movement of the capital to Jambi was partly induced by the 1025 raid by pirates from the Chola region of southern India, which destroyed much of Palembang. In the early decades of the Dutch presence in the region (see Dutch East India Company in Indonesia), when the Dutch were one of several traders competing with the British, Chinese, Arabs, and Malays, the Jambi Sultanate profited from trade in pepper with the Dutch. This relationship declined by about 1770, and the sultanate had little contact with the Dutch for about sixty years. In 1833, minor conflicts with the Dutch (the Indonesian colonial possessions of which were now nationalised as the Dutch East Indies) who were well established in Palembang, meant the Dutch increasingly felt the need to control the actions of Jambi. They coerced Sultan Facharudin to agree to greater Dutch presence in the region and control over trade, although the sultanate remained nominally independent. In 1858 the Dutch, apparently concerned over the risk of competition for control from other foreign powers, invaded Jambi with a force from their capital Batavia. They met little resistance, and Sultan Taha fled upriver, to the inland regions of Jambi. The Dutch installed a puppet ruler, Nazarudin, in the lower region, which included the capital city. For the next forty years Taha maintained the upriver kingdom, and slowly reextended his influence over the lower regions through political agreements and marriage connections. In 1904, however, the Dutch were stronger and, as a part of a larger campaign to consolidate control over the entire archipelago, soldiers finally managed to capture and kill Taha, and in 1906, the entire area was brought under direct colonial management. Following the death of Jambi sultan, Taha Saifuddin, on April 27, 1904 and the success of the Dutch controlled areas of the Sultanate of Jambi, Jambi then set as the Residency and entry into the territory Nederlandsch Indie. Jambi's first Resident OL Helfrich was appointed by the Governor General of the Dutch Decree No. 20 dated May 4, 1906 and his inauguration held on July 2, 1906. Jambi province is divided into nine regencies (\"kabupaten\") and two cities (\"kota\"), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and according to the latest (January 2014) estimates. The official language of Jambi province is Indonesian as in all parts of Indonesia. However Jambi is also home to several indigenous languages and dialects such as Jambi Malay, Kerinci language, Kubu language, Lempur Malay, and Rantau Panjang Malay, all of them belong to Malayan languages. Due to transmigration policy, many ethnic groups from various parts of Indonesia, especially Java, Borneo, Sulawesi and other parts of Sumatra brought their native languages as well. The non-Pribumi people such as the Chinese Indonesians speak various varieties of Chinese. The largest of the three national parks comprising the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra, Kerinci Seblat has the distinction of being the second-largest national park in all of Southeast Asia, only after Lorentz National Park on Papua. It is one of the Sumatran Tiger's last strongholds on the island, and within its borders sits the highest active volcano in Southeast Asia - Mount Kerinci. May 2011: The Jambi provincial administration is striving to have the ancient Muaro Jambi temple site at Muaro Jambi village in Maro Sebo District, Muaro Jambi Regency, recognized as a world heritage site. The site was a Buddhist education center that flourished during the 7th and 8th centuries and is made from bricks similar to those used in Buddhist temples in India. Islam is the largest religion in Jambi representing 96.5% of the whole population. Minority religions are Christianity with 3%, Buddhism 0.97%, Confucianism 0.05% and Hinduism 0.25% of the total population. Jambi Jambi is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the east coast of central Sumatra and spans to the Barisan Mountains in the west. Its capital and largest city is Jambi. The province has a land area of 50,058.16 km, and it has a population of 3,092,265 according to the 2010 Census; by January 2014 this had risen to 3,412,459. Jambi was the site of the Srivijayan kingdom that engaged in trade throughout the Strait of Malacca and beyond. Jambi succeeded Palembang,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Raksan Raksan () is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located away from sub post office Balachaur, from Nawanshahr, from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village. As of 2011, Raksan has a total number of 107 houses and population of 505 of which 247 include are males while 258 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Raksan is 79.27% higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 66 which is 13.07% of total population of Raksan, and child sex ratio is approximately 1000 as compared to Punjab state average of 846. Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 21.78% of total population in Raksan. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far. As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 158 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Raksan which includes 131 males and 27 females. According to census survey report 2011, 81.01% workers describe their work as main work and 18.99% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. The village has a Punjabi medium, co-ed primary school established in 1974. The school provide mid-day meal which prepared in school premisesas per Indian Midday Meal Scheme. As per Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act the school provide free education to children between the ages of 6 and 14. KC Engineering College and Doaba Khalsa Trust Group Of Institutions are the nearest colleges. Industrial Training Institute for women (ITI Nawanshahr) is . The village is away from Chandigarh University, from Indian Institute of Technology and away from Lovely Professional University. Phagwara train station is the nearest train station however, Garhshankar Junction railway station is away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport which located away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is away in Amritsar. Raksan Raksan () is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located away from sub post office Balachaur, from Nawanshahr, from"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Sohodolls Sohodolls are an English electronic music band from London. The group was formed in 2003 and, following various line-up changes, consists of Maya von Doll (vocals), Toni Sailor (guitar), Weston Doll (Steven Weston) (keyboards), Matt Lord (double bass) and Paul Stone (drums). The band—whose name is sometimes punctuated with a space as Soho Dolls—have described their sound as a cross between \"decaying and desperate glamour\" and \"savagery and sex\". Their debut album \"Ribbed Music for the Numb Generation\" was released through A&G Records in September 2007. The Soho Dolls were formed in 2003 as an all-girl-band signed to A&G Records, their first line-up consisting of Maya von Doll, Ana Doll and Pato. Their debut single \"Prince Harry\" would be released in 2004, accompanied by a music video, and the only release with female guitarist Pato, as she would leave the group soon after. In 2004, Maya von Doll recruited guitarists Toni Sailor (Sailor Doll) and Gavin Jay after they attended a performance at the Rhythm Factory in London, setting the layer of the second line-up. In mid-2006, soon after releasing their second single \"Stripper\", both Gavin Jay and Ana Doll decided to part ways with the Sohodolls. Wanting to explore more additions to the group in instruments, Maya and Toni found Steven Weston (Weston Doll) who took over the role on keyboards/synths. They then hired Paul Stone and Matt Lord, to play drums and double bass, giving the group its third and current line-up. The band's first two singles, released on Poptones, Alan McGee's record label, caused enough of a stir to reach numbers seven and twelve on the UK Indie Chart. These were followed by another release of \"Stripper\", \"No Regrets\" and then \"Right and Right Again\", which won acclaim from \"The Fly\" to \"Clash\" and \"NME\". They began writing and recording their debut album in 2006 with producers Robert Harder (Babyshambles, The Sunshine Underground) and Steve Lyon (The Clash, Depeche Mode). In October 2006, the band released a download-only single, \"No Regrets\". Throughout 2006, Sohodolls attracted more attention, touring with She Wants Revenge during July, performing at \"Playboy Russia\"s annual Playmate of the Year party in Moscow in August, \"The Big Issue\"'s 15th-anniversary concert in September, and two UK tours as well as international dates in Los Angeles, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Istanbul. Their debut album, \"Ribbed Music for the Numb Generation\", was released in September 2007, preceded by the single download-only single \"My Vampire\" and fully released single \"Right and Right Again\". The album also contains five of the group's previous singles, including the two album-release singles & five newly recorded tracks made specifically for the album. it was also supported by an extensive 35-date headline tour of the UK. Their 2006 single \"Stripper\" was used in the American television series \"Gossip Girl\" when one of the main characters, Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) stripped to it in episode \"Victor, Victrola\", which aired on 7 November 2007 on The CW. The band was again featured in \"Gossip Girl\" when their song, \"I'm Not Cool\", played during the episode \"In the Realm of the Basses\" when Blair confronts Chuck in the Victrola club. Their music also appeared in the 2011 video game \"Test Drive Unlimited 2\", with the Allister Whitehead club remix of \"Right and Right Again\" rotating on the Hariba Radio in-game radio station and \"Bang Bang Bang Bang\" playing both on the RoadRock in-game radio station and also during the carwash scene. Von Doll's solo song \"Play My Way\" was featured in the third episode of the fifth season of \"Gossip Girl\", titled \"The Jewel of Denial\" and originally aired 10 October 2011. On the same day, the track was released digitally by Quid Records. On 28 February 2014, the band released a new EP, titled Mayday, containing 3 new songs. As well as having toured the UK seven times the band have also played in Japan, Korea (International Rock Festival at Pusan Beach), Moscow, Los Angeles, Istanbul, Rome, Berlin, Paris, Barcelona, Vienna, Brussels, Hamburg, Madrid, Piza, Cologne, Oslo, Munich, Weinheim, Frankfurt, Freiburg and have toured widely in the UK, often playing towns off the beaten circuit. They have also toured with/supported IAMX, Ladytron, Klaxons, Daft Punk, Vive la Fête, She Wants Revenge, The Magic Numbers, Hanoi Rocks, Apoptygma Berzerk, and Marilyn Manson. To promote the release of their debut album \"Ribbed Music for the Numb Generation\", Sohodolls embarked on their biggest tour to date. Starting at Hoxton Bar & Grill, London, on 4 September 2007, they headlined 34 venues across the UK. Sohodolls Sohodolls are an English electronic music band from London. The group was formed in 2003 and, following various line-up changes, consists of Maya von Doll (vocals), Toni Sailor (guitar), Weston Doll (Steven Weston) (keyboards), Matt Lord (double bass) and Paul"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Aliçopehlivan Aliçopehlivan (formerly Koyunyeri) is a village in the İpsala district of Edirne Province, Turkey. It is situated in the plains of Rumeli (East Thrace). The distance to İpsala is and to Edirne is . The population of Aliçopehlivan was 1,921. During the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), the Muslim population (Turks and Pomaks) of the villages Lukovit and Koynare (both in modern Bulgaria) escaped from the Russian armies and were settled in the newly founded Koyunyeri (literally \"place of sheep\"), which refers to the ranges for sheep around the village and also bears semblance to the refugees' old village's name, Koynare. A wrestler named Aliço, who won the Kırkpınar oil wrestling tournament for 27 consecutive years, was a resident of Koyunyeri, and in 1998, the village was renamed after Aliço (Aliçopehliven literally means \"wrestler Aliço\"). Today, most of village residents either work in the dairy farms or in rice fields. Aliçopehlivan Aliçopehlivan (formerly Koyunyeri) is a village in the İpsala district of Edirne Province, Turkey. It is situated in the plains of Rumeli (East Thrace). The distance to İpsala is and to Edirne is . The population of Aliçopehlivan was 1,921. During the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), the Muslim population (Turks and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Minor characters in the Revolution at Sea Saga The \"Revolution at Sea Saga\" is a five-book \"trilogy\" by writer/novelist James L. Nelson. They encompass the adventures of Captain Isaac Biddlecomb, his good friend Ezra Rumstick, and his wife Virginia Stanton in the years 1775 and 1776. The following is an alphabetical list of the minor characters who appear in the series. The main characters and antagonists-Captain Isaac Biddlecomb, Ezra Rumstick, Virginia Stanton, William Stanton and more, are listed separately. The hero/protagonist of the series. See Isaac Biddlecomb Biddlecomb's best friend and first lieutenant. See Ezra Rumstick Biddlecomb's sweetheart/wife. See Virginia Stanton Biddlecomb's employer and, later on, his father-in-law. See Virginia Stanton The commander of the marines on board the \"USS Charlemagne\". See Elisha Faircloth Edward Fitzgerald is George Washington's adviser in \"The Maddest Idea\". Although his personality and character traits were created by James L. Nelson, it is a historic fact that the first president of the United States had a right-hand man by the same name. In \"The Maddest Idea\", he is assigned with the job of flushing out the traitor who turned Biddlecomb over to the British. He does this by telling the three men suspected of the traitourous deeds three different places that the captain was heading, then paying the British commander's underling to be allowed to read the mail sent to him, which reveals to Fitzgerald who the real traitor is. Fitzgerald was also known in the second \"Revolution\" book for having romantic feelings toward Virginia Stanton, who was beginning to doubt her affections for Isaac, especially after he sent her a letter telling of their upcoming wedding, even though they weren't engaged. But directly after she decides to love Isaac as a brother and nothing more, she discovers a hint in the letter that explains that he really loved her after all. Major Edward Fitzgerald appears in \"The Maddest Idea\" and \"Lords of the Ocean\", in which he off-handedly mentions Virginia Stanton, to which Biddlecomb replies \"...I fear you mistake her name. She is no longer Virginia Stanton. She now goes by the name Virginia Biddlecomb.\" Sergeant Ebenezer Rogers is the loyal butler of William Stanton. He took care of William's daughter Virginia since the death of her mother, and extends his care to any guests of the Stanton household, especially Isaac Biddlecomb. In \"The Maddest Idea\" he is the one who rides to warn George Washington and Major Edward Fitzgerald of the traitorous deeds of one of three specific persons, which had resulted in the capture of Biddlecomb and his crew by the \"H.M.S. Glasgow\", under command of Captain William Maltby. Rogers appears in \"By Force of Arms\" and \"The Maddest Idea\". Nathaniel Sprout is the boatswain aboard the \"USS Charlemagne\". He first appears in \"The Maddest Idea\" and is also featured in \"The Continental Risque\". He is one of the few of Biddlecomb's Northerners who stay aboard the \"Charlemagne\" and begin to take orders from Roger Tottenhill, though never losing their faithfullness to their captain. Sprout sent Midshipman Weatherspoon to convince Ezra Rumstick and Roger Tottenhill to stop their duel and return to the ship immediately. David Weatherspoon is a fifteen-through-seventeen-year-old sailor aboard the \"USS Charlemagne\". He doesn't appear in \"By Force of Arms\". He has a moderately sized role to play in \"The Maddest Idea\", and finally gets his five minutes in \"The Continental Risque\", in which he stops the riot that has broken out aboard the \"Charlemagne\" from escalating by firing a few pistols over the heads of the sailors, who are fighting an all-out civil war skirmish; Northerner verses Southerner. And before that, when Ezra Rumstick and Roger Tottenhill are engaged in a swordfight-style duel on a small island in order to determine which of them is better suited to be the first lieutenant of the \"Charlemagne\", the bosun sends Mr. Weatherspoon to break them up, which he does with the words, \"Sirs...damn it all to Hell! They are getting away with the stores! Now please get into the God-damned boat!\" David Weatherspoon is promoted to lieutenant in the space between the third and fourth books. He is killed in the fifth book by John Smeaton, taking a bullet intended for Captain Isaac Biddlecomb. Redirects to John Adams John Adams also appears in the \"Revolution at Sea Saga\", in \"The Continental Risque\". He is aboard the \"USS Charlemagne\" when the \"H.M.S. Glasgow\" confronts them. For the rest of his appearances in the book he brags about the part he played in the subsequent battle-namely, firing a pistol once or twice at the opposing crew. Mr. \"Midshipman\" Appleby is a midshipman aboard the \"H.M.S. Icarus\". He is described as fourteen years old and having \"the maturity of a boy that age.\" He was one of the few who survived the destruction of the \"Icarus\". He appears only in \"By Force of Arms\", and is like a foreshadowing of Midshipman David Weatherspoon of the other \"Revolution\" books. John Biddlecomb the First is the father of Isaac Biddlecomb. He was married to Sarah Biddlecomb, who died in childbirth with their first daughter, Katlin Biddlecomb, after which he and his son went adventuring with Gorham's Rangers, his old friends from the last war, aboard the \"Providence\", a vessel under the command of William Stanton. John was killed in battle shortly after, leaving Captain Isaac Biddlecomb an orphan. John William is the son of Virginia and Isaac Biddlecomb. He was born in the year 1777, in the town of Boston, and in the book \"By Force of Arms\". He gets his first name from his paternal grandfather, and his middle name—an uncommon addition in those days-comes from his maternal grandfather. Katlin Biddlecomb is the younger sister of Isaac Biddlecomb, who died in the process of being born, which her mother, Sarah Biddlecomb, didn't survive either. It is mentioned in The Maddest Idea that, if Katlin had been a boy, her name would have been Thomas. Sarah Biddlecomb was Isaac Biddlecomb's mother. She died in childbirth with Katlin Biddlecomb, after which her husband, John Biddlecomb retreated from the world, only to return to his friends a few weeks later, after which he was killed. Thomas Biddlecomb is the hypothetical son of Sarah and John Biddlecomb. When Sarah was pregnant with her second child, her first being Isaac Biddlecomb, the family decided to name the child Katlin if it was a girl, Thomas if it was a boy. The child turned out to be a girl, and died, along with her mother in childbirth. The nameless carpenter of the USS \"Charlemagne\". Dibin is a sailor aboard the H.M.S. \"Icarus\". He appears only in \"By Force of Arms\". Ferguson is a Charlemagne, who acts as helmsman and saves the ship during a storm in \"The Continental Risque\", acting against the orders of Lieutenant Roger Tottenhill. He stayed loyal to Biddlecomb during the shipboard civil war in \"The Continental Risque\". Biddlecomb also saves him from drowning in \"The Maddest Idea\". Benjamin Franklin also appears in the Revolution at Sea Saga, in the fourth book, \"Lords of the Ocean\", in which it is Isaac Biddlecomb's job to take the famous scientist to France. \"(See Benjamin Franklin)\" John Haliburton was the carpenter aboard the \"William B. Adams\", the merchantman on which Biddlecomb and Rumstick signed on before they were pressed into work aboard the \"Icarus\". He was actually pressed alongside them, but when he tried to escape by jumping overboard and swimming to Barbados he was shot and killed by John Smeaton, which further darkened Rumstick's already foul mood. Longbottom is the boatswain's mate aboard the \"Icarus\". He is a small man, and loves brutalising Ezra Rumstick. But when the American revolutionary loses control and attacks the British crew, Longbottom is tossed overboard. He is brought back on the ship, but is killed by the crew after they mutiny. McDuff is the boatswain aboard the \"H.M.S. Icarus\". He is a",
"scientist to France. \"(See Benjamin Franklin)\" John Haliburton was the carpenter aboard the \"William B. Adams\", the merchantman on which Biddlecomb and Rumstick signed on before they were pressed into work aboard the \"Icarus\". He was actually pressed alongside them, but when he tried to escape by jumping overboard and swimming to Barbados he was shot and killed by John Smeaton, which further darkened Rumstick's already foul mood. Longbottom is the boatswain's mate aboard the \"Icarus\". He is a small man, and loves brutalising Ezra Rumstick. But when the American revolutionary loses control and attacks the British crew, Longbottom is tossed overboard. He is brought back on the ship, but is killed by the crew after they mutiny. McDuff is the boatswain aboard the \"H.M.S. Icarus\". He is a brutal man, and loves beating up on the crew members for sport. He can make the captain, James Pendexter, do nearly anything, because of his long history of naval service and Pendexter's lack thereof. It was during one of his \"torture the innocent\" sessions that Ezra Rumstick finally lost his self-control and attacked him, resulting in the mutiny of the \"Icarus's\" crew and subsequently, McDuff's death. Joseph Page is a shipwright in \"By Force of Arms\". He was named after James L. Nelson's father-in-law. Thomas Page appears only in \"The Continental Risque\". He is in a bar, being bored by Lieutenant Roger Tottenhill. He is named after the author's brother-in-law. Fletcher Page appears in \"All the Brave Fellows\". He was named after the author's sister-in-law's parrot. James Pendexter is the nephew of a very influential naval man. He was given charge of the \"H.M.S. Icarus\" because of filial relationship, not in any way because of experience, which he lacks. When he arrives at the longboat that will take him to the ship, the midshipman acting as a ferrier asks which one it is. He is suddenly scared for himself and his reputation, because he had never before seen the \"Icarus\". So he tells the midshipman to try to find it without his help, which he eventually does. Pendexter is frequently used by his first lieutenant John Smeaton and his less intelligence boatswain Mr. McDuff for their own needs, which, for McDuff, is brutalising and torturing the rest of the crew. Pendexter was the one responsible for Biddlecomb's and Rumstick's impressment aboard the \"Icarus\". He was last seen when he and Smeaton are flung off the ship, now in the hands of the mutineers, with only a wooden grate to cling to. They were picked up a few minutes later by the British frigate \"Cerberus\". Pendexter appears only in \"By Force of Arms\", but is made reference to in All the Brave Fellows, when Smeaton makes his second appearance. Roger Tottenhill is the man who is elected by the Continental Congress in \"The Continental Risque\" to replace Ezra Rumstick as first lieutenant aboard the \"USS Charlemagne\". He is used, just as Lieutenant James Pendexter was in the first book, by Amos Hackett, a fellow North Carolina-man, who is intent on dividing the crew of the \"Charlemagne\". They first became allies when Hackett, in a fit of anger, knocked the lieutenant to the deck and Tottenhill has him lashed twenty-four times with the cat o' nine tales, then realises he has made a mistake in turning against another Southerner and brings the suffering Hackett a bottle of whisky to ease his sufferings. Lieutenant Tottenhill, after unconsciously undermining Captain Biddlecomb's authority and dueling Ezra Rumstick to see who was better suited to be first lieutenant aboard the Charlemagne, finally met his end at the hands of his \"ally,\" Amos Hackett, who, after leading a semi-mutiny aboard the American man-o-war, climbs up into the rigging and shoots the lieutenant before himself being shot by Elisha Faircloth. He appears only in \"The Continental Risque\". George Washington, best known for being the first official president of the United States and a great military leader, appears in \"The Maddest Idea\", and is the one who assigns Major Edward Fitzgerald to the job of flushing out the traitor. \"(See George Washington)\" Minor characters in the Revolution at Sea Saga The \"Revolution at Sea Saga\" is a five-book \"trilogy\" by writer/novelist James L. Nelson. They encompass the adventures of Captain"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Los Piojos Los Piojos was an Argentine rock band. Extremely popular, it became the seminal bands of the 1990s Argentine music scene. Unlike most suburban outfits, however, their style evolved significantly with each successive album, not only developing a unique style for the band but also incorporating elements of murga, candombe, and tango to an electric guitar base. This plus generally tight and at times memorable songwriting by frontman Ciro, has set them apart from the legions of suburban bands, and has made them one of the most popular bands in modern Argentine rock, with a strong following across Latin America and Europe, unusual for a band in their subgenre of Argentine rock. Their popularity remains undiminished. The band's origins are traced to 1988 when a bunch of friends from different cities decided to try playing music. They began doing so in the pubs of the far-flung western suburbs of Buenos Aires, a similar beginning as countless other suburban rock bands. In 1991, they headed to Europe to participate in an anti-racist music festival in France, where they played with groups from Mali, Burkina Faso, Cuba, and Spain. Los Piojos made their commercial debut in 1992 with \"Chactuchac\". Receiving the very favorable blessing of Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota, did not hurt. \"Ay Ay Ay\" followed in 1994, and both did reasonably well. But the band could not beat back the domination by the \"Nuevo Rock Argentino\" rock (\"New Argentine Rock\") of the first half of the 1990s, so Los Piojos did not achieve a total breakthrough in spite that by the second album Ciro's songwriting was beginning to flourish. The band's third studio album, \"Tercer Arco\", benefited from the suburban rock explosion of 1996: that year alone La Renga released their seminal album \"Despedazado por Mil Partes\", Viejas Locas released their debut with the hit single \"\"Intoxicado\"\", among other events that sent suburban rock to the mainstream and ended new Argentine rock's dominance. But \"Tercer Arco\" was a great album on its own right, which made the overall result all the more explosive given the reigning musical environment. By the second half of the year Los Piojos were filling arenas and small stadiums. And by the start of 1997, \"Tercer Arco\" had gone double-platinum in a swift manner. The single \"\"El Farolito\"\" was at the top of rotation in most radio stations, and the video for \"\"Maradó\"\" (about former football player Diego Maradona) as well as that for \"\"Verano del 92\"\" made top 10 on MTV (probably the only time in the history of rock music where a song based upon an Afro-Uruguayan chant did so!). 1997's gathering power which Los Piojos achieved simply confirmed that they had arrived in the big leagues of Argentine rock, and that suburban rock was now in the driver's seat. To many, 1998's follow up studio album \"Azul\" is the best from the group. The band's assimilation of all types of eastern Argentine musical rhythms became clear with this release, and their eclectic nature did not cut into their popularity, in fact it made them more accessible to a wider Latin American taste, and so Los Piojos went on tour in Mexico and the United States. \"Ritual\" saw the light in 1999 as the 5th album for the band. The third millennium arrived and saw Los Piojos still on top of things. They performed several concerts with sellout numbers alongside other suburban rock flag-bearers such as Divididos, La Renga, Viejas Locas, and ska-Latin band Los Auténticos Decadentes. The group released \"Verde Paisaje del Infierno\" in 2000, another solid effort from \"The Lice\" (which is what their name means in Spanish). In 2003 the band came out with their 7th full-length, \"Máquina de Sangre\". Becoming one of the best selling albums of the year, it showed that Los Piojos were still current, and that their place in the history of Argentine and Spanish-language rock was largely assured. They would sell out 70,000 seat River Plate Stadium, something only achieved locally by bands such as Soda Stereo, and the most important foreign musical acts. Los Piojos Los Piojos was an Argentine rock band. Extremely popular, it became the seminal bands of the 1990s"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Ted Vibert Ted Vibert was a politician in the States of Jersey from 1999 to 2005. Ted Vibert was born on 10 June 1938, at Grosnez, St Ouen, Jersey. He went to the States Intermediate school, then was one of the first intake to Hautlieu School. He gained the Howard Davis Scholarship to University of Southampton. He played football professionally for three years for Leyton Orient in London. He then went to Australia in 1969, and ran several commercial ventures there. He returned to Jersey in July 1999, and stood for Deputy of St Helier No 1 District, gained a seat there (3rd place with 411 votes), but stood down at the 2002 elections, citing ill health. In 2003, he stood in the Senatorial by-election created by the sudden resignation of former Senator Ann Bailhache. He stood on a populist platform, saying that \"It is obvious that there are two factions in the States those with a social conscience and those with none at all. I want to help redress the balance against those with a ‘gung-ho’ mentality who want to see more population, more building and more business activity.\". He was elected a Senator, with 3,983 votes, after he narrowly beat former Deputy Alastair Layzell (3,712 votes). He was active as a driving force in the formation and leadership of the Jersey Democratic Alliance, but ill health forced him to retire from the States in the 2005 Elections. In 2011, he resigned from the party. He stood unsuccessfully as an independent in the St Helier District No. 3 constituency in the 2011 elections, coming seventh out of eight candidates for the four vacant seats. Ted Vibert Ted Vibert was a politician in the States of Jersey from 1999 to 2005. Ted Vibert was born on 10 June 1938, at"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"WT Small House WT Small House is reputed to be the oldest continually inhabited home in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. It is listed on the Kelowna Heritage Register as a highly valued example of early residential pioneer settlement in the Okanagan Valley. The Home was constructed with adze-cut squared logs and dovetail joints on two-storey wood frame. William Thomas Small, a blind miller at The Lequime Mill built the original portion of the house in 1890 with three of his sons, Fred, Charles and William. The fieldstone fireplace in the parlour is carved with the year of construction '1890'. The house was sold in 1908 to James Hugh Baillie, who added a two-storey wood frame front in 1910. Baillie sold the house in 1918 to C. Graham, whose wife is reputed to have built a second fieldstone fireplace in the sitting room. In 1930, the house was bought by Arthur H. Raymer (1880–1956) and his wife Edith Small, the daughter of WT Small (1884–1951) who had grown up in the house. Raymer's father had been Kelowna's first mayor when the city was incorporated in 1905. Raymer's daughter, Hilda and her husband W. Sinclair-Thompson lived there with their son and daughter Terry Gilbert and Wendy Edith. The Mulberry tree on the property was brought to Kelowna on a wagon from Ontario by William Small. The heritage value of the building is characterised by the organic growth of more than a century from early pioneer vernacular architecture to modern additions while retaining the original portions, still easily defined and recognisable today. Small's wife was instrumental in founding the first school in the Mission Creek area in 1894. Six local families (Small, Casorso, Berard, Crawford, Dickson and Smith) gathered to refurbish the old Fred Gillard cabin under the guidance of William Small, the only carpenter in the party, to provide the first school in the area for the eighteen local children. They were taught by Fred Watson until 1900 for the sum of $720 per year (Okanagan Historical Society). WT Small House WT Small House is reputed to be the oldest continually inhabited home in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. It is listed on the Kelowna Heritage Register as a highly valued example of early residential pioneer settlement in the Okanagan Valley. The Home was constructed with adze-cut squared logs and dovetail joints on two-storey wood frame. William Thomas Small, a blind miller at"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"X tax The X tax is an approach to taxation, suggested in the United States, that can be described as a standard European-style credit-invoice value added tax (VAT), except that wages are deducted by businesses and taxed at progressive rates to workers. Businesses are taxed on gross receipts and individuals taxed on wages, with neither businesses or individuals paying tax on financial transactions or financial instruments. The plan was created by Princeton University economist and New York University School of Law professor David F. Bradford. Bradford states the X tax could alleviate the complexities and avoidance issues plaguing the existing U.S. system, and argues that \"the government should exempt from taxation all dividends, interest, and other income from savings. That way, people will be treated equally by the tax system, whether they choose to spend now or save to increase their future spending power.\" X tax The X tax is an approach to taxation, suggested in the United States, that can be described as a standard European-style credit-invoice value added tax (VAT), except that wages are deducted by businesses and taxed at progressive rates to workers. Businesses are taxed on gross receipts and individuals taxed on wages, with neither businesses"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Matthew Rowe Matthew Rowe (born 28 April 1988) is a Welsh racing cyclist. Born in Cardiff, Rowe began racing at a young age, initially riding with his parents on a tandem. He began to enjoy cycling and became a member of the Maindy Flyers, based at Maindy Stadium. As a junior, he was a member of British Cycling's Olympic Development Programme, Rowe became the 2005 junior scratch race European champion, and finished eighth in the same event at the junior world championships. Rowe received funding for three to four months from the Dave Rayner fund in 2007. Rowe suffered from Glandular Fever in 2007, and hoping to make his mark on the Premier Calendar, riding for Rapha Condor recycling.co.uk for the 2008 season. Rowe studied at university for a business degree until 2009, with the hope of cycling full-time with the aim of a Commonwealth Games gold medal in 2010. However his hopes were scuppered by injuries sustained by a crash in the Rás Tailteann. His brother Luke is also a racing cyclist, and his father Courtney coaches the Paralympian Simon Richardson. Rowe is married to Olympic, World and European team pursuit gold medallist Dani King. The couple became engaged in 2015. The couple married in llandaff Cathedral on 30th September 2017. Matt Rowe founded Rowe & King (May 2015), a cycle coaching company, alongside father Courtney, fiancee Dani King and brother Luke Rowe www.roweandking.com. Rowe & King offer coaching in the sport of cycling utilising the extensive experience gained by Luke, Dani, Courtney and Matt himself. Matthew Rowe Matthew Rowe (born 28 April 1988) is a Welsh racing cyclist. Born in Cardiff, Rowe began racing at a young age, initially riding with his parents on a tandem. He began to enjoy cycling and became a member of the Maindy"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Greven Greven (; Westphalian: \"Graiwen\") is a medium-sized town in the district of Steinfurt, in Germany's most populous state of North Rhine-Westphalia and close to the city of Münster. Greven is situated on the river Ems, approx. 25 km south-east of Rheine and 15 km north of Münster. Greven consists of the following districts Greven is home to North Rhine-Westphalia's fourth-largest airport Münster Osnabrück International Airport (IATA code: FMO) transporting approx. 2.5 mil. passengers in 2009, but only 1.2 mil. in 2012 to destinations in Europe, Asia Minor, and North Africa. The autobahn A1 from Heiligenhafen in Schleswig-Holstein to Saarbrücken passes near Greven, furthermore 2 bundesstrassen, B481 and B219. The Dortmund-Ems Canal crosses through Greven and was lately enlarged to carry ships up to 2,000 tons. Greven Greven (; Westphalian: \"Graiwen\") is a medium-sized town in the district of Steinfurt, in Germany's most populous state of North Rhine-Westphalia and close to the city of Münster. Greven is situated on the river Ems, approx. 25 km south-east of Rheine and 15 km north of Münster. Greven consists of the following districts Greven is home to North Rhine-Westphalia's fourth-largest airport Münster Osnabrück International Airport (IATA code: FMO) transporting approx. 2.5 mil. passengers"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Clements Markham Sir Clements Robert Markham ( 1830 – 1916) was an English geographer, explorer, and writer. He was secretary of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) between 1863 and 1888, and later served as the Society's president for a further 12 years. In the latter capacity he was mainly responsible for organising the National Antarctic Expedition of 1901–04, and for launching the polar career of Robert Falcon Scott. Markham began his career as a Royal Naval cadet and midshipman, during which time he went to the Arctic with in one of the many searches for the lost expedition of Sir John Franklin. Later, Markham served as a geographer to the India Office, and was responsible for the collection of cinchona plants from their native Peruvian forests, and their transplantation in India. By this means the Indian government acquired a home source from which quinine could be extracted. Markham also served as geographer to Sir Robert Napier's Abyssinian expeditionary force, and was present in 1868 at the fall of Magdala. The main achievement of Markham's RGS presidency was the revival at the end of the 19th century of British interest in Antarctic exploration, after a 50-year interval. He had strong and determined ideas about how the National Antarctic Expedition should be organised, and fought hard to ensure that it was run primarily as a naval enterprise, under Scott's command. To do this he overcame hostility and opposition from much of the scientific community. In the years following the expedition he continued to champion Scott's career, to the extent of disregarding or disparaging the achievements of other contemporary explorers. All his life Markham was a constant traveller and a prolific writer, his works including histories, travel accounts and biographies. He authored many papers and reports for the RGS, and did much editing and translation work for the Hakluyt Society, of which he also became president in 1890. He received public and academic honours, and was recognised as a major influence on the discipline of geography, although it was acknowledged that much of his work was based on enthusiasm rather than scholarship. Among the geographical features bearing his name is Antarctica's Mount Markham, named after him by Scott in 1902. Markham was born on 20 July 1830 at Stillingfleet, Yorkshire, the second son of the Reverend David Markham, then vicar of Stillingfleet. The family were descendants of the Rt Hon. and Most Rev. Dr William Markham, a former Archbishop of York and royal tutor; this Court connection led to David Markham's appointment, in 1827, as an honorary canon of Windsor. Markham's mother Catherine, née Milner, was the daughter of Sir William Milner, 4th Baronet, of Nun Appleton Hall, Yorkshire. In 1838 David Markham was appointed rector of Great Horkesley, near Colchester, Essex. A year later Clements began his schooling, first at Cheam and later at Westminster School. Reportedly an apt pupil, he showed particular interest in geology and astronomy, and from an early age he wrote prolifically, an activity which filled much of his spare time. At Westminster, which he found \"a wonderful and delightful place\", he developed a particular interest in boating, often acting as coxswain in races on the River Thames. In May 1844 Markham was introduced by his aunt, the Countess of Mansfield, to Rear-Admiral Sir George Seymour, a Lord of the Admiralty. The boy made a favourable impression on the admiral, and the meeting led to the offer of a cadetship in the Royal Navy. Accordingly, on 1844 Markham travelled to Portsmouth to join Seymour's flagship . \"Collingwood\" was being fitted out for an extended voyage to the Pacific Ocean where Seymour was to assume command of the Pacific station. This tour of duty lasted for almost four years. The ship reached the Chilean port of Valparaíso, the headquarters of the Pacific station, on 1844 after a cruise that incorporated visits to Rio de Janeiro and the Falkland Islands, and a stormy passage in the Southern Ocean. Markham's social connections assured him of a relatively comfortable time; he was frequently invited to dine with the admiral, whose wife and daughters were on board. After a few weeks' respite in Valparaiso, \"Collingwood\" sailed again, this time for Callao, the main port on the Peruvian coast, giving Markham his first experience of a country that would figure prominently in his later career. During the next two years \"Collingwood\" cruised in the Pacific, visiting the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), Mexico, and Tahiti, where Markham attempted to assist the nationalist rebels against their French governor. On 1846 Markham passed the examination for midshipman, being placed third in a group of ten. The long periods spent in Chilean and Peruvian ports had also enabled him to learn Spanish. Towards the end of the voyage Markham experienced growing doubts about a conventional naval career; he now desired above all to be an explorer and a geographer. On arrival in Portsmouth in July 1848 he informed his father of his wish to leave the navy, but was persuaded to stay. After a brief period of service in the Mediterranean Markham experienced months of inactivity while based at Spithead and the Cove of Cork, which further diminished his interest in the service. However, early in 1850 he learned that a squadron of four ships was being assembled to undertake a new search for the lost Arctic expedition of Sir John Franklin. Markham used his family's influence to secure a place in this venture, and in April 1850 was informed of his appointment to , one of the squadron's two principal vessels. Sir John Franklin had left England in May 1845 with two ships, and , in search of the Northwest Passage. The expedition was last seen on by whalers in the northern waters of Baffin Bay, moored to an ice floe and waiting for the chance to sail westward. The hunt for the missing ships began two years later. The relief squadron which Markham joined was commanded by Captain Horatio Austin in . Markham's ship \"Assistance\" was captained by Erasmus Ommanney. Markham, as the youngest member of the expedition and its only midshipman, had a limited role, but carefully noted every detail of expedition life in his journal. The ships sailed on 1850. After rounding the southernmost point of Greenland on , the squadron proceeded northwards until stopped by ice in Melville Bay on . They were held here until , when they were finally able to proceed west into Lancaster Sound, the known route taken by Franklin. Here the ships dispersed to search different areas for signs of the vanished expedition. On Ommanney sighted a cairn, and discovered packing materials nearby which bore the name of \"Goldner\", Franklin's canned meat supplier. Together with other odds and ends of abandoned equipment, these fragments were the first traces of Franklin that anyone had found. A few days later, on Beechey Island, the party came across three graves, which proved to be those of members of Franklin's crew who had died between January and April 1846. Searches continued until the ships were laid up for the long Arctic winter. During this enforced rest there were lectures and classes for the crew, and various theatrical diversions in which Markham was able to display his \"great histrionic talent\". He did much reading, mainly Arctic history and classical literature, and thought about a possible return visit to Peru, a country which had captivated him during the \"Collingwood\" voyage. When spring returned, a series of sledging expeditions was launched to search for further signs of the missing crews. Markham played a full part in these activities, which produced no further evidence of Franklin, but led to the mapping of hundreds of miles of previously uncharted coast. The expedition returned to England in early October 1851. Immediately on his return to England Markham informed his father of his determination to leave the navy. One of the reasons for his",
"and classes for the crew, and various theatrical diversions in which Markham was able to display his \"great histrionic talent\". He did much reading, mainly Arctic history and classical literature, and thought about a possible return visit to Peru, a country which had captivated him during the \"Collingwood\" voyage. When spring returned, a series of sledging expeditions was launched to search for further signs of the missing crews. Markham played a full part in these activities, which produced no further evidence of Franklin, but led to the mapping of hundreds of miles of previously uncharted coast. The expedition returned to England in early October 1851. Immediately on his return to England Markham informed his father of his determination to leave the navy. One of the reasons for his disaffection was the severity of the corporal punishment that was constantly administered for what in his view were trivial offences. He had been in trouble during his \"Collingwood\" service for attempting to prevent the flogging of a crewman. He had also become disenchanted by the idleness that had occupied long periods of his service. With some regret the elder Markham consented to his son's request, and after taking and passing the gunnery part of the examination for the rank of lieutenant, Markham resigned from the service at the end of 1851. In the summer of 1852, freed from his naval obligations, Markham made plans for an extended visit to Peru. Supported by a gift from his father of £500 (more than £40,000 at 2008 values) to cover expenses, Markham sailed from Liverpool on . Markham travelled by a roundabout route, proceeding first to Halifax, Nova Scotia, then overland to Boston and New York, before taking a steamer to Panama. After crossing the isthmus he sailed for Callao, finally arriving there on . He set out for the Peruvian interior on 1852, heading across the Andes towards his goal, the ancient Inca city of Cuzco. On the way, Markham paused for nearly a month in the town of Ayacucho, to study the local culture and increase his knowledge of the Quechua. He then travelled on towards Cuzco, and after crossing a swinging bridge (the Apurimac Bridge) suspended above the raging Apurímac River, he and his party passed through fertile valleys which brought them finally to the city of Cuzco, on 1853. Markham remained in the city for several weeks, researching Inca history, describing in his journal the many buildings and ruins that he visited. During the course of an excursion to nearby towns and ruins he reached the area of San Miguel, La Mar, Ayacucho, where he first learned of the properties of the cinchona plant, a source of quinine, cultivated in that vicinity. He finally left Cuzco on , accompanied by a party of six who, like him, were returning to Lima. Their journey took them southwards, descending the mountains to the city of Arequipa, a former Spanish colonial settlement with a mixture of native and European architecture. The city is overlooked by the conical volcano Mount Misti, which Markham likened to Mount Fuji in Japan. On the party reached Lima, where Markham learned of the death of his father. He departed for England, where he arrived on . The idea of introducing cinchona to India was first made in 1813 by W. Ainslie and years later, in 1839, John Forbes Royle suggested that it could be tried in the Nilgiris. The Indian government was spending £7000 pounds a year around 1852 when Royle made a proposal to introduce cinchona to India. By coincidence Markham was a civil servant in the India Office, and in 1859 he made proposals to his employers for a scheme for collecting cinchona trees from the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes, and transplanting them to selected sites in India. Cinchona bark, a source of quinine, was the first known treatment for malaria and other tropical diseases. These plans were approved and Markham was placed in charge of the operation. Markham and his team, which included the botanist Richard Spruce and his future brother-in-law, the New Zealander Charles Bowen, left England for Peru in December 1859, arriving in Lima late in January 1860. There was danger in their enterprise; Peru and Bolivia were on the verge of war, and Markham's party soon experienced the hostility of Peruvian interests anxious to protect their control over the cinchona trade. This limited his sphere of operations, and prevented him from obtaining specimens of the best quality. Later Markham overcame bureaucratic obstruction to obtain the necessary export licences. Markham returned briefly to England before sailing to India, to select suitable sites for cinchona plantations there and in Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Although many of the Indian plantations failed to flourish and were soon destroyed by insects, others survived, and were augmented by species obtained by Spruce which were more suited to Indian conditions. Twenty years after the first plantations the annual cinchona bark crop from India was estimated at . For his work in introducing cinchona to India, Markham received a grant of £3,000 (over £200,000 in 2008 terms) from the British Government. After the death of his father in 1853 Markham needed paid employment, and in December 1853 secured a junior clerkship in the Legacy Duty Office of the Inland Revenue at a salary of £90 per annum (around £6,000 in 2008). He found the work tedious, but after six months was able to transfer to the forerunner of what became, in 1857, the India Office. Here, the work was interesting and rewarding, with sufficient time to allow him to travel and pursue his geographical interests. In April 1857 Markham married Minna Chichester, who accompanied him on the cinchona mission to Peru and India. Their only child, a daughter Mary Louise (known as May), was born in 1859. As part of his India Office duties Markham investigated and reported to the Indian government on the introduction of Peruvian cotton into the Madras Presidency, on the growth of ipecacuanha in Brazil and the possibilities for cultivating this medicinal plant in India, and on the future of the pearl industry at Tirunelveli in Southern India. He was also involved in an ambitious plan for the transplanting of Brazilian rubber trees, claiming that he would \"do for the india-rubber or caoutchouc-yielding trees what had already been done with such happy results for the cinchona trees.\" This scheme was not, however, successful. In 1867, Markham was selected to accompany Sir Robert Napier's military expeditionary force to Abyssinia, as the expedition's geographer. This force was despatched by the British government as a response to actions taken by the Abyssinian King Theodore. In 1862 the king had written to the British government requesting protection against Egyptian invaders, and proposing the appointment of an ambassador. Unwilling to risk giving offence to Egypt, the British government did not reply. The king reacted to this slight by seizing and imprisoning the British consul and his staff, and ordered the arrest and whipping of a missionary who had allegedly insulted the king's mother. A belated reply to the king's letter resulted in the capture and incarceration of the deputation that brought it. After efforts at conciliation failed, the British decided to settle the matter by sending a military expedition. Because the geography of the country was so little known, it was decided that an experienced traveller with map-making skills should accompany the force, hence Markham's appointment. Napier's troops arrived at Annesley Bay in the Red Sea, early in 1868. Markham was attached to the force's headquarters staff, with responsibility for general survey work and in particular the selection of the route to Magdala, the king's mountain stronghold. Markham also acted as the party's naturalist, reporting on the species of wildlife encountered during the march southward from the coast. He accompanied Napier to the walls of Magdala, which was",
"incarceration of the deputation that brought it. After efforts at conciliation failed, the British decided to settle the matter by sending a military expedition. Because the geography of the country was so little known, it was decided that an experienced traveller with map-making skills should accompany the force, hence Markham's appointment. Napier's troops arrived at Annesley Bay in the Red Sea, early in 1868. Markham was attached to the force's headquarters staff, with responsibility for general survey work and in particular the selection of the route to Magdala, the king's mountain stronghold. Markham also acted as the party's naturalist, reporting on the species of wildlife encountered during the march southward from the coast. He accompanied Napier to the walls of Magdala, which was stormed on 1868. As the king's forces charged down the mountain to meet Napier's advancing troops Markham recorded: \"The Snider rifles kept up a fire no Abyssinian troops could stand. They were mown down in lines ... the most heroic struggle could do nothing in the face of such vast inequality of arms.\" After the discovery of the king's body the victorious troops, according to Markham, \"gave three cheers over it, as if it had been a dead fox.\" Markham added that although the king's misdeeds had been numerous and his cruelties horrible, he had finally died as a hero. On the orders of General Napier, Magdala was burnt to the ground and its guns destroyed. The British troops then departed, and Markham was back in England in July 1868. For his services to this campaign Markham was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1871. Markham had, through his various activities, come to know many influential people, and during the early 1870s used these connections to make the case for a Royal Naval Arctic expedition. Prime minister Benjamin Disraeli consented, in the \"spirit of maritime enterprise that has ever distinguished the English people\". When the expedition was ready to sail, Markham was invited to accompany it as far as Greenland, on , one of the expedition's three ships. Markham accepted, and left with the convoy on 1875. He was gone for three months, remaining with \"Alert\" as far as the island of Disco in Baffin Bay. He wrote of this journey: \"I never had a happier cruise ... a nobler set of fellows never sailed together.\" He returned to England on the support vessel , although the homeward voyage was delayed after \"Valorous\" struck a reef and required substantial repairs. Markham's extended absence from his India Office duties, together with his increasing involvement in a range of other interests, caused his superiors to request his resignation. Markham retired from his post in 1877, his 22 years of service entitling him to a pension. Meanwhile, the main expedition, under the command of Captain George Nares, had proceeded north with the two ships and . On 1875 they reached 82°24', the highest northern latitude reached by any ship up to that date. In the following spring a sledging party led by Markham's cousin, Commander Albert Hastings Markham, achieved a record Farthest North at 83°20'. In November 1854 Markham had been elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. The Society soon became the centre of his geographical interests, and in 1863 he was appointed its honorary secretary, a position he was to hold for 25 years. In addition to his work in promoting the Nares Arctic expedition, Markham followed the work of other Arctic explorers, organising a reception in 1880 for the Swedish explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld after the latter's successful navigation of the North-East Passage, and monitoring the progress of the American expeditions of Adolphus Greely and George W. DeLong. Release from the India Office provided Markham with more time for travel. He made regular trips to Europe and in 1885 went to America, where he met with President Grover Cleveland in the White House. Throughout his secretaryship Markham was a prolific writer of travel books and biographies, and of many papers presented to the RGS and elsewhere. He was the author of the \"Encyclopædia Britannica\" (ninth edition) article entitled \"Progress of Geographical Discovery\". He also wrote popular histories. Within the RGS Markham was responsible for the revision of the Society's standard \"Hints to Travellers\", and for relaunching the journal \"Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society\" in a much livelier format.Markham conducted the \"Geographical Magazine\" from 1872–1878, when it became merged in the \"Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society\". In parallel with his RGS duties Markham served as secretary of the Hakluyt Society until 1886, subsequently becoming that society's president. As part of his work for this body, Markham was responsible for many translations from Spanish into English of rare accounts of travel, in particular those relating to Peru. In time scholars would express doubts about the quality of some of these translations, finding them prepared in haste and lacking in rigour. Nevertheless, this work ran to 22 volumes in the society's publications. In 1873 Markham had been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in subsequent years received several overseas honours, including the Portuguese Order of Christ and the Order of the Rose of Brazil. He briefly considered, but did not pursue, the idea of a parliamentary career. Markham maintained his interest in the navy, particularly in the training of its officers. He often visited the merchant officer training vessels, and HMS \"Worcester\", and became a member of the latter's governing body. In early 1887 he accepted an invitation from his cousin Albert Markham, who now commanded the Royal Navy's training squadron, to join the squadron at its station in the West Indies. Markham spent three months aboard the flagship HMS \" Active\", during which, on 1887, he had his first encounter with Robert Falcon Scott, who was serving as a midshipman aboard HMS \"Rover\". Scott was victorious in a race between cutters, an event that was noted and remembered by Markham. In May 1888 Markham resigned from his position as RGS Secretary, finding himself at odds with the Society's new policies which appeared to favour education over exploration. On his retirement he was awarded the Society's Founder's Medal for what were described at the presentation ceremony as his \"incomparable services to the Society\". The next few years were filled with travel and writing. There were further cruises with the training squadron, and extended visits to the Baltic and the Mediterranean. In 1893, during the course of one of these journeys, Markham was elected \"in absentia\" President of the RGS. This unexpected elevation was the result of a dispute within the Society over the question of women members, about which Markham had kept silent. When in July 1893 the issue was put to a special general meeting, the proposal to admit women was narrowly defeated despite an overwhelming postal ballot in favour. In these circumstances the Society's President, Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff, resigned his office. The 22 existing women members were allowed to remain, but no more were admitted until January 1913 when the RGS changed its policy. Although Markham was not the first choice as a replacement for Grant Duff—other notable figures were approached—he had kept out of the women members controversy and was broadly acceptable to the membership. Shortly after his accession to the presidency, in recognition of his services to geography Markham was promoted Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, and became Sir Clements Markham. In a letter written many years later, Markham said that on the assumption of the presidency he had felt the need, after the dispute over women, to \"restore the Society's good name\" by the adoption of some great enterprise. He chose Antarctic exploration as the basis for this mission; there had been no significant Antarctic",
"but no more were admitted until January 1913 when the RGS changed its policy. Although Markham was not the first choice as a replacement for Grant Duff—other notable figures were approached—he had kept out of the women members controversy and was broadly acceptable to the membership. Shortly after his accession to the presidency, in recognition of his services to geography Markham was promoted Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, and became Sir Clements Markham. In a letter written many years later, Markham said that on the assumption of the presidency he had felt the need, after the dispute over women, to \"restore the Society's good name\" by the adoption of some great enterprise. He chose Antarctic exploration as the basis for this mission; there had been no significant Antarctic exploration by any country since Sir James Clark Ross's expedition fifty years previously. A new impetus was provided through a lecture given to the RGS in 1893 by the oceanographer Professor John Murray, calling for \"an expedition to resolve the outstanding questions still posed in the south.\" In response to Murray the RGS and the Royal Society formed a joint committee, to campaign for a British Antarctic expedition. Murray's call for the resumption of Antarctic exploration was taken up again two years later, when the RGS acted as host to the sixth International Geographical Congress in August 1895. This Congress passed a unanimous resolution: [That] the exploration of the Antarctic Regions is the greatest piece of geographical exploration still to be undertaken. That, in view of the additions to knowledge in almost every branch of science which would result from such a scientific exploration, the Congress recommends that the scientific societies throughout the world should urge, in whatever way seems to them most effective, that this work should be undertaken before the close of the century. The joint committee organising the British response to this resolution contained a difference of view. Murray and the Royal Society argued for a largely civilian expedition, directed and staffed by scientists, while Markham and most of the RGS contingent saw a National Antarctic Expedition as a means of reviving naval glories, and wanted the expedition organised accordingly. Markham's tenacity finally won the day when in 1900 he secured the appointment of his protégé Robert Falcon Scott, by then a torpedo lieutenant on , as the expedition's overall commander. In doing so he thwarted an attempt to place the leadership in the hands of Professor John Gregory of the British Museum. In the view of Markham's critics, this represented the subordination of scientific work to naval adventure, although the \"Instructions to the Commander\", drawn up by Markham, give equal priorities to geographical and scientific work. The \"science versus adventure\" arguments were renewed when, after the return of the expedition, there was criticism over the accuracy and professionalism of some of its scientific results. Markham faced further problems in securing funding for the expedition. In 1898, after three years' effort, only a fraction of what was required had been promised. Meanwhile, the Anglo-Norwegian explorer Carsten Borchgrevink had obtained a sum of £40,000 (over in 2008) from publisher George Newnes, to finance a private Antarctic venture. Markham was furious, believing that funds were being diverted from his own project, and denounced Borchgrevink as \"evasive, a liar and a fraud\". He was equally hostile to William Speirs Bruce, the Scottish explorer who had written to Markham asking to join the National Antarctic Expedition. On receiving no confirmation of an appointment, Bruce obtained finance from the Scottish Coats family and organised his own Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Markham accused Bruce of \"mischievous rivalry\", and of attempting to \"cripple the National Expedition ... in order to get up a scheme for yourself\". The Scottish expedition duly sailed, but Markham remained unforgiving towards it, and used his influence to ensure that its participants received no Polar Medals on their return. A substantial private donation and a government grant finally allowed the National Antarctic Expedition to proceed. A new ship, the \"Discovery\", was built, and a mainly naval crew of officers and crewmen appointed, along with a scientific staff which was later described as \"underpowered\". \"Discovery\" sailed on 1901, after an inspection by King Edward VII, at which Markham was present to introduce Scott and the officers. The ship was gone for just over three years during which time, from a base in the Ross Sea area, significant explorations of this sector of Antarctica were carried out, along with an extensive scientific programme. Although it was reported by the \"Times\" as \"one of the most successful [expeditions] that ever ventured into the Polar regions, north or south,\" it was largely ignored by the government of the day. Markham was criticised in official quarters for privately sanctioning a second season in the Antarctic, contrary to the original plan, and then being unable to raise funds for the expedition's relief in 1904. The cost for this had to be borne on the Treasury. A few months after the \"Discovery\"s return, Markham announced his retirement from the RGS presidency. He was 75 years old; according to his biographer he felt that his active geographical life was now over. His 12 years in the presidency was the longest period on record. He remained a member of the RGS Council, a vice-president, and he kept an active interest in Antarctic exploration, particularly in the two British expeditions which set out in the five years following his retirement. These were led respectively by Ernest Shackleton and Scott. Markham had agreed to Shackleton's appointment as Third Officer on the \"Discovery\" following a recommendation from the expedition's principal private donor. He had given sympathy and support after Shackleton's early return from the expedition on grounds of ill health, and had backed the latter's unsuccessful application for a Royal Navy commission. Later, after Shackleton had confided his intention to lead an expedition of his own, Markham supplied a generous testimonial, describing Shackleton as \"well-fitted to have charge of men in an enterprise involving hardship and peril\", and \"admirably fitted for the leader[ship] of a Polar Expedition.\" He expressed strong support for Shackleton's 1907–09 \"Nimrod\" Expedition: \"... not only my most cordial wishes for your success will accompany you, but also a well-founded hope.\" When news of the expedition's achievement of a new Farthest South latitude of 88°23' reached him, Markham publicly signified his intention to propose Shackleton for the RGS Patron's Medal. However, Markham had second thoughts, and was soon writing to the current RGS president, Leonard Darwin, to express disbelief about Shackleton's claimed latitudes, repeating these doubts to Scott. Historians have surmised that Scott was Markham's protégé, and that the old man resented polar glory going to someone else. Whatever his reason, Markham adopted a bitterness towards Shackleton which he retained for the rest of his life. He is said to have crossed out all favourable references to Shackleton in his own notes on the \"Discovery\" expedition, and to have virtually ignored Shackleton's achievements in a 1912 address to the British Association. He was equally dismissive in his history of Antarctic exploration, \"The Lands of Silence\" (published posthumously in 1921). By contrast, Markham remained on close personal terms with Scott and was godfather to the explorer's son, born 1909 and named Peter Markham Scott in the old man's honour. In his tribute to Scott in the preface to \"Scott's Last Expedition\" (1913), Markham describes Scott as \"among the most remarkable men of our time\", and talks of the \"beauty\" of his character. As Scott lay dying \"there was no thought for",
"which he retained for the rest of his life. He is said to have crossed out all favourable references to Shackleton in his own notes on the \"Discovery\" expedition, and to have virtually ignored Shackleton's achievements in a 1912 address to the British Association. He was equally dismissive in his history of Antarctic exploration, \"The Lands of Silence\" (published posthumously in 1921). By contrast, Markham remained on close personal terms with Scott and was godfather to the explorer's son, born 1909 and named Peter Markham Scott in the old man's honour. In his tribute to Scott in the preface to \"Scott's Last Expedition\" (1913), Markham describes Scott as \"among the most remarkable men of our time\", and talks of the \"beauty\" of his character. As Scott lay dying \"there was no thought for himself, only the earnest thought to give comfort and consolation to others.\" In one of the last letters written from his final camp, days from death, Scott wrote: \"Tell Sir Clements I thought much of him, and never regretted his putting me in command of the 'Discovery'.\" After his retirement from the RGS presidency, Markham led an active life as a writer and traveller. He wrote biographies of the English kings Edward IV and Richard III, and of his old naval friend Admiral Sir Leopold McClintock; he also kept up his editing and translating work. He continued to produce papers for the RGS, and remained president of the Hakluyt Society until 1910. Markham continued to travel extensively in Europe, and in 1906 cruised with the Mediterranean squadron, where Scott was acting as Flag-Captain to Rear-Admiral George Egerton. When in 1909 Scott announced his plans for a new Antarctic venture, the \"Terra Nova\" Expedition, Markham assisted with fundraising and served on the expedition's organising committee, arranging the deal which brought in Lieutenant \"Teddy\" Evans as second-in-command, in return for the abandonment of Evans's own expedition plans. Markham was awarded honorary degrees from the Universities of Cambridge and Leeds. In conferring this latter degree, the Chancellor referred to Markham as \"a veteran in the service of mankind\", and recalled that he had been \"for sixty years the inspiration of English geographical science.\" However, Markham did not altogether avoid controversy. In 1912, when Roald Amundsen, conqueror of the South Pole, was invited by RGS president Leonard Darwin to dine with the Society, Markham resigned his council seat in protest. The news of the death of Scott and his returning polar party reached Markham in February 1913, while he was staying in Estoril. He returned to England, and assisted with the preparation of Scott's journals for publication. Scott's death was a heavy blow, but Markham continued to lead a busy life of writing and travelling. In 1915 he was present at the service in St Peter's Church, Binton, near Stratford-upon-Avon, where a window was dedicated to Scott and his companions; later that year he assisted at the unveiling of the Royal Navy's statue of Scott, in Waterloo Place, London. Markham read his last paper for the RGS on 1915, its title being \"The History of the Gradual Development of the Groundwork of Geographical Science\". On 29 January 1916, while reading in bed by candlelight, Markham set fire to the bedclothes and was overcome by smoke. He died the following day. His last diary entry, a few days earlier, had recorded a visit from Peter Markham Scott. The family received tributes from King George V, who acknowledged the debt the country owed to Markham's life work of study and research; from the Royal Geographical Society and the other learned bodies with which Markham had been associated; from the Naval Commander-in-Chief at Devonport; and from Fridtjof Nansen, the Norwegian Arctic explorer. Other messages were received from France, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, the United States, and from Arequipa in Peru. More critical assessments of Markham's life and work were to follow. Hugh Robert Mill, Shackleton's first biographer and for many years the RGS librarian, referred to the dictatorial manner in which Markham had run the Society. In time, questions would be raised about the accuracy of some of his Hakluyt translations, and about the evidence of haste in the preparation of other publications. On a personal level he had made enemies as well as friends; Frank Debenham, the geologist who served with both Scott and Shackleton, called Markham \"a dangerous old man\", while William Speirs Bruce wrote of Markham's \"malicious opposition to the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition\". Bruce's colleague Robert Rudmose-Brown went further, calling Markham \"that old fool and humbug\". These protestations reflected Markham's protective attitude towards Scott; according to Bruce, \"Scott was Markham's protégé, and Markham thought it necessary, in order to uphold Scott, that I should be obliterated\". He added that \"Scott and I were always good friends, in spite of Markham.\" Markham's writings on naval history have been criticised by modern scholars due to his nationalistic exaggeration of English sailors' achievements in the Age of Discoveries. It has been suggested that Markham's prejudices about polar travel, particularly his belief in the \"nobility\" of manhauling, had been passed to Scott, to the detriment of all future British expeditions. Mill's measured opinion, that Markham was \"an enthusiast rather than a scholar\", has been asserted as a fair summary of his strengths and weaknesses, and as the basis for his influence on the discipline of geography in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is commemorated by Mount Markham, , in the Transantarctic range, discovered and named by Scott on his southern march during the \"Discovery\" expedition in 1902. The Markham River in Papua New Guinea was named after him; Carsten Borchgrevink discovered and named Markham Island in the Ross Sea during his 1900 expedition, a gesture that was not, however, acknowledged by Markham. The name lives on in Lima, Peru, through Markham College, a private co-educational school. Minna Bluff, a promontory extending into the Ross Ice Shelf, was named by Scott for Lady Markham. The plant genus \"Markhamia\" was named after Markham by the German botanist Berthold Seemann in 1863. Markham's estate was valued for probate purposes at £7,740 (2008 equivalent £376,000). He was survived by his wife Minna, to whom Albert Hastings Markham's 1917 biography of Sir Clements is dedicated. Markham's only child, May, avoided public life and devoted herself to church work in the East End of London. According to the family's entry in \"Burke's Landed Gentry\" she died in 1926. Markham was a prolific writer and diarist; his first published work, an account of his voyage with HMS \"Assistance\" in search of Franklin, had appeared in 1853. After his retirement from the India office in 1877 writing became his chief source of income. In addition to papers and reports for the Royal Geographical Society and other learned bodies, Markham wrote histories, biographies and travel accounts, many as full-length books. He also translated many works from Spanish to English, and compiled a grammar and dictionary for the Quichua language of Peru. His books include the following: Clements Markham Sir Clements Robert Markham ( 1830 – 1916) was an English geographer, explorer, and writer. He was secretary of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) between 1863 and 1888, and later served as the Society's president for a further 12 years. In the latter capacity he was mainly responsible for organising the National Antarctic Expedition of 1901–04, and for launching the polar career of Robert Falcon Scott. Markham began"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Georg Ledderhose Dr. Georg Ledderhose was a German surgeon, December 15, 1855, Bockenheim, Regierungsbezirk Wiesbaden, Germany – February 1, 1925, Munich, Germany. Ledderhose studied in Strasbourg under Georg Albert Lücke (1829-1894), receiving his medical doctorate in 1880 and later working in Strasbourg hospital as a surgeon. He became \"Professor for Surgery\" in Strasbourg in 1891. He later worked in Munich, where he became honorary professor. In 1876, Ledderhose discovered glycosamine whilst working on cartilage with Ernst Felix Immanuel Hoppe-Seyler (1825-1895) in Strassburg. Although first identified by him, the stereochemistry of the compound was not fully defined until 1939 by the work of Walter Haworth. Ledderhose was the first to describe the condition of \"plantar fibromatosis\" in 1894, which was later known as Ledderhose's disease. Georg Ledderhose Dr. Georg Ledderhose was a German surgeon, December 15, 1855, Bockenheim, Regierungsbezirk Wiesbaden, Germany – February 1, 1925, Munich, Germany. Ledderhose studied in Strasbourg under Georg Albert Lücke (1829-1894), receiving his medical doctorate in 1880 and later working in Strasbourg hospital as a surgeon. He became \"Professor for Surgery\" in Strasbourg in 1891. He later worked in Munich, where he became honorary professor. In 1876, Ledderhose discovered glycosamine whilst working on cartilage with Ernst"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Norman Wood (politician) Norman Wood (January 24, 1891 – March 11, 1988) was an American politician who served more than 40 years in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1923 to 1965. Wood was born January 24, 1891, in Fulton Township, Lancaster County. He graduated from Fulton Township High School and attended the George School and Pennsylvania State College. Wood was a dairy farmer before running for office. Wood's entry into politics was something of an accident. Republican powerbroker William Walton Griest was looking for someone to run for an open seat in the 1922 election and sent an underling to Fulton Township with instructions to bring \"that Wood fellow\" to meet him. Griest had meant to have Samuel Wood run for election, but due to his vague instructions, Norman Wood ended up coming to his office. Griest decided Norman Wood was up to the task and used his influence to get Norman Wood elected. Wood eventually rose to chairman of his party's caucus. He was re-elected every election until 1964, when he declined to run for another term. He died March 11, 1988, and was buried in Little Britain, Pennsylvania. The Norman Wood Bridge, which opened in 1968, is named in his honor. Norman Wood (politician) Norman Wood (January 24, 1891 – March 11, 1988) was an American politician who served more than 40 years in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1923 to 1965. Wood was born January 24, 1891, in Fulton Township, Lancaster County. He graduated from Fulton Township High School and attended the George School and Pennsylvania State College. Wood was a dairy farmer before running for office. Wood's entry into politics was something of an accident. Republican powerbroker William Walton Griest was looking for someone to run for an open seat in the 1922 election"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Akbar Atri Akbar Atri (Persian: اكبر عطرى) is an Iranian democracy and human rights activist. He is the co-founder and co-director of . Atri joined the Iranian student movement in 1995 and was elected to a central leadership role in Tahkim Vahdat, Iran’s largest and most prominent student organization, annually from 1997 to 2005. He is a founding member of Iranian Students for Democracy and Human Rights. He spoke widely at universities throughout the country, organized discussion forums and led student protests in favor of freedom of expression and democracy. Atri has been imprisoned, fined, and physically abused at the hands of the regime's militias for his human rights activism. Atri left Iran in 2005 and in the same year was sentenced in absentia to seven years in prison for defiling the Supreme Leader and for other crimes against the Iranian regime. In 2005, Atri, along with Ali Afshari, Mohsen Sazegara, Mohammad Maleki, Nasser Zarafshan and Abdollah Momeni, co-authored a petition calling for a national referendum on a new constitution. The referendum would provide Iranians the means to demand a new constitution based upon democratic values and universal principles of human rights. Since its publication, thirty-five thousand civil society activists, human rights organizations, academics, journalists have signed this petition. Since leaving Iran, Atri has spoken on his country’s human rights situation and its civic led movements for democracy at universities, human rights organizations, and conferences worldwide. He has written for several Iranian reformist papers as well as American publications such as American Spectator and The Wall Street Journal. Atri serves on the board of the Committee on the Present Danger, and American organization devoted to countering terrorism and the spread of radical Islam. In 2010, Atri and his wife Mariam Memarsadeghi created , an organization providing free online training and Persian and English learning resources to Iranians. On March 2, 2006, Atri and Ali Afshari were invited to give a talk on human rights and democracy in Iran at a panel discussion organized at the U.S. Capitol. Sponsored by the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and Iranian Students for Democracy and Human Rights, their talk discussed human rights abuses in Iran and the progress of Iran’s democracy movement. Atri earned his BA and MA degrees in political science at Allameh Tabatabaei and Mofid universities. He earned his second MA from George Mason University in Conflict Resolution and Analysis. Atri is from the Azeri ethnic minority and speaks Azeri, Persian, and English. Akbar Atri Akbar Atri (Persian: اكبر عطرى) is an Iranian democracy and human rights activist. He is the co-founder and co-director of . Atri joined the Iranian student movement in 1995 and was elected to a central leadership role in Tahkim Vahdat, Iran’s largest and most prominent student organization, annually from 1997 to 2005. He is a founding member of Iranian Students for Democracy and Human Rights. He spoke widely at universities throughout the country, organized discussion forums and led student protests in favor of freedom of expression and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Memo Arzate Guillermo \"Memo\" Arzate (born November 22, 1981) is an American former professional soccer player. Memo Arzate attended Artesia High School from 1995 to 1999. He was a member of the Pioneers' soccer team which won back-to-back Suburban League Championships in '97 and '98. Arzate was a three-time Artesia High School MVP, as well as league MVP when he was a sophomore and junior. He was also recognized as the Pioneers' Offensive Player of the Year in '96 and '97. Following an impressive high school career, Arzate was already garnering interest from professional scouts, but elected to attend Compton Community College, a route which would be later followed by Gaucho alum Tino Nuñez. With the Tartars, Arzate completed two seasons and was named First Team All-South Coast Conference and Conference MVP in both seasons. He amassed 18 goals and 27 assists in 2001 for an astonishing 63 points in a single season. The offensive output certainly turned heads, that of Tim Vom Steeg in particular. Memo Arzate was recruited to finish his junior and senior years at the University of California, Santa Barbara following his stellar offensive output with Compton Community College. During his junior year, he contributed immediately. He saw action in 21 games, scoring 4 goals and assisting in 18 assists for 26 points. The total was good for 3rd on the team, surpassing eventual professionals in David McGill, Neil Jones, Alan Keely, Tony Lochhead, Nate Boyden. The offensive output guided the UCSB Gauchos to their first ever NCAA playoff appearance, defeating University of San Diego 2-0 at Harder Stadium before falling at University of California, Berkeley Golden Bears 2-1. As a senior, Arzate played in 22 games, 21 of those started. He increased his point total to 30 points with 6 goals and 18 assists. The total put him in a three-way tie for the team lead with Drew McAthy and Neil Jones. With points aplenty, UCSB received a first round bye into the NCAA playoffs and beat previous tournament opponent University of California, Berkeley Golden Bears 2-0 at Harder Stadium, before falling 3-2 in double overtime at St. John's University in the Sweet 16. For his career, Arzate recorded 0.84 assists per game, which is the 6th best total in NCAA Division I history (with a minimum of 30 career assists). In 2003, his 18 assists led him to a 0.82 assists per game ratio, the highest in the NCAA Division I that year. Despite UCSB not being a \"traditional\" college soccer powerhouse, Memo Arzate was getting looks from the professional ranks. He caught the eye of Sigi Schmid and the Los Angeles Galaxy, who in turn drafted Memo with the 2nd pick of the 3rd round (22nd overall) in the 2004 MLS SuperDraft. With the Galaxy, he made an appearance in a pre-season friendly against the San Jose Earthquakes in his old stomping ground Harder Stadium, home of the UCSB Gauchos. While a hit with the Santa Barbara fans, the Galaxy grew more disillusioned with the pick and Arzate did not make the Galaxy's 2004 roster. Memo took matters into his own hands and went to Seattle, Washington, in hopes of joining up with the Seattle Sounders. Unfortunately, he was not signed by the Sounders, but another Pacific Northwest USL First Division team took notice. After being referred to the Portland Timbers by fellow Santa Barbara native Hugo Alcaraz-Cuellar, Arzate impressed with his performances. He was eventually signed at the end of training camp. The Santa Barbara reunion was short-lived however, as Arzate was released following the completion of the 2005 season. He appeared in 5 games for the club. For his time at UC Santa Barbara, Arzate was named the 2003–04 Male Athlete of the Year by the \"Daily Nexus\". Memo Arzate Guillermo \"Memo\" Arzate (born November 22, 1981) is an American former professional soccer player. Memo Arzate attended Artesia High School from 1995 to 1999. He was a member of the Pioneers' soccer team which won back-to-back Suburban League Championships in '97 and '98. Arzate was a three-time Artesia High School MVP, as well as league MVP when he was a sophomore and junior. He was also recognized as the Pioneers' Offensive"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Jalla! Jalla! Jalla! Jalla! is a Swedish comedy film, which was released to cinemas in Sweden on 22 December 2000 directed by Josef Fares starring Fares Fares, Torkel Petersson, Tuva Novotny and Laleh Pourkarim as the main roles. It was the debut film by Josef Fares and one of his most well-known. The film received eight nominations and won four, including \"Best Film\". “Jalla! Jalla!” means “Come on!” or “Hurry up!” in Arabic. Roro (Fares Fares) and Måns (Torkel Petersson) who are best friends, work at the park management and get to do all the shit jobs - clean up duck ponds and pick up dog poop. Roro's Swedish girlfriend Lisa (Tuva Novotny) wants to be introduced to his family but he refuses for a long time because of his Lebanese family traditions. When Roro finally decides to introduce Lisa to his family, he walks into the apartment full of relatives who are planning a marriage with the Lebanese girl Yasmine (Laleh Pourkarim). Daniel Lemma was contacted by Josef Fares to work on the movie's score. Jalla! Jalla! Jalla! Jalla! is a Swedish comedy film, which was released to cinemas in Sweden on 22 December 2000 directed by Josef Fares"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"MK 103 cannon The Rheinmetall-Borsig MK 103 (\"MK\" - \"Maschinenkanone\") was a German 30 mm caliber autocannon that was mounted in German combat aircraft during World War II. Intended to be a dual purpose weapon for anti-tank and air-to-air fighting, it was developed from the MK 101. Compared to the MK 101 it was faster firing, and was originally intended to develop a higher muzzle velocity than the MK 101. Unlike the MK 101, the MK 103 used a belt feed, allowing it to potentially carry a larger ammunition load. The MK 103 used electrically-primed rather than percussion-primed ammunition. The operating mechanism differed from the recoil-operated MK 101 in that it used a combination of gas and recoil operation. After firing, gas pressure served to unlock the breech, while barrel recoil was used to cycle the action (eject spent cartridge and load a fresh one). Because of a combination of lower grade steels and lighter components, the mechanism of the MK 103 was not as strong as the MK 101. To counteract this weakness, HE ammunition with a reduced load of propellant was used, resulting in a loss of about 100 m/s in muzzle velocity compared to the MK 101, but the rate of fire was increased. The MK 103 entered service in 1943 as the main armament of the Hs 129 B-1 ground-attack/tank-destroyer aircraft, mounted on the underside of the fuselage in a conformal gun pod. The original specification for the MK 103 called for it to fit inside an aircraft's engine mounting (possibly as a \"Motorkanone\", firing through a hollow propeller hub), but it proved to be too large and heavy to fit into small fighters like the Bf 109. If mounted elsewhere, such as in the wing, the asymmetric force of the cannon's recoil tended to yaw the aircraft's nose to one side. The only known usage of the MK 103 in a \"Motorkanone\" installation was in the Do 335. A modified version with a reduced-profile barrel, the MK 103M, was developed and possibly tested for use as a \"Motorkanone\" cannon on single-engine fighter planes such as the Bf 109K, but probably never saw active service. As a consequence, the MK 103 was largely restricted to the role of an air-to-ground weapon for use against armoured vehicles. Projectile weights for the MK 103 were ) for the HE/M ammunition and ) for APCR ammunition. Armour penetration for APCR / 60° / or / 90° / . A limited-production series of the Fw 190A fighter and Fw 190F ground attack fighter (which utilized a particularly strong wing/fuselage design) incorporated two MK 103 cannons, one mounted under each wing in a conformal, gondola-style pod. Later in the war the MK 103 was also used as a ground-based anti-aircraft (AA) weapon, using single or dual mounts. It was also used as a \"flak\" autocannon in the Flakpanzer IV \"Kugelblitz\". Developed alongside the MK 103 was the lighter MK 108 cannon, which had a shorter barrel and used a modified blow-back operating system. It fired the same projectile, using a smaller cartridge case with less propellant, at a relatively low muzzle velocity. The shorter barrel made it more adaptable, so it saw much greater use. MK 103 cannon The Rheinmetall-Borsig MK 103 (\"MK\" - \"Maschinenkanone\") was a German 30 mm caliber autocannon that was mounted in German combat aircraft during World War II. Intended to be a dual purpose weapon for anti-tank and air-to-air fighting, it was developed from the MK 101. Compared to the MK 101 it was faster firing, and was originally intended to develop a higher muzzle velocity"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Richard Horner Thompson Richard Horner Thompson (September 24, 1926 – February 21, 2016) was a United States Army General. He was born on September 24, 1926 in New York City, New York and died on February 21, 2016 in Fairfax, Virginia. He entered in the Army in November 1944 and advanced to the grade of staff sergeant before being commissioned a second lieutenant. He served first at Fort Hamilton and then was assigned to Japan, where he performed duties as the Army Exchange Officer at Kokura. He returned to the U.S. in March 1957 to take the Associate Infantry Company Officer Course at the United States Army Infantry School. Upon completion, he was assigned to Fort Chaffee, Arkansas. In the two years he was stationed there, General Thompson attained a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Social Science from the College of the Ozarks (now the University of the Ozarks). From September 1959 to May 1960, General Thompson attended the Quartermaster Officer Advanced Course at Fort Lee, Virginia, and from there was assigned to Korea, serving until August 1961 as S-4, 321st U.S. Army Security Agency Battalion at Camp Red Cloud. From Korea, he attended the U.S. Air Force Air University, Air Command and Staff College, and until August 1965 worked in multiple jobs as a staff officer in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics (DCSLOG). He enrolled at the George Washington University at that time and graduated with a Master's Degree in Public Administration in June 1968. Prior to the completion of his tour at the Department of the Army, he also went on temporary duty to the Army Logistics Management Center at Fort Lee in April 1965 and completed the Army Supply Management Course. He then attended the Armed Forces Staff College. From there he was reassigned to Frankfurt, Germany, in October 1966, where he commanded the 503d Supply and Transport Battalion, 3rd Armored Division. He remained in Germany until August 1967 when he returned to Washington to attend the National War College. He was then assigned as a logistics systems officer with the Assistant Vice Chief of Staff and then as Chief of the Tactical Support Systems Group. In April 1970, General Thompson served as Commander of the U.S. Army Inventory Control Center in Vietnam. Returning from overseas, he was assigned as Commander of the Defense Logistics Service Center, Battle Creek, Michigan, until July 1973. From September 1972 to February 1973, he also served as Commander of the Defense Property Disposal Service, which he established and activated. In July 1973, he was reassigned to HQDA as Director of Logistics Plans, Operations and Systems, DCSLOG. In 1975, he became the Director of Supply and Maintenance, DCSLOG. In July 1977, General Thompson became the first Commander of the U.S. Army Troop Support and Aviation Materiel Readiness Command, an organization formed by the merger of two Army Materiel Command major subordinate commands—the Aviation Systems Command and the Troop Support Command. In August 1980, he was reassigned to HQDA as Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics. One year later, General Thompson was promoted to lieutenant general and became the Army DCSLOG. On 29 June 1984, General Thompson received his fourth star and began his assignment as Commander of the U.S. Army Materiel Command, a position he held until his retirement in April 1987. Awards and decorations which General Thompson has received include the Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Legion of Merit with two Oak Leaf Clusters, the Bronze Star, the Joint Service Commendation Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster, the Army Commendation Medal with three Oak Leaf Clusters, designation as an Army Logistician, the Brazilian Grand Master of the Order of Military Merit, the Spanish Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit, and Korean Order of National Security Merit Tong-II Medal. Richard Horner Thompson Richard Horner Thompson (September 24, 1926 – February 21, 2016) was a United States Army General. He was born on September 24, 1926 in New York City, New York and died on February 21, 2016 in Fairfax, Virginia. He entered in the Army in November 1944 and advanced to the grade of staff sergeant before being commissioned a second"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Duncan McArthur (Canadian politician) Duncan McArthur (1885 – July 20, 1943) was an archivist, educator, civil servant and political figure in Ontario. He represented Simcoe Centre from 1940 to 1943 in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal. Born in Dutton, Ontario, McArthur was educated in Dutton, at Queen's University and at Osgoode Hall. He worked at the Dominion Archives of Canada from 1907 to 1912. In 1915, he was called to the Ontario bar and practised law in Toronto for two years. From 1919 to 1922, he was assistant general manager for a trust company. In 1920, McArthur married Floy Lawson. In 1922, he joined the history department at Queen's University, later serving as department head. In 1934, he became Ontario's Deputy Minister of Education. McArthur was elected to the Ontario assembly by acclamation in 1940 following the death of Leonard Simpson. He served in the Ontario cabinet as Minister of Education from 1940 to 1943. McArthur died of a heart attack at his summer home at Grand Bend on Lake Huron at the age of 58. He was the author of several textbooks and contributed to the \"Cambridge History of the British Empire\". Duncan McArthur Hall at Queen's University, which houses the university's Faculty of Education, was named in his honour, as was Duncan McArthur Public School, also in Kingston (now closed). Duncan McArthur (Canadian politician) Duncan McArthur (1885 – July 20, 1943) was an archivist, educator, civil servant and political figure in Ontario. He represented Simcoe Centre from 1940 to 1943 in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal. Born in Dutton, Ontario, McArthur was educated in Dutton, at Queen's University and at Osgoode Hall. He worked at the Dominion Archives of Canada from 1907 to 1912. In 1915, he was called to the Ontario"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Third Partition of Poland The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish–Lithuanian national sovereignty until 1918. Accordingly, the partitioning powers agreed to permanently erase Poland's name from existence in any historical context, including from their respective encyclopedias, in an attempt to curb Polish dissidence and nationalistic fervor. When such sources or legal texts needed to refer to Poland or the Polish people, names of Poland's various historical regions, such as Masovia, were used instead. This prevarication ultimately resulted in numerous Polish uprisings during the period. The third partition, and the partitions of Poland in general, remains a controversial topic in modern Poland, in academic circles and public discourse alike; especially in context of Poland's relations with Russia, which profited the most from the partitions, by acquiring the most territory and wealth, thereby becoming one of Europe's foremost powers at the time. Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, in an attempt to strengthen the greatly weakened Commonwealth, King Stanislaus Augustus put into effect a series of reforms to strengthen Poland's military, political system, economy, and society. These reforms reached their climax with the enactment of the May Constitution in 1791, which established a constitutional monarchy with separation into three branches of government, strengthened the bourgeoisie and abolished many of the privileges of the nobility as well as many of the old laws of serfdom. In addition, to strengthen Poland's international standings, King Stanislaus signed the Polish-Prussian Pact of 1790, ceding further territories to Prussia in exchange for a military alliance. Angered by what was seen as dangerous, Jacobin-style reforms, Russia invaded Poland in 1792, beginning the War in Defense of the Constitution. Abandoned by her Prussian allies and betrayed by Polish nobles who desired to restore the privileges they had lost under the May Constitution, Poland was forced to sign the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, which ceded Dobrzyn, Kujavia, and a large portion of Greater Poland to Prussia and all of Poland’s eastern provinces from Moldavia to Livonia to Russia, reducing Poland to one third of her original size prior to the First Partition. Outraged with the further humiliation of Poland by her neighbors and the betrayal by the Polish nobility, and emboldened by the French Revolution unfolding in France, the Polish masses quickly turned against the occupying forces of Prussia and Russia. Following a series of nationwide riots, on March 24, 1794, Polish patriot Tadeusz Kościuszko took command of the Polish armed forces and declared a nationwide uprising against Poland’s foreign occupiers, marking the beginning of the Kościuszko Uprising. Catherine II and Frederick William II were quick to respond and, despite initial successes by Kosciuszko’s forces, the uprising was crushed by November 1794. According to legend, when Kosciuszko fell off of his horse at the Battle of Maciejowice, shortly before he was captured, he said \"Finis Poloniae\", meaning in Latin \"[This is] the end of Poland.\" Austrian, Prussian, and Russian representatives met on October 24, 1795 to dissolve the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with the three conquering powers signing a treaty to divide the region on January 26, 1797. This gave Austria control of the Western Galicia and Southern Masovia territories, with approximately 1.2 million people; Prussia received Podlachia, the remainder of Masovia, and Warsaw, with 1 million people; and Russia received the remaining land, including Vilnius and 1.2 million people. Unlike previous partitions, no Polish representative was party to the treaty. Austria, Russia, and Prussia forced King Stanislaus to abdicate and retire to St. Petersburg, where he died as Catherine II's trophy prisoner in 1798. The victors also agreed to erase the country's name: \"In view of the necessity to abolish everything which could revive the memory of the existence of the Kingdom of Poland, now that the annulment of this body politic has been effected ... the high contracting parties are agreed and undertake never to include in their titles ... the name or designation of the Kingdom of Poland, which shall remain suppressed as from the present and forever ...\" The Third Partition of Poland ended the existence of an independent Polish state for the next 123 years. Immediately following the Third Partition, the occupying powers forced many Polish politicians, intellectuals, and revolutionaries to emigrate across Europe, in what was later known as the Great Emigration. These Polish nationalists participated in uprisings against Austria, Prussia, and Russia in former Polish lands, and many would serve France as part of Napoleon's armies. In addition, Polish poets and artists would make the desire for national freedom a defining characteristic of the Polish Romanticist movement. Poland briefly regained semi-autonomy in 1807 when Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw, but this effectively ended with the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Congress created a Kingdom of Poland, sometimes called Congress Poland, as a Russian puppet state. Even this, however, came to an end after a Polish insurrection in 1831, at which point Russia dissolved the Congress Kingdom and exacted multiple punitive measures on the Polish populace. Russia then made Poland an official part of the Russian Empire, as opposed to a puppet state. Poland would not regain full independence until the end of World War I, when the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and the collapse of the Russian Empire allowed for the resurrection of Polish national sovereignty. Third Partition of Poland The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish–Lithuanian national sovereignty until 1918. Accordingly, the partitioning powers agreed to permanently erase Poland's name from existence in any historical context, including from their respective encyclopedias, in an attempt to curb Polish dissidence and nationalistic fervor. When such sources or legal texts needed to refer to Poland or the Polish people,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Palatine Stables Palatine Stables is a recreational horseback riding facility located in Palatine, Illinois. Palatine Stables is owned by the Palatine Park District and managed by head trainer Toni Bruns. Palatine Stables is located at 1510 West Northwest Highway, Palatine, IL 60067. It is located between Northwest Highway and Dundee Road and across from the Deer Grove Forest Preserve. The Palatine Park District purchased the facility in 1989, and Palatine Stables is home to approximately 70 horses. The facility features three outdoor arenas, two indoor arenas, and space for turnout. Palatine Stables focuses primarily on hunter/jumper and equitation. Palatine Stables offers group lessons and private lessons for riders of all ages and ability levels, from beginners to advanced jumpers. Palatine Stables offers lessons, boarding, training, and a variety of other programs. Young riders can visit the Palatine Stables \"Pony Place\" for pony rides or host a pony party event. Palatine Stables hosts horse shows as well as special events several times a year. The Palatine Stables Show Team hosts and competes on the Northern Illinois Hunter Jumper Association circuit as well as on the Illinois Short Circuit. Palatine Stables hosts an annual Fall Festival each October, which features riding demonstrations, pony rides, a petting zoo, crafts, and more. The Stables has also hosted a Winter Open House. There are also Jumping Jackpot Shows, or jumping contests. Palatine Stables Palatine Stables is a recreational horseback riding facility located in Palatine, Illinois. Palatine Stables is owned by the Palatine Park District and managed by head trainer Toni Bruns. Palatine Stables is located at 1510 West Northwest Highway, Palatine, IL 60067. It is located between Northwest Highway and Dundee Road and across from the Deer Grove Forest Preserve. The Palatine Park District purchased the facility in 1989, and Palatine Stables is home to"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"William Pengelly William Pengelly, FRS FGS (12 January 1812 – 16 March 1894) was a British geologist and amateur archaeologist who was one of the first to contribute proof that the Biblical chronology of the earth calculated by Archbishop James Ussher was incorrect. Born at East Looe in Cornwall, the son of a sea captain, he left school at the age of 12 to join his father's crew. Returning to Looe while still in his teens, he spent his time reading widely and learning mathematics. In about 1836 he moved to Torquay and opened a day school teaching according to the fashionable Pestalozzian method. In 1846 he gave up his successful school to become a private tutor and also started lecturing on various scientific subjects – a career he continued for the rest of his life. Pengelly published his first scientific paper in 1849, on fossil fish found in East Cornwall. This was the first of some 120 papers on geology, palaeontology and human prehistory he would publish. In 1862 Pengelly reviewed the geology of the Tertiary lignite deposits of Bovey Tracey in an important paper read to the Royal Society, and the following year was elected a fellow of the society. Pengelly's desire to educate led him to found the Torquay Young Men's Society (later the Torquay Mechanics' Institute), the Torquay Natural History Society, and (in 1862) the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Literature, Science, and Art (now The Devonshire Association). He also contributed papers to the \"Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall\". Pengelly married his cousin, Mary Ann Mudge, in 1838. They had three children, before she died in 1851. Two years later he married Lydia Spriggs, a member of a Quaker family, and had two daughters. The younger, Hester, became his biographer. Hester became a writer and, in 1902, married Henry Forbes Julian, a mining engineer, founder of the Royal Automobile Club and co-writer of \"Cyaniding Gold and Silver Ores\". Julian went down with the \"Titanic\". Pengelly's most significant contribution to science was his work on caves in Devon and their human occupation. He excavated at Kents Cavern in Devon following earlier work done by Father John MacEnery, and found similar evidence (Palaeolithic flint tools and the bones of extinct animals in the same strata) as MacEnery. Pengelly had the advantage working in a time of more open geological and religious thinking, which enabled him to find support and funding for the publication of his and MacEnery's work, but sceptics were nevertheless able to oppose his findings, on the grounds that possible later intrusion into earlier layers could not be ruled out in such a frequently excavated cave. In 1858, however, a newly discovered cave – Windmill Hill Cavern – offered a definitive chance to test Pengelly's theories. Under the auspices (and supervision) of the Royal Society and the Geological Society, he and the archaeologist John Evans were able to conduct a scientific investigation into British prehistory. By exposing an unbroken stalagmite sheet covering the cave floor, and then demonstrating \"beneath\" it the co-existence of cave lion and woolly rhinoceros bones with human-crafted flints, Pengelly was able to triumphantly prove the case for the ancient presence of Stone Age man. Pengelly thereafter returned to Kents Cavern in 1864, to spend another fifteen years on careful excavation work to establish man's co-existence with a wholly extinct fauna. His work, along with that of pioneers such as Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes, produced reasoned argument against the traditional Biblical chronology. Pengelly, on various occasions exchanged letters with Charles Darwin amongst others describing results gathered. These letters are a matter of record. Pengelly's discoveries led him to conclude (amongst others like John Evans) that the traditional biblical chronologically did not appear to match their research, a case made forcefully by them in 1859. With reference to his election to the Royal Society in 1863: http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe? dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28% 28text%29%3D%27pengelly%27%29 The list of signatories is significant: Charles Babbage – Inventor of the Computer John Lee – President of the Royal Astronomical Society 1861–63 Sir Charles Lyell – the father of British Geology Hugh Falconer – Scottish Geologist and proponent of Punctuated Equilibrium Sir Roderick Murchison – Scottish Geologist described the Silurian System Sir Andrew Ramsay Scottish Geologist, Director-General Geological Survey Rev. John Barlow Secretary of the Royal Institution of Great Britain 1843–1860 Leonard Horner – Scottish Geologist President Geological Society 1846 & 1860 Joseph Beete Jukes – English Geologist – early survey of Newfoundland (1839–40) First complete map of geology of Australia (1850) John Percy – Physician Charles Manby – Civil Engineer Bishop of Exeter and president of the DA 1872-3 Also James Yates, Henry Bristow (Geology), Charles Daubeny (Chemist), B Stewart William Pengelly William Pengelly, FRS FGS (12 January 1812 – 16 March 1894) was a British geologist"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Pat Jackson Patrick Douglas Selmes Jackson (26 March 1916 – 3 June 2011) was an English film and television director. Born in Eltham, Jackson worked as a production assistant on the 1936 short film \"Night Mail\". He directed a number of documentaries in the mid-1930s. His debut feature film was 1944's \"Western Approaches\". Jackson spent some time in Hollywood. He directed \"Shadow on the Wall\" (1950), based on the novel \"Death in the Doll's House\" by Lawrence P. Bachmann and Hannah Leessuch. He was nominated for the Grand Prize at Cannes in 1952. In his later career Jackson worked in television including episodes of \"Danger Man\" (\"Secret Agent\" in the US) and \"The Prisoner\" (1967). Jackson died on 3 June 2011 at 95. Pat Jackson Patrick Douglas Selmes Jackson (26 March 1916 – 3 June 2011) was an English film and television director. Born in Eltham, Jackson worked as a production assistant on the 1936 short film \"Night Mail\". He directed a number of documentaries in the mid-1930s. His debut feature film was 1944's \"Western Approaches\". Jackson spent some time in Hollywood. He directed \"Shadow on the Wall\" (1950), based on the novel \"Death in the Doll's House\" by Lawrence"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Johnny Depp John Christopher Depp II (born June 9, 1963) is an American actor, producer, and musician. He has been nominated for three Academy Awards and has won the Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Actor. Depp rose to prominence on the 1980s television series \"21 Jump Street\", becoming a teen idol. Depp has challenged himself by playing larger-than-life roles, including a supporting role in Oliver Stone's 1986 Vietnam War film \"Platoon\" and the title character in the 1990 romantic dark fantasy \"Edward Scissorhands\". He later found box office success in the adventure film \"Sleepy Hollow\" (1999), the swashbuckler film series \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" (2003–present), the fantasy films \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" (2005) and \"Alice in Wonderland\" (2010), the animated comedy western \"Rango\" (2011) (in which he voiced the title character), and most recently \"\" (2018). Depp has collaborated on nine films with director, producer and friend Tim Burton. Depp is regarded as one of the world's biggest film stars. He has gained praise from reviewers for his portrayals of screenwriter-director Ed Wood in \"Ed Wood\", undercover FBI agent Joseph D. Pistone in \"Donnie Brasco\", author J. M. Barrie in \" Finding Neverland\", and Boston gangster Whitey Bulger in \"Black Mass\". Depp is the third highest-grossing actor worldwide, as films featuring Depp have grossed over US$3.7 billion at the United States box office and over US$10 billion worldwide. His most commercially successful films are the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" series, which grossed US$4.5 billion, the \"Fantastic Beasts\" film series, which grossed US$1.3 billion, \"Alice in Wonderland\", which grossed US$1 billion, \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\", which grossed US$474 million, and \"The Tourist\", which grossed US$278 million. Depp has been nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Depp won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his performance in the title role in \"\", as well as the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role for his portrayal of Captain Jack Sparrow in \"Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl\". He has been listed in the 2012 \"Guinness World Records\" as the world's highest-paid actor, with earnings of US$75 million. Depp was inducted as a Disney Legend in 2015. Depp was born in Owensboro, Kentucky, the youngest of four children of Betty Sue Palmer (née Wells), a waitress, and John Christopher Depp, a civil engineer. Depp is of mostly English ancestry, with some Dutch, Belgian, and French. He is descended from a French Huguenot immigrant (Pierre Dieppe, who settled in Virginia around 1700) and from colonial freedom fighter Elizabeth Key Grinstead (1630-1665), daughter of a British nobleman and an indentured African woman. Depp moved frequently during his childhood. He and his siblings lived in more than 20 different places, eventually settling in Miramar, Florida in 1970. Depp's parents divorced in 1978 when he was 15. His mother married Robert Palmer, whom Depp has called \"an inspiration to me.\" With the gift of a guitar from his mother when he was 12, Depp began playing in various garage bands. A year after his parents' divorce, he dropped out of Miramar High School to become a rock musician. He attempted to go back to school two weeks later, but the principal told him to follow his dream of being a musician. He played with The Kids, a band that enjoyed modest local success. The Kids set out together for Los Angeles in pursuit of a record deal, changing their name to Six Gun Method, but the group split up before signing a record deal. Depp subsequently collaborated with the band Rock City Angels and co-wrote their song \"Mary\", which appeared on Rock City Angels' debut Geffen Records album \"Young Man's Blues\". On December 20, 1983, Depp married Lori Anne Allison, the sister of his band's bass player and singer. During their marriage she worked as a makeup artist while he worked a variety of odd jobs, including a telemarketer for pens. His wife introduced him to actor Nicolas Cage, who advised him to pursue an acting career. Depp and Allison divorced in 1985. Depp's first film role was in the horror film \"A Nightmare on Elm Street\" (1984), in which he played the boyfriend of heroine Nancy Thompson (Heather Langenkamp) and one of Freddy Krueger's victims. After a starring role in the comedy \"Private Resort\" (1985), Depp was cast in the lead role of the skating drama \"Thrashin'\" (1986) by the film's director, but the decision was later overridden by its producer. Instead, Depp appeared in a minor supporting role as a Vietnamese-speaking private in Oliver Stone's Vietnam War drama \"Platoon\" (1986). Depp became a popular teen idol during the late 1980s, when he starred as a police officer who goes on an undercover operation in a high school in the Fox television series \"21 Jump Street\", which premiered in 1987. He accepted this role to work with actor Frederic Forrest, who inspired him. Despite his success, Depp felt that the series \"forced [him] into the role of product.\" He subsequently decided to appear only in films that he felt were right for him. In 1990, Depp played the title character in Tim Burton's film \"Edward Scissorhands\", in which he starred opposite Dianne Wiest and Winona Ryder. The film was a critical and commercial success that established him as a leading Hollywood actor and began his long association with Burton. Producer Scott Rudin has stated that \"basically Johnny Depp is playing Tim Burton in all his movies\"; although Burton disapproved of the comment, Depp agrees with it. In his introduction to \"Burton on Burton\", a book of interviews with the director, Depp called Burton \"... a brother, a friend, ... and [a] brave soul\". Depp's first film release in 1990 was John Waters' \"Cry-Baby\", a musical comedy set in the 1950s. Although it was not a box office success upon its initial release, over the years it has gained cult classic status. Depp had no film releases in the following two years, with the exception of a brief cameo in \"\" (1991), the sixth installment in the \"A Nightmare of Elm Street\" franchise. He appeared in three films in 1993. In the romantic comedy \"Benny and Joon\", he played an eccentric and illiterate silent film fan who befriends a mentally ill woman and her brother; it became a sleeper hit. He then starred alongside Leonardo DiCaprio and Juliette Lewis in Lasse Hallström's \"What's Eating Gilbert Grape\", a drama about a dysfunctional family. In his review of the film, Todd McCarthy of \"Variety\" said that \"Depp manages to command center screen with a greatly affable, appealing characterization.\" Depp's final 1993 release was Emir Kusturica's surrealist comedy-drama \"Arizona Dream\", which opened to positive reviews. In 1994, Depp reunited with director Tim Burton, playing the title role in \"Ed Wood\", a biographical film about one of history's most inept film directors. Depp later stated that he was at the time depressed about films and filmmaking, but that \"within 10 minutes of hearing about the project, I was committed.\" He found that the role gave him a \"chance to stretch out and have some fun\" and that working with Martin Landau, who played Bela Lugosi, \"rejuvenated my love for acting\". \"Ed Wood\" received critical acclaim, with Janet Maslin of \"The New York Times\" writing that Depp had \"proved himself as an established, certified great actor\" and \"captured all the can-do optimism that kept Ed Wood going, thanks to an extremely funny ability to look at the silver lining of any cloud.\" Depp was nominated for Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his performance. The following year, Depp starred in three films. He played opposite Marlon Brando in the box-office hit \"Don Juan DeMarco\", as a man who believes he is Don Juan, the world's greatest lover. He then starred in Jim Jarmusch's",
"the role gave him a \"chance to stretch out and have some fun\" and that working with Martin Landau, who played Bela Lugosi, \"rejuvenated my love for acting\". \"Ed Wood\" received critical acclaim, with Janet Maslin of \"The New York Times\" writing that Depp had \"proved himself as an established, certified great actor\" and \"captured all the can-do optimism that kept Ed Wood going, thanks to an extremely funny ability to look at the silver lining of any cloud.\" Depp was nominated for Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his performance. The following year, Depp starred in three films. He played opposite Marlon Brando in the box-office hit \"Don Juan DeMarco\", as a man who believes he is Don Juan, the world's greatest lover. He then starred in Jim Jarmusch's \"Dead Man\", a Western shot entirely in black-and-white; it was not a commercial success and had mixed critical reviews. Depp's final film of the year was in the financial and critical failure \"Nick of Time\", a thriller in which he played an accountant who is told to kill a politician to save his kidnapped daughter. In 1997, Depp starred alongside Al Pacino in the crime drama \"Donnie Brasco\", directed by Mike Newell. He portrayed Joseph D. Pistone, an undercover FBI Agent who assumes the name 'Donnie Brasco' in order to infiltrate the mafia in New York City. To prepare for the role, Depp spent time with the real-life Joe Pistone, on whose memoirs the film was based. \"Donnie Brasco\" was a commercial and critical success, and is considered to contain one of Depp's finest performances. In 1997, Depp also debuted as a director and screenwriter with \"The Brave\". He starred in it as a poor Native American man, who accepts a proposal from a wealthy man, played by Marlon Brando, to appear in a snuff film in exchange for money for his family. Depp was a fan and friend of writer Hunter S. Thompson, and played his alter ego Raoul Duke in \"Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas\" (1998), Terry Gilliam's film adaptation of Thompson's pseudobiographical novel of the same name. Depp's next venture with Burton was the period film \"Sleepy Hollow\" (1999), in which he played Ichabod Crane opposite Christina Ricci and Christopher Walken. For his performance, Depp took inspiration from Angela Lansbury, Roddy McDowall and Basil Rathbone. He stated that he \"always thought of Ichabod as a very delicate, fragile person who was maybe a little too in touch with his feminine side, like a frightened little girl.\" Depp has generally chosen roles which he found interesting, rather than those he thought would succeed at the box office. Critics have often described Depp's characters as \"iconic loners\". Depp has referred to some of his less-successful films as \"studio-defined failures\" and \"box office poison\", and said that he thought the studios neither understood the films nor did a good job of marketing them. In 2003, Depp starred in the Walt Disney Pictures adventure film \"\", which was a major box office success. He earned widespread acclaim for his comic performance as pirate Captain Jack Sparrow, and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Depp has said that Sparrow is \"definitely a big part of me\", and that he modeled the character after The Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards and cartoon skunk Pepé Le Pew. Studio executives had at first been ambivalent about Depp's portrayal, but the character became popular with audiences. According to a survey taken by Fandango, Depp was a major draw for audiences. Depp was again nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award for his performance as Scottish author J. M. Barrie in the film \"Finding Neverland\" (2004). The following year he starred as Willy Wonka in \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\", which reunited him with director Tim Burton, with whom he had not collaborated since \"Sleepy Hollow\". The film was a box office success and had a positive critical reception, with Depp being nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. \"Chocolate Factory\" was followed by another Burton project, stop-motion animation \"Corpse Bride\" (2005), in which Depp voiced the character Victor Van Dort. Depp reprised the role of Jack Sparrow in the \"Pirates\" sequels \"\" (2006) and \"\" (2007), both of which were major box office successes. He also voiced the character in the video game \"\". In 2007, Depp also collaborated with Burton for their sixth film together, this time playing murderous barber Sweeney Todd in the musical \"\" (2007). Burton had first given him an original cast recording of the in 2000, and although not a fan of the musical genre, Depp had grown to like the tale's treatment. He cited Peter Lorre in \"Mad Love\" (1935) as his main influence for the role. Although he had performed in musical groups, Depp was initially unsure that he would be able to perform the role, which required him to sing. He recorded demos and worked with Bruce Witkin to shape his vocals without a qualified voice coach. In the \"DVD Reviews\" section, \"Entertainment Weekly\"s Chris Nashawaty gave the film an A minus, stating, \"Depp's soaring voice makes you wonder what other tricks he's been hiding ... Watching Depp's barber wield his razors ... it's hard not to be reminded of \"Edward Scissorhands\" frantically shaping hedges into animal topiaries 18 years ago ... and all of the twisted beauty we would've missed out on had [Burton and Depp] never met.\" Depp won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for the role, and was nominated for the third time for the Academy Award for Best Actor. In director Terry Gilliam's 2009 film \"The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus\", Depp, Jude Law, and Colin Farrell each played the character initially portrayed by their friend Heath Ledger, who died before the film was completed. All three actors gave their salaries to Ledger's daughter Matilda. Depp next starred in Michael Mann's 2009 crime film \"Public Enemies\", in which he portrayed real-life gangster John Dillinger. The next Depp-Burton collaboration was \"Alice in Wonderland\" (2010), in which he played the Mad Hatter alongside Helena Bonham Carter, Anne Hathaway and Alan Rickman. The following year saw the release of the fourth installment in the \"Pirates\" series, \"\" (2011), which was again a box office success. Depp also voiced the title character, a lizard, in the animated film \"Rango\" (2011). Depp returned to Hunter S. Thompson's work with a film adaptation of the novel \"The Rum Diary\", which also became the first project undertaken by his production company, Infinitum Nihil. Depp next starred in the Burton-directed \"Dark Shadows\" (2012) alongside fellow Tim Burton regular Helena Bonham Carter, Michelle Pfeiffer, and Eva Green. The film was based on a Gothic soap opera of the same name, which had aired in 1966–1971 and had been one of his favorites as a child. Depp and Graham King produced the film with David Kennedy. The film's poor reception in the United States brought Depp's star appeal into question. In 2012, Depp and his \"21 Jump Street\" co-stars Peter DeLuise and Holly Robinson briefly reprised their roles in cameo appearances in the series' 2012 feature film adaptation, which featured a much more comedic tone than the TV series. Depp starred as Tonto in \"The Lone Ranger\" (2013), opposite Armie Hammer as the title character. Depp's casting as a Native American in that film brought about whitewashing controversy, and the film was a box office bomb that caused Walt Disney Studios to take a US$190 million loss. The next year, Depp appeared in a minor supporting role as The Wolf in film adaptation of the musical \"Into the Woods\" in 2014. Depp played convicted Boston crime boss Whitey Bulger in director Scott Cooper's \"Black Mass\" (2015), which earned him his third nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role. Depp also filmed a cameo appearance for the film",
"the series' 2012 feature film adaptation, which featured a much more comedic tone than the TV series. Depp starred as Tonto in \"The Lone Ranger\" (2013), opposite Armie Hammer as the title character. Depp's casting as a Native American in that film brought about whitewashing controversy, and the film was a box office bomb that caused Walt Disney Studios to take a US$190 million loss. The next year, Depp appeared in a minor supporting role as The Wolf in film adaptation of the musical \"Into the Woods\" in 2014. Depp played convicted Boston crime boss Whitey Bulger in director Scott Cooper's \"Black Mass\" (2015), which earned him his third nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role. Depp also filmed a cameo appearance for the film \"London Fields\", which remained unreleased until 2018. In 2016, Depp played businessman and United States presidential candidate Donald Trump in a Funny or Die satire film entitled \"\". He earned praise for the role, with a headline from \"The A.V. Club\" declaring \"Who knew Donald Trump was the comeback role Johnny Depp needed?\" The same year, Depp reprised the role of the Mad Hatter in \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\", the sequel to \"Alice in Wonderland\". Depp was secretly cast to play Gellert Grindelwald in a cameo appearance in the 2016 film \"Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them\", a role he is expected to reprise in all future sequels. Grindelwald is a dark wizard who once shared a close relationship with Albus Dumbledore, a major character in the \"Harry Potter\" film series. In November 2016, Depp teamed with David Lynch, JK Simmons, Laura Dern, Penelope Ann Miller, Chad Coleman, Richard Chamberlain, Catherine Hardwicke, Theodore Melfi, Sam Raimi, Peter Farrelly, and the non-profit Make A Film Foundation for a volunteer project entitled \"The Black Ghiandola\", a short film written by Anthony Conti. The movie is \"a story about a young man risking his life to save a young girl he has grown to love, after his family has been killed in the Apocalyptic world of Zombies.\" The film was released in April 2017. Depp reprised his role as Captain Jack Sparrow in the 2017 sequel \"\", the fifth film in the series. The film was directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg, and co-starred Javier Bardem (as Captain Salazar), Geoffrey Rush, Brenton Thwaites, Kaya Scodelario, and Orlando Bloom (returning as Will Turner). Depp co-starred in the mystery drama \"Murder on the Orient Express\" (2017), as Edward Ratchett. Principal photography began in November 2016 in the United Kingdom. Kenneth Branagh directed the film, an adaptation of the classic novel of the same name by Agatha Christie, and also played detective Hercule Poirot. Depp voiced the title character Sherlock Gnomes in the animated movie \"Gnomeo & Juliet: Sherlock Gnomes\", the sequel to \"Gnomeo & Juliet\", directed by John Stevenson. The film was released on January 12, 2018. He starred in \"City of Lies\", the film adaptation of the book \"LAbyrinth\" by Randall Sullivan. Depp portrayed Russell Poole, an LAPD detective who — with ally \"Jack\" Jackson (Forest Whitaker), an investigative journalist — attempts to solve the murders of rappers Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G.. The film was set for release on September 7, 2018, before being pulled one month before it was scheduled to open. \"City of Lies\" was later screened out of competition at the Noir Film Festival. Depp then starred in the comedy-drama \"Richard Says Goodbye\", which premiered at the Zurich Film Festival on October 5, 2018. Depp also reprised his role as Gellert Grindelwald in \"\", the sequel to \"Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them\". Depp's casting received some criticism from fans of the series due to the domestic violence allegations against him. The film was released on November 16, 2018. Depp stated in a BBC radio interview on July 29, 2013 that he hoped to be involved with \"quieter things\" at some point in the near future, implying that he would retire from acting. Depp explained, \"I wouldn't say I'm dropping out any second, but I would say it's probably not too far away. When you add up the amount of dialogue that you say per year and you realise that you've said written words more than you've had a chance to say your own words, you start thinking about that as an insane option for a human being.\" In February 2016, it was announced that Depp had been cast as Dr. Jack Griffin / The Invisible Man in Universal Studios' upcoming shared film universe entitled the Dark Universe, a rebooted version of their classic Universal Monsters franchise. Depp is slated to portray the character throughout the series' installments, as well as in the as-of-yet untitled Invisible Man film that is intended to be a reboot of the 1933 film \"The Invisible Man\". After the first film set in the Dark Universe \"The Mummy\" received generally negative reviews from critics and performed below the studio's expectations at the box office, producers Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan left the franchise. As a result Universal put a hold on future projects while they create a plan for future releases. On March 27, 2017, Depp was cast to portray antivirus software developer John McAfee in a forthcoming film entitled \"King of the Jungle\". Glenn Ficarra and John Requa will direct the film, while Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski will write the script. Depp is set to return as Gellert Grindelwald in the third \"Fantastic Beasts\" film, which is scheduled for release on November 20, 2020. In 2004, Depp formed his production company Infinitum Nihil to develop projects where he will serve as actor or producer. Depp is the founder and CEO, while his sister, Christi Dembrowski, serves as president. The company's first production came in 2011 with \"The Rum Diary\", adapted from the novel of the same name by Hunter S. Thompson. The film is written and directed by Bruce Robinson. Also in 2011, \"Hugo\", directed by Martin Scorsese, was released. \"Dark Shadows\", directed by Tim Burton, was released in 2012. Depp played slide guitar on the Oasis song \"Fade In-Out\" (from \"Be Here Now\", 1997), as well as on \"Fade Away (Warchild Version)\" (B-side of the \"Don't Go Away\" single). He also played acoustic guitar in the film \"Chocolat\" and on the soundtrack to \"Once Upon a Time in Mexico\". \"He's playing guitar around the fire,\" observed Depp's friend and future Hollywood Vampires bandmate Joe Perry of \"Chocolat\". \"And that's really him playing the guitar. He was playing Django Reinhardt stuff that I didn't have a clue about… In some ways, he's a better guitar player than I am.\" He is a friend of The Pogues' Shane MacGowan, and performed on MacGowan's first solo album. He was also a member of P, a group featuring Butthole Surfers singer Gibby Haynes, Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea and Sex Pistols guitarist Steve Jones. He has appeared in music videos for Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers' \"Into the Great Wide Open\", The Lemonheads' \"It's a Shame About Ray\", Avril Lavigne's \"Alice\" (as the Mad Hatter) in 2010, and \"My Valentine\" from \"Kisses on the Bottom\" by Paul McCartney released in February 2012, along with Natalie Portman. He played lead guitar and drums on a cover of Carly Simon's \"You're So Vain\" – a bonus cut on Marilyn Manson's 2012 album \"Born Villain\" – and performed several songs with Manson at the Revolver Golden Gods Awards in 2012. Depp traded licks with Aerosmith guitarist Joe Perry on \"The Brooklyn Shuffle\", a song from Steve Hunter and \"The Manhattan Blues Project\", which was scheduled for release on April 30, 2013. In 2014, Depp played electric guitar on the \"Kansas City\" track of \"\", the Bob Dylan lyrics collaboration album by The New Basement Tapes. He filled in for Elvis Costello, who could not attend a recording session because of a previously scheduled concert with The Roots in Las Vegas. In 2015, Depp formed the supergroup Hollywood Vampires with Alice Cooper and Joe Perry. They",
"Portman. He played lead guitar and drums on a cover of Carly Simon's \"You're So Vain\" – a bonus cut on Marilyn Manson's 2012 album \"Born Villain\" – and performed several songs with Manson at the Revolver Golden Gods Awards in 2012. Depp traded licks with Aerosmith guitarist Joe Perry on \"The Brooklyn Shuffle\", a song from Steve Hunter and \"The Manhattan Blues Project\", which was scheduled for release on April 30, 2013. In 2014, Depp played electric guitar on the \"Kansas City\" track of \"\", the Bob Dylan lyrics collaboration album by The New Basement Tapes. He filled in for Elvis Costello, who could not attend a recording session because of a previously scheduled concert with The Roots in Las Vegas. In 2015, Depp formed the supergroup Hollywood Vampires with Alice Cooper and Joe Perry. They released their self-titled debut studio album on September 11, 2015, which featured eleven classic rock covers, as well as three original songs (all co-written by Depp). The band made their live debut at The Roxy in Los Angeles on September 16, 2015. Later that same month the group played at the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil. In February 2016, Hollywood Vampires performed at the Grammy Award ceremony as a tribute to Lemmy, who had died at the end of 2015. Later that summer, the band embarked on their first world tour. In 2018, they embarked on another world tour, during which Depp sang David Bowie's \"Heroes\" as a tribute to the late singer. Depp and Paradis grew grapes and had wine making facilities in their vineyard in Plan-de-la-Tour north of Saint-Tropez. Along with Sean Penn, John Malkovich and Mick Hucknall, Depp co-owned the French restaurant-bar Man Ray, located near the Champs-Élysées in Paris. In July 2012, Depp announced he would be co-editor, alongside Douglas Brinkley, of folk singer Woody Guthrie's novel \"House of Earth\", which was published in 2013. Depp married makeup artist Lori Anne Allison on December 20, 1983; they divorced in 1985. He was later engaged to actresses Jennifer Grey and Sherilyn Fenn in the late 1980s before proposing in 1990 to his \"Edward Scissorhands\" co-star Winona Ryder, for whom he tattooed \"WINONA FOREVER\" on his right arm. From 1994 until 1998, he was in a relationship with English supermodel Kate Moss. Following his breakup from Moss, Depp began a relationship with French actress and singer Vanessa Paradis, whom he met while filming \"The Ninth Gate\" in France in 1998. They have two children, daughter Lily-Rose Melody Depp (born 1999) and son John \"Jack\" Christopher Depp III (born 2002). Depp stated that having children has given him \"real foundation, a real strong place to stand in life, in work, in everything. ... You cannot plan the kind of deep love that results in children. Fatherhood was not a conscious decision. It was part of the wonderful ride I was on. It was destiny. All the math finally worked.\" In 2007, Depp's daughter was hospitalized at the Great Ormond Street Hospital in London due to a serious \"E. coli\" infection, which resulted in temporary kidney failure. To show his gratitude for her recovery, Depp visited the hospital in November 2007, dressed in his Captain Jack Sparrow outfit, and spent four hours reading stories to the children. He also donated £1 million to the hospital the following year. Depp and Paradis announced their separation in June 2012. Depp subsequently began dating actress and model Amber Heard, whom he had met on the set of \"The Rum Diary\" in 2011. They were married in a private civil ceremony at their home in Los Angeles in February 2015. Many of Depp's family were against him marrying Heard or proceeding with the ceremony without a prenuptial agreement, with his sister Christi being especially angered. Heard filed for divorce on May 23, 2016, and five days later filed for and obtained a temporary restraining order against Depp, stating in her court declaration that \"during the entirety of our relationship, Johnny has been verbally and physically abusive to me.\" She stated that the latest incident of violence had taken place on May 21 and provided statements by two witnesses—mutual friend iO Tillett Wright and neighbor Raquel Pennington—and photographs of her battered face as evidence. Wright had called the LAPD during the incident, but Heard told them that it was a \"verbal dispute only\"; Captain Don Graham, who oversees the LAPD's Central Division, said that officers saw \"no evidence of a crime at that time.\" In response, Depp's lawyers said that Heard was \"attempting to secure a premature financial resolution by alleging abuse.\" On May 31, Heard gave a statement to the LAPD about the May 21 incident; Heard's attorneys said that she initially resisted involving law enforcement in the interest of protecting her privacy and Depp's career, but in response to various allegations made in the media, added that \"Johnny's team has forced Amber to give a statement to the LAPD to set the record straight as to the true facts.\" The following day, \"People\" published images of Heard's injuries from an alleged earlier incident of domestic violence; on June 4, Wright published an essay on \"Refinery29\" stating that she had witnessed evidence of abuse throughout the marriage and criticizing the media for victim-blaming Heard when she decided to go public about it. Later that month, Heard sued Depp's friend, comedian Doug Stanhope, for defamation after he wrote in a column for \"TheWrap\" that she was blackmailing Depp; Heard also withdrew her initial request for spousal support. In that lawsuit, Heard claimed that Depp was \"an alcoholic and drug addict,\" that he had \"relapsed into a cycle of substance abuse\" which had \"increased dramatically in recent years, as [had] his violent behavior.\" A settlement was reached in the divorce case on August 16, 2016, which required Heard to receive US$7 million and to dismiss her request for a continued restraining order against Depp. She also dropped her lawsuit against Stanhope. Heard and Depp issued a joint statement indicating that their \"relationship was intensely passionate and at times volatile, but always bound by love,\" adding that neither party \"made false accusations for financial gain,\" and further indicating that there was \"never any intent of physical or emotional harm.\" The divorce was finalized on January 13, 2017. Depp has struggled with alcoholism and addiction for much of his life. Depp has stated that he began smoking at age 12 and began using alcohol and drugs shortly thereafter. In a 1997 interview, Depp acknowledged past abuse of alcohol during the filming of \"What's Eating Gilbert Grape?\" In a 2008 interview, Depp stated that he had \"'poisoned'\" himself with alcohol \"'for years'\". In 2013, Depp declared that he had stopped drinking alcohol, adding that he \"'pretty much got everything [he] could get out of it'\"; Depp also said, \"'I investigated wine and spirits thoroughly, and they certainly investigated me as well, and we found out that we got along beautifully, but maybe too well.'\" Regarding his breakup with longtime partner Vanessa Paradis, Depp said that he \"'definitely wasn't going to rely on the drink to ease things or cushion the blow or cushion the situation...[because] that could have been fatal.'\" In 2016, then-wife Amber Heard claimed that Depp \"'plunged into the depths of paranoia and violence after bingeing on drugs and alcohol,'\" although a joint statement issued by Heard and Depp in connection with their divorce denied that either party intended \"'physical or emotional harm'\" to the other. In 2018, reporter Stephen Rodrick of \"Rolling Stone\" wrote that Depp had used hashish in his presence and described Depp as \"alternately hilarious, sly and incoherent\"; Rodrick also quoted Depp as stating that a claim that he had spent US$30,000 per month on wine was \"'insulting'\" because he had spent \"'far more'\" than that amount. Depp was arrested in Vancouver in 1989 for assaulting a security guard after the police were called to end a",
"situation...[because] that could have been fatal.'\" In 2016, then-wife Amber Heard claimed that Depp \"'plunged into the depths of paranoia and violence after bingeing on drugs and alcohol,'\" although a joint statement issued by Heard and Depp in connection with their divorce denied that either party intended \"'physical or emotional harm'\" to the other. In 2018, reporter Stephen Rodrick of \"Rolling Stone\" wrote that Depp had used hashish in his presence and described Depp as \"alternately hilarious, sly and incoherent\"; Rodrick also quoted Depp as stating that a claim that he had spent US$30,000 per month on wine was \"'insulting'\" because he had spent \"'far more'\" than that amount. Depp was arrested in Vancouver in 1989 for assaulting a security guard after the police were called to end a loud party at his hotel room. He was also arrested in New York City in 1994 after causing significant damage to his room at The Mark Hotel, where he was staying with Kate Moss. The charges were dropped against him after he agreed to pay US$9,767 in damages. Depp was arrested again in 1999 for brawling with paparazzi outside a restaurant while dining in London with Paradis. In 2012, disabled UC Irvine medical professor Robin Eckert sued Depp and three security firms, claiming to have been attacked by his bodyguards at a concert in Los Angeles in 2011. During the incident, she was allegedly hand-cuffed and dragged 40 feet across the floor, resulting in injuries including a dislocated elbow. She argued in court that, as the security guards' direct manager, Depp failed to intervene, even though he did not actively take part in the battery. In October 2012, it was decided that Eckert could seek compensation and punitive damages from Depp, with a trial date set for August 12, 2013. Depp ultimately settled with Eckert for an undisclosed sum. In April 2015, Heard and Depp breached Australia's strict biosecurity laws when they failed to declare their two Yorkshire Terriers to the Australian Customs Service when they flew by private jet into Queensland, where he was working on the fifth \"Pirates\" installment. Australian quarantine regulations, which are aimed at keeping rabies out of the country, require dogs from outside the country be quarantined a minimum of ten days. Heard was charged with two counts of illegally importing the dogs into the country and one count of producing a false document. Shortly afterward, Agriculture Minister Barnaby Joyce said, \"If we start letting movie stars even though they've been the 'sexiest man alive' twice to come into our nation, then why don't we just break the laws for everybody? It's time that Pistol and Boo [the dogs] buggered off back to the United States.\" In September 2015, when promoting his film \"Black Mass\" at a press conference for its world premiere in Venice, Depp joked that he \"killed his dogs and ate them ... under direct orders from some kind of sweaty big-gutted man from Australia.\" In April 2016, Heard appeared in the Southport Magistrates Court and pleaded guilty to falsifying quarantine documents, stating that she was sleep deprived and made a mistake. The two biosecurity charges were dropped, and she was placed on a one-month good behaviour bond, paying an AU$1,000 fine for producing a false document. Heard and Depp also released a video in which they apologized for their behavior and urged people to adhere to the biosecurity laws. \"The Guardian\" called the case the \"highest profile criminal quarantine case\" in Australian history. In March 2016, Depp cut ties with his management company, the Management Group, and accused them of improperly managing his money. The Management Group later sued Depp for unpaid fees and countersued him for damages alleging that Depp was responsible for his own fiscal mismanagement. Depp filed new papers, including receipts from America's Internal Revenue Service (IRS), to have the countersuit dismissed. On July 16, 2018, Deadline reported that Depp and TMG had agreed to settle their lawsuit, and though details of the settlement were not released, both sides were reportedly happy with the outcome. In July 2018, Depp was sued for allegedly punching a crew member twice in the ribs during a foul-mouthed tirade. Court documents stated that the actor \"reeked of alcohol\" and took drugs on set. Depp stated to the German magazine \"Stern\" in 2003 that \"America is dumb, is something like a dumb puppy that has big teeth—that can bite and hurt you, aggressive.\" Although he later asserted that the magazine misquoted him and his words were taken out of context, \"Stern\" stood by its story, as did CNN.com in its coverage of the interview. CNN added his remark that he would like his children \"to see America as a toy, a broken toy. Investigate it a little, check it out, get this feeling and then get out.\" The edition of July 17, 2006 of \"Newsweek\" reprinted the \"dumb puppy\" quotation, verbatim, in the context of a Letter to the Magazine. Depp has also disagreed with subsequent media reports that perceived him as a \"European wannabe\", saying that he liked the anonymity of living in France while in a relationship with Paradis and his simpler life there. Depp became a U.S. resident again in 2011, because France wanted him to become a permanent resident, which he said would require him to pay income tax in both countries. On the October 16, 2011 episode of \"Larry King Live\", when asked if he had faith, Depp replied, \"Yes. I have faith in my kids. And I have—I have faith, you know, that as long as you keep moving forward, just keep walking forward, things will be all right, I suppose, you know. Faith in terms of religion, I don't—religion is not my specialty, you know.\" At the Glastonbury Festival in 2017, Depp ranted against U.S. President Donald Trump. Depp controversially asked \"When was the last time an actor assassinated a President?\", before adding \"I want to clarify: I'm not an actor. I lie for a living. However, it's been awhile and maybe it's time.\" He then said that he was \"not insinuating anything.\" The comment seemed to reference John Wilkes Booth, the actor who assassinated Abraham Lincoln. Shawn Holtzclaw of the Secret Service told CNN that they were \"aware\" of Depp's comment, but said, \"For security reasons, we cannot discuss specifically nor in general terms the means and methods of how we perform our protective responsibilities\". The next day, Depp apologized for making these remarks, saying, \"It did not come out as intended, and I intended no malice. I was only trying to amuse, not to harm anyone.\" In interviews in 2002 and 2011, Depp claimed to have Native American ancestry, stating \"I guess I have some Native American somewhere down the line. My great-grandmother was quite a bit of Native American, she grew up Cherokee or maybe Creek Indian. Makes sense in terms of coming from Kentucky, which is rife with Cherokee and Creek Indian.\" In 2013, Depp's genealogy was analyzed by third-party researchers at Ancestry.com, who discovered the ancestors he believed to be Native American were in fact African-American. Despite this discovery, Depp continued to claim or imply he was Native American. Depp's claims came under scrutiny when \"Indian Country Today Media Network\" stated that Depp had never inquired about his heritage nor was he recognized as a member of the Cherokee Nation. This led to criticism from the Native American community, including of his choice to portray Tonto, a Native American character, in \"The Lone Ranger\". Critical response to his claims from the Native community also included satirical portrayals of Depp by Native comedians. On May 22, 2012, Depp was adopted as an honorary son by LaDonna Harris, a member of the Comanche Nation, making him an honorary member of her family but not a member of any tribe. Johnny Depp John Christopher Depp II (born June 9, 1963) is an American actor, producer, and musician. He has been nominated for three Academy Awards and has won the Golden Globe",
"scrutiny when \"Indian Country Today Media Network\" stated that Depp had never inquired about his heritage nor was he recognized as a member of the Cherokee Nation. This led to criticism from the Native American community, including of his choice to portray Tonto, a Native American character, in \"The Lone Ranger\". Critical response to his claims from the Native community also included satirical portrayals of Depp by Native comedians. On May 22, 2012, Depp was adopted as an honorary son by LaDonna Harris, a member of the Comanche Nation, making him an honorary member of her family but not a member of any tribe. Johnny Depp John Christopher Depp II (born June 9, 1963) is an American actor, producer, and musician. He has been nominated for three Academy Awards and has won the Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Actor. Depp rose to prominence on the 1980s television series \"21 Jump Street\", becoming a teen idol. Depp has challenged himself by playing larger-than-life roles, including a supporting role in Oliver Stone's 1986 Vietnam War film \"Platoon\" and the title character in the 1990 romantic dark fantasy \"Edward Scissorhands\". He later found box office success in the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Thomas Francis Knox Father Francis Knox (born as Thomas Francis Knox; 24 December 1822 – 20 March 1882, London Knox, whose profile in the Dictionary of New Ulster Biography claims he was born in County Armagh, not Brussels, was an Anglo-Irish ultramontane Roman Catholic priest and author, known for his historical writings and translations. Knox was the eldest son in a family connected to the Protestant Irish peerage: his father John Henry Knox, Tory MP for Newry, was a younger son of Thomas Knox, 1st Earl of Ranfurly. His mother was Mabella Josephine Needham, daughter of Francis Needham, 1st Earl of Kilmorey. He was educated at a Hampshire private school and attended Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating in 1845. He became a Roman Catholic convert, in 1845 under the influence of Frederick William Faber. Encouraged to travel for two years by his concerned father, Knox hoped to see Mexico but was lucky to survive a shipwreck off Yucatán. Continuing to the United States, he decided to prepare for ordination in France. Invited to Rome for papal instruction by John Henry Newman in 1847, Knox proceeded as an Oratorian novice, taking Francis as his name in religion, as Father Francis Knox, with half a dozen priests. The rest of his life centred on the Oratorian group in England. The group based at the Birmingham Oratory divided in April 1849. Together with Faber, Knox set up the London Oratory. The splitting up of the original Oratorian group was partly driven by personal difficulties, and in particular Newman’s attitude to Knox, who was proving troublesome. From 1865 to 1868 Knox served a term as superior of the London Oratory. Knox has been called \"the most learned of all the fathers of that time\". He translated the autobiography of Henry Suso in 1865. In 1867 he defended a maximalist interpretation of the doctrine of Papal infallibility, though in a \"dry and moderate tone\". Appointed Westminster diocesan archivist when Cardinal Manning put the Oratorians in charge of the diocesan archives in 1876, he edited several volumes of English Catholic records. Thomas Francis Knox Father Francis Knox (born as Thomas Francis Knox; 24 December 1822 – 20 March 1882, London Knox, whose profile in the Dictionary of New Ulster Biography claims he was born in County Armagh, not Brussels, was an Anglo-Irish ultramontane Roman Catholic priest and author, known for his historical writings and translations. Knox was"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Arthur Boyars Arthur Boyars (28 May 1925 – 6 August 2017) was a British poet and musicologist, who was also a translator and critic, literary editor and publisher. His \"Poems\" were published in 1944 by Fortune Press. He started the small magazine \"Mandrake\" in 1946 with John Wain while at Wadham College, Oxford, subtitled the 'An Oxford Review'; it was published until 1957. He was editor of \"Oxford Poetry\" in 1948. He is known also as a translator of Russian poetry. He became the second husband of Marion Lobbenberg, who formed a partnership with John Calder in the publishing house Calder & Boyars. His name is associated with the Russian poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko. Add to Arthur Boyars's publications: Dictations: Selected Poems 1940 - 2009. The Philidor Company:Lexington. 2011 Arthur Boyars Arthur Boyars (28 May 1925 – 6 August 2017) was a British poet and musicologist, who was also a translator and critic, literary editor and publisher. His \"Poems\" were published in 1944 by Fortune Press. He started the small magazine \"Mandrake\" in 1946 with John Wain while at Wadham College, Oxford, subtitled the 'An Oxford Review'; it was published until 1957. He was editor of \"Oxford Poetry\" in 1948. He"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Louisiana Highway 158 Louisiana Highway 158 (LA 158) is a state highway located in Grant Parish, Louisiana. It runs in a north–south direction from LA 8 in Colfax to a junction of local roads near Lake Iatt, north of Colfax. The route connects Colfax, the parish seat, with U.S. Highway 71 (US 71) north of town. Its extension north of US 71 connects to a sparsely populated area on the western shore of Lake Iatt. From the south, LA 158 begins at an intersection with LA 8 in Colfax. LA 8 travels through town on Main Street, connecting to Alexandria via Boyce to the southeast and to Pollock due east. From this intersection, LA 158 proceeds northwest on 8th Street, flanked by the Kansas City Southern Railway (KCS) tracks and a row of historic commercial buildings. After , the route leaves Colfax, and the surroundings transition to a rural environment. later, LA 158 curves to the northeast along Sugarhouse Bayou and crosses the KCS tracks. It then curves to the north and crosses a bridge over Bayou Grappe. Shortly afterward, LA 158 intersects US 71 at a point known as The Rock. US 71 heads to Alexandria to the southeast and Shreveport to the northwest. After making a very brief jog onto US 71, LA 158 continues northeast through a thickly forested area. After , the road curves to the east and continues for another to a junction with three local roads just west of Lake Iatt: Claudes Road (north), Rice Patch Road (east), and Viney Ridge Road (south). The route is classified as a rural local road by the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (La DOTD). The section south of US 71 has an average daily traffic volume of 2,300. It has a posted speed limit within Colfax of at its southern terminus, increasing to at North Street and to at Foulk Street. North of US 71, the average daily traffic volume drops to 600 vehicles, and the route has a posted speed limit of . LA 158 is an undivided two-lane highway for its entire length. In the original Louisiana Highway system in use between 1921 and 1955, the modern route of LA 158 south of US 71 was originally part of both State Route 1 and State Route 5. Both were designated in 1921 by an act of the state legislature and were routed along established auto trails: Route 1 followed the Jefferson Highway throughout the state, and Route 5 followed the Pershing Way. At the time, the portion of Routes 1 and 5 running through Colfax served as the main highway connecting Alexandria with Shreveport and Ruston, respectively. In 1926, this became part of the original route of US 71, which followed Route 1 through central Louisiana. When US 71 was moved onto its current alignment bypassing Colfax around 1950, Routes 1 and 5 were moved along with it. The former alignment became State Route C-2116 until the 1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering. LA 158 was created in the 1955 renumbering, following the portion of the route between Colfax and US 71 as described above. The section north of US 71 leading to Lake Iatt was added to the state highway system later as an extension of LA 158. La DOTD is currently engaged in a program that aims to transfer about of state-owned roadways to local governments over the next several years. Under this plan of \"right-sizing\" the state highway system, the entire route of LA 158 is proposed for deletion as it does not meet a significant interurban travel function. Louisiana Highway 158 Louisiana"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Life for Rent Life for Rent is the second studio album by British singer and songwriter Dido, released by Arista Records on 29 September 2003. The album was produced by Rollo Armstrong and American songwriter Rick Nowels. Work on the album began in mid-2002. It was certified 7× Platinum by the BPI; and sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the fourth best-selling album worldwide of 2003. The album became the seventh best-selling album of the 2000s in the UK, making Dido the only singer to have two albums in the Top 10 list. \"Life for Rent\"s first track and lead single \"White Flag\" begins with a lone synth-chord reminiscent of Sinéad O'Connor's \"Nothing Compares 2 U\". In the song, the protagonist is unwilling to give up, even if they know it is over. It features \"multi-layered\" sound, delicate piano outro, and strings. In battle, a white flag signals surrender. By stating there will be \"No white flag,\" she indicates she will not give up on the relationship. The second track \"Stoned\" has a dance vibe, bringing to mind David Bowie \"circa\" \"Outside\" (1995). The title track, \"Life for Rent\", has emotional gravity and graceful melody. The song opens with an acoustic guitar, keeping the guitar in and giving the tune a hip-hop beat. \"Nothing I have is truly mine\" she repeats at the conclusion. “Mary’s in India” is a reflective song about a friend who moves abroad, as the title suggests, and the void her departure creates in those she leaves behind. The fifth track \"See You When You're 40\" is a somber and melodic ballad with a touch of symphonic air, featuring \"quasi\" trip hop beat. 'And I've seen, tonight, what I'd been warned about / I'm gonna leave, tonight, before I change my mind,' she sings. The sixth track \"Don't Leave Home\" sounds like she is picking herself up again although she speaks of shutting the blinds and closing the door, but she revealed that it's about drug addiction. The \"narrator\" of the song is the drug. Like a controlling lover, the drug takes over the user's life until he does not even want to leave home. \"Who Makes You Feel\" is a trip-pop, soulful and tender track. \"Sand in My Shoes\" talks about not having time, while the bridge get a bit dance-house. \"Do You Have a Little Time\" features lush strings and hip-hop back-beats. \"This Land Is Mine\" is a reflective piece that according to PopMatters, \"could have Travis or Coldplay recording it with big grins on their faces. Simplistic and sparse, the song sounds just a bit like Olivia Newton-John in the early seventies, according to them. \"See the Sun\" sees Dido swoops in as savior for a broken heart, classified as a \"mini-anthem that has all the right items in their proper places.\" \"White Flag\", was released as the lead single from the album. The song was well received by critics who reviewed the album. It became a major worldwide hit, reaching number one in Australia and Europe. It peaked at number two in the United Kingdom, being held off the top spot by The Black Eyed Peas' \"Where Is the Love?\", and became her highest-charting single to date there. At year-end UK charts, the song peaked at number 12. It peaked at number 18 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and became her second Top 20 on the chart. It reached number two on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, and stayed on the chart for 66 weeks. The song references a past relationship with Bob Page. In an interview with British newspaper \"The Sun\", Dido said \"the song is an apology to Page for breaking his heart. 'It was a big decision not to get married...\". The video featured the TV actor David Boreanaz. The song ranked on Blender's list \"The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born\" at number 317. \"Life for Rent\" was released as the second single from the album. It peaked within the top ten in the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Chart. The music video featured Dido singing in several rooms, and was directed by Sophie Muller. \"Don't Leave Home\", was released as the third single, and was a track written by Dido and her brother. The main theme of the song is the use of drugs, where the drugs \"sing\" to the consumer: \"\"When I've been here for just one day / You'll already miss me if I go away / So close the blinds and shut the door / You won't need other friends anymore\"\". The song debuted and peaked at number 25 in the UK. The track \"Stoned\" was remixed and issued as the B-side to the single, but soon became a club hit and peaked at number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance/Club Songs. \"Sand in My Shoes\" was released as the fourth and last single from the album. It became an American club hit reaching number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Play chart. It debuted and peaked at number 29 in the UK. According to review aggregator Metacritic, the album has received generally positive reviews, scoring 69 out of 100 points based on 12 reviews. Jason MacNeil, from \"PopMatters\", gave a very positive review, finishing with: \"this record seems to outweigh the previous album in terms of quality and depth\". Alexis Petridis wrote \"It would be nice to report that Dido's second album is strong enough to reveal her detractors as snobs, who hate the notion that her music appeals to 'ordinary' people ... Sadly, it proves a little more complicated than that\". Barry Walters, of \"Rolling Stone\", declared \"Like \"No Angel\" ... isn't groundbreaking, but it has its own kind of integrity. \"\"Life for Rent\" doesn't offer anything that drastically different from Dido's debut album [No Angel], ... she's unassuming and gentle, but her songs are so melodic and atmospheric they easily work their way into the subconscious\" was the review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine, from Allmusic. Andrew Lynch, from entertainment.ie noted: \"\"Life For Rent\" is no masterpiece, but it has the same kind of sweet, unassuming, girl-next-door charm that made its predecessor such a smash hit\". Derryck Strachan, BBC Music reviewer wrote \" ... she treads a fine line between credibility and popularity ... But, she hasn't put a foot wrong with this album. On the positive side that means more well-crafted folk-pop tunes, on the negative side she hasn't moved forward\", also said \"Although Dido played a significant part in older brother Rollo's band, ... Faithless, it would be misleading to say that the groups success brought her fame\". \"Life for Rent\" is the fastest selling album by a female artist, passing five million sales mark in just two weeks. It sold 102,500 on the first day, and 400,351 in the first week. According to the IFPI, it was the fourth best-selling album worldwide of 2003. Also, according to the BPI, \"Life for Rent\" was the best-selling album of 2003 in United Kingdom; and the seventh best-selling album between 2000 and 2009 in the country. The album spent ten weeks at the top of the UK albums chart. It remained on the chart for 54 weeks. Also, spent 18 non-consecutive weeks at number one on the European Top 100 Albums chart. In the United States, \"Life for Rent\" debuted and peaked at number four. By October 2003, the album had sold over a million and half copies. In Australia the album debuted at number one on the ARIA albums chart, being certified platinum (70,000) copies in its first week. It was one of the biggest selling albums of 2003 and went on to be certified six times platinum for sales of over 420,000. With this, Dido matched the huge success of her previous effort, \"No Angel\". Dido's \"Life for Rent Tour\" was taken around the world in 2004. The album was nominated for \"Best British Album\" at the 2004 BRIT Awards along with Daniel Bedingfield's \"Gotta Get Thru This\", Blur's \"Think Tank\" and The Coral's \"Magic and Medicine\", but they were all beaten by The Darkness's \"Permission to Land\". \"White Flag\" was awarded the 2004 Ivor Novello Award in the category \"International Hit of the Year\". Also, in same year, \"Life for Rent\" earned Dido's first Grammy nomination, at the 46th Grammy Awards, in the category \"Best Female Pop Vocal Performance\" for the",
"in its first week. It was one of the biggest selling albums of 2003 and went on to be certified six times platinum for sales of over 420,000. With this, Dido matched the huge success of her previous effort, \"No Angel\". Dido's \"Life for Rent Tour\" was taken around the world in 2004. The album was nominated for \"Best British Album\" at the 2004 BRIT Awards along with Daniel Bedingfield's \"Gotta Get Thru This\", Blur's \"Think Tank\" and The Coral's \"Magic and Medicine\", but they were all beaten by The Darkness's \"Permission to Land\". \"White Flag\" was awarded the 2004 Ivor Novello Award in the category \"International Hit of the Year\". Also, in same year, \"Life for Rent\" earned Dido's first Grammy nomination, at the 46th Grammy Awards, in the category \"Best Female Pop Vocal Performance\" for the song \"White Flag\". Production Life for Rent Life for Rent is the second studio album by British singer and songwriter Dido, released by Arista Records on 29 September 2003. The album was produced by Rollo Armstrong and American songwriter Rick Nowels. Work on the album began in mid-2002. It was certified 7× Platinum by the BPI; and sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the fourth best-selling album worldwide of 2003. The album became the seventh best-selling album of the 2000s in the UK, making Dido the only singer to have two albums in the Top 10 list. \"Life"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Edward Mulcahy (politician) Edward Mulcahy (28 March 1850 – 23 October 1927) was an Irish-born Australian politician. Born in County Limerick, he migrated to Australia as a child and was educated in Tasmania. He became an apprentice compositor and established a soft goods business in Hobart. In 1891 he was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly for West Hobart, serving until 1903, including a period from 1899-1903 when he was Minister for Lands and Works and Minister for Mines. In 1904, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Protectionist Senator for Tasmania. Defeated as a Liberal in 1910, he returned to the House of Assembly as the member for Wilmot, serving as Minister for Lands and Works, Minister for Mines and Minister for Railways 1912-1914. In 1919, he left the Assembly and was appointed to the Senate as a Nationalist, filling the vacancy caused by Labor Senator James Long's resignation. He retired in 1919. Edward Mulcahy (politician) Edward Mulcahy (28 March 1850 – 23 October 1927) was an Irish-born Australian politician. Born in County Limerick, he migrated to Australia as a child and was educated in Tasmania. He became an apprentice compositor and established a soft goods"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Westnewton, Cumbria Westnewton is a small village and civil parish in the Allerdale District, in the county of Cumbria, England. The 2011 census had a population of 265. The village of Westnewton is situated to the north-west of the Lake District, on the relatively flat plain halfway between the Lake District hills and the Solway Firth. It is a small village located two miles north of Aspatria, on the B5301 Aspatria and Silloth road. The small hamlet of New Cowper is located one-and-a-half miles to the north-west. The landscape generally in this area is one of gently undulating fields, relatively devoid of features other than the thorn field-hedges, with shallow valleys carrying small streams, such as the Black Dub beck. Westnewton has a school called St Matthew's Church of England School, a church called St Matthew's Church, and a cemetery. There used to be a public house called the Swan Inn but this has closed. Westnewton (until the 20th century spelled 'West Newton') is located in an area of West Cumbria which is sparsely populated and for which little evidence of pre- historic activity survives: crop marks in the area around the village may suggest early human activity but the nearest firm evidence is a Bronze Age barrow near Aspatria. Activity increased during the Roman occupation, with the defences against Scottish invasion along the Solway coast, but little evidence survives inland. Anglo-Danish and Norman settlement is more evident, again in Aspatria, but not outside established settlements. There is therefore little evidence that Westnewton existed before the Mediaeval period, although it may stand on an earlier communication route. At this point the Aspatria to Silloth road crosses Westnewton Beck and also intersects with the road from Allonby to Wigton, all of them no doubt seeking a convenient fording point. The flat land of the valley bottom in this strategic but sheltered location, with a good water supply and fertile fields surrounding it, made it ideal for an agricultural settlement. Yearn Gill also joins the valley at this point, offering a further good source of water in Sandwith Beck. The site of Westnewton Castle, at the western end of the village and close to the stream, may mark the baronial home of the de Neuton family and the start of the settlement which bears their name. However, the surviving ruins – now just limited to grassy mounds and faint ditches – are now thought to be those of a mediaeval manor house, fortified or ornamented by a moat and gatehouse. The natural meander in the stream and the flatness of the land would readily lend the site to being moated. Farmhouses were built in the valley, upstream of the manor house, presumably by tenants of the manor: the earliest and most notable survival is Yew Tree Farm, dated 1672, which was a house of some status. The village pinfold stood on the opposite side of the stream, near Burn View. The land to either side of the stream became more developed with ad hoc farmsteads, and under the Enclosure Acts the fields rising up to either side were divided into narrow strips which still survive to the present day, and which are particularly noticeable on the southern side of the valley High status farmhouses were built at the western end, closest to the manor house (Westnewton Hall of the early 19th century, followed by Westnewton Grange in the mid 19th century) with buildings of lesser status to the east. At the eastern end the Aspatria to Silloth Road was flanked on one side by the Swan Inn and on the other by the Queen’s Head inn at the ford (now Raeburn House). One or two houses of quality were built at this end (Bridge End Farm and Croft View). The status of the village increased in 1848 when it was provided with a school for 84 children, but this was replaced by a grander building in 1858. The benefactor was John Todd, a Manchester businessman of some wealth who was a native of the village. He also built St Matthews Church in 1856, together with a Vicarage at the western end of the village (1858) and a row of four imposing houses opposite the school (St Matthew’s Cottages) presumably as almshouses or for other village worthies. Historical records starting in the late 1800s show the overwhelming occupation of the residents to be agriculture-based, being predominantly farmsteads and their related businesses (smithying, stone-walling, quarrying, milling etc.), and this has probably always been the case. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries coal mining along the Solway coast provided a further source of employment. Prior to the introduction of motor transport, and particularly widespread car ownership, Westnewton would have been relatively self-supporting and a hive of economic activity, centred on agriculture but including a range of trades exchanged between the residents such as shoe-making, tailoring, merchandising, food production, cooking, and laundering. The church and the inns would be the hubs of community activity and social interchange. Westnewton was made a separate ecclesiastical parish in the late 1800s along with Langrigg and Mealrigg, with a total population of 443. It was made a civil parish in 1896. The population of the village itself had risen to around 400 by the start of the Second World War and has been boosted since the war by 'The Guards' housing estate at west end of the village. The Post House opposite the school is shown as being a Post Office (and village shop) by 1900. The village hall was built shortly after World War One (originally as the village reading room) next to Yew Tree House, and a new burial ground was opened next to the vicarage. The village now still retains many working farmsteads, interspersed with some modern houses and bungalows, but its character remains firmly agricultural. In 2014,however, despite much local opposition,a wind farm was built at Warwick Hall farm. The three large wind turbines in this development now dominate Westnewton and the surrounding area. Despite being of considerable detriment to the village of Westnewton, the wind turbines do provide a considerable income to Bells of Warwick Hall and Broadview Energy Ltd (the developer). Approaching Westnewton from the west, the road from Allonby runs high above the north flank of Westnewton Beck, passing through open pasture land and cereal fields crossed by sporadic thorn hedges, before making a twisting descent into the village. The village can be broadly described as being in gently undulating and relatively featureless countryside, spread out along an unusually wide and flat section of the valley floor so that it is sheltered and concealed from view until the point of entry. The first buildings encountered are excluded from the Conservation Area since, apart from the vicarage, they consist of modern houses and in particular 'The Guards' post-war housing estate. However, the Conservation Area commences with the site of Westnewton Castle, behind the housing estate, which is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and the oldest evidence of habitation in the village. Little obvious evidence of this mediaeval hall survives other than low grass mounds and traces of its moat, but it is of great historical importance to the settlement. The setting of the Monument, although spoiled by the housing estate immediately to the north, is framed on the south and east sides by the gently rising fields beyond, and on the west side by the narrower continuation of the valley. Westnewton is discreetly located in a wide section of the valley floor of Westnewton Beck, with its buildings hidden from view until just before the point of entry. It gains a feeling of enclosure from the rising fields to each side, and from the constriction of the valley above and below. It is a quiet village generously spread out and of domestic scale, its essentially agricultural origins and existing role made clear by the large number of previous and still operational farmsteads in the village, and by the",
"of great historical importance to the settlement. The setting of the Monument, although spoiled by the housing estate immediately to the north, is framed on the south and east sides by the gently rising fields beyond, and on the west side by the narrower continuation of the valley. Westnewton is discreetly located in a wide section of the valley floor of Westnewton Beck, with its buildings hidden from view until just before the point of entry. It gains a feeling of enclosure from the rising fields to each side, and from the constriction of the valley above and below. It is a quiet village generously spread out and of domestic scale, its essentially agricultural origins and existing role made clear by the large number of previous and still operational farmsteads in the village, and by the hedged and cultivated fields surrounding it. Most other traditional buildings support or reflect this agricultural base. Westnewton Beck contributes a great deal to the character of the village, flowing mostly alongside the main street between grassy banks. The bridges crossing the Beck to serve the properties are flat, simple, and guarded by simple functional handrails. The main street curves gradually through the village to expose an unwinding series of views, and interest is added by the alternation of the stream from one side of the road to the other. Apart from a section at the western end of the Conservation Area (where high boundary walls run hard against the 'back of pavement' and conceal the buildings behind) the road is flanked by wide grassy margins, with buildings mostly unbounded or clearly visible within low-walled gardens, adding to the spacious appearance. Spatially the village comprises one continuous space, with the Scheduled Monument standing rather offset and detached at the west end, and the old ford and its adjoining buildings somewhat closed off by the road embankment at the east. The village retains many communal and recreational buildings (school, church, village hall, inn etc.) which enabled it to thrive as a self–sufficient rural community. Westnewton derives its name from the de Neuton family, who were lords of the manor in the late 12th and 13th centuries, having received it through Odard, Sheriff of Wigton in the mid 12th century. The manor passed briefly by marriage to the Martindale family and then by the late 15th century to the powerful Musgrave and Hylton families of Hayton Castle near Allonby. Their ownership ceased in the early 19th century when the manor finally passed by marriage to the Joliffe family, who are recorded as being the owners until the early 20th century. Westnewton, Cumbria Westnewton is a small village and civil parish in the Allerdale District, in the county of Cumbria, England. The 2011 census had a population of 265. The village of Westnewton is situated to the north-west of the Lake District, on the relatively flat plain halfway between the Lake District hills and the Solway Firth. It is a small village located two miles north of Aspatria, on the B5301 Aspatria and Silloth road. The small hamlet of"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"HostGator HostGator is a Houston-based provider of shared, reseller, vps, and dedicated web hosting with an additional presence in Austin, Texas. HostGator was founded in October 2002 by Brent Oxley, who was then a student at Florida Atlantic University. By 2006, HostGator had passed the 200,000 mark in registered domains. In 2007, the company moved from the original office in Boca Raton, Florida to a new 20,000 square foot building in Houston, Texas. In 2008, Inc. Magazine ranked HostGator in its list of fastest growing companies at 21 in the United States and 1 in the Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, Texas area The same year, HostGator decided to make their hosting service green hosting by working with Integrated Ecosystem Market Services. In 2008, HostGator prepared for competition companies touting themselves as providing \"unlimited\" hosting services. Founder Brent Oxley was adamant about being able to back up an \"unlimited\" option prior to offering service named as such and increased staffing. He suggested that this move increased sales by at least 30%. In 2010 an office was added in Austin, Texas In 2011, HostGator started operations in India with a its office in Nashik, Maharashtra and a data centre. In 2012 HostGator was sold to Endurance International Group (EIG) for USD $225 million. On 21 June 2012, CEO and founder Brent Oxley announced the sale of HostGator, advised employees and users not to worry in part because Oxley would still own the buildings HostGator used. He said he wanted to travel the world before he had children. He was also candid about the failures in creating stable billing and register portions of HostGator, and hoped that Endurance might fix those. As of 2013, HostGator hosts over 9 million domains and has over 400,000 customers. As of December 2018, HostGator hosts 1,310,464 websites on its 6,579 shared IPs. In May 2012, the computer hacker group UGNazi claimed responsibility for hacking the web server of the web host billing software developer WHMCS in an apparent social engineering attack involving HostGator. A member of the group Cosmo called WHMCS's hosting provider impersonating a senior employee. They were subsequently granted root access to WHMCS's web server after providing information for identity verification. UGNazi later leaked publicly WHMCS's SQL database containing user information and 500,000 customer credit cards, website files, and cPanel configuration. After this issue WHMCS emailed members to change their passwords. Since its acquisition by Endurance International, Hostgator has suffered an increased incidence of server outages and downtime. Notably, on August 2, 2013 and December 31, 2013, Endurance International Group’s data center in Provo, Utah, experienced network outages that affected thousands of customers of Bluehost, HostGator, HostMonster and JustHost. HostGator HostGator is a Houston-based provider of shared, reseller, vps, and dedicated web hosting with an additional presence in Austin, Texas. HostGator was founded in October 2002 by Brent Oxley, who was then a student at Florida Atlantic University. By 2006, HostGator had passed the 200,000 mark in registered domains. In 2007, the company moved from the original"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Court Street Historic District (Binghamton, New York) Court Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Binghamton in Broome County, New York. The district includes 87 contributing buildings and encompasses the historic downtown core of downtown Binghamton. The majority of the contributing structures are commercial buildings built between about 1840 and 1939. Ten and twelve story office buildings built in the 20th century are prominent features of the district. Located within the boundaries of the district are the separately listed Broome County Courthouse and Binghamton City Hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Court Street Historic District (Binghamton, New York) Court Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Binghamton in Broome County, New York. The district includes 87 contributing buildings and encompasses the historic downtown core of downtown Binghamton. The majority of the contributing structures are commercial buildings built between about 1840 and 1939. Ten and twelve story office buildings built in the 20th century are prominent features of the district. Located within the boundaries of the district are the separately listed Broome County Courthouse and Binghamton City Hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Concert of Angels Concert of Angels is a work of El Greco in oil on canvas from 1608, during his last period in Toledo, Spain. It is exhibited at the National Gallery in Athens. It appears to be a working study for the \"Annunciation\" at the chapel of the Hospital de Tavera. It is not an independent composition but a study for the lower part of the whole. It shows a celestial choir of angels, some of them with their backs to the viewer. The very extended heads and the anatomy of the characters show the influence of Michelangelo, though there are probably retouchings by Jorge Manuel Theotocópuli, the son of the painter. Concert of Angels Concert of Angels is a work of El Greco in oil on canvas from 1608, during his last period in Toledo, Spain. It is exhibited at the National Gallery in Athens. It appears to be a working study for the \"Annunciation\" at the chapel of the Hospital de Tavera. It is not an independent composition but a study for the lower part of the whole. It shows a celestial choir of angels, some of them with their backs to the viewer. The very extended"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Omphalius rusticus Omphalius rusticus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tegulidae. The height of the shell attains 33 mm, its diameter 32 mm. The umbilicate, heavy, solid shell has a conic shape. It is chocolate-colored or brownish-olivaceous. The conical spire is more or less elevated. The suture is distinctly impressed. The 6-7 whorls are moderately convex or nearly flat, sometimes tumid just below the sutures, and either smooth or longitudinally plicate. The folds are usually obsolescent, and visible only for a short distance below the sutures. The shell is spirally obsoletely striate. The body whorl is obtusely angular at the periphery. The base of the shell is nearly flat. The aperture is very oblique. The columella shows one or two teeth below, expanded above in a white callus, which half surrounds the narrow, deep circular umbilicus. This marine species occurs off Japan. Omphalius rusticus Omphalius rusticus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tegulidae. The height of the shell attains 33 mm, its diameter 32 mm. The umbilicate, heavy, solid shell has a conic shape. It is chocolate-colored or brownish-olivaceous. The conical spire is more or less"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Joe Collings Joseph Silver Collings (11 May 1865 – 20 June 1955) was a long-serving Australian politician. He was a hardworking Australian Labor Party bureaucrat with valuable writing and speaking talents, who was eventually rewarded by a five-year stint as a federal government minister. Collings was born in Brighton, England and educated at Brighton Board School and by his parents. He reported for the \"Sussex Daily News\" before emigrating with his parents to Brisbane when he was 18. He worked as a farm labourer, failed as a selector and, in 1885, married Kate McInerney. He found work in the footwear industry and was at one time secretary of the \"Queensland Boot and Shoe Manufacturers' Association\". He worked with \"scabs\" during a strike in 1895 and was ostracised by the Australian Boot Trade Employees' Federation although he worked hard for the labour movement. His support for the 1912 Brisbane general strike led to him being forgiven by the unions and he subsequently established the Federated Clerks' Union in Queensland. Collings unsuccessfully contested elections to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1908, 1909, and 1915, but was elected to Balmoral Shire Council from 1910 to 1913. He attended Labor Party conventions from 1905 and was elected to the Queensland central executive of the party between 1913 and 1928. From 1914 to 1915 and 1919 to 1931 he was an organiser for the party. In 1916 he campaigned vigorously against conscription in Queensland and Victoria. He was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council in 1920 and took part in the successful vote to abolish it in 1922. In 1931 he was organising secretary for the provisional state executive set up by the federal party to replace the expelled Lang Labor executive. Collings was elected the Australian Senate in 1931 and became Leader of the Opposition in the Senate in 1935 and Leader of the Government in the Senate with the coming to power of the Curtin government in October 1941. At the same time he became Minister for the Interior, a position he held until July 1945, when he became Vice-President of the Executive Council, a position he held until November 1946. He did not contest the 1949 election and retired from the Senate in June 1950. Along with Gordon Brown, Collings was joint Father of the Senate from 1947 to 1950. Collings, at 85 years of age, remains the oldest person to have served in the Senate. After retiring, Collings and settled in the Brisbane seaside suburb of Brighton. Collings died at his home, 694 Flinders Parade, Brighton on 20 June 1955, survived by one son and one daughter of his six children. He was accorded a state funeral and cremated. Joe Collings Joseph Silver Collings (11 May 1865 – 20 June 1955) was a long-serving Australian politician. He was a hardworking Australian Labor Party bureaucrat with valuable writing and speaking talents, who was eventually rewarded by a five-year stint as a federal government minister. Collings was born in Brighton, England and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Ben Barter Ben Barter (born 16 October 1985) is a New Zealand drummer based in Los Angeles, CA. He is the touring drummer for Lorde and has also performed with such acts as Broods, Jarryd James, and Passion Pit. He has worked on recordings as a session drummer most notably with Grammy Award-winning producer, Joel Little. Ben Barter got his first drum kit at the age of five and played in his family jazz band and school bands while growing up in Auckland, New Zealand. He began his music career as a member of Auckland power pop band, Kingston in 2005. They released 2 EPs and one full-length album and toured the US, Australia, and Japan. Barter was also a member of New Zealand hip-hop outfit Kidz in Space and toured with alternative hip-hop group No Wyld. Ben Barter began drumming for Lorde at her first public performance at Galatos' Basement in 2013. He went on to tour with her in support of the breakout Love Club EP and subsequent, highly acclaimed full-length release, Pure Heroine. The international tour included appearances at Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Lollapalooza, Splendour in the Grass, Osheaga, as well as television performances on Ellen, Later... with Jools Holland, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Late Show with David Letterman, the MTV Video Music Awards, the Billboard Music Awards, and the 56th Annual Grammy Awards where Lorde won awards for Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance. After completing the Pure Heroine tour, Barter went on to perform with Broods including an appearance on The Late Late Show with James Corden. He also toured internationally with Australian soul artist Jarryd James which included appearances at the Bonnaroo Music Festival and Lollapalooza. He will resume touring with Lorde for her sophomore release beginning with appearances at Coachella and Governors Ball Music Festival. Ben Barter is known for his hybrid drumming style, mixing electronic and acoustic drums. He plays Ludwig Drums, Zildjian cymbals and sticks, and Roland electronics. Ben Barter Ben Barter (born 16 October 1985) is a New Zealand drummer based in Los Angeles, CA. He is the touring drummer for Lorde and has also performed with such acts as Broods, Jarryd James, and Passion Pit. He has worked on recordings as a session drummer most notably with Grammy Award-winning producer, Joel Little. Ben Barter got his first drum kit at the age"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Hetal Dave Hetal Dave is India's first and only professional female sumo wrestler. In 2008, the woman from Mumbai made it into the Limca Book of Records. She participated in the 2009 World Games held in Taiwan, but went out in the first round. Her father and brother were very supportive of her interests in pursuing the sport. She is a commerce graduate and also trains students in wrestling and judo in different schools. Dave is a Judo trainer and she started her Judo lessons when she was around 6. Dave has no opponents to train with in India so has to practice with male players and also her brother Akshay. Indian doesnt have a Sumo Ring, so she had to practice in natural terrain, and she chose Oval Maidan in South Mumbai. Cawas Billimoria was her coach and her first international championship in Estonia, in 2008. She came among the global top 8 and was included in a list of 150 fearless women by \"Newsweek\". After Estonia, Dave has represented India in tournaments at Poland, Finland and Taiwan. At the 2009 World Games, she stood fifth in the women's middleweight category. Sumo wrestling is not among the recognized sports in India, even then Dave has represented India in several competitions. Hetal Dave Hetal Dave is India's first and only professional female sumo wrestler. In 2008, the woman from Mumbai made it into the Limca Book of Records. She participated in the 2009 World Games held in Taiwan, but went out in the first round. Her father and brother were very supportive of her interests in pursuing the sport. She is a commerce graduate and also trains students in wrestling and judo in different schools. Dave is a Judo trainer and she started her Judo lessons when she was around"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Frederic Webster Goding Frederic Webster Goding (May 9, 1858 – May 5, 1933) was an American diplomat, physician, entomologist, and inventor who served as U.S. consul in Australia, Uruguay, and Ecuador. As an entomologist he was noted for his studies of treehoppers (Membracidae). Born in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Boston to Alphonso Landon and Lydia Mehitable (Chandler) Goding, at age five moved with his family to Chicago where he attended public school. He entered the medical department of Northwestern University, where he earned the degree of M.D. in 1882, having previously taught in the public schools of Illinois. He practiced medicine until 1898. During 1885-86 he filled the chair of natural science in Loudon College (prep school) in Loudon, Tennessee. He was assistant to the state entomologist of Illinois in 1884-95, and held a similar position in Tennessee while connected with Loudon College. He was a delegate to the Republican state conventions of Illinois when Governors Joseph W. Fifer and John R. Tanner were nominated (1886, 1896), besides frequently serving as delegate to various county and congressional conventions. He was mayor of Rutland, Illinois from 1887 to 1897. In 1898 he was appointed consul to the New South Wales and Queensland, Australia, in which he served until 1908, and was appointed consul to represent Cuba in Australia in 1902. He was subsequently consul at Montevideo, Uruguay (1908–1913), and consul-general at Guayaquil, Ecuador (1913–1917). He is commemorated in the scientific name of the cactus \"Armatocereus godingianus\". Frederic Webster Goding Frederic Webster Goding (May 9, 1858 – May 5, 1933) was an American diplomat, physician, entomologist, and inventor who served as U.S. consul in Australia, Uruguay, and Ecuador. As an entomologist he was noted for his studies of treehoppers (Membracidae). Born in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Boston to Alphonso Landon"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Mariam Baharum Mariam Baharum (1935 – August 9, 2010) was an early Singaporean Malay film actress who was known for her work during the 1950s and 60s. She was nicknamed Mariam Tahi Lalat by her fans. Baharum was born in 1935 in Singapore. She was the sister of another Malay film actress, Datin Saadiah, and the mother of pop singer, Rahimah Rahim. Baharum's career reached its zenith during the 1950s as an actress signed to Malay Film Productions Ltd. (MFP) in Jalan Ampas, Singapore. Her most well known movie is perhaps the 1952 film, \"Anjuran Nasib\", which was directed B. S. Rajhans and co-starred P. Ramlee. In 1953, Baharum was named the \"Second Favorite Female Artiste Malaya\" by Filem Raya Magazine for her role in \"Anjuran Nasib\". Baharum other film credits included \"Aloha\", \"Dewi Murni\" and \"Kembar\", all of which were released in 1950. She appeared in the 1952 film, \"Aladdin\", \"Kipas Hikmat\" in 1955, \"Abu Hassan Penchuri\" in 1955 and \"Antara Dua Darjat\" 1960. Baharum co-starred in her films with most of the major Malaysian film stars of the era, including Kasma Booty, Aziz Sattar, S. Shamsuddin, Osman Gumanti and Datuk Mustapha Maarof. Baharum was nominated for the Veteran Actress Award at both the 15th Malaysian Film Festival in 2001 and the 22nd Kota Kinabalu Film Festival in 2009. Mariam Baharum died at 5:50 a.m. on August 9, 2010, at her condo in Yishun, Singapore, at the age of 75. She was survived by her six children from two marriages. Baharum was buried at Abadi Muslim Cemetery in Choa Chu Kang, Singapore. The Malaysian Minister of Information, Communications and Culture Rais Yatim paid tribute to Baharum, calling her death a major loss to the Malay film industry. Mariam Baharum Mariam Baharum (1935 – August 9, 2010) was an early"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Codevelopment Codevelopment is a trend of thought and a development strategy in development studies which considers migrants to be a developing factor for their countries of origin. Although it is widely accepted that it was French scholar Sami Naïr who first coined the word codevelopment, it is believed this phenomenon has existed alongside migrations since they exist. Traditionally, immigrants (especially those who migrate for economic reasons) have, collectively or individually, supported their communities of origin. In 1997 Sami Naïr, while directing the Interministerial Mission on Migration/Codevelopment, defined this last concept as \"a proposal for integrating immigration and development in a way that migration fluxes will benefit both the country of origin and the country of destination. This is, a consensual relationship between two countries that will allow migration to the country of destiny not to imply an equivalent loss in the country of origin\". Adherents to this model believe that it fosters mutual collaboration among countries in a way that traditional and hierarchical north-south development focus did not. In this context, immigrant initiatives enrich the countries of origin both from a cultural and a human resources perspective. Their condition as transnational citizens would allow them a better understanding of the needs of both the communities of origin and destination. For this reason, their participation in projects involving members of their communities, in both “their” countries would be more effective, as priorities and needs would be correctly identified. On the other hand, this participation would also work as an integrating force in the destination countries, as they would be perceived as an enriching factor by the public opinion and institutions. In countries receiving immigration, codevelopment has been implemented by the institutions in a different way. Since they were first implemented in France, codevelopment initiatives in Europe have been frequently linked to control of the migration fluxes, often promoting the return of immigrants. At a European level, codevelopment was first mentioned during the Tampere Summit held in October 1999, when the European Council defined 5 guidelines for the new European migration policy aimed at a common space of \"\"Liberty, Security and Justice\".\" Anyhow, critics consider that Tampere quickly shifted towards a Fortress Europe mentality, limiting development aid to those countries willing to implement migration control measures and accepting repatriations. An example of this tendency may be found in the imbalance between de 23 million euro budget that the EU plans on investing in the Schengen Information System and the Visa Information System (aimed at a further immigrant identification and control) with the 3 million euro budget (4 million in its second year) granted to codevelopment projects. Since the late nineties, codevelopment has been the subject of postgraduate studies, specialist courses, discussions and forums among multiple stakeholders, as well as calls for project grants by some local and regional administrations, beginning with the Municipality of Madrid. These authorities quickly became aware of the local impact of the presence of new immigrant communities, the importance of the links that bind them with their communities of origin, and the desirability of relating them in any future action to support the policies of cooperation. Codevelopment policies had a much stronger presence and development in the regional and local levels. At the state level, in accordance with Tampere Summit on Migration, the GRECO Plan on migration management (Programa Global de Regulación y Coordinación de la Extranjería y la Inmigración 2000-2004), was launched by the Interior Ministry in 2001. This Plan devoted an important space for “joint development”, in line with the policies of Tampere and the French government. GRECO insisted on technical and educational cooperation, the voluntary return of migrants, the channelling of migrants’ remittances to development projects, and finally, on the cooperation with those governments that were ready to accept the returned illegal migrants, as well as to control the exit of their citizens with destination Spain. However, codevelopment was not even mentioned as a policy line in the Immigration law passed in 2000, and did not receive proper funding within the GRECO’s framework. Since ending 2004, codevelopment policies have been open to discussion, including the contents, limits, and plans. Two state agencies claimed their space in codevelopment actions: the State Secretary for International Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the brand new General Directorate of Immigrants’ Integration, at the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. During 2005 there has been progress in the search for a consensus on competences and actors. A codevelopment line was mainstreamed in the Master Plans on Development Cooperation, and two years later, also in the new Integration Plan, called Strategic Plan on Citizenship and Integration 2007-2010, which was finally implemented in 2007, by the Ministry of Labour and Migration. Regional and local authorities soon adopted this win/win approach and consequently launched several codevelopment guidelines within their Integration Plans and Development Cooperation Strategies. Ending 2009, most of the Spanish Regions (Comunidades Autónomas) had considered codevelopment and had set up budget lines both for migrants' associations and Development NGOs. Graciela Malgesini argues that codevelopment and migrants' remittances partly redirect the decentralized cooperation funds to their countries of origin. In the last ten years, academic research on codevelopment increased, as a result of the strong immigration process experienced by the Spanish society from 2000 onwards (which represented nearly 80% of Spain’s demographic growth). Many universities decided to open up new learning courses on the matter, following the steps of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Several doctoral thesis are currently being carried out, focusing diverse aspects of codevelopment, including the impact of migration and remittances in the sending countries, mainly Ecuador, Colombia and Morocco. Migrants living in Spain remitted nearly €10 billion, in 2007 (while the overall Spanish OAD summed only half of this amount). According to Graciela Malgesini, spontaneous codevelopment could be defined as the win/win effect, the linkage between migration and development, which generates mostly positive impacts on both the society of origin of immigrants, and the host society. This definition presumes the role of immigrants as actors and vectors of development, in \"both sides\", and the understanding of the relations between host countries (North) and sending countries (South) in a horizontal way. Codevelopment is directly related to Transnationalism. Carlos Gimenez pinpointed other two characteristics of codevelopment: (1) The multiplicity of stakeholders (a network of participants that surpasses both quantitatively and qualitatively the traditional agents in the traditional development cooperation projects, as it includes authorities, social organizations, trade unions, universities, training institutes, businesses and immigrant associations). (2) Transnational citizenship (immigrants acting in codevelopment activities, embedded in a transnational dynamic, are also transnational citizens, to the extent that they have a dual presence. This dual space of belonging, in turn, encourages decision making, influences on the economic, political and social development, and allows the formation of a separate identity, based on two geographical areas, the country of origin and the country of destination). Transnationalism and codevelopment are spreading.In Latin America, covedelopment is a relatively new idea, but it has been embraced by grassroots organizations. For",
"development cooperation projects, as it includes authorities, social organizations, trade unions, universities, training institutes, businesses and immigrant associations). (2) Transnational citizenship (immigrants acting in codevelopment activities, embedded in a transnational dynamic, are also transnational citizens, to the extent that they have a dual presence. This dual space of belonging, in turn, encourages decision making, influences on the economic, political and social development, and allows the formation of a separate identity, based on two geographical areas, the country of origin and the country of destination). Transnationalism and codevelopment are spreading.In Latin America, covedelopment is a relatively new idea, but it has been embraced by grassroots organizations. For example, on November 25, 2010, FAMIGRANTES—the Federation of associations gathering migrants' family members in South America—gathered in their 4th Meeting on Migration and Codevelopment, in Rosario, Argentina. They stated that the codevelopment approach was the best way of understanding the contribution that their relatives were making both in the reception countries and in their homelands (www.famigrantes.org and www.famisur.org). At the same time, more than 100 migrants' associations launched FEDACOD (Federation of Associations for Codevelopment) in Valencia, Spain, on September 24, 2010 (www.fedacod.com). Codevelopment Codevelopment is a trend of thought and a development strategy in development studies which considers migrants to be a developing factor for their countries of origin. Although it is widely accepted that it was French scholar Sami Naïr who first coined the word codevelopment, it is believed this phenomenon has existed alongside migrations since they"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Eduardo Caba Eduardo Caba (Potosi, Bolivia, 1890 - La Paz, Bolivia, 1953) was a Bolivian nationalist composer, a pianist and a music professor. He spent the most part of his professional life in Buenos Aires and his last ten years in La Paz. His parents were \"Dr. Gregorio Caba, a distinguished Bolivian doctor, and Adelina Balsalia, an Italian lady of high culture and with a fine musical spirit\". According to Salas and Pauletto (1938), Eduardo Caba's mother was his first music teacher. In 1926, he moved to Buenos Aires and completed his higher studies in harmony. There he attended the classes of the Argentinean composer Felipe Boero. In 1927, he obtained a scholarship by the Bolivian government allowing him to improve his skills in Madrid where he was the alumnus of Joaquín Turina and of Pérez Casas. However, the Bolivian government withdrew its commitment and Caba was forced to give up his studies. Shortly later, Caba returned to Buenos Aires and integrated into Argentinean society, where he made good friends. His reputation grew, and his works were played at the Teatro Colón. In 1942, Caba moved from Buenos Aires to his home country after being appointed director of the National Conservatory of Music of La Paz. He also lived for two years in Montevideo with his family. From the outset of his career Caba won the praise of the renowned Spanish musicologist Adolfo Salazar, as Salas and Pauletto underscores, citing Salazar's comments in his book \"Música y músicos de hoy\" (1928) as well as his articles in the Spanish journal \"El Sol\". His compositions were interpreted at the \"La Revue musicale\" in Paris by the pianist Ricardo Viñes, one of the most active promoters of Caba's works, and the French composer and founder of the \"Revue\", Henry Prunières, considered Caba as one of the most important representatives of values in Latin America. Ninon Vallin, the French soprano who often stayed in Buenos Aires and was present at twenty seasons of the Teatro Colón, has also interpreted Caba's works. Other promoters of the music of Caba include Beatriz Balzi and Mariana Alandia. The musicologists Salas and Pauletto consider Caba as an \"intuitive composer with the vernacular motives of his homeland\". The vernacular aspects are probably the most characteristic of Caba's musical language. But the intuitive character of Caba's work is probably the most interesting, and it is interesting to understand the origin of this \"intuition\". Salas and Pauletto, who knew personally Eduardo Caba, explain it in the following way: A representative example of Caba's music is his dance \"Kollavina\", recently interpreted by the Bolivian guitarist Marcos Puña, and presented in the book of the two aforementioned musicologists. Eduardo Caba married María del Carmen Huergo in Buenos Aires and had two sons, Gregorio et María Adelia. Eduardo Caba Eduardo Caba (Potosi, Bolivia, 1890 - La Paz, Bolivia, 1953) was a Bolivian nationalist composer, a pianist and a music professor. He spent the most part of his professional life in Buenos Aires and"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Alexandre Massura Alexandre Massura Neto (born June 19, 1975 in São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo) is a retired male freestyle and backstroke swimmer from Brazil, who competed at two consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1996. Actually a resident of Minneapolis, Minnesota. At the 1995 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) held in Rio de Janeiro, Massura won the gold medal in the 4×100-metre freestyle, along with Gustavo Borges, Fernando Scherer and André Cordeiro, with a time of 3m12s42. He also swam the 200-metre backstroke. At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Massura came close to winning a medal, reaching the 4×100-metre freestyle final, and staying in 4th place. The end of 1998 was marked by the third consecutive world record broke by Brazilian relay in the 4×100-metre freestyle, on short course. On December 20, shortly after the end of Jose Finkel Trophy, the quartet formed by Fernando Scherer, Carlos Jayme, Alexandre Massura and Gustavo Borges, in order, fell the pool at Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama and they got the 3:10.45 time, that would only be broken in the year 2000 by the team of Sweden. At the 1999 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m), in Hong Kong, Massura reached the final of the 100-metre backstroke, finishing in 5th place. Massura was in the 1999 Pan American Games in Winnipeg. In the 4×100-metre medley, along with Gustavo Borges, Fernando Scherer and Marcelo Tomazini, Brazil won the medley relay for the first time in the Pan's history, with a time of 3:40.27, breaking Pan American and South American records, and secure a place in the 2000 Summer Olympics. Massura also won the silver medal in the 100-metre backstroke, beating the South American record with a time of 55.17 seconds. The 4×100-metre medley record just fell in 2006, and the 100-metre backstroke record only dropped with Thiago Pereira's bronze at 2007 Pan, in Rio de Janeiro. On December 16, 1999, Massura broke the South American record in the 50-metre backstroke Olympic pool, with a time of 26.00 seconds. The record was only broken in 2007. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Massura ranked 13th in the 100-metre backstroke, and 12th in the 4×100-metre medley. On November 12, 2000, Massura broke the South American record in the short-course 50-metre backstroke: 24.73 seconds. The record stood until 2007. In 2000, also broke the South American record in the 100-metre backstroke short course, with a time of 52.24 seconds, time that lasted until 2008. At the 2001 World Aquatics Championships in Fukuoka, he reached the semifinals of the 50-metre and 100-metre backstroke. Massura retired from professional swimming in 2004. Later, he worked in the Department of Sports of the Government of Minas Gerais. <br> Alexandre Massura Alexandre Massura Neto (born June 19, 1975 in São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo) is a retired male freestyle and backstroke swimmer from Brazil, who competed at two consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1996. Actually a resident of"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"2005–06 New York Rangers season The 2005–06 New York Rangers season was the National Hockey League franchise's 79th season of play and their 80th season overall. It marked a resurgence for the Rangers, with the team finishing the season having recorded 100 points, the sixth time in franchise history that the team had reached the 100-point plateau and their highest point total since their 1993–94 championship season, and a return to the playoffs for the first time since 1996–97. Jaromir Jagr also broke several Rangers single-season records including goals (54), points (123), power-play goals (24) and shots on goal (368). The Rangers missed out on winning the Atlantic Division on the last day of the regular season when the Devils defeated the Montreal Canadiens and the Rangers lost to the Ottawa Senators. The Rangers qualified for the playoffs as the sixth seed but were swept by their rivals the New Jersey Devils in the first round. The Rangers qualified for the playoffs for the first time since the 1997 Stanley Cup playoffs. Key: Win Loss Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Rangers. Stats reflect time with Rangers only. Traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with Rangers only. New York's picks at the 2005 NHL Entry Draft in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada at the Westin Hotel. 2005–06 New York Rangers season The 2005–06 New York Rangers season was the National Hockey League franchise's 79th season of play and their 80th season overall. It marked a resurgence for the Rangers, with the team finishing the season having recorded 100 points, the sixth time in franchise history that the team had reached the 100-point plateau and their highest point total since their 1993–94 championship season, and a return to the playoffs for the first time since 1996–97. Jaromir Jagr also broke several"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Suncook Lakes The Suncook Lakes are a pair of lakes located in Belknap County in central New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Barnstead. Upper Suncook Lake encompasses , while Lower Suncook Lake covers . The lakes are connected by a channel, spanned by a road bridge. A dam at the outlet of Lower Suncook Lake controls the water level of both lakes. The lakes are located along the Suncook River, a tributary of the Merrimack River. There are three islands on Lower Lake. Lower Suncook Lake has an average depth of and a maximum depth of , while Upper Suncook Lake has a greater average depth and a maximum depth greater than . The lakes are classified as a warmwater fishery, with observed species including smallmouth and largemouth bass, chain pickerel, horned pout, and white perch. Rainbow trout can be found in the deeper Upper Suncook Lake. Suncook Lakes The Suncook Lakes are a pair of lakes located in Belknap County in central New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Barnstead. Upper Suncook Lake encompasses , while Lower Suncook Lake covers . The lakes are connected by a channel, spanned by a road bridge. A dam at"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Clarence M. Leumane Clarence M. \"Jack\" Leumane (died 23 February 1928) was an English-born singer, actor, songwriter and librettist. He played leading tenor roles in opera, especially the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan, in the 1880s, first in Britain and then Australia. He was also a librettist and writer of the song '\"The Lambton Worm\" in 1867. Leumane was born in England, possibly in the Sunderland area, as the words of the song \"The Lambton Worm\" are from the Mackem dialect. As an actor, in the autumn of 1881, he created the role of Captain Harleigh in \"Claude Duval\", a comic opera by Edward Solomon and Henry Pottinger Stephens, at London's Olympic Theatre. He then joined a tour of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company from November 1881 to October 1882, playing the leading Gilbert and Sullivan tenor roles of Alexis in \"The Sorcerer\", Ralph Rackstraw in \"H.M.S. Pinafore\" and Frederic in \"The Pirates of Penzance\". In 1885, he appeared in London as Sir Lancelot in \"Dr. D\", an English comic opera by C. P. Colnaghi and Cotsford Dick at the Royalty Theatre. One reviewer commented: \"Mr. Leumane has a very pleasing tenor voice, and as Ralph Rackstraw he not merely sang well, but acted with an intelligence and point\". In 1887, as \"C. H. Leumane\", he made his first appearance in Australia with the J. C. Williamson Company in the leading Gilbert and Sullivan role of Prince Hilarion in the first Australian production \"Princess Ida\". He continued with the company until 1890 in more Savoy Operas, as the Duke of Dunstable in \"Patience\", Colonel Fairfax in \"The Yeomen of the Guard\", and Marco in \"The Gondoliers\". In between these productions, he also appeared in Australia as Geoffrey Wilder in Alfred Cellier's hit comic opera \"Dorothy\", and was the title character in Gounod's \"Faust\", including on the night in 1888, in Melbourne, when Frederick Federici died at the conclusion of the opera. He repeated his roles in the first New Zealand productions of \"Dorothy\", \"Yeomen\" and \"Princess Ida\" in 1890. He played the title role in his own opera, \"Mathias\", in 1901. He remained in Australia and died in South Australia in 1928. The Lambton Worm is an old folk tale, similar to the tale of Saint George and the Dragon, going back centuries which was turned into a children's pantomime. As \"C. M. Leumane\", he wrote the song, and the pantomime was first performed at Tyne Theatre and Opera House, Newcastle upon Tyne in 1867. The song became a local anthem. He is credited as librettist (with the music by Ernest Truman) for the opera \"Mathias\", which is based on the story \"Le Juif Polonais\" (or The Polish Jew) by M.M. Erckmann-Chatrian. This Opera was given its world premiere at the Criterion Theatre, Sydney, on 26 July 1901 with Leumane also credited as the director, and with playing/singing the part of Mathias. Leumane is also credited as the lyricist of the 1909 one-act musical play \"Coward or hero?\" Leumane’s name also appears as the writer of the words and music of a work entitled \"Advance Australia\", which is described as a chorale for voice and piano. An old photograph is signed (vertically in the top right hand corner) \"Yours truly C. M. Leumane 27/11/90\". Geordie dialect words Clarence M. Leumane Clarence M. \"Jack\" Leumane (died 23 February 1928) was an English-born singer, actor, songwriter and librettist. He played leading tenor roles in opera, especially the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan, in the 1880s, first in Britain and then Australia. He was also a librettist and writer of the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Karl Christ Leutnant Karl Christ (born 15 June 1897, date of death unknown) was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories. Karl Christ was born on 15 June 1897 in Darmstadt, the Grand Duchy of Hesse, in the German Empire. In January 1915, he joined the \"Die Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches\" (the German flying service). He trained with \"Fliegerersatz-Abteilung (Replacement Detachment) 6\" at Grosenheim. He began service with \"Kampfgeschwader 6\" (Tactical Bomber Wing 6). By 1916, he was serving in \"Kampfgeschwader 5\", a tactical bomber wing subordinate to the German Supreme Command. During this period, Christ won both classes of the Iron Cross. Christ was commissioned a \"Leutnant\" on 23 March 1917 while serving with another bombing wing under the German Supreme Command—\"Bombengeschwader 2\". In November 1917, he left Bogohl 2; the following month he joined Jagdstaffel 28, a single-seat fighter squadron, for service through war's end. Between 14 May and 14 October 1918, he had five of his six victory claims confirmed, though details are lacking on the last pair. From 1 April 1941 through February 1942, Karl Christ was an Oberst with a Stuka \"geschwader\" in North Africa. Karl Christ Leutnant Karl Christ (born"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"James Holt Marsh James Holt Marsh (1866–1 August 1928), was an international rugby union three-quarter who played club rugby for Swinton. He is most notable as the only player to have represented two international teams in the Home Nations Championship, Scotland and England. He was a General Practitioner by profession, holding a practice in Manchester for nearly forty years. March was educated at Edinburgh Institute before being accepted at Edinburgh University to study medicine. In 1889, Marsh was selected for the Scottish international team when he was chosen to face Wales as part of the 1890 Home Nations Championship. At the time, Marsh was playing club rugby for the Edinburgh Institute Former Pupils team, and was brought in at three-quarters. Scotland beat Wales and Marsh was reselected for the second, and final game of the competition, away to Ireland at Belfast. With England having withdrawn from the tournament, a win over the Irish would give Scotland the Home Nations, but not the Grand Slam. Scotland won the match thanks to a single dropped goal from Henry Stevenson. Although Marsh found himself a Home Nations Champion, his international career with Scotland was over. Although his rugby career with Scotland was behind him, Marsh continued playing rugby, and after moving to Manchester to set up a medical practice, he turned out for union team Swinton. During the 1890–91 season his strong club play brought him to the attention of the English selectors, and he was brought into the annual North vs. South match. This in turn led to Marsh being selected for the 1892 Home Nations Championship in the game against Ireland, playing again at threequarters alongside Dicky Lockwood and George Hubbard. The English team was victorious, but Marsh was not selected for the team again. It is unknown if this was due to sanctions or actions taken by the rugby unions or if it was a selection choice. When Swinton converted from the rugby union code to the rugby league code on Tuesday 2 June 1896, James Holt Marsh would have been approximately 30 years of age. Consequently, he may have been both a rugby union and rugby league footballer for Swinton. James Holt Marsh James Holt Marsh (1866–1 August 1928), was an international rugby union three-quarter who played club rugby for Swinton. He is most notable as the only player to have represented two international teams in the Home Nations"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Klallam Klallam (also Clallam, although the spelling with \"K\" is preferred in all four modern Klallam communities) refers to four related indigenous Native American/First Nations communities from the Pacific Northwest of North America. The Klallam culture is classified ethnographically and linguistically in the Coast Salish subgroup. Two Klallam bands live on the Olympic Peninsula and one on the Kitsap Peninsula in Washington state, and one is based at Becher Bay on southern Vancouver Island in British Columbia. The indigenous Kullalam language name for the tribe is \"nəxʷsƛ̕ay̕əm\" (meaning \"strong people\"). The word \"Klallam\" comes from the North Straits Salish language name for the Klallam people, . This has had a wide variety of English spellings including \"Chalam\", \"Clalam\", \"Clallem\", \"Clallum\", \"Khalam\", \"Klalam\", \"Noodsdalum\", \"Nooselalum\", \"Noostlalum\", \"Tlalum\", \"Tlalam\", \"Wooselalim\", \"S'Klallam\", \"Ns'Klallam\", \"Klallam\" and \"Clallam\". \"Clallam\" was used by the Washington Territory legislature in 1854 when it created Clallam County. The following year \"S'klallam\" was used in the Point No Point Treaty. In the following decades the simpler \"Klallam\" or \"Clallam\" predominated in the media and research literature. In 1981 \"S'Klallam\" was used when the United States Department of the Interior officially recognized the Lower Elwha, Jamestown, and Port Gamble (or Little Boston) tribes. In local media today \"Clallam\" is used to refer to the people of Clallam County, Washington—both native and non-native. It is also used in the names of a number of non-native commercial enterprises. The spellings with 'K' are used to refer to the native peoples. The Lower Elwha tribe has adopted \"Klallam\" as its official spelling. The Port Gamble and Jamestown tribes have adopted \"S'Klallam\" as their official spelling. Before the arrival of Europeans to the Pacific Northwest the territory inhabited by the Klallam stretched across the north coast of the Olympic Peninsula from the Pacific Ocean to Puget Sound and also included the southern tip of Vancouver Island across the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Klallam villages were mostly located along the coast, while some villages were inland along rivers, inlets or large lakes. Based on early interviews of tribal elders by early ethnologists and anthropologists, the estimated number of Klallam villages has ranged from ten to over thirty, with some ambiguity in distinguishing permanent from seasonal settlements, and some villages with mixed or disputed tribal identity. While language and tradition united the Klallam people, there were extensive trade, inter-marriage, and other forms of cooperation between the Klallam and surrounding tribes. The rugged terrain and dense vegetation of the Olympic Peninsula made the canoe the preferred mode of transportation. The canoes were carved from western red cedar (\"Thuja plicata\") through an intricate and arduous process requiring great skill, beginning with the selection of the proper tree. Stone adzes, fire, and heated water were used to hollow and shape the canoe. This knowledge was passed to a select few of each generation, and some of the canoes were purchased from other tribes, especially the larger ones. There were two main types of canoes used by the Klallam: The smaller Coast Salish type used on protected waters, and the larger Chinook style for use in rougher waters. The smaller type of canoe had a rounded bottom and was long, wide, and deep. This type was used on calm waters for fishing or to haul small loads. The larger canoes had flat bottoms and could be over long, wide, and deep. These were used on the rougher waters of Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and in particular off the Pacific coast, for whaling, transporting larger loads, and carrying up to thirty passengers. Early white settlers in the area noted the great skill the Klallam used in canoe handling and navigation, and that the Klallam canoes tended to be larger than those used by other Puget Sound tribes. The lands, rivers, marine waters, and beaches in Klallam territory provided an abundant, year-round supply of food. Strategic intertribal marriages and agreements also allowed them permission to hunt or forage outside their homeland. Though their diet included large and small land game, sea fowl, and shellfish, the most important source of food was fish. Salmon still plays a significant nutritional and spiritual role in the Klallam culture. The Klallam fished year round using a variety of tools and techniques particular to the species, location, and season. They were known to use traps, trolling, gillnets, spears, rakes, dip nets, and holes dug in the beach. Specific locations were known to produce certain fishes at the right time of year, and special implements and skills were employed for a successful catch. They apply a poultice of the smashed flowers of Viola adunca to the chest or side for pain. The Klallam tribes do not operate their own schools. Lower Elwha Klallam children are offered a Klallam cultural and language immersion program at the Lower Elwha Klallam Head Start. Older children are provided with Klallam language and tribal history courses at Dry Creek Elementary School, Stevens Middle School and Port Angeles High School, where most Lower Elwha Klallam children attend school. A majority of Jamestown S'Klallam children attend Sequim School District schools. A majority of Port Gamble Klallam children attend schools in the North Kitsap School District in the Kingston area. Klallam Klallam (also Clallam, although the spelling with \"K\" is preferred in all four modern Klallam communities) refers to four related indigenous Native American/First Nations communities from the Pacific Northwest of North"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"I Wish My Teacher Knew I Wish My Teacher Knew is a third-grade class assignment that went viral after its creator shared children's responses via Twitter under the hashtag #IWishMyTeacherKnew. In April 2015, Kyle Schwartz, a teacher at the Doull Elementary School in Denver, Colorado, asked her third grade class to complete a writing assignment entitled \"I Wish My Teacher Knew\" where they were asked to share something about themselves. Schwartz, aged 26, describes herself as \"a suburban girl\" and said she created the assignment because she \"struggled to understand the reality of my students' lives and how to best support them.\" She explained that most of her students come from underprivileged (mostly Hispanic) households – 92% qualify for free or reduced cost lunches – and thus she could not easily relate to what they went through in their daily lives. Schwartz has taught at Doull for three years and has done the assignment each year. Schwartz said the assignment was designed to build trust and a sense of community within the classroom. The children were given the option of writing anonymously, although most of the students expressed a desire to share their story with the class. The other children in the class rallied around each other in \"really beautiful\" moments as they shared their stories. A girl who reported she had no friends to play with at recess inspired \"all the girls [to huddle] around her and [play] tag\" the next day. Schwartz, describing the answers as \"heartbreaking\", decided to share some of them via Twitter using the hashtag #IWishMyTeacherKnew. She received an immediate response and other teachers and schools started using the hashtag to share their own teaching experiences. As a result, the tag trended nationally in the United States. Among the most commented on notes were one by a girl whose father had been deported to Mexico and one by a girl with no friends. The story was picked up by national newspapers and even international sources such as \"The Sydney Morning Herald\". Doull Elementary received numerous donations of school supplies for its students due to answers such as \"I Wish My Teacher Knew I don't have pencils to do my homework.\" The story was featured nationally on \"ABC World News Tonight\", which reported that Schwartz had started a \"movement\" with teachers across the country copying her assignment to learn more about their own students. Schwartz has also written a book about the I Wish My Teacher Knew program, \"I Wish My Teacher Knew: How One Question Can Change Everything for Our Kids\", published in July 2016 by Da Capo Lifelong Books. I Wish My Teacher Knew I Wish My Teacher Knew is a third-grade class assignment that went viral after its creator shared children's responses via Twitter under the hashtag #IWishMyTeacherKnew. In April 2015, Kyle Schwartz, a teacher at the Doull Elementary School in Denver, Colorado, asked her third grade class to complete a writing assignment entitled \"I Wish My Teacher Knew\" where they were asked"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Prince of Broadway Prince of Broadway is a musical revue showcasing the producing career of Harold Prince. Prince himself directs the production. The show features a book by two-time Tony Award nominee David Thompson and is co-directed and choreographed by five-time Tony winner Susan Stroman. Jason Robert Brown is the musical’s arranger, musical director, and orchestrator. The musical premiered in October 2015 in Japan and made its Broadway debut on August 3, 2017 at the Manhattan Theatre Club’s Samuel J. Friedman Theatre. According to the musical's official site, in \"Prince of Broadway\", The Broadway premiere was announced in March 2012 for November 2012 but did not get a full-scale production due to lack of funding until late 2015 when it opened in Tokyo, Japan. Two teams of producers tried and failed to raise the show’s projected $13 million budget for Broadway. Much of the pre-Broadway cast was replaced. The musical was originally supposed to open in Toronto and New York in 2012 until its lead producer abandoned the project. A replacement set of producers was announced in May 2012, with a target date of fall 2013 for Broadway. Umeda Arts Theater Co., Ltd presented the revue in a limited engagement at Tokyu Theatre Orb in Tokyo, Japan. The production ran from October 23 until November 22, 2015. The production then transferred to Osaka, Japan where it played the Umeda Arts Theater's Main Hall from November 28 until December 10, 2015. The Manhattan Theatre Club and Gorgeous Entertainment presented the revue and began previews at the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre on August 3, 2017, prior to an August 24, 2017 opening night. The cast included Chuck Cooper, Janet Dacal, Bryonha Marie Parham, Emily Skinner, Brandon Uranowitz, Kaley Ann Voorhees, Michael Xavier, Tony Yazbeck, Karen Ziemba. The creative team included Harold Prince, Susan Stroman, David Thompson, Jason Robert Brown, William Ivey Long, Beowulf Boritt, Howell Binkley, Jon Weston, Paul Huntley, and Angelina Avallone. Source: Theatre-Orb (incomplete list) Prince of Broadway Prince of Broadway is a musical revue showcasing the producing career of Harold Prince. Prince himself directs the production. The show features a book by two-time Tony Award nominee David Thompson and is co-directed and choreographed by five-time Tony winner Susan Stroman. Jason Robert Brown is the musical’s arranger, musical director, and orchestrator. The musical premiered in October 2015 in Japan and made its Broadway debut on August 3, 2017 at the"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Gothamist Gothamist LLC was the operator, or in some cases franchisor, of eight city-centric websites that focused on news, events, food, culture, and other local coverage. It was founded in 2003 by Jake Dobkin and Jen Chung. In March 2017, Joe Ricketts, owner of DNAinfo, acquired the company and, in November 2017, the websites were shut down after the newsroom staff voted to unionize. In February 2018, it was announced that WNYC, KPCC and WAMU had acquired Gothamist, LAist and DCist, respectively. Chicagoist was purchased by Chicago-born rapper Chance the Rapper in July 2018. The namesake blog, Gothamist, focused on New York City, was founded in 2003, by publisher Jake Dobkin and editor Jen Chung. other blogs operated by the company include LAist (for Los Angeles), DCist for Washington, D.C., Chicagoist, and SFist (for San Francisco) in the United States, as well as Shanghaiist internationally. Canadian blog Torontoist was launched by the American company, but was transferred to the locally-owned Ink Truck Media in April 2009, while retaining its \"-ist\" name and remaining affiliated with the Gothamist network. In March 2011, Torontoist was acquired from Ink Truck Media by St. Joseph Media, magazine publishing division of Canadian media giants St. Joseph Communications. As a result the site was not affected by the shutdown in 2017. In a similar fashion, in 2010 Londonist was transferred to the London-based startup LDN Creative. An estimate by income.com in 2015 quoted the monthly revenue from Gothamist at $110,000. In 2017, Gothamist and all related blogs were sold to Joe Ricketts, owner of DNAinfo.com. After the acquisition, Gothamist expunged from its archives a number of stories that had covered Ricketts critically. Regarding the removal of Ricketts related content from the site, Dobkin told Jezebel, “Just as Bloomberg doesn’t cover Bloomberg, we don’t plan to cover Joe Ricketts and so we decided to take down our coverage of him. No one asked us to do it. It was a decision made solely by Jen [Chung] and me.” On November 2, 2017, Ricketts posted to both DNAinfo and the \"-ist\" network sites that both websites would immediately cease operations, a week after Gothamist writers voted to unionize with the Writers Guild of America, East. All content from all DNAinfo sites and all subsidiary sites were taken down. The next day, archives of the sites were returned to functionality. Ricketts's shutdown was criticized as being a mere act of retaliation after the two companies' workers had joined a union. In the aftermath of the shutdown, laid-off reporters for Gothamist stated that former owners Jake Dobkin and Jen Chung actively cooperated with Ricketts to discourage the union efforts, “It was textbook union-busting stuff.” On February 23, 2018, public radio stations WNYC, KPCC, and WAMU announced that they had jointly acquired Gothamist and its related sites LAist and DCist. Under the agreement, Gothamist and its sister sites would begin publishing news content again. Additionally, WNYC acquired the archives of Chicagoist and SFist, and Chicago's WBEZ stated that they were exploring an acquisition of the former. WAMU relaunched DCist on June 11, 2018. Gothamist confirmed that Chance the Rapper acquired Chicagoist after he announced it in a new song, \"I Might Need Security\", on July 18, 2018. The flagship Gothamist blog has received a number of awards and commendations, including six Bloggies nominations. It was named a \"Forbes Favorite\", and a \"BusinessWeek\" \"Best of the Web\". In 2007, Gothamist was named blog of the year by \"Wired\" magazine and given a Wired Rave Award. Gothamist Gothamist LLC was the operator, or in some cases franchisor, of eight city-centric websites that focused"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Mac Van Valkenburg Mac Elwyn Van Valkenburg (October 5, 1921 – March 19, 1997) was an American electrical engineer and university professor. He wrote seven textbooks and numerous scientific publications. Van Valkenburg was born in Utah. He graduated from the University of Utah in 1943 with a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering, received a master's degree in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1946, and a PhD in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1952, under advisor Oswald Garrison Villard, Jr.. Van Valkenburg was a professor at the University of Illinois from 1955-1966, then joined Princeton University as professor and head of electrical engineering until 1974. He then returned to UIUC. Named to the W. W. Grainger Professorship endowed chair in 1982, and became Dean of the College of Engineering in 1984. Van Valkenburg was author of seven textbooks and numerous scientific publications. He died in Orem, Utah at the age of 75. The IEEE Education Society offers an annual Mac Van Valkenburg Early Career Teaching Award. UIUC established the M. E. Van Valkenburg Graduate Research Award in 1990. His Ph.D. students have included: Mac Van Valkenburg Mac Elwyn Van Valkenburg (October 5, 1921 – March 19,"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Nak (film) Nak ( ) is a Thai animated fantasy film that was released on April 3, 2008. and aired on tv in Thai PBS Kids & Dubbed in ukrainian on Ukraine (TV channel). The story is based on ghosts of the folklore of Thailand, who in this movie shed their sinister reputation and are the heroes. Nak, its central character, is based on the figure of Mae Nak, a Thai female spirit that has a baby and can stretch her arms. Nak's striking fuchsia-colored hair and eyes in this movie are a departure from her alleged looks in traditional lore though. Other spirits familiar to Thai people that appear in this movie are Phi Hua Kat, Krahang, Krasue, Phi Am, Nang Tani, Nang Takian and Phi Phong. Ghosts from other backgrounds such as \"Phi Yipun\", the scary woman with long, stringy black hair wearing a white gown, a well-known vengeful ghost (\"onryō\") from Japanese horror films based on the Yotsuya Kaidan story, also have a role in the \"Nak\" movie. Led by Nak and her friends, the ghosts of Thai popular tradition fight against a powerful evil spirit that threatens mankind. Nak (film) Nak ( ) is a Thai"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
{
"retrieved": [
"Grill'd Grill'd is an Australian food chain specialising in burgers. It was founded by Simon Crowe in 2004 in Hawthorn, Melbourne. There were five restaurants established by the end of 2005, 35 restaurants in 2010, and 125 restaurants as of late-2016. Through the Local Matters program, each Grill'd restaurant donates $500 monthly to three local community groups split $300 / $100 / $100, with customers voting for their preferred community group by placing a token into a jar. In June 2015 it came to public attention that the Toowong franchise had selected pro-life group Cherish Life to receive funds from the Local Matters program. Founder Simon Crowe apologised for the alleged mistake, stating that Grill'd was pro-choice. The restaurant chain encountered controversy in July 2015 when allegations arose that Kahlani Pyrah, a former employee of the Camberwell franchise, had been sacked after beginning a wage case with the Fair Work Commission to overturn a contract which set pay below the minimum award rate. Grill'd officially denied the allegations, claiming that bullying of managers was the reason for the dismissal. Pyrah launched a Federal Court case in a bid to get her job back. An interim Federal Court ruling ordered Grill'd to reinstate her, allowing the wage case hearing to go ahead. At the hearing, a ruling by the Fair Work Commission forced Grill'd to raise the wages of employees at its Camberwell franchise to be in line the award rate. Jess Walsh of the hospitality union United Voice said that the ruling was an \"enormous win\" for Pyrah and Grill'd employees. A planned unfair dismissal hearing at the Federal Court was called off after Pyrah and Grill'd reached an out-of-court settlement. In May 2016 a staff member of the Point Cook franchise denied a female customer from accessing a two-for-one offer intended to encourage men to bring a friend to the restaurant. A spokeswoman later apologised, stating that the customer was given wrong information and that the offer was open to women as well. Grill'd Grill'd is an Australian food chain specialising in burgers. It was founded by Simon Crowe in 2004 in Hawthorn, Melbourne. There were five restaurants established by the end of 2005, 35 restaurants in 2010, and 125 restaurants as of late-2016. Through the Local Matters program, each Grill'd restaurant donates $500 monthly to three local community groups split $300 / $100 / $100, with customers voting"
]
}
|
RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.