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{ "retrieved": [ "Herbert Jay Stern Herbert Jay Stern (born November 8, 1936) is a New Jersey criminal defense lawyer. Earlier in his career, Stern served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey and the United States Court for Berlin. He presided over a hijacking trial that was the only case ever tried in an American court in the occupied American Sector of West Berlin. He wrote a book about that case, \"Judgment in Berlin\", which became a movie in which his role was played by Martin Sheen. He was part of the team that successfully handled several major corruption and organized crime trials in New Jersey. These are memorialized in his recent book, \"Diary of a DA: The True Story of the Prosecutor Who Took On the Mob, Fought Corruption, and Won\". (2012) Born on November 8, 1936, in New York City, New York, Stern attended Hobart College. After graduating in 1958 with a Bachelor of Arts degree, he went on to earn a Juris Doctor from the University of Chicago Law School in 1961. He then served one year in the United States Army Reserve. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1961 and the New Jersey bar in 1971. Stern served from 1962 to 1965 as an Assistant District Attorney in Manhattan, during which he participated in the investigation of the assassination of Malcolm X. He then took a position as a trial attorney in the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section of the United States Department of Justice. In 1969, Stern became Chief Assistant United States Attorney for New Jersey. From 1971 to 1973, he served as the United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey. He was part of the team that handled several major corruption and organized crime trials in New Jersey. The United States Attorney's Office in New Jersey was originally headed by Frederick Lacey. Trials included the successful prosecution of Newark Mayor Hugh Joseph Addonizio. Stern was nominated by President Richard Nixon on December 7, 1973, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey vacated by Judge Leonard I. Garth. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 19, 1973, and received his commission on December 28, 1973. His service terminated on January 4, 1987, due to his resignation. During a 13-year tenure on the bench, Stern presided over a variety of civil and criminal cases. However, his judicial service is best remembered for the unique case of \"United States v. Tiede\", an aircraft hijacking prosecution that was the sole case ever tried in the United States Court for Berlin, over which he was specially designated to preside by selection of the United States Department of State. In a published opinion, \"United States v. Tiede\", 86 F.R.D. 227 (D. Berlin 1979), Stern held that even though the case involved prosecution of German citizens in an unusual forum outside the United States, the defendants were still parties to an American criminal proceeding and entitled to the United States Constitution's guarantee of trial by jury. Stern later authored \"Judgment in Berlin\", a book about his experiences in the \"Tiede\" case which was made into a film. After his resignation from the federal bench, Stern entered private practice as an attorney. He is currently a member of his own law firm located in Roseland, New Jersey. In addition to \"Judgment in Berlin\", Stern is the author of several books for lawyers on the subject of trial advocacy. In 2006, Stern was appointed by Chris Christie, who was then serving as the United States Attorney for New Jersey, to the $500-per-hour post of federal monitor, following Christie's approval of a deferred prosecution agreement with the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, which had admitted committing Medicare fraud. Stern's law firm, Stern and Kilcullen, received a reported $8 million in legal fees from the contract. Stern, some of his partners, and their wives subsequently each made the maximum contribution of $3,400 to Christie's 2009 gubernatorial campaign, resulting in a total contribution of $23,800 (and $47,600 in public matching funds). State Sen. Loretta Weinberg (D) called for Christie to return the money in order to avoid giving New Jersey taxpayers the impression of a pay-to-play relationship. Herbert Jay Stern Herbert Jay Stern (born November 8, 1936) is a New Jersey criminal defense lawyer. Earlier in his career, Stern served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey and the United States Court for Berlin. He presided over a hijacking trial that was the only case ever tried in an American court in the occupied American Sector of West Berlin. He wrote a book about that case, \"Judgment" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "If You Love This Planet If You Love This Planet is a 1982 short documentary film recording a lecture given to SUNY Plattsburgh students by physician and anti-nuclear activist Dr. Helen Caldicott about the dangers posed by nuclear weapons. The movie was directed by Terre Nash and produced by Edward Le Lorrain for Studio D, the women's studio of the National Film Board of Canada. Studio D head Kathleen Shannon was executive producer. Released during the term of the Reagan administration and at the height of Cold War nuclear tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, \"If You Love This Planet\" was officially designated as \"foreign political propaganda\" by the U.S. Department of Justice and suppressed in the United States. The subsequent uproar over that action gave the film a publicity boost ; it went on to win the 1982 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject). It appears that the first cinema showing of the film in Britain did not occur until April 2008, when it was screened by the London Socialist Film Co-op. Helen Caldicott, M.D., later wrote a book of the same name, \"If You Love This Planet: A Plan to Heal the Earth\" (1992). A new edition of this book was published by W.W. Norton in September 2009. Dr. Caldicott hosted a weekly radio program called \"If You Love This Planet\". From July 2008 to November 2012, it ran to 216 editions. The program was first aired by Pacifica Radio station KPFT-FM in Houston and played weekly on dozens of U.S., Canadian, and Australian stations. Episodes are archived on www.ifyoulovethisplanet.org and at radio4all.net. The series focused on the threats to human survival posed by nuclear weapons, nuclear power, global warming, pollution, deforestation, and other public health issues. If You Love This Planet If You" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Gößweinstein Castle Gößweinstein Castle (), also called Schloss Gößweinstein, is a mediaeval hilltop castle in Gößweinstein in the county of Forchheim in the German state of Bavaria. It towers high above the market town and the River Wiesent and may have been the inspiration for Richard Wagner's grail castle in his opera, \"Parsifal\". The castle is a Bavarian listed building, no. D-4-74-129-10. The castle was probably named after its founder, Count Gozwin. He was killed in 1065, after he had invaded the territory of the Bishop of Würzburg. The first record of \"Goswinesteyn\" castle is dated to 1076. At that time, Emperor Henry IV had Bishop Burchard II of Halberstadt, who had become embroiled in the Saxon Rebellion, incarcerated there, a fact which suggests it was already a strong fortress. From the time of Bishop Otto of Bamberg there is evidence that the castle became part of the Bamberg estate. From 1348 to 1780 it was the seat of a \"vogtei\" under the bishops of Bamberg. In 1525, during the Peasants' War it was destroyed and rebuilt. During the Second Margrave War in 1553 the castle was again destroyed and later rebuilt. The castle became a Bavarian possession as a result of secularisation of the Bishopric of Bamberg in 1803. The Bavarian state sold the castle in 1875 to Pauline Rabeneck, a landowning widow from the Manor (\"Rittergut\") of Aspach near Uffenheim. In 1890 Baron Edgar of Sohlern purchased the castle and had it remodelled in the Neogothic style. The castle chapel also has Late Gothic statues. The castle is still in the hands of the von Sohlen family. It houses a medieval museum which may be visited for a small entrance fee and there is a beer garden and terrace with good views over the Wiesent valley and village of Gößweinstein. Gößweinstein Castle Gößweinstein Castle (), also called Schloss Gößweinstein, is a mediaeval hilltop castle in Gößweinstein in the county of Forchheim in the German state of Bavaria. It towers high above the market town and the River Wiesent and may have been the inspiration for Richard Wagner's grail castle in his opera, \"Parsifal\". The castle is a Bavarian listed building, no. D-4-74-129-10. The castle was probably named after its founder, Count Gozwin. He was killed in 1065, after he had invaded the territory of the Bishop of Würzburg. The first record of \"Goswinesteyn\" castle is dated to 1076." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath is a 2013 Malayalam action-comedy film, written by Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas, directed by Thomson K. Thomas and produced by Anto Joseph. The film features Mammootty and Dileep in the title roles and Narain, Karthika Nair, Rima Kallingal and Baburaj in supporting roles. Tamil film actor Dhanush has a cameo role as himself. Kammath and Kammath is a duo in the hotel business. It includes Raja Raja Kammath (Mammootty) and Deva Raja Kammath (Dileep). Sulaiman sahib (Rizabawa) is their rival,blocks the entry of elder Kammath. He runs a non-vegetarian hotel that is opposite a now defunct Brahmin vegetarian hotel. He has a target of acquiring this hotel's land. The Kammath brothers plan to inaugurate their new hotel in the building and land of the defunct hotel. On opening day, municipal secretary Mahlakshmi (Rima Kallingal) and ward counselor Sebastian Kuzhivelil (Suraj Venjaramoodu) are brought by Sulaiman Sahib to stop it from opening. They fail because the hotel's name is now Kammath & Kammath and it has obtained a new license and ownership. Sulaiman Sahib, with the help of a thief (Pathrose) arrests the elder Kammath,by throwing stones and breaking window glass of Municipal Secretary's house. Raja Raja Kammath, who meets his brother Deva Raja Kammath who has already been arrested for selling liquor illegally in their new hotel. The Kammath Brothers threaten Pathrose in the police station and the truth is revealed that he has thrown stones at Mahalakshmi's house that neighbours the Kammaths' house at the request of Sulaiman Sahib and Sebastian Kuzhivelil. The hotel security cameras reveal that people sent by Sulaiman Sahib brought the liquor to the hotel to implicate the Younger Kammath. Later, both Mahalakshmi and Sulaiman Sahib are convinced by the elder Kammath that they are not problem makers and both become friends with them. The Kammaths open their new hotel in Coimbatore with superstar Dhanush as inagurator. One night, Sunnichan, attacks Mahalakshmi, asking about his sister, while she was coming back to Palakkad from Coimbatore. The elder Kammath saves her from Sunnichan by sending his driver+fighter Gopi to deal with him. On this journey Kammath and Mahalakshmi go to a restaurant. There Kammath meets his old wife with her new husband. While continuing the journey a flashback reveals that she was his wife, but she had a different nature than the Kammath family had expected. One day when Kammath's father suffers from chest pain, his mother asks her to drive him to hospital. She refuses as she had to deal with Mehnthi. The father dies in hospital. So they divorce. Hearing this story Mahalakshmi empathizes with him. The next day Kammath is invited by Mahalakshmi to talk about a problem. She introduces her sister Surekha to Kammath and says Surekha is scared that somebody is following her. The next day Kammath fights with an helmeted person who comes near her. When the helmet is removed Kammath sees his brother Deva. He becomes sad as he realises that he has beaten up his own brother. When they all leave another person with a helmet who was following her arrives. Raja Raja Kammath proceeds with the idea of his brother marrying Suekha. Mahalakshmi tells them that Surekha is actually her deceased brother's wife and a Christian instead of a Hindu. Surekha's history is revealed by Mahalakshmi. Her brother Suresh had married her years ago despite opposition from her family. On the first night of marriage Suresh is killed by Vikram her family's henchman. He is Surekha's real stalker. The story reveals that Sunnichan is her brother. Even after knowing this story Deva Raja Kammath wishes to marry her. Later at her home, the Kammaths realise to their shock that Surekha cannot speak. Deva still wants to marry her. On the night before the wedding, Deva is accosted by Vikram and Surekha's brothers. He escapes to a godown where the elder Kammath awaits. A fight ensues. The next day the villains are handed over to the police at Surekha's home and Deva marries Surekha. To everyone's surprise Mahalakshmi is married by the groom found by her deceased brother Suresh. Mammootty was chosen to play a prominent character. The character of his brother in the film was originally chosen as Jayaram but schedule conflicts led Dileep to replace him. Kunchacko Boban had been approached for the role of Income tax officer, but he opted out, again due to schedule conflicts. Dhanush was chosen to play a star who comes to Kerala to inaugurate the hotel. Scenes from the film were shot in Kochi. The film was shown in additional theatres where \"Vishwaroopam\" had been banned from being released. Paresh C Palicha of Rediff.com rated the film 2/5 describing it as an \"atrocity on the viewer.\" IndiaGlitz.com gave 6.25/10 for the movie and stated \"These Kammath brothers are strictly for those who relish masala entertainers\" but it gave a positive review of the songs. Sify.com gave the overall summary of the film as \"tedious\" and their review says that \"only Baburaj manages to make the viewers laugh\" and that \"There is no credible storyline that is worth mentioning and the script lacks any imagination or depth.\" \"The Times of India\" gave a rating of 3/5 for the movie, stating \"Mammootty and Dileep, gifted actors they are, put together their best to salvage what can be called as a sloppy narrative strewn with drab characters.\" Dalton L of Deccan Chronicle says \"Rather than preparing an action-romcom out of leftovers, the director ought to have demanded an original recipe and organic vegetables. It’s very sad to see the great Mammootty unendingly swimming in stale soup.\" The film had a good collection in the first week, it dropped later. Made on a budget of 7.5 - 8 crore. It collected worldwide. The film got satellite right of . Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath is a 2013 Malayalam action-comedy film, written by Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas, directed by Thomson K. Thomas and produced by Anto" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "WARF WARF (1350 AM) – branded Fox Sports 1350 – is a commercial sports/talk radio station serving the Akron, Ohio metro area. It is owned and operated by iHeartMedia. WARF is the Akron affiliate for Fox Sports Radio and NBC Sports Radio. AM 1350 also serves as the flagship station for the Akron RubberDucks minor league baseball team and the Akron Zips. It is also a member of the Columbus Blue Jackets Radio Network. The station previously had a progressive talk format, and before that was sports-focused, having been affiliated with both ESPN Radio and Sporting News Radio. WARF is the oldest surviving station in the city otherwise; it was WADC for decades before becoming country music WSLR. The station traces its origin to a temporary station, WADC, authorized for a February 1925 car show at the Central Garage. The call letters were derived from the show's sponsor, the Automobile Dealers' Company. After the show ended, Allen T. Simmons, owner of the Allen Theater, bought the equipment and obtained a permanent license which was granted on March 23, 1925. A slogan — \"Watch Akron Develop Commerce\" — matching the call letters was adopted, which was soon slightly modified to \"Watch Akron Develop Commercially\". (Allen's 1965 obituary stated that the station's slogan was \"Watch Akron Deliver Cars\", although an \"Akron Beacon\" columnist later noted that \"Several readers... reported that it actually meant 'Watch Akron Develop Commercially'\".) WADC was the second radio station in Akron (after WOE which went on the air on April 27, 1922, but was off the air in July 1923). Regular broadcasts began on April 8, 1925 from studios in the Portage Hotel. The station originally broadcast at 1160 kHz with 100 watts, but its signal increased to 500 watts by 1926. WADC was a charter member of the CBS Radio Network, being one of the 16 stations that aired the first CBS network program on September 18, 1927. The station soon opened new studios in Tallmadge and increased its power to 5,000 watts. Its frequency jumped around from 1160 to 1010 to 1260, and to 1320 after the FRC's General Order 40 went into effect on November 11, 1928. On March 29, 1941 it moved to 1350 kHz as part of the NARBA frequency shifts. As the CBS affiliate during the 1930s and 1940s, WADC was the leading Akron radio station, rivaled later only by WAKR after it took to the air in 1940. Akron had no NBC Red affiliate, since WTAM's signal from Cleveland covered the area. WADC's success was symbolized by the two-story art-deco WADC Building, which was completed on May 6, 1949 and became a local landmark on the southeast corner of Main and Mill Streets in downtown Akron. The entire second floor of the building was occupied by the station's studios and offices. WADC was sold in late 1964 to Welcome Radio, Inc. headed by Cleveland lawyer Harrison Fuerst. In January 1965, the station became WSLR, known as \"Whistler 1350.\" It brought a country music format to the area, with morning host Jaybird Drennan. Jaybird died on December 10, 2006. On August 22, 1984, Welcome Radio sold WSLR to OBC Broadcasting, Inc., headed by Richard A. Nicoletti. Faced with competition from WQMX in Akron, along with WGAR-FM in Cleveland and WQXK in Youngstown, WSLR dropped its country format. On September 1, 1994, station adopted an urban contemporary format delivered by ABC Radio called \"The Touch,\" and it switched to call letters WTOU on September 29. In October 1999, the station switched to a sports talk format. It first carried programming from ESPN Radio and kept the WTOU calls but dropped \"The Touch\" nickname and instead went by \"1350AM ESPN - Akron's Sports Network.\" WTOU and sister station were sold by OBC Broadcasting to Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia) on August 15, 2000. In September 2001, months after the sale to Clear Channel, WTOU then flipped to Fox Sports Radio as \"Fox Sports 1350.\" The networks' offerings at the time also included Tony Bruno and \"Kiley & Booms,\" co-hosted by Cleveland Heights native Chuck Booms (who broadcast on his end from Clear Channel's Cleveland facilities in Independence, Ohio). WTOU also became the Akron-Canton affiliate for \"The Jim Rome Show. The sports talk format was dropped on June 2, 2005, and the station switched to a liberal talk radio format (albeit with no Air America programming at first), changing its call letters to WARF. Fox Sports Radio programming was picked up by WJMP, who, ironically enough, dropped their own liberal talk format via an Air America feed. The station became known as \"Radio Free Ohio\" and carried Al Franken and Randi Rhodes from Air America Radio, and Ed Schultz and Stephanie Miller from Jones Radio. WARF also held the distinction of being the only station in the country to carry Bill Press's radio show when it debuted on June 27, 2005, until KRXA picked up the show on August 22. On February 13, 2006 veteran radio personality Joe Finan (long heard on rival talk station WNIR) began a locally produced talk show 11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. weekdays. Finan was released from WARF that October 27, and died that December 20. WARF changed formats on March 30, 2007 from liberal talk to sports, using Sporting News Radio. Its new logo uses a blue-and-gold color scheme, much like the University of Akron. Throughout the format changes from all-sports to progressive talk and back to all-sports, WARF continues to carry its live sports programming – University of Akron football and basketball and Akron Aeros minor league baseball, though NASCAR races have moved to sister station WHLO. Tony Bruno was originally a part of Sporting News Radio's lineup in mid-mornings, but after his dismissal from the network, WARF picked up the \"Content Factory\"-syndicated Dan Patrick show. In June 2009, WARF switched back to Fox Sports Radio, and brought over \"The Jim Rome Show\" as well, while WJMP switched to a news/talk format. The current lineup still includes Dan Patrick's show (now simulcast on FSR) and Tony Bruno; making WARF one of the very few sports stations in the country to have carried most - if not all - of Bruno's network show incarnations. Beginning in January 2010, WARF started the area's first local sports talk show in nearly 20 years, \"The Jon Marochino Show.\" The show featured sports-talk as well as lifestyle opinions, concentrating mostly on local pro (Cleveland Cavs, Indians, and Browns), and college teams (Akron, Ohio State, and Kent State). As of October 2010, the show was re-tooled and branded as \"Ken And Fish\" and is hosted by Ken Carman and longtime FM Rock personality, Todd Fisher (who were already co-hosts on The Jon Marochino Show). Jon Marochino was transferred to sister station for afternoon drive and is now heard in morning drive on another WARF sister station, WHOF. The show went through another change in January 2011, as Fisher was moved to WRQK-FM for afternoon drive, leaving Carman to do the show solo. \"The Ken Carman Show\" aired weekday afternoons, but was substituted by Fox Sports Radio's \"Loose Cannons\" when Carman is out on other assignments. Carman moved to WKRK-FM 92.3 in Cleveland on August 29, 2011 to become the evening host, as the station switched to a sports talk format. Former Fox Sports Radio host Chuck Booms, once heard on WARF, is heard on WKRK-FM's morning show. WARF airs local programming during weekday drive times: Joe Dunn and Tom Linder host \"Big Time Sports\" weekday mornings, while Mark \"Munch\" Bishop hosts \"Munch on Ohio Sports\" weekday afternoons. Fox Sports Radio and NBC Sports Radio account for nearly all other dayparts, both weekday and weekend. The station also broadcasts a variety of local play-by-play, including from: the Akron RubberDucks; Akron Zips football and basketball; area high school football and basketball; and coverage from the Columbus Blue Jackets Radio Network. WARF WARF (1350 AM) – branded Fox Sports 1350 – is a commercial sports/talk radio station serving the Akron, Ohio metro area. It is owned and operated", "talk format. Former Fox Sports Radio host Chuck Booms, once heard on WARF, is heard on WKRK-FM's morning show. WARF airs local programming during weekday drive times: Joe Dunn and Tom Linder host \"Big Time Sports\" weekday mornings, while Mark \"Munch\" Bishop hosts \"Munch on Ohio Sports\" weekday afternoons. Fox Sports Radio and NBC Sports Radio account for nearly all other dayparts, both weekday and weekend. The station also broadcasts a variety of local play-by-play, including from: the Akron RubberDucks; Akron Zips football and basketball; area high school football and basketball; and coverage from the Columbus Blue Jackets Radio Network. WARF WARF (1350 AM) – branded Fox Sports 1350 – is a commercial sports/talk radio station serving the Akron, Ohio metro area. It is owned and operated by iHeartMedia. WARF is the Akron affiliate for Fox Sports Radio and NBC Sports Radio. AM 1350 also serves as the flagship station for the Akron RubberDucks minor league baseball team and the Akron Zips. It is also a member of the Columbus Blue Jackets Radio Network. The station previously had a progressive talk format, and before that was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Suffering (video game) The Suffering is a 2004 first and third-person shooter psychological horror video game, developed by Surreal Software for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. The game was published by Midway Games for PlayStation and Xbox. The PC version was published by Encore in North America and by Zoo Digital Publishing in Europe. In North America, the game was released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in March, and for PC in June. In Europe, it was released for the PlayStation and Xbox in May, and for PC in July. A version was also planned for the GameCube, but was cancelled prior to release. In 2017, the game was released on GOG.com. The game tells the story of Torque, a prisoner on death row for murdering his ex-wife and two children, a crime of which he claims to be innocent, saying he blacked out and cannot remember what happened. Shortly after he arrives in Abbot State Penitentiary on Carnate Island, off the coast of Maryland, an earthquake hits the island, resulting in the prison being attacked by unusual supernatural threats. So Torque needs to attempt to fight his way to freedom, whilst also going up against the demons within him, and attempting to remember what really happened to his family. The game features three endings, depending on the players' actions throughout, each of which reveals a different version of the murder of Torque's family. \"The Suffering\" received primarily positive reviews. Whilst some critics felt the blend of action with horror didn't work, and that the game was not sufficiently scary, others praised its differentiation from traditional survival horror games such as \"Resident Evil\", \"Silent Hill\" and \"Fatal Frame\". Many also lauded the creature design, the tone, and the game's morality system, which determines both the ending, and how certain characters interact with Torque during the game. \"The Suffering\" was a commercial success, selling over 1.5 million units worldwide across all platforms. In 2005, a sequel was released, \"\". \"The Suffering\" is a first and third-person shooter psychological horror game in which the player controls Torque, the player character, from either a first-person or third-person perspective, depending on their preference. The game is fully playable in both first and third-person views, with all actions available in both modes. Torque can run, shoot, jump, interact with the environment, interact with NPCs, and use items, such as flashlights, flares, flash grenades, TNT, shrapnel grenades, and molotov cocktails. Weaponry includes a shiv, an axe, a .357 revolver, a tommy gun, dual revolvers, a shotgun, an improvised flamethrower, and M2 Brownings. Other items which can be found during the game are Xombium tablets (which restores the player's health), paperwork with story content, maps, ammo, and flashlight batteries. Most of the enemies in the game are representative of different types of execution methods that have taken place on Carnate Island. Slayers represent decapitation, Marksmen represent death by firing squad, Mainliners represent lethal injection, Noosemen represent hanging, and Burrowers represent burial alive. Other creatures represent events from Carnate's history. Festers are the reincarnation of slave traders who ran their slave ship aground on Carnate, and left their slaves tied up in the hold to be eaten by rats, rather than freeing them. Infernas are the trapped spirits of three children who accused eleven innocent people of being witches during the time of a Puritan settlement on the island. The eleven people were burnt alive. As Torque kills enemies during the game, an on-screen meter called his \"Insanity meter\" begins to fill. Once it is full, it begins to flash, and at this point, Torque can transform into a monster. In this form, Torque can tear enemies apart and can perform several powerful attacks. The more enemies Torque kills whilst in this form, the more powerful the monster becomes and the more combo moves become available. However, when in this form, Torque's health automatically depletes, and if he doesn't change back to his human form prior to his health meter fully depleting, he will die. A major part of the gameplay in \"The Suffering\" concerns Torque's morality. At numerous points during the game, the player will encounter situations where they have several choices as to how to proceed. These situations involve NPCs, and the choices are usually to help the person (good morality), kill them (bad morality), or ignore them (neutral morality). In many situations, when Torque first encounters an NPC, the player will hear the voice of Torque's dead wife urging him to help them, and almost immediately afterwards will hear the voice of a demon urging him to kill them. How Torque's actions affect his morality is usually indicated by the reaction of his wife, who will praise him if he commits a good act and chastise him if he does something evil. Often, when Torque saves an NPC, they fight alongside him for a time. However, not every choice presents the player with all three possibilities. For example, when Torque finds the controls to the electric chair, he can turn the chair on to torture an inmate strapped to it (bad morality), or simply ignore the controls (neutral morality). There is no good morality choice available here. Another example is when Torque finds a guard who has had his limbs removed and is slowly dying. He can kill the man to relieve him of his misery (good morality), or ignore him (neutral morality). Here, there is no bad morality choice. Over the course of the game, the decisions made concerning Torque's morality cumulate, and the player will get one of three endings based on Torque's final morality level. The player can get a rough idea of Torque's morality level by both Torque's own physical appearance (he will begin to look less and less human the more evil acts he commits) and by looking at a family photograph which he carries with him at all times; the cleaner the photo, the purer his morality. If the photo is dirty, crumpled and covered in blood, his morality is moving towards evil. \"Note: This plot synopsis details the \"good ending\"\" The game begins as Torque (who never speaks) is being escorted by CO Ernesto Alvarez (voiced by Mark Dias) onto death row in Abbott State Penitentiary on Carnate Island, off the coast of Maryland, an island with a long and troubled history. Torque has been sentenced to death for murdering his ex-wife and their two children, although he claims to have blacked out during the incident, and can remember nothing. Shortly after entering his cell, an earthquake rocks the prison, and moments later, all of the inmates on death row except Torque are killed by strange creatures. One of the creatures opens Torque's cell, and he sets out to escape. After seeing several guards killed by the creatures, Torque uses security monitors to find the entire prison is under attack. He then gets a phone call from his dead wife, Carmen (Rafeedah Keys), telling him the island is more than a prison, that it brings out evil in everyone, and advising him to escape as soon as he can. Descending to the basement, he soon encounters the spirits of three of Abbot's most famous occupants. Dr. Killjoy (voiced by John Armstrong) was a psychiatrist/surgeon who ran an insane asylum on the island in the 1920s. Obsessed with discovering what is wrong with Torque, Killjoy appears as an image projected from 16 mm film projectors. Hermes T. Haight (John Patrick Lowrie) was the executioner in Abbot for twenty-seven years, before he committed suicide in the gas chamber. He appears as a green vapor formed into the shape of a human. Hermes is determined to drive Torque into unleashing the evil inside him. Horace P. Gauge (John Armstrong) was an inmate who was executed in the electric chair for murdering his wife during a conjugal visit. Full of guilt for his actions, he claims Carnate drove him to it, and wants to help Torque realize his", "of three of Abbot's most famous occupants. Dr. Killjoy (voiced by John Armstrong) was a psychiatrist/surgeon who ran an insane asylum on the island in the 1920s. Obsessed with discovering what is wrong with Torque, Killjoy appears as an image projected from 16 mm film projectors. Hermes T. Haight (John Patrick Lowrie) was the executioner in Abbot for twenty-seven years, before he committed suicide in the gas chamber. He appears as a green vapor formed into the shape of a human. Hermes is determined to drive Torque into unleashing the evil inside him. Horace P. Gauge (John Armstrong) was an inmate who was executed in the electric chair for murdering his wife during a conjugal visit. Full of guilt for his actions, he claims Carnate drove him to it, and wants to help Torque realize his decency. He appears in the form of electricity. They teach Torque how to unleash the anger inside himself and transform into a powerful monster, although the transformation is only in Torque's mind. Torque then encounters a fellow inmate, Dallas (Mark Berry), who he knows from his previous prison, Eastern Correctional Institution. They head through the eastern cellblock, where Torque has a vision of Carmen, who explains why she left him; when he was incarcerated for the second time, she knew she needed to make a change to her life. Torque and Dallas make it to the loading bay, and Torque heads to the control room, opening the doors, and allowing Dallas to escape. However, a fire starts, preventing Torque from following. He then hears a call from Consuela Alvarez (Meg Savlov), Ernesto's wife, asking Ernesto to call her. She tells him that herself and the girls are fine, but there is a fire in the nearby forest getting closer to their house. Torque heads to the western cellblock, where he has another vision of Carmen, telling him she is pregnant but is filing for divorce. Torque heads to the radio room, finding the radio is working, but something from the asylum is preventing communication with the mainland. Torque heads to the asylum, and encounters Killjoy, who is determined to 'cure' him using his \"Rebirth Machine.\" Torque fights through a series of tests set by Killjoy before destroying all his projectors. Killjoy then tells Torque to return to the prison, where he will give him his diagnosis. Torque heads back to Abbot by way of the beach, where he encounters Clem (Ross Douglas), an elderly inmate who was in the middle of an escape when the earthquake struck. Clem has a small one-person boat ready to sail, but needs Torque's help fighting creatures emerging from a wrecked slave ship before he can leave. Torque sets fire to the wreck, enabling Clem to escape. He enters Abbot's sewer system where he encounters Horace, who tells him Abbot wants his soul. He then heads to the electric chair, destroying it and releasing Horace's spirit. Returning to death row, he finds Killjoy's diagnosis, and then returns to the radio room. Successfully sending a signal, he learns a Coast Guard vessel is on the way. However, Carnate's lighthouse is not working, and must be reactivated before the vessel can approach the island. Torque heads to the lighthouse, passing through the old military barracks, Fort Maleson. In the fort, he encounters Hermes, who forces him to fight. Torque defeats him by using pressurized gas to push Hermes into a furnace. He continues to the lighthouse, outside of which he meets Ernesto Alverez, who is trying to find his family. They restore power, and reactivate the lighthouse, arranging to meet the ship at the dock. They then head to the nearby village to look for Alverez' family. The gate to town is locked, but in return for freeing his soul, Horace opens it. They then encounter a broken bridge, but, impressed with Torque's efforts to kill him, Hermes helps them cross. As they near the village, however, they are separated by a fire, and Alverez goes on alone, telling Torque to get to the docks. As he arrives, he encounters Killjoy, who tells him to cure himself he must face what awaits him, and only by using the Rebirth Machine can he defeat it. Torque heads to the docks where he encounters a massive creature with a miniature version of himself protruding from its stomach. Torque fights and defeats the creature, finally remembering what happened to his family; they were murdered by two hitmen, one of whom told Torque \"the Colonel sends his regards. Back in Eastern, he warned you, but you didn't listen. He said to leave you alive. Only you. Enjoy your new life.\" Torque heads to the docks and is picked up by the coastguard. On the boat, the captain recognizes him, and reveals that his case has been reopened after the prosecutor was indicted, and Torque will likely have a retrial. The game ends with the boat sailing away from Carnate. \"Bad ending\" After Torque defeats the creature, he remembers the murders, realizing that he was the one who killed his family; he smashed his wife's head in, drowned his youngest son, and threw his eldest son from the window. When the coast guard arrives, Torque transforms into his monster state and kills him, before running back into the woods of Carnate. \"Neutral ending\" After Torque defeats the creature, he remembers the murders. During an argument with his wife, he pushed her, and she accidentally knocked her head against the bedside table. Seeing his mother dead, Torque's eldest son, Cory, drowns his younger brother and then jumps from the upstairs window, telling Torque, \"You took her away, I'm taking us away.\" When the coastguard arrives, Torque knocks him out and commandeers the boat, sailing away from Carnate. The origins of \"The Suffering\" date back to early 2002, when Surreal Software game designer Richard Rouse III wrote a two-page pitch, which described the game as \"a stylized horror shooter. The frenetic gameplay of \"Devil May Cry\" meets the horror setting of \"Resident Evil\" and the immersive game-world of \"Half-Life\".\" The basic design for the game originated from Rouse's negative experiences working on a western role-playing game called \"Gunslinger\", which was eventually cancelled. Rouse felt \"Gunsligner\" had been too ambitious for its own good, especially a \"morality system\" which saw entire towns full of people react differently to the player character depending on what actions the player had taken earlier in the game. Finding this system impossible to implement effectively, Rouse envisioned \"The Suffering\" as having a \"drastically stripped down morality system\" with a much simpler AI system for tracking it. In looking for early inspiration for the game, the developers turned to horror films, with the team universally agreeing that their favorite such film was Stanley Kubrick's \"The Shining\". According to Rouse, The influence of \"The Shining\", and other horror films, also influenced how the developers handled the basic storyline, especially Torque's backstory; An early decision on Rouse's part was that \"The Suffering\" be more of an action game than a traditional survival horror. This had implications for much of the design work on the game, as \"it meant we were going to focus more on combat and avoid the long cutscenes, frail central characters, clumsy controls, fixed camera angles, and sparse ammo of many console horror games.\" Another early decision was to keep the central character as much of a mystery as possible, implying only his strength and little else. Artist Mike Nichols says, \"We didn't really want a character that looked of any particular nationality or race. He really is almost Neanderthal in appearance. He's very primal. We wanted that strength to come through.\" Creature design was also an important element in the development process, with the team determined to create a unique array of enemies. According to Rouse, After the team had done their initial creature design for the game, they sent their work to Stan Winston Studios, where Terry Wolfinger took the preexisting designs and finessed them,", "central characters, clumsy controls, fixed camera angles, and sparse ammo of many console horror games.\" Another early decision was to keep the central character as much of a mystery as possible, implying only his strength and little else. Artist Mike Nichols says, \"We didn't really want a character that looked of any particular nationality or race. He really is almost Neanderthal in appearance. He's very primal. We wanted that strength to come through.\" Creature design was also an important element in the development process, with the team determined to create a unique array of enemies. According to Rouse, After the team had done their initial creature design for the game, they sent their work to Stan Winston Studios, where Terry Wolfinger took the preexisting designs and finessed them, changed colors, added details etc. to make them more unsettling, referred to as \"Stan Winstonizing them.\" However, it was also important that the creatures, and the game as a whole, have a real world basis, so as to enhance the horror. Rouse explains, An important element in the design process was what Rouse refers to as \"player-empowerment;\" allowing players a great deal of freedom within the game world. A key concept in this was that the player's actions would work to determine the guilt or innocence of Torque; A great deal of time was also spent working out the control scheme. The game originally had a target-lock system, based on the controls in \"Syphon Filter\" and \"Devil May Cry\". However, the developers were unhappy with this system as they felt the gameplay was based more on \"PC-style shooters\" such as \"Half Life\", which uses a mouse and keyboard control scheme to facilitate easier free aiming, rather than a target lock system. As such, \"with our controls for a console-style shooter but our gameplay from a PC-style shooter, about a year into development we realized we had a dangerous disconnect in our design that made our game tedious instead of fun.\" However, with the release of successful console third-person shooters such as \"Max Payne\", \"\", \"\", and \"\", all of which \"eschewed target-lock in favor of double-stick control schemes that simulated the mouse/keyboard experience from the PC,\" the team decided to scrap their target-lock system and go with a free aim system; \"looking at the sales for these titles, we concluded the installed base of players who were familiar with these controls was now large enough that we could take the risk of turning off a few newbies. The change was a huge success for the game: it fixed the disconnect in our gameplay and added depth that had been completely missing.\" The game was unofficially revealed on March 17, 2003, when Midway Games sent a list of upcoming games out to retailers. The list included \"The Suffering\", which was described as \"action-horror game set inside a prison.\" The game was slated for an October 2003 release for PlayStation 2, GameCube and Xbox. Midway officially announced the game on April 15, calling it an \"action-packed survival horror game set in a maximum security prison.\" Helene Sheeler, vice president of marketing for Midway stated, \"\"The Suffering\" redefines terror with a chilling look into a penitentiary haunted by apparitions of executed prisoners grotesquely reincarnated as the methods of executions that befell them.\" It was also revealed the creatures in the game were designed by Stan Winston Studios. Several days later, Midway revealed the game's fictional prison, Abbot State Penitentiary, located on Carnate Island, off the coast of Maryland was partially based on Alcatraz, located on Alcatraz Island off the coast of San Francisco. In the game, Abbot had been built from the remains of a World War II army base, whereas Alcatraz was originally a military prison. They also revealed the game would be M-rated, and the 3D game engine would draw the locations in real-time (as opposed to the 2D pre-rendered backgrounds found in the \"Resident Evil\" games. The game was first previewed at the E3 event in May. In September, Midway announced the game was being pushed back from October 2003 to early 2004. Of the delay, Richard Rouse III wrote In October, Midway ran a promotional event in West Virginia State Penitentiary. A defunct gothic prison that is supposedly haunted, game journalists spent the night in the facility with representatives from Midway and Surreal Software. A demo of the game was available in the cafeteria of the building. On October 28, Midway announced the GameCube version had been cancelled, explaining \"we want to concentrate on the leading platforms in the marketplace when it comes to launching original product. We are still publishing titles like \"\" and \"Hitz\" for the Nintendo GameCube, but for \"The Suffering\" we are concentrating on the Sony PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Xbox.\" The game went gold on February 23, 2004, with a North American release date set for March 8. David Zucker, Midway's CEO, projected revenues of $140 million for the fiscal year of 2004, an increase of over 50% from that of 2003. CFO Thomas Powell stated the targets were based primarily on the company's high hopes for \"The Suffering\", and their \"second tier of titles,\" including \"NBA Ballers\", \"MLB Slugfest\", and \"\", as well as titles coming later in 2004 such as \"\", \"Area 51\", and \"NARC\". On May 5, Encore announced they would be releasing the game for Windows at the end of the month. The music for \"The Suffering\" was composed by Erik Aho, who had previously worked with Surreal Software on \"\". The original concept for the music and sound design was proposed by lead sound designer Boyd Post. The concept entailed creating \"instruments\" out of objects found in the environments depicted in the game, and using them to create both the sound design and the music, which would organically intertwine with one another. According to Post, Erik Aho further explains, Instruments were also created by Seattle musician/instrument designer Ela Lamblin. These included a Stamenphone (\"a sort of cross between a waterphone and a tambura that can be bowed to create droning tonal melodies or struck for a percussive metallic resonating sound\") and Orbacles (\"hollow metal pods large enough to fit a person inside. These could be struck to create percussive impacts, bowed with superballs to create moaning ambiences and played like congas to create rhythms\"). These were combined with other objects such as hubcaps, railroad spikes, hammers and glass jars. Metal rods \"were about 8-10 feet long and were played by rubbing rosin-coated gloves lengthwise along the rods. These created otherworldly drones that were later put into a sampler, pitched up and down and layered to create ambiences. The rods were also struck to create violent shrieks and metallic percussive sounds.\" A mounted bicycle wheel \"was played by cranking the wheel and scraping different objects across the spokes.\" Even strange events from the recording sessions at Robert Lange Studios made it onto the track. For example, according to Aho; Of the music as a whole, Aho says, In October 2008, the PC version of the game was released as freeware by the United States Air Force on FileFront (no longer available). On September 8, 2017, both \"The Suffering\" and \"The Suffering: Ties That Bind\" were released on GOG.com as DRM-free titles. \"The Suffering\" received \"generally favorable reviews\"; the PC version holds an aggregate score of 80 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on twenty-six reviews; the PlayStation 2 version 77 out of 100, based on forty-seven reviews; the Xbox version 77 out of 100, based on forty-four reviews. \"Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine\"s Joe Rybicki scored the PlayStation 2 version 3 out of 5, arguing it was not scary due to it being an action game, as opposed to a survival-horror. He wrote \"if \"Fatal Frame\" is the gaming equivalent of \"The Shining\", \"The Suffering\" is \"Friday the 13th\".\" Although he praised the morality system and the general gameplay, he concluded \"I", "On September 8, 2017, both \"The Suffering\" and \"The Suffering: Ties That Bind\" were released on GOG.com as DRM-free titles. \"The Suffering\" received \"generally favorable reviews\"; the PC version holds an aggregate score of 80 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on twenty-six reviews; the PlayStation 2 version 77 out of 100, based on forty-seven reviews; the Xbox version 77 out of 100, based on forty-four reviews. \"Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine\"s Joe Rybicki scored the PlayStation 2 version 3 out of 5, arguing it was not scary due to it being an action game, as opposed to a survival-horror. He wrote \"if \"Fatal Frame\" is the gaming equivalent of \"The Shining\", \"The Suffering\" is \"Friday the 13th\".\" Although he praised the morality system and the general gameplay, he concluded \"I felt the psychological elements and the morality-play overtones were largely wasted on what is at its most fundamental level a fairly run-of-the-mill shooter.\" Eurogamer's Tom Bramwell scored the PlayStation 2 version 7 out of 10. As with Rybicki, he felt the blend of action and horror elements didn't really work; \"in trying to mix horror and action, \"The Suffering\" sets itself up for failure [...] once you shake off the anxiety you've been trained to associate with survival horror and just get on with it, it becomes something of a slog.\" However, he felt the game did feature \"some genuinely disconcerting moments, an interesting story of demonic misadventure, some fairly ghastly sights and sounds, and some genuinely standout frights.\" He further wrote \"Certainly it's been well designed in places.\" However, he concluded \"\"The Suffering\" has some scary moments, but for the most part they punctuate a fairly regular, albeit twisted, action game, rather than driving it [...] It's a shame, because \"The Suffering\" could have been great. We're not asking for a carbon copy of \"Resident Evil\" or \"Silent Hill\", but with a little more consideration, Surreal could have remoulded the experience a lot more effectively.\" GameSpot's Jeff Gerstmann scored the game 7.6 out of 10, writing \"it might be a little too straightforward in spots, but it does make for a solid action game.\" He concluded that \"although \"The Suffering\" tends to rely more on startling you with visual effects and sudden attacks than on actually trying to scare you, it's still a pretty refreshing take on horror-themed games. [But] more monsters, more ways to do them in, and perhaps some slightly more-involving puzzles would have probably made the game feel more in-depth. But even taking this into consideration, \"The Suffering\" is a fun action game.\" GameSpy's David Hodgson scored the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions 3 out of 5, calling the game \"\"Oz\" meets Clive Barker, drenched in the entrails of Stephen King. It's survival-horror with swears. It's the proof the ESRB is kidding Congress with the non-existent \"Adults Only\" rating. It's offensive, psyche-damaging, brutal, makes no sense, and is unforgiving and violent. And damn good fun.\" Scott Osborne scored the PC version 4 out of 5, writing \"\"The Suffering\" offers a smooth blend of survival horror and shooter action.\" Of the PC port, he wrote \"you'll find a few bugs, clipping problems, and occasional clunky moments when a character's important dialogue is interrupted by that of a scripted event, creating an audio muddle. It's a shame \"The Suffering\" didn't receive a bit more polishing and a major graphics upgrade for the PC. Still, with its well-designed levels, fluid pacing, and hyper-violent combat in eerie locales, \"The Suffering\" is a fun way to safely tap into your dark side.\" \"Game Informer\"s Jeremy Zoss scored the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions 8.25 out of 10, writing \"if titles like \"Fatal Frame\" represent the psychological end of horror gaming, then \"The Suffering\" is the equivalent of a splatter flick.\" He concluded \"while I have many positive things to say about this title, I cannot stress enough that it's not for everyone. Like a \"Friday the 13th\" movie, I would hardly call this game scary; it lacks the claustrophobia and dread of a survival horror title. It is, however, filled with tons of gore, vulgarity, and offensive material [...] If you think Peter Jackson's true masterpiece is \"Dead Alive\", you'll be right at home with \"The Suffering\".\" IGN's Aaron Boulding scored the game 8.5 out of 10, giving the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions an \"Editor's Choice\" award. He called it \"a great game, not just a great horror game,\" writing \"it succeeds as both a horrific thrill ride and fun action experience.\" He concluded \"In a genre that's overrun with sequels and lame attempts at horror, \"The Suffering\" is a breath of fresh death rattle. The action is intense, the creatures are actually creepy, and the story does not shy away from truly macabre elements. One cannot say enough about the horrific world that's been created here. Everywhere you look, every little thing you do, has been placed there to ratchet up the suspense and put you in an eerie state of mind.\" \"The Suffering\" was a commercial success, selling over 1.5 million units worldwide across all platforms. The game was also credited with putting Midway \"back on the map\" as a major video game publisher after several years of games underperfoming. In April, Midway announced their projected revenue for the first quarter of 2004 was $18 million, primarily due to the success of \"The Suffering\". On April 6, Midway purchased Surreal Software. Midway CEO David Zucker stated \"The positive market reception to \"The Suffering\" illustrates our ability to successfully develop and release entirely new properties that resonate strongly with the growing audience of sophisticated, mature gamers. The acquisition of Surreal Software Inc., the visionary developer behind \"The Suffering\", strengthens our internal product development team and reinforces our ability to create high quality games.\" Surreal's co-founder, and \"The Suffering\"s director Alan Patmore stated \"We developed a great working relationship with Midway during the development of \"The Suffering\" and feel that partnering with them will allow us to increase the quality of our titles by providing us with additional resources--and by allowing us to leverage their resources and expertise. It's that simple. We just want to make great games and feel that the acquisition will help us accomplish this goal.\" On September 8, 2005, Midway and MTV Films announced a film adaptation based on both \"The Suffering\" and \"\" was in development. Stan Winston had signed on to work on the project, with producers Jason Lust and Rick Jacobs. No writers, actors or directors had yet been approached. However, there have since been no further developments, with the project presumably cancelled. The Suffering (video game) The Suffering is a 2004 first and third-person shooter" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mikhail Matveyev (NKVD officer) Mikhail Rodionovich Matveyev (1892-1971) (Михаил Родионович Матвеев) was a senior NKVD executioner, sent to begin the mass shootings at Sandarmokh in Karelia in the late 1930s. After completing two years of education at a village school, the young Matveyev moved to St Petersburg where he held various occupations: he was a doorman at an apartment block, for instance, before becoming in 1913 an assistant to a metal-worker at the Vulcan works. Following the 1917 February Revolution he joined the Bolsheviks and soon was serving as a Cheka executioner. In 1923 he took a few years away from his new occupation. From 1927 onwards Matveyev was back with the successor organisations, the OGPU and NKVD, as an executioner in the Leningrad Region. On 28 November 1936, together with two other future Sandarmokh executioners (A.P. Polikarpov and P.D. Shalygin)—and the notorious V.M. Blokhin—Captain Matveyev received the Order of the Red Banner for his \"struggle to secure the socialist system\", viz. they acted as executioners of those supposed to be its enemies. Matveyev was personally involved in the shooting of the prisoners of the \"lost Solovki transport\" between 27 October and 3 November 1937, who included many members of Ukraine's Executed Renaissance. The Sandarmokh killing field was only found in July 1997 after lengthy searches and at first it was not known how many thousands had been shot and buried there. The identity of the 1,111 prisoners brought from the Solovki \"special\" prison in the White Sea was first established in the summer of 1996. Their deaths were followed over the next 13 months by those of a further 3,500 inhabitants of Karelia and 4,500 workers from the White Sea Canal, leading to a total of 9,500 killings, with the bodies buried in 236 communal pits. The executions were part of the Great Purge that ran from 1936 to 1938. On 20 December 1937, Captain Mikhail Matveyev was given a commemorative gift, a radiogram and a set of gramophone records, for his \"selfless work in the struggle against counter-revolution\", i.e. his work at Sandarmokh between 27 October and 10 November that year. On 11 March 1939 he was himself arrested on the orders of the new head of the NKVD Lavrenty Beria and sentenced to 10 years in a corrective labour camp. (On hearing this news, his fellow executioner Alexander Polikarpov shot himself.) Matveyev was not deprived of his awards and medals, however, and soon his sentence was reduced to three years, which he served in a camp in the Vologda Region. Released early when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, during the Leningrad Blockade Matveyev was made komendant (chief executioner) of the NKVD internal prison in the city. He later received the highest Soviet award, the Order of Lenin, for his work in those years. He retired in December 1949. Certain of those involved in selecting, escorting and then shooting the Solovki transport were questioned and investigated after Stalin's death as part of the process of rehabilitating their victims. Like Matveyev, Major Pyotr Raevsky (1892-1967) was also arrested in 1939. He was accused of being \"one of the leaders of a counter-revolutionary, insurgent organisation among the convicts on Solovki\" and was sentenced in 1941 to 8 years in the camps. There he was employed as head of the solitary confinement unit in the punishment block. Released in 1947, Raevsky was rehabiliated in 1957 and re-admitted to the Communist Party. In the early 1960s, he was subjected to internal Party discipline for his active part in the Solovki executions. No such investigation troubled Matveyev's later years and he died, a State pensioner, in 1971. Mikhail Matveyev (NKVD officer) Mikhail Rodionovich Matveyev (1892-1971) (Михаил Родионович Матвеев) was a senior NKVD executioner, sent to begin the mass shootings at Sandarmokh in Karelia in the late 1930s. After completing two years of education at a village school, the young Matveyev moved to St Petersburg where he held various occupations: he was a doorman at an apartment block, for instance, before becoming in 1913 an assistant to a metal-worker at the Vulcan works. Following the 1917 February Revolution he joined the Bolsheviks and soon was serving as a Cheka executioner. In 1923" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Freddy Kemayo Frédéric \"Freddy\" Kemayo (born May 6, 1982) is a French Heavyweight kickboxer. He is a three-time French Kickboxing Champion. Kemayo joined Faucon Gym in 1999 and has been training there under Bingo and Richard Roudy ever since. In 2002 he became the French Kickboxing Champion and in 2003 made his K-1 debut in Milan, Italy at the K-1 Preliminary Tournament. His first success in K-1 came on April 16, 2005 at K-1 2005 Italy, when he defeated Lorenzo Borgomeo and Ionut Iftimoaie and reached the tournament finals, where he was stopped by Alexander Ustinov by unanimous decision. On February 4, 2008 at K-1 European Qualification Kemayo knocked out Sergei Gur and qualified for K-1 World GP 2008 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. On May 21, 2010 Kemayo fought at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Bucharest. In the first round he surprisingly beat the third tournament favourite, Sergei Lascenko in an overwhelming decision. He lost in the semi finals to Alexey Ignashov in a slim decision but the latter damaged his shin during his fight with kemayo so Freddy replaced him in the finals. In the finals he knocked out Sebastian Ciobanu with a head kick. However in the K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Seoul Final 16 he unexpectedly lost by first round TKO to Gokhan Saki after being overwhelmed by punches to the head. He lost a unanimous decision to Pavel Zhuravlev on November 10 in Craiova, Romania at the SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix 2012 Final Elimination, in the tournament. He rematched Sergei Lascenko in a tournament reserve bout at the SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix 2012 Final in Bucharest, Romania on December 22 and won by split decision after three tough rounds. On April 20, 2013, Kemayo KO'd Dino Belošević in round four at \"FK-ONE\" in Paris to win the WAKO Pro World Super Heavyweight (+94.2 kg) K-1 Championship. He was expected to face Moisés Baute at FCK in Tenerife, Spain for the SUPERKOMBAT Super Cruiserweight Title eliminator, but got injured and was replaced with Igor Bugaenko. He will fight Peter Aerts at \"Fight Night Saint-Tropez II\" in Saint-Tropez, France on August 4, 2014. Freddy Kemayo Frédéric \"Freddy\" Kemayo (born May 6, 1982) is a French Heavyweight kickboxer. He is a three-time French Kickboxing Champion. Kemayo joined Faucon Gym in 1999 and has been training there under Bingo and Richard Roudy ever since. In 2002 he became" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Quartet distance The quartet distance is a way of measuring the distance between two phylogenetic trees. It is defined as the number of subsets of four leaves that are not related by the same topology in both trees. The most straightforward computation of the quartet distance would require formula_1 time, where formula_2 is the number of leaves in the trees. For binary trees, better algorithms have been found to compute the distance in and Gerth Stølting Brodal \"et al.\" found an algorithm that takes formula_6 time to compute the quartet distance between two multifurcating trees when formula_7 is the maximum degree of the trees. Quartet distance The quartet distance is a way of measuring the distance between two phylogenetic trees. It is defined as the number of subsets of four leaves that are not related by the same topology in both trees. The most straightforward computation of the quartet distance would require formula_1 time, where formula_2 is the number of leaves in the trees. For binary trees, better algorithms have been found to compute the distance in and Gerth Stølting Brodal \"et al.\" found an algorithm that takes formula_6 time to compute the quartet distance between two multifurcating trees when" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Cottonopolis Cottonopolis was a 19th century nickname for Manchester, as it was a metropolis and the centre of the cotton industry. Early cotton mills powered by water were built in Lancashire and its neighbouring counties. In 1781 Richard Arkwright opened the world's first steam-driven textile mill on Miller Street in Manchester. Although initially inefficient, the arrival of steam power signified the beginning of the mechanisation that was to enhance the burgeoning textile industries in Manchester into the world's first centre of mass production. As textile manufacture switched from the home to factories, Manchester and towns in south and east Lancashire became the largest and most productive cotton spinning centre in the world using in 1871, 32% of global cotton production. Ancoats, part of a planned expansion of Manchester, became the first industrial suburb centred on steam power. There were mills whose architectural innovations included fireproofing by use of iron and reinforced concrete. The number of cotton mills in Manchester peaked at 108 in 1853. As the numbers declined, cotton mills opened in the surrounding towns, Bury, Oldham (at its zenith the most productive cotton spinning town in the world,), Rochdale, Bolton (known as \"\"Spindleton\"\" in 1892) and in Blackburn, Darwen, Rawtenstall, Todmorden and Burnley. As the manufacturing centre of Manchester shrank, the commercial centre, warehouses, banks and services for the 280 cotton towns and villages within a 12-mile radius of the Royal Exchange grew. The term \"Cottonopolis\" came into use in about 1870. Manchester became an important transport hub, the Bridgewater Canal made it possible to transport goods in bulk to its terminus at Castlefield where warehouses were built. Raw cotton, imported through the port of Liverpool from the West Indies and southern states of America, and coal from Worsley were carried on the canal. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway built a warehouse at its Liverpool Road terminus when it opened in 1830. The railway network developed linking Manchester to its increasingly industrialised hinterland. The commercial centre of Cottonopolis was the exchange's trading hall. The first of Manchester's exchanges was built in the market place by Sir Oswald Mosley in 1727 for chapmen to transact business. It was subsequently re-built three times. Thomas Harrison built an exchange in the Greek Revival style between 1806 and 1809 After it opened, membership was required and trading was not restricted to textiles. Its early members were the owners of mills and warehouses, but later business was conducted by their agents and managers. Harrison's exchange was enlarged between 1847 and 1849 by Alex Mills. After a visit in 1851, Queen Victoria granted the exchange the title the Manchester Royal Exchange. The third exchange, designed by Mills and Murgatroyd, opened in 1874. It was built in the Classical style with Corinthian columns and a dome. The Royal Exchange was lavishly re-built by architects Bradshaw Gass & Hope in 1914–21 and at the time had the largest trading room in the world. Its vast hall was 29.2 metres high and had an area of 3683 square metres. The exchange had a membership of up to 11,000 cotton merchants who met every Tuesday and Friday to trade their wares beneath the 38.5-metre high central glass dome. It was badly damaged in World War II and ceased operation for cotton trading in 1968. In the second half of the 1800s, Manchester's reputation as a financial and commercial centre was boosted by the unprecedented number of warehouses erected in the city centre. In 1806 there were just over 1,000 but by 1815 this had almost doubled to 1,819. Manchester was dubbed \"warehouse city\". The earliest warehouses were built around King Street although by 1850 warehouses had spread to Portland Street and later to Whitworth Street. Richard Cobden's construction in Mosley Street was the first of many palazzo style warehouse, followed by the elaborate Watts Warehouse in 1854. In 1844 Johann Georg Kohl described Manchester's streets in his travel writing, \"...Market Street, into Mosley Street, or Cooper Street, for instance. Here stand the great warehouses, five or six stories high, all large and imposing, some of them stately and elegant. At night these warehouses are brilliantly lighted from top to bottom...\" The packing warehouses: Asia House, India House and Velvet House along Whitworth Street were among the tallest buildings of their time. These dominant buildings were the stately homes of the cotton industry and the backbone of Cottonopolis, providing not just the storage facilities but they displayed the finished goods. Their owners spawned equally ornate bank and office buildings providing loans for the production of cotton and associated industries. From the late 1820s, Manchester was developing into an important city. The Act of Parliament of 1829 decreed separate Police Commissioners from Salford. The 1832 Reform Act created two members of parliament, the 1835 Municipal Reform Act allowed the election of magistrates, borough councillors and aldermen. Manchester was granted municipal borough status in 1838. At the same time growth of the cotton and aligned industries meant vast amounts of money were passing through Manchester, leading to the establishment of many money handling organisations and banking facilities. In 1772, Arthur Heywood's Bank opened in Manchester, but the money was transferred daily via coach and horses to major banks in London, and many were attacked by highwaymen. The first bank to hold its own reserves of notes and coins was the Bank of Manchester which opened on Market Street in 1829. Next was the Manchester & Liverpool District Bank on Spring Gardens in 1832, followed by many others in the same area around Spring Gardens, Fountain Street and King Street which became the Central Business District and banking centre. Many 18th- and 19th-century cotton mills, canals, supporting bridges and infrastructure exist today. The square mile of \"warehouse city\" is cited as the finest example of a Victorian commercial centre in the United Kingdom. This area is a core component of the listing of Manchester and Salford on a tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites The Royal Exchange was renovated and turned into the home of one of the most prolific and highly regarded theatres outside London in 1972. The Royal Exchange was again damaged in 1996 by an IRA bomb and rebuilt once more at a cost of £32 million. Extracts from \"Spinning the Web\", used as the basis of a BBC Radio 4 drama. Notes Bibliography Cottonopolis Cottonopolis was a 19th century nickname for Manchester, as it was a metropolis and the centre of the cotton industry. Early cotton mills powered by water were built in Lancashire and its neighbouring counties. In 1781 Richard Arkwright opened the world's first steam-driven textile" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Day One Support for Young People Trailblazer The Day One Support for Young People Trailblazer (often abbreviated to DOSfYP) was a compulsory workfare scheme for young unemployed 18- to 24-year-olds, that was trialled in North and South London Jobcentre Plus districts, between 26 November 2012 and 26 July 2013. The workfare scheme whereby unemployed people must work in return for state unemployment benefits was introduced during a time of particularly high youth unemployed in the United Kingdom. As a mandatory scheme, claimants were sanctioned if they failed to meet the requirements of the scheme. The scheme differed from other workfare schemes which are generally aimed at the long term unemployed as claimants were forced onto the scheme immediately or soon after making a claim for Jobseeker's Allowance if they \"had not previously completed six months of paid employment since leaving full time education\". Claimants were mandated to complete 30 hours of work for 13 weeks and also had to continue to \"sign on\" during that period. Adam Bienkov writing for Politics.co.uk states that \"Little thought appears to have been given to finding [participants] suitable placements, with claimants given just one day to accept unpaid work\" Beinkov also states that \"overall those who failed to make it through the 13 weeks [programme] did much better than those who stayed\". Day One Support for Young People Trailblazer The Day One Support for Young People Trailblazer (often abbreviated to DOSfYP) was a compulsory workfare scheme for young unemployed 18- to 24-year-olds, that was trialled in North and South London Jobcentre Plus districts, between 26 November 2012 and 26 July 2013. The workfare scheme whereby unemployed people must work in return for state unemployment benefits was introduced during a time of particularly high youth unemployed in the United Kingdom. As a mandatory scheme, claimants" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Good God, Y'All! \"Good God, Y'All!\" is the second episode of the fifth season of paranormal drama television series \"Supernatural\" and the 84th overall. The episode was written by Sera Gamble and directed by executive producer Phil Sgriccia. It was first broadcast on September 17, 2009 on The CW. In the episode, Sam and Dean watch the aftermath of Lucifer being freed from the Cage while the Angels plan a new strategy to stop the Apocalypse. Bobby is still wheelchair-bound in the hospital and hasn't spoken in days. Castiel calls Sam's cell phone to find out where the boys are - the Enochian sigils he etched into their ribs hides them from all angels, including Castiel. When Bobby tells him to heal him Castiel tells Bobby he can't as he's cut off from heaven. He then says in order to defeat Lucifer, he plans to find God. He says he needs Dean's amulet which apparently burns hot in God's presence. Meanwhile, Rufus heads to a town he thinks is under attack from demons, based on omens of a polluted river and a falling star. He calls Bobby for help. When Sam and Dean arrive, they find the town deserted. They come across Ellen on the street who takes them to a church where she has gathered with her some of the surviving townsfolk. She suspects that the rest of the town is possessed by demons. She tells them that Rufus called her and Jo for help and they got separated while fighting the demons. Dean and Sam go into town for supplies, and while Sam is getting salt from a store, two teenagers with black eyes enter. Sam kills them with Ruby's knife, but appears drawn to the blood. When Sam and Ellen go to find Jo and Rufus, they are attacked. Ellen escapes, but Sam is captured by Jo and Rufus - who seem to think Sam is possessed. While he is held captive, one of the townspeople reveals that he is War - one of the Four Horseman of the Apocalypse and has tricked the people into thinking everyone is possessed, leading them to attack each other. Returning, Ellen tells Dean that Jo thought she was possessed because she called her a \"black-eyed bitch,\" and Dean starts to suspect all is not what it seems. Checking the Bible, he works out that these signs and the conflict herald the arrival of War. Shortly after, War, in the guise of a townsman, arrives and insists that they all need to attack the demons. As Dean and Ellen try to calm the panic, War turns the ring on his finger and the townspeople start seeing them as demons and attack. Dean and Ellen flee. The townspeople form a force. They equip themselves with real bullets because they believe Dean had been a demon all along and lied about the effectiveness of salt. Dean and Ellen reach Jo and Rufus shortly before the townspeople arrive and manage to convince the two there are no demons and it's all the work of War. Dean frees Sam and they rush to catch up with War and cut off the ring that was helping him deceive the townspeople. After the battle is over, Sam tells Dean that he can't trust himself, and that he needs to take a break from hunting - and Dean. Dean agrees - he can't focus on the job because he is worrying about Sam. He offers Sam the Impala but Sam declines, and hitches a ride out of town. The episode was watched by 2.80 million viewers with a 1.2/3 in the 18-49 demographics. This was an 18% decrease in viewership from the season premiere, which was watched by 3.40 million viewers with a 1.4/4 in the 18-49 demographics. This means that 1.2 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 3 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. \"Supernatural\" ranked as the second most watched show on The CW in the day, behind \"The Vampire Diaries\" \"Good God, Y'All!\" received positive reviews. Diana Steenbergen of IGN gave the episode a \"great\" 8.9 out of 10 and wrote, \"Even though the storyline of the demon-possessed town is connected to the larger storyline of the apocalypse, it still functions as a self-contained episode, and writer Sera Gamble does a good job tying all the elements together. However, just like last week, there is a part of the story that falls a little flat. This time it is when we learn that Dean's amulet, the one he has been wearing the entire series and that Sam gave to him when they were children, is actually a talisman that can help Castiel find God. For the second time in as many weeks, the show sets something up that is too convenient to be fully believable, the first being Bobby's possession in the season premiere. It is true that the apocalypse storyline is immense, but they need to be more careful to make the details make sense, and not feel as if they were thrown in to make the plot work.\" The A.V. Club's Zack Handlen gave the episode a \"B\" grade and wrote, \"It's not a flawless episode, though; the strong concept at the episode's heart gets short-changed, as do the handful of returning characters. There's also something else I've been thinking about - are we going to start having fun again soon? \"Supernatural\" has always had its share of darkness; in the first episode, Sam lost his fiancee to the same demon that killed his mother, which isn't exactly at the top of Sir Chuckles-a-lot's list of Fun Time Party Gags. (He prefers to open with something about dead puppies.) But that darkness is generally leavened by the writers obvious pleasure in playing with horror tropes, and the banter between the heroes. When the show leaves on its serious face for too long, it gets increasingly hard to actually take seriously. It works best when we're getting to snicker with the characters enough that we don't feel the need to start snickering at them.\" Jon Lachonis of TV Overmind, wrote, \"I pity any writer tasked with following up Eric Kripke on \"Supernatural\", including the always awesome Sera Gamble. The fact is, in the shadow of the master practically anything is going to seem to register a little flat. Such was the case for the second episode of \"Supernatural\"s fifth season, Good God Y'all. A perfectly good episode of \"Supernatural\", but a ho-hum follow up to Kripke's cinematic and mythos oozing jumpstart from last week. Let's dissect.\" Good God, Y'All! \"Good God, Y'All!\" is the second episode of the fifth season of paranormal drama television series \"Supernatural\" and the 84th overall. The episode was written by Sera Gamble and directed by executive producer Phil Sgriccia. It was first broadcast on September 17, 2009 on The CW. In the episode, Sam and Dean watch the aftermath of Lucifer being freed from the Cage while the Angels plan a new strategy to stop the Apocalypse. Bobby is still wheelchair-bound in the hospital and hasn't spoken in days. Castiel calls Sam's cell phone to find out where the boys" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Saleh Selim Saleh Selim () (September 11, 1930 - May 6, 2002) was the 10th president of the Egyptian Al-Ahly Sporting Club. He also was a famous Egyptian football player and actor. He was nicknamed El Maestro because of his way of leading the Ahly football team to many victories. He then became the manager of the team, then member of the board of directors of the club. He finally became one of the most successful presidents of the club. Selim joined Al-Ahly club in 1944 as a football player. Later, he became the club's football team manager, then a member of the board of directors. Due to the fame he gained as a football player, Saleh was dragged into show business and starred in three movies. He co-starred 1962 film titled \"Black Candles\" with Najat Al Saghira who sang in it her widely known song \"Do not lie\". In 1980, he was elected the president of the club. He was then re-elected five successive times. During his presidency, Al-Ahly was elected the African club of the century. On May 22, 2001 Saleh received the award in Johannesburg. He died in 2002 of liver cancer. Saleh Selim was the first Egyptian soccer player in Austria and it was a \"transfer-sensation\" when he joined Grazer AK and scored 3 goals in 6 championship-games (10/6 with friendly-games included) for the oldest Styrian football club during the 1962–63 season. Egypt Al-Ahly Individual Selim was born in Cairo in 1930. His father Mohamed Selim was a renowned physician. He had two younger brothers, Abdel wahab and Tarek Selim. He also has two sons Khaled and Hisham Selim who is an actor. Saleh Selim Saleh Selim () (September 11, 1930 - May 6, 2002) was the 10th president of the Egyptian Al-Ahly Sporting Club. He" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "W. G. Snuffy Walden William Garrett Walden, known as W. G. Snuffy Walden (born February 13, 1950) is an American musician and composer of film and television soundtracks. Walden is an Emmy Award winner for the theme music to \"The West Wing\" (NBC), has been nominated for numerous Emmys throughout his career, and has received 26 BMI Awards. Walden was born in Louisiana on February 13, 1950, and raised in Houston, Texas. He graduated from Lamar High School in Houston in 1967. In college he studied science and math, and he put himself through school working on a late-night radio show at KRBE in Houston and playing guitar in a strip club. Walden's middle name was his mother's maiden name, and this was the origin of his nickname. Members of his mother's family had sometimes been called Snuffy after the Southern snuff manufacturer Levi Garrett. His family and schoolmates addressed him as Garrett, but Snuffy began to stick when he was away at summer camp and the name was preferred by fellow musicians as his career began. In the late 1960s, Walden dropped out of school, quit his job, and devoted his energies to the guitar full-time, picking up bass player (Al Roberts) and drummer (Randy Reeder) and the three piece was named Aphrodite. They started touring and wound up in Denver, playing the local clubs and opening for big acts like Buddy Miles. It was in Denver that Emerson, Lake & Palmer's manager, Neville Chesters saw them in a club and offered them a recording contract with ELP's label, Manticore. In 1972, the group moved to England and was reformed, (keeping Al Roberts) and the name was changed to Stray Dog. There, they were signed to Emerson, Lake & Palmer's label Manticore records, and Greg Lake produced three songs from their first album \"Stray Dog\". The new group toured with ELP as the opening act and hit the circuit, but never really took flight, and eventually folded. Following the breakup of the band, Walden supplanted the ailing Paul Kossoff by providing guitar tracks for Free's final album \"Heartbreaker\", which was released in 1973 (Walden plays on 'Common Mortal Man', 'Easy on My Soul' and 'Seven Angels'). He also played electric guitar in 1973, on the debut solo album \"Still\" by King Crimson lyricist, Peter Sinfield. In 1975, he joined The Eric Burdon Band and performed with them for a year. In 1975, Walden moved to Los Angeles and spent the rest of the decade performing as a solo artist and supporting artists such as Stevie Wonder, Donna Summer, Chaka Khan, and Eric Burdon. Notably, in 1975-6 he again filled in for Paul Kossoff as a session musician on Back Street Crawler's Second Street album. By the mid-1980s, television agents and producers became aware of Walden through his local performances in Santa Monica. When approached to score a new television show, Walden had mixed feelings but accepted the offer. \"I could see the handwriting on the wall for touring,\" he would later remember, \"and it wasn't pretty. I kept envisioning Holiday Inn at age 60.\" The television show he was hired for was \"thirtysomething\", which turned out to be a major hit television series and dramatically altered Walden's music career. Following his success as a touring and session musician and an Emmy nomination for the \"Theme from Thirtysomething\", Walden scored numerous television series, including \"Roseanne\", \"Ellen\", \"My So-Called Life\", \"Felicity\", \"Early Edition\", \"Sports Night\", \"The West Wing\", \"George Lopez\", \"I'll Fly Away\", \"The Stand\", \"Huff\", \"Once and Again\", \"Friday Night Lights\" and \"Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip\". In the summer of 2001, Walden released a solo album of mainly acoustic guitar pieces titled \"Music by... W. G. Snuffy Walden\". The album included expanded or full versions of many of Walden's themes, such as \"Once and Again\", \"Eugene's Ragtop\", \"Thirtysomething (Revisited)\", and \"West Wing Suite\". In July 2002, Tom Guerra conducted a comprehensive interview of Walden for \"Vintage Guitar Magazine\". In April 2008, Stephen J. Abramson interviewed Walden for a four-hour, multi-part video series for the Television Academy. In March 2018, \"Up To Snuff\", a film about Walden's career, won the documentary competition in its premier at the Pasadena International Film Festival. W. G. Snuffy Walden William Garrett Walden, known as W. G. Snuffy Walden (born February 13, 1950) is an American musician and composer of film and television soundtracks. Walden is an Emmy Award winner for the theme music to \"The West Wing\" (NBC), has been nominated for numerous Emmys throughout his career, and has received 26 BMI Awards. Walden was born in Louisiana on February 13, 1950, and raised in Houston, Texas. He graduated from Lamar High School in Houston in 1967. In college he studied science and math, and he put himself through school working on a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dear Prudence (band) Dear Prudence are an alternative pop five-piece-band from Brighton fronted by Madeline Poncia. Dear Prudence formed in late 2011 and signed to London Records shortly after. The band picked up some early interest with features on NME and in Kerrang! magazine, along with a New Noise piece on Wonderland Magazine and Clixie Music Ones to Watch. Dear Prudence take their name from the Siouxsie and The Banshees cover of The Beatles track \"Dear Prudence\". Madi has cited Siouxsie and The Banshees along with The Cure and Depeche Mode as her main musical influences on several occasions. On 22 April 2012 the band released their debut single ‘Valentine’ digitally, as well as a physical release through Rough Trade. The band performed the track on BBC2’s The Review Show along with a cover of ‘Echo Beach’ originally by Martha and the Muffins. Although the single did not chart the band picked up additional features in NME and Hit the Floor. The band played Brighton’s The Great Escape Festival in May 2012, picking up another \"ones to watch\" feature courtesy of Drowned in Sound. Following the Great Escape Dear Prudence opened for Haim at a one off show at Dingwalls in London’s Camden Town. The band more recently featured on producer Oliver Koletzki’s track, ‘You See Red’. Dear Prudence released a new track in August 2012 which was made available on Facebook as a free download. ‘Coming Apart Again’ was added to the BBC Radio 1 playlist on 20 August, the same week as the band’s appearance on the BBC Introducing stage at the Reading and Leeds Festival. Dear Prudence (band) Dear Prudence are an alternative pop five-piece-band from Brighton fronted by Madeline Poncia. Dear Prudence formed in late 2011 and signed to London Records shortly after. The band picked" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Amelia Earhart Park Amelia Earhart Park is a urban park in unincorporated Miami-Dade County, just north of Hialeah, Florida. It offers a number of recreational attractions like bike trails, skateboarding, and fishing. This Miami-Dade County regional park was the southern undeveloped portion of decades old Naval Air Station Miami. It was never an airport and never part of the City of Miami-owned Miami Municipal Airport which was on the east side of LeJeune Road and south of NW 119th Street (E. 65th Street) in Hialeah. Amelia Earhart's last ill-fated trip around the world flight left from Miami Municipal Airport in 1937 en route to San Juan, PR, and then south from there and across the Atlantic to Africa. Miami Municipal Airport was renamed Amelia Earhart Field in October 1947. When the Navy discontinued operations at Naval Air Station Miami the U. S. Marine Corps moved to the Navy property from Master's Field, another large airport on NW 27th Avenue, east of Amelia Earhart Field . Marine Corps Air Station Miami only operated a couple of years before the Marines shut it down. The federal government's General Services Administration was then charged with disposition of the property and they granted a Dade County bid to assume ownership of the air station's existing airport facilities except for a portion reserved for the U. S. Coast Guard's Air Station Miami. The county named the airport \"Opa-locka Airport\" due to the name of the city immediately east of the airport. Community leaders, notably Bill Graham (dairy farmer and developer of the Miami Lakes community) successfully lobbied the federal government to be granted about half of the property on the southern portion of the former Naval Air Station, extending from LeJeune Road westward to approximately W. 2nd Avenue in Hialeah, to be given to the county for a large regional park. The remaining southern portion of undeveloped air station land was auctioned off to private developers west and north of Amelia Earhart Regional Park. Amelia Earhart's Farm Village is named after Bill Graham, son of former state senator Ernest R. \"Cap\" Graham, and the developer of the Miami Lakes residential and commercial development west of Opa-locka Executive Airport. The park offers of bike trails. They include single track and fire road trails with a number of climbs, downhills, and banked corners. The Bill Graham Farm Village is a farm replica featuring a demonstration shed where visitors can watch horseshoeing, cow-milking, livestock judging and sheep shearing, as well as a petting zoo, exhibit hall, sugar cane press and pony ring. Near the barn is a country store and an adjoining insect museum. There is fenced, dog park, an 18-hole disc golf course, and other amenities which include paved walkways, playgrounds, benches, shade trees, waste dispenser stations. Amelia Earhart Park Amelia Earhart Park is a urban park in unincorporated Miami-Dade County, just north of Hialeah, Florida. It offers a number of recreational attractions like bike trails, skateboarding, and fishing. This Miami-Dade County regional park was the southern" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Wiesen Viaduct The Wiesen Viaduct (or Wiesener Viaduct; ) is a single-track railway viaduct, made from concrete blocks with dimension stone coverage. It spans the Landwasser southwest of the hamlet of Wiesen, in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. Designed by the then chief engineer of the Rhaetian Railway, Henning Friedrich, it was built between 1906 and 1909 by the contractor G. Marasi (Westermann & Cie, Zürich) under the supervision of P. Salaz and Hans Studer (RhB). The Rhaetian Railway still owns and uses it today for regular service. An important element of the Davos–Filisur railway, the viaduct is high and long, and has a main span of . The Wiesen Viaduct forms part of the Davos–Filisur railway section between Wiesen and Filisur. Just southwest of Wiesen railway station, it has, on its south side, a separate pedestrian bridge giving hikers access to Filisur. At the western end of the viaduct is a non functioning . The Wiesen Viaduct structure was designed by the then Chief Engineer of the Rhaetian Railway, Henning Friedrich. Construction began in October 1906, under the direction of another engineer, Hans Studer. With the launch of the Davos–Filisur railway in July 1909, the viaduct came into operation. It cost a total of 324,000 Swiss francs to build. The falsework used for the building of the viaduct was designed by G. Marasi, swallowed up around of wood, and was constructed by the Graubünden carpenter . In 1926, the viaduct was the inspiration for Ernst Ludwig Kirchner's painting \"Brücke bei Wiesen\". The Wiesen Viaduct is high and long. Its main span is only wide, but also long, which makes it one of the longest main spans of any masonry bridge. To the west of the main span are two arches, each long. East of the main span are four more arches, each of them also long. These technical characteristics combine to make the Wiesen Viaduct the Rhaetian Railway's largest stone and second largest bridge. Wiesen Viaduct The Wiesen Viaduct (or Wiesener Viaduct; ) is a single-track railway viaduct, made from concrete blocks with dimension stone coverage. It spans the Landwasser southwest of the hamlet of Wiesen, in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. Designed by the then chief engineer of the Rhaetian Railway, Henning Friedrich, it was built between 1906 and 1909 by the contractor G. Marasi (Westermann & Cie, Zürich) under the supervision of P. Salaz and Hans Studer" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Charles Belknap Jr. Lieutenant Commander Charles K. Belknap Jr. (September 6, 1880 - December 29, 1954) was the commander of the USS Ammen (DD-35) in 1913. He was the censor for the United States Navy in 1917. He was born on September 6, 1880 in Concord, Massachusetts to Charles K. Belknap Sr. He attended Yale University from 1898 to 1899, the United States Naval Academy from 1899 to 1903. He married Gladys Goodrich on October 26, 1909 in Pomfret, Connecticut. Belknap was the commander of the destroyer USS Ammen (DD-35) in 1913 and attended the Naval War College from 1915 to 1916. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander on August 29, 1916. After the United States' declaration of war on Germany in April 1917, Belknap worked as a censor for the United States Navy. Due to a shortage of experienced officers, he received a temporary promotion to commander on January 1, 1918. On January 9, 1918, shortly after his promotion to commander, Belknap was appointed director of the newly formed Naval Overseas Transportation Service (NOTS). In this position, Belknap was responsible for Navy cargo ships and all auxiliary vessels not assigned to the fleet or the various naval districts. After the war's conclusion, Belknap resigned from the Navy on December 7, 1919. He died on December 29, 1954 in St. Louis, Missouri. He was buried in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery. In 1919 Belknap received the Navy Cross from the Navy and also the Distinguished Service Medal from the Army for his service with the Naval Overseas Transportation Service during World War I. He was one of a very few individuals to receive both the Navy Cross and the Army Distinguished Service Medal. He was also entitled to the Victory Medal. Charles Belknap Jr. Lieutenant Commander" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Robert Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent Robert Craggs-Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent PC (1709 – 13 October 1788) was an Irish politician and poet. He was tersely described by Richard Glover as a jovial and voluptuous Irishman who had left popery for the Protestant religion, money and widows. The son of Michael Nugent and Mary, daughter of Robert Barnewall, 9th Baron Trimlestown, he was born at Carlanstown, County Westmeath, in 1709. He succeeded his father in the Carlanstown property on 13 May 1739. His wife's property included the borough of St Mawes in Cornwall, and Nugent sat for that constituency from 1741 to 1754, after which date he represented Bristol until 1774, when he returned to St Mawes. By 1782, he had become the longest continually-serving member of the Commons, and so became the Father of the House. In 1747 he succeeded Lord Doneraile as Comptroller of the Household to the Prince of Wales. Nugent lent the Prince large sums of money, which were never repaid; the appointments and peerages he received later in life have been attributed to the wish of the Prince of Wales's son, George III, to compensate Nugent. Robert Craggs-Nugent, as he then was, served as a Lord of the Treasury from 1754 to 1759, and was made a Privy Counsellor on 15 December 1759. He was Vice-Treasurer of Ireland from 1759 to 1765, First Lord of Trade from 1766 to 1768, and Vice-Treasurer of Ireland again from 1768 to 1782. In 1768 he was made a member of the Irish Privy Council. His support of the ministry was so useful that he was created in 1767 Baron Nugent and Viscount Clare, and in 1776 Earl Nugent, all Irish peerages. Apart from his political career Lord Nugent was also the author of some poetical productions, several of which are preserved in the second volume of Dodsley's \"Collections\" (1748). Lord Nugent married firstly, on 14 July 1730, Emilia (died in childbirth 16 August 1731), daughter of Peter Plunkett, 4th Earl of Fingall. They had one son, Edmund, who became a Lieutenant-Colonel and the father of two illegitimate sons (later Field Marshal) Sir George Nugent, 1st Baronet, and Admiral of the Fleet Sir Charles Edmund Nugent) before dying in 1771. Nugent married secondly, on 23 March 1736, Anna (died 22 November 1756), daughter of James Craggs and sister of the Right Honourable James Craggs, the secretary of state, whereupon Robert Nugent adopted the surname of Craggs-Nugent. She had already been widowed twice, but Robert, who was born a Roman Catholic, had abandoned his Church very early in life. He married thirdly, on 2 January 1757, Elizabeth (died 29 January 1792), the widow of the fourth Earl of Berkeley, who brought him a large fortune and with whom he had two daughters. The earldom descended by special remainder to the earl's son-in-law, George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham, and so to his successors, the dukes of Buckingham and Chandos. Robert Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent Robert Craggs-Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent PC (1709" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Shengxun In classical Chinese philology, shengxun (聲訓 \"voice explanation\") or yinxun (音訓 \"sound explanation\") is the practice of explaining a character by using a homophone or near-homophone. The practice is ancient, and can be seen in pre-Qin texts. Xu Shen, author of the monumental \"Shuowen Jiezi\", employed \"shengxun\". For example, when Xu explained the word \"ghost\", he wrote: 人所歸爲鬼 (A ghost is where (the state that) human beings return to) 歸 (\"to return to\"; \"guī\") and 鬼(\"ghost\"; \"guǐ\") are near-homophones. (A similar explanation of the word can be found in the earlier \"Erya\".) The ancient Chinese dictionary \"Shiming\" is noted for using \"shengxun\" for most of its definitions. \"Shengxun\" can be highly fanciful, and often results in folk etymology. However, the practice points to the idea of \"cognate characters\" (同源字) or what Bernhard Karlgren called \"word families\". Shengxun In classical Chinese philology, shengxun (聲訓 \"voice explanation\") or yinxun (音訓 \"sound explanation\") is the practice of explaining a character by using a homophone or near-homophone. The practice is ancient, and can be seen in pre-Qin texts. Xu Shen, author of the monumental \"Shuowen Jiezi\", employed \"shengxun\". For example, when Xu explained the word \"ghost\", he wrote: 人所歸爲鬼 (A ghost is where" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Blessed Sacrament Church (Bridgeport, Connecticut) Blessed Sacrament is a Roman Catholic church in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in the Diocese of Bridgeport. The church began as a basement church formed under Rev. T. B. Smith. The initial building was built during 1917 and 1918 and was meant to be temporary, but was not added to until 1959. In the meantime, a 16-room school and convent were designed by James A. Jackson was built in 1922. The church was built as a basement church and a superstructure was built around it during 1959 and 1960. The superstructure was designed by J. Gerald Phelan. The new building was finished and dedicated on December 8, 1960. Blessed Sacrament Church (Bridgeport, Connecticut) Blessed Sacrament is a Roman Catholic church in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in the Diocese of Bridgeport. The church began as a basement church formed under Rev. T. B. Smith. The initial building was built during 1917 and 1918 and was meant to be temporary, but was not added to until 1959. In the meantime, a 16-room school and convent were designed by James A. Jackson was built in 1922. The church was built as a basement church and a superstructure was built around it during" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tanggu Truce The Tanggu Truce, sometimes called the , was a cease-fire signed between Republic of China and Empire of Japan in Tanggu District, Tianjin on May 31, 1933, formally ending the Japanese invasion of Manchuria which had begun two years earlier. After the Mukden Incident of September 18, 1931, the Japanese Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria, and by February 1932 had captured the entire region. The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Puyi, who was living in exile in the Foreign Concessions in Tianjin was convinced by the Japanese to accept the throne of the new Empire of Manchukuo, which remained under the control of the Imperial Japanese Army. In January 1933, to secure Manchukuo’s southern borders, a joint Japanese and Manchukuo force invaded Rehe, and after conquering that province by March, drove the remaining Chinese armies in the northeast beyond the Great Wall into Hebei Province. From the start of hostilities, China had appealed to its neighbors and the international community, but received no effective support. When China called an emergency meeting of the League of Nations, a committee was established to investigate the affair. The Report of the Lytton Commission ultimately condemned Japan's actions but offered no plan for intervention, and in response the Japanese simply withdrew from the League on March 27, 1933. The Japanese army was under explicit instructions from Emperor Hirohito (who wanted a quick end to the China conflict) not to venture beyond the Great Wall. Their negotiating position was very strong, while the Chinese republicans were under severe pressure from their simultaneous full-scale civil war with the communists. On May 22, 1933, Chinese and Japanese representatives met to negotiate the end of the conflict. The Japanese demands were severe: a demilitarized zone extending one hundred kilometers south of the Great Wall, extending from Beijing to Tianjin was to be created, with the Great Wall itself under Japanese control. No regular Kuomintang military units were to be allowed in the demilitarized zone, although the Japanese were allowed to use reconnaissance aircraft or ground patrols to ensure that the agreement was maintained. Public order within the zone was to be maintained by a lightly armed Demilitarized Zone Peace Preservation Corps. Two secret clauses excluded any of the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies from this Peace Preservation Corps and provided for any disputes that could not be resolved by the Peace Preservation Corps to be settled by agreement between the Japanese and Chinese governments. Harried by their civil war with the communists and unable to win international support, Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese government agreed to virtually all of Japan's demands. Furthermore, the new demilitarized zone was mostly within the remaining territory of the discredited Manchurian warlord Zhang Xueliang. The Tanggu Truce resulted in the \"de facto\" recognition of Manchukuo by the Kuomintang government, and acknowledgement of the loss of Rehe. It provided for a temporary end to the combat between China and Japan and for a brief period, relations between the two countries actually improved. On May 17, 1935, the Japanese legation in China was raised to the status of embassy, and on June 10, 1935, the He-Umezu Agreement was concluded. The Tanggu Truce gave Chiang Kai-shek time to consolidate his forces and to concentrate his efforts against the Chinese Communist Party, albeit at the expense of northern China. However, Chinese public opinion was hostile to terms so favorable to Japan and so humiliating to China. Although the truce provided for a demilitarized buffer zone, Japanese territorial ambitions towards China remained, and the truce proved to be only a temporary respite until hostilities erupted again with the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. Tanggu Truce The Tanggu Truce, sometimes called the , was a cease-fire signed between Republic of China and Empire of Japan in Tanggu District, Tianjin on May 31, 1933, formally ending the Japanese invasion of Manchuria which had begun two years earlier. After the Mukden Incident of September 18, 1931, the Japanese Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria, and by February 1932 had captured the entire region. The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Puyi, who was living in exile in the Foreign Concessions in Tianjin was convinced by the Japanese to accept the throne of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Homoeogryllus orientalis Homoeogryllus orientalis (Desutter-Grandcolas, 1985), the South African bell cricket, is a species in the bell cricket subfamily Cachoplistinae. The species is reported from southern tropical Africa including parts of Mozambique and South Africa. Within South Africa it has been reported south of the tropics in the Bushveld and in the Orange Free State. Recordings show that the male song of \"Homoeogryllus orientalis\" is almost identical to that of the related species \"Homoeogryllus reticulatus\" from the coast of tropical West Africa. Recordings of presumed \"orientalis\" in the wild in South Africa also are consistent. There is however no question of the two populations being of the same species, because there are marked differences between their genitalia. Homoeogryllus orientalis Homoeogryllus orientalis (Desutter-Grandcolas, 1985), the South African bell cricket, is a species in the bell cricket subfamily Cachoplistinae. The species is reported from southern tropical Africa including parts of Mozambique and South Africa. Within South Africa it has been reported south of the tropics in the Bushveld and in the Orange Free State. Recordings show that the male song of \"Homoeogryllus orientalis\" is almost identical to that of the related species \"Homoeogryllus reticulatus\" from the coast of tropical West Africa. Recordings" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh is the Bangladeshi branch of the terrorist group Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJI). It is banned in Bangladesh and is a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000. The founder of the group was Maulana Abdus Salam. Other well known leaders include Shaikhul Hadith Allama and Azizul Haque, who was the chairman of the political party Islami Oikya Jote. Muhammad Habibur Rahman (alias Bulbuli Huzur) was a leader of the HuJI and initially a leader of Bangladesh Khelafat Majlish. The principal of Lalkhan Madrasa in Chittagong, Mufti Izharul Islam Chowdhury, was also a leader of the HuJI. Mufti Abdul Hannan is the current leader of the Bangladeshi branch of the HuJI. He is currently incarcerated, convicted of various terrorism charges and has been sentenced to death. He is charged in 25 criminal cases involving terrorism. Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islam (HuJI) was founded in 1984 during the Soviet–Afghan War. HuJI Bangladesh was founded on 30 April 1992 in the Bangladesh National Press Club by Bangladeshi mujahideen veterans of the Soviet–Afghan War. The founder of the group was Maulana Abdus Salam. Since its founding, the group has been responsible for the deaths of over 100 people in various terrorist attacks. The group has been known to support the Rohingya insurgency in Western Myanmar. It allegedly has ties with the Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO) and the Arakan Rohingya National Organisation (ARNO). Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh is the Bangladeshi branch of the terrorist group Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJI). It is banned in Bangladesh and is a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000. The founder of the group was Maulana Abdus Salam. Other well known leaders include Shaikhul Hadith Allama and Azizul Haque, who was the chairman of the political party Islami Oikya Jote. Muhammad Habibur Rahman (alias Bulbuli Huzur)" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Museum of Parliamentary Life Museum of Parliamentary Life is one of the Jordanian museums, which are owned of the Jordanian Ministry of Culture, The Parliamentary Life museum is one of the first models of the parliamentary museums around the world. The Museum of Parliamentary Life aims to highlighted on the efforts exerted by the Hashemite leadership over the past decades in establishing and building Jordan. Museum of Parliamentary Life located in Amman the capital of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in Jabal Amman area, near the First roundabout, at the corner of the Islamic Sciences College and Khalil Mutran street. The Parliamentary Life Museum was established in 2010, the museum first opened to the public on 6 April 2016. The building of museum was used as Museum for political life between 1992 and 2005, but was never official inaugurated, an adjacent building was later constructed and is currently used for administrative purposes, containing the library and multipurpose hall. The building of museum was used as the headquarters of the Jordan Media Centre between 2004 and 2008 after which it was returned to the Ministry of Culture. Given the sits importance to Jordanian political and social history, the Ministry of Culture has undertaken the project of reviving the Old Parliament Building, restoring it and bringing it up to museum standard, to that end a committee was formed after a decree by the prime Ministers office in 2010. The Building was used for the meetings of the Jordanian legislative council in the early forties then for the National Assembly between 1947 and 1978. It was the locale where the martyr King Abdullah I Bin al-Hussein declared the independence of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on May 25th 1946. It was also there that King Tala Bin Abdullah and King Hussein Bin Talal took the oath of office. The Parliament building consists of three wings: the middle wing containing the parliament hall, the right wing, which is the exhibition halls that tell the story of parliamentary life; the left wing which contains the offices of the head of the senate, the speaker of the parliament and VIP halls. Museum of Parliamentary Life Museum of Parliamentary Life is one of the Jordanian museums, which are owned of the Jordanian Ministry of Culture, The Parliamentary Life museum is one of the first models of the parliamentary museums around the world. The Museum of Parliamentary Life" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Adult polyglucosan body disease Adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) is an orphan disease and a glycogen storage disorder that is caused by an inborn error of metabolism. Symptoms can emerge any time after the age of 30; early symptoms include trouble controlling urination, trouble walking, and lack of sensation in the legs. People eventually develop dementia. A person inherits loss-of-function mutations in the \"GBE1\" gene from each parent, and the lack of glycogen branching enzyme (the protein encoded by \"GNE1\") leads to buildup of unbranched glycogen in cells, which harms neurons more than other kinds of cells. Most people first go to the doctor due to trouble with urination. The condition is diagnosed by gathering symptoms, a neurological examination, laboratory tests including genetic testing, and medical imaging. As of 2015 there was no cure or treatment, but the symptoms could be managed. People diagnosed with APBD can live a long time after diagnosis, but will probably die earlier than people without the condition. Adult polyglucosan body disease is an orphan disease and a glycogen storage disorder that is caused by an inborn error of metabolism, that affects the central and peripheral nervous systems. The condition in newborns caused by the same mutations is called glycogen storage disease type IV. Adult polyglucosan body disease is a condition that affects the nervous system. People with this condition have problems walking due to reduced sensation in their legs (peripheral neuropathy) and progressive muscle weakness and stiffness (spasticity). Damage to the nerves that control bladder function, a condition called neurogenic bladder, causes affected individuals to have progressive difficulty controlling the flow of urine. About half of people with adult polyglucosan body disease experience a decline in intellectual function (dementia). Most people with the condition first go to the doctor due to the bladder issues. People with adult polyglucosan body disease typically first experience signs and symptoms related to the condition between ages 30 and 60. APBD is an autosomal recessive disorder that is caused when a person inherits genes from both parents containing one or more loss-of-function mutations in the gene \"GBE1\" which encodes for glycogen branching enzyme, also called 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme. The \"GBE1\" gene provides instructions for making the glycogen branching enzyme. This enzyme is involved in the production of a complex sugar called glycogen, which is a major source of stored energy in the body. Most \"GBE1\" gene mutations result in a shortage (deficiency) of the glycogen branching enzyme, which leads to the production of abnormal glycogen molecules. These abnormal glycogen molecules, called polyglucosan bodies, accumulate within cells and cause damage. Neurons appear to be particularly vulnerable to the accumulation of polyglucosan bodies in people with this disorder, leading to impaired neuronal function. Some mutations in the \"GBE1\" gene that cause adult polyglucosan body disease do not result in a shortage of glycogen branching enzyme. In people with these mutations, the activity of this enzyme is normal. How mutations cause the disease in these individuals is unclear. Other people with adult polyglucosan body disease do not have identified mutations in the \"GBE1\" gene. In these individuals, the cause of the disease is unknown. Along with evaluation of the symptoms and a neurological examination, a diagnosis can be made based on genetic testing. Whether or not a person is making sufficient amounts of functional glycogen branching enzyme can be determined by taking a skin biopsy and testing for activity of the enzyme. Examination of tissue biopsied from the sural nerve under a microscope can reveal the presence of polyglucosan bodies. There will also be white matter changes visible in a magnetic resonance imaging scans. APBD can only be prevented if parents undergo genetic screening to understand their risk of producing a child with the condition; if in vitro fertilization is used, then preimplantation genetic diagnosis can be done to identify fertilized eggs that do not carry two copies of mutated \"GBE1\". As of 2015 there was no cure for APDB, instead symptoms are managed. There are various approaches to managing neurogenic bladder dysfunction, physical therapy and mobility aids to help with walking, and dementia can be managed with occupational therapy, counseling and drugs. Presently a number of promising research initiatives are underway in universities and hospitals in the United States, Canada, and Israel. These studies are in need of funding but due to the small number of known cases both research funding and participation is small. It is estimated that there are upwards of 12,000 cases in the United states, most of which are undiagnosed. If symptoms of bladder dysfunction, tingling or numbness in the fingers and toes and decreased energy appear near or after the mid 40's, APBD should be suspected. A free test kit is available from the APBD research foundation (the APBDRF). Currently a registration of APBD patients has been created at Columbia University. Information concerning the registry can also be found by contacting the Foundation (www.apbdrf.org). This high confidential registry will allow clinical trials to go forward by providing potential patients for these trials. The foundation welcomes donations since funding is scarce for most small orphan disease conditions such as APBD. The rate of progression varies significantly from person to person. There is not good data on outcomes; it appears that APBD likely leads to earlier death, but people with APBD can live many years after diagnosis with relatively good quality of life. The prevalence is unknown; about 70 cases had been reported in the medical literature as of 2016. As of 2016 the largest set of case studies included 50 people; about 70% of them were of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. A person with APBD named Gregory Weiss created a foundation, the Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease Research Foundation, to fund research into the disease and its management. In 2015 the first transgenic mouse that appeared to be a useful model organism for studying APBD was published. Adult polyglucosan body disease Adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) is an orphan disease and a glycogen storage disorder that is caused by an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Al-Quda'i Muḥammad ibn Salāma al-Quḍā'ī (died 1062) was a Shafi'i judge, preacher and historian in Fatimid Egypt. He is known as author of a work called \"The Prophet's genealogy, his birth, his emigration and his death.\" The manuscript has been preserved. He was of Iranian origin. al-Quḍā'ī was a scribe in the chancery under the vizier Alī ibn Aḥmad al-Jarjarā'ī (died 1045). He was in the chancery at the same time as the scholar al-Mu'ayyad al-Shīrāzī (died 1078). He served under the Fatimids as a judge over the Sunni population. He performed the Hajj in 1053. In 1055 he made a journey to Byzantium as emissary of the caliph. He earned great respect for his scholarship, particularly regarding hadith, and many hadith works include him as one of their transmitters. The jurist al-Silafī (died 1180) said of him, \"His fame absolves me from lengthy expositions... he is counted among the trustworthy and reliable transmitters.\" According to his student Ibn Mākūlā, \"He was a master of many different sciences... I do not know anyone in Egypt who approaches his stature.\" Apart from his work on Muhammad, al-Quḍā'ī also wrote a terse history of the prophets and caliphs. He said in the introduction that he had observed brevity, but that it was \"amply sufficient for entertainment and conversation.\" In some cases his history of a caliph would give little more than a short character sketch, the names of his wives and children, and names of officials during his rule. Although al-Quḍā'ī's history of the Fatimids has been lost, it was used by al-Maqrizi and others in later works. His description of Fustat before its decline and ruin after his death was a key resource for al-Maqrizi in understanding the former topography of the city. He also wrote a pamphlet that contained some of the best-known Maliki laws. His book of the parables and teachings of the Prophet, a \"hadith\" collection, was widely read. Four Morisco versions from Spain are known, three from Almonacid. One is in Arabic, one only in \"aljamia\" and two are bi-lingual. His work on the Prophet's life has not been examined. It was the basis for a work by Shīrawayh al-Daylamī that was criticized by Ibn Taymīya for fanciful and adulatory statements about Muhammad, which indicates that the work by al-Quḍā'ī was also concerned more with the Prophet as an exemplary man than as a religious and political leader. His recorded works include: Citations Sources Al-Quda'i Muḥammad ibn Salāma al-Quḍā'ī (died 1062) was a Shafi'i judge, preacher and historian in Fatimid Egypt. He is known as author of a work called \"The Prophet's genealogy, his birth, his emigration and his death.\" The manuscript has been preserved. He was of Iranian origin. al-Quḍā'ī was a scribe in the chancery under the vizier Alī ibn Aḥmad al-Jarjarā'ī (died 1045). He was in the chancery at the same time as the scholar al-Mu'ayyad al-Shīrāzī (died 1078). He served under the Fatimids as a judge over the Sunni population. He performed the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Saddle Rock Elementary School Saddle Rock Elementary School or simply \"Saddle Rock\" is an elementary school, comprising grades Kindergarten through 5. It is a public school located in Great Neck, New York, USA as part of the Great Neck School District. The school has been recognized by the Blue Ribbon Schools Program. As of the 2007-08 school year, the elementary school had 73 Students in Kindergarten, 75 students in 1st grade, 80 students in 2nd grade, 97 students in 3rd grade, 83 students in 4th grade, 95 students in 5th grade and 31 ungraded students. The school had 47.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), the school had a student-teacher ratio of 11.4 during the 2006-2007 academic year. During the 1993-94 school year, Saddle Rock Elementary School was recognized with the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education. Saddle Rock Elementary School was the subject of a November 17, 1952 Life Magazine photo essay. Saddle Rock Elementary School Saddle Rock Elementary School or simply \"Saddle Rock\" is an elementary school, comprising grades Kindergarten through 5. It is a public school located in Great Neck, New York, USA as part of the Great Neck School" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ranna (film) Ranna () is a 2015 Indian Kannada family drama film directed by Nanda Kishore. The principal cast includes Sudeep, Rachita Ram, Haripriya and Madhoo. The film was declared successful at the box office. It is a remake of the Telugu movie \"Attarintiki Daredi\". The film was dubbed into Hindi as same name by Cinekorn Entertainment. Sharat Chandra is a rich, unhappy businessman based in Zurich. He wishes to reconcile with his estranged daughter Saraswathi whom he expelled because she married Prakash against his wishes. His grandson Bhargava Chandra promises Sharat Chandra that he will bring her back to their home on his 75th birthday. Saraswathi has three daughters: Two of them are Indira and Rukmini. Bhargava enters the house as Chandu, a driver who was appointed by Prakash after saving him from a heart attack. Bhargava tries to woo Indira but gives up when he learns that Indira is in love with another man. Rukmini hates Bhargava and is suspicious of him. Saraswathi later reveals to Bhargava that she is aware of his real identity much before the incidents and warns him to abstain from doing anything with the intention of taking her back to Sharat Chandra. To save Indira's love, Bhargava and Chikkanna go to a village and accidentally Rukmini falls into the jeep due to a head injury thus suffering with amnesia. Bhargava introduces himself as her lover for the time being. Rukmini believes it. The trio go to the venue; Bhargava and Chikkanna enter the house. They and the bridegroom escape from there and reach Saraswathi's home after a violent altercation with the family members of the bridegroom where Rukmini's memory is revived. The bride's father Veerappa asks for compensation for the damage caused by Chandu, to which Saraswathi promises Rukmini's marriage with his elder son. To avoid complications, Prakash fires Bhargava. Bhargava later learns that Rukmini loved him from the beginning but was hesitant to express her feelings. He traps Bhaskar, a rich NRI staying in Uganda who has a penchant for women, and enters Saraswathi's home as his assistant. Bhaskar falls for Rukmini but his attempts are repeatedly thwarted by Bhargava. On the day of her marriage, Rukmini elopes with Bhargava. While waiting with him for the train to Mumbai, Veerappa's henchmen reach the station to stop them only to be trashed by Bhargava. An angry Prakash, with Saraswathi, arrive to shoot Bhargava but Prakash is taken aback after knowing his true identity. Bhargava reveals that the day Saraswathi left the house, Sharat Chandra tried to commit suicide but accidentally killed Bhargava's mother. He says that he chose to love his grandfather though he killed his mother. Saraswathi chose to hate him as he injured Prakash and expelled them. Saraswathi and Prakash realize their mistake and reconcile with Bhargava. Rukmini is kidnapped by four henchmen appointed by Bhaskar where she narrates the story to the henchmen. Bhargava and Chikkanna reach the spot and Rukmini reconciles with Bhargava. Bhaskar's wealth is seized by the government of Uganda and he is left with the same amount with which he ran away from Prakash's house when he assisted him in the past. Sharat Chandra reconciles with Saraswathi and Bhargava is unanimously appointed as the CEO of the company thanks to the support of Saraswathi and Sharat Chandra. The film ends with Bhargava holding Sharat Chandra's hand with affection on the dining table. Rachita Ram was cast for the role portrayed by Samantha Ruth Prabhu in the original while Haripriya was signed to reprise the role of Pranitha Subhash. Former lead actress Madhoo was selected for a pivotal role in the film, which was originally played by Nadhiya. The team suggested her to watch \"Attarintiki Daredi\" but Madhoo chose not to, stating that she did not want to be influenced by Nadhiya but wanted to \"understand and interpret the role my way\". In early October, it was reported that Prakash Raj was also a part of the cast. Earlier speculated titles for the film were \"Rayaru Bandaru Atteya Manege\", \"Sanjeeva Sarovara\", \"Rayabhaari\", \"Bhageeratha\" and \"Bhargava\". The film was named \"Ranna\" in September 2014, although the title had been registered by \"Psycho\" director Devdutta, later the title was purchased for Rs 5 lakhs. The first schedule of \"Ranna\" was completed in Hyderabad. The second schedule of the film began on 16 September 2014. In early October, shooting was held at Rockline Studio. The unit had planned to shoot a song sequence at Hong Kong which later shifted to Italy, owing to the Chinese new year celebration rush at the former place. The movie was released on 4 July and received commercial and critical acclaim for Sudeep's performance. V. Harikrishna composed the film's background score and music for its soundtrack. The soundtrack album was released on 15 April 2015 with the composer's label D-Beats acquiring the audio rights. \"Ranna\"'s distribution rights for the entire Karnataka region were acquired by Gokul Films for . IIFA Utsavam :- IBNLive Movie Awards :- 63rd Filmfare Awards South :- 5th South Indian International Movie Awards :- Ranna (film) Ranna () is a 2015 Indian Kannada family drama film directed by Nanda Kishore. The principal cast includes Sudeep, Rachita Ram, Haripriya and Madhoo. The film was declared successful at the box office. It is a remake of the Telugu movie \"Attarintiki Daredi\". The film was dubbed into Hindi as same name by Cinekorn Entertainment." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Masters M55 hammer throw world record progression Masters M55 hammer throw world record progression is the progression of world record improvements of the hammer throw M55 division of Masters athletics. Records must be set in properly conducted, official competitions under the standing IAAF rules unless modified by World Masters Athletics. <section begin=M55HAMMER /> The M55 division consists of male athletes who have reached the age of 55 but have not yet reached the age of 60, so exactly from their 55th birthday to the day before their 60th birthday. The M55 division throws a 6 kg implement. <section end=M55HAMMER /> Masters Athletics Hammer Throw list Masters M55 hammer throw world record progression Masters M55 hammer throw world record progression is the progression of world record improvements of the hammer throw M55 division of Masters athletics. Records must be set in properly conducted, official competitions under the standing IAAF rules unless modified by World Masters Athletics. <section begin=M55HAMMER /> The M55 division consists of male athletes who have reached the age of 55 but have not yet reached the age of 60, so exactly from their 55th birthday to the day before their 60th birthday. The M55 division throws a 6" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Russian frigate Shtandart The frigate Shtandart (\"\") was the first ship of Russia's Baltic fleet. Her keel was laid on April 24, 1703 at the Olonetsky shipyard near Olonets by the decree of Tsar Peter I and orders issued by commander Aleksandr Menshikov. The vessel was built by the Dutch shipwright Vybe Gerens under the direct supervision of the tsar. She was the first flagship of the Imperial Russian Navy and was in service until 1727. The name \"Shtandart\" was also given to the royal yachts of the tsars until the Russian Revolution in 1917. Tsar Nicholas II's royal yacht was last of this series. The replica frigate has three masts and her displacement is 220 tons. She is 25 metres (82.0 ft) long at her centre line, 27.5 metres (90 ft) long on deck and 34.5 metres (113 ft) long overall. The \"Shtandart\" is 6.9 metres (23 ft) wide with a draft of 3.3 metres (11 ft). The ship is designed for speeds between 8-9 knots under sail, and under auxiliary engines required by modern standards up to 15 knots (28 km/h). The original crew complement in 1703 was between 120 and 150, and the modern crew consists of 30 trainees and 10 officers. The name \"Shtandart\" signifies Peter the Great's desire to gain access to the Baltic Sea, which at the time of the \"Shtandart's\" construction was dominated by the Swedish Empire. A plan to take control of the Baltic Sea away from Sweden was revived after Peter's Grand Embassy ended in 1698. The name refers more directly to a naval ensign created for the new Baltic Fleet, of which the \"Shtandart\" was the first ship. Peter's goal was finally realized after he decisively defeated Swedish forces at the Battle of Poltava in 1709, a turning point for Russia in the Great Northern War (1700–1721). The \"Shtandart's\" design combined techniques from English and Dutch shipbuilding schools. The frame of the ship is wide, almost square, and the ship's double bottom is flat, reducing the draft. The high rigging of the sails is in the English style. The frigate was launched on August 22, 1703 and set sail on September 8, 1703 for St. Petersburg. The \"Shtandart\" was built in only five months, and Tsar Peter I's personal involvement may have expedited the construction. Peter had learned shipbuilding techniques from the Dutch during his Grand Embassy tour of western Europe (1697–98), and he sailed on the \"Shtandart\" as its captain under the pseudonym Peter Mihajlov on its maiden voyage from Olonets to Saint Petersburg in September 1703. In the great cabin there is a compass hanging over a table which can only be read from its underside. A Russian legend relates that this compass hung over Peter's hammock and that when he woke up, he always checked the compass to ensure that the frigate was on course. The \"Shtandart\" was overhauled in 1710 and four cannons were added to her armament, making her a 28-gun frigate. The ship was laid up in drydock in 1711 to have several beams replaced. In 1727 Catherine I ordered a survey of the frigate to determine if she was sound enough for another refit. During an attempt to raise the ship above the waterline, the hull was cut in half by cables used in the process. The \"Shtandart\" was broken up, and Catherine ordered a replacement to be built. This order was finally carried out in 1994. In 1994 a small group of sailing enthusiasts led by Vladimir Martus started construction of a replica of the ship. Martus developed a new layout of the \"Shtandart\" wherein she was built with four bulkheads, dividing her into five compartments. The \"Shtandart Project\" (a non-commercial organisation dedicated to youth development) launched a replica of the frigate on September 4, 1999. Russian frigate Shtandart The frigate Shtandart (\"\") was the first ship of Russia's Baltic fleet. Her keel was laid on April 24, 1703 at the Olonetsky shipyard near Olonets by the decree of Tsar Peter I and orders issued by commander Aleksandr Menshikov. The vessel was built by the Dutch shipwright Vybe Gerens under the direct supervision of the tsar. She was the first flagship of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Trot (Oz) Trot is a fictional character in L. Frank Baum's Land of Oz. Trot is introduced in the novel, \"The Sea Fairies\" (1911) and first appears in an Oz book in \"The Scarecrow of Oz\" (1915). Trot is a little girl with big solemn eyes and an earnest, simple manner. Her real name is Mayre Griffiths. It was said that she had been marked on the forehead at birth by fairies with their invisible mystic signs. Her father, Captain Charlie Griffiths, is almost always out to sea. She and Cap'n Bill, for whom Charlie was once first mate, are the closest of friends, and they live at her mother's boarding house on the California coast. They get trapped by way of a whirlpool that deposits them in a cavern deep under the sea, and meet a strange flying creature called the Ork, which carries them to Jinxland, a country on the other side of the Deadly Desert. Trot and Cap'n Bill have many wonderful adventures in the Land of Oz including getting their feet \"rooted\" while searching for a gift for Princess Ozma's birthday. Trot is one of Dorothy Gale and Princess Ozma's best friends. She is also the main child protagonist of Ruth Plumly Thompson's \"Kabumpo in Oz\" and \"The Giant Horse of Oz\". In \"Kabumpo in Oz\", her doll, Peg Amy, turns out to be the enchanted form of the Princess of Sun-Top Mountain. Peg Amy marries Prince Pompadore of Pumperdink, and in \"The Purple Prince of Oz\", they are shown with a daughter, Princess Pajonia of Pumperdink. In \"The Giant Horse of Oz\", she is made a princess of the Ozure Isles as thanks for her help in restoring the Munchkin queen Orin to her royal husband and son. In this book, it is stated that Trot arrived in Oz and stopped aging at ten, the same age as Prince Philador of the Ozure Isles. Based on L. Frank Baum's statement that Trot is one year younger than Dorothy Gale and that Dorothy is one year younger than Betsy Bobbin, we get the other characters' ages through backward reasoning, but since this information is derived from two different authors, it is canon, but not necessarily true to Baum's intentions. Eric Shanower and Glenn Ingersoll wrote a novella titled \"Trot of Oz\", published in \"Oz-story Magazine\" in 2000. Trot also has a key role in Rachel Cosgrove Payes's \"The Wicked Witch of Oz\". Trot (Oz) Trot is a fictional character in L. Frank Baum's Land of Oz. Trot is introduced in the novel, \"The Sea Fairies\" (1911) and first appears in an Oz book in \"The Scarecrow of Oz\" (1915). Trot is a little girl with big solemn eyes and an earnest, simple manner. Her real name is Mayre Griffiths. It was said that she had been marked on the forehead at birth by fairies with their invisible mystic signs. Her father, Captain Charlie Griffiths, is almost always out to sea. She and Cap'n Bill, for whom" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Composite number A composite number is a positive integer that can be formed by multiplying two smaller positive integers. Equivalently, it is a positive integer that has at least one divisor other than 1 and itself. Every positive integer is composite, prime, or the unit 1, so the composite numbers are exactly the numbers that are not prime and not a unit. For example, the integer 14 is a composite number because it is the product of the two smaller integers 2 × 7. Likewise, the integers 2 and 3 are not composite numbers because each of them can only be divided by one and itself. The composite numbers up to 150 are Every composite number can be written as the product of two or more (not necessarily distinct) primes. For example, the composite number 299 can be written as 13 × 23, and the composite number 360 can be written as 2 × 3 × 5; furthermore, this representation is unique up to the order of the factors. This fact is called the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. There are several known primality tests that can determine whether a number is prime or composite, without necessarily revealing the factorization of a composite input. One way to classify composite numbers is by counting the number of prime factors. A composite number with two prime factors is a semiprime or 2-almost prime (the factors need not be distinct, hence squares of primes are included). A composite number with three distinct prime factors is a sphenic number. In some applications, it is necessary to differentiate between composite numbers with an odd number of distinct prime factors and those with an even number of distinct prime factors. For the latter (where μ is the Möbius function and \"x\" is half the total of prime factors), while for the former However, for prime numbers, the function also returns −1 and formula_3. For a number \"n\" with one or more repeated prime factors, If \"all\" the prime factors of a number are repeated it is called a powerful number (All perfect powers are powerful numbers). If \"none\" of its prime factors are repeated, it is called squarefree. (All prime numbers and 1 are squarefree.) For example, 72 = 2 × 3, all the prime factors are repeated, so 72 is a powerful number. 42 = 2 × 3 × 7, none of the prime factors are repeated, so 42 is squarefree. Another way to classify composite numbers is by counting the number of divisors. All composite numbers have at least three divisors. In the case of squares of primes, those divisors are formula_5. A number \"n\" that has more divisors than any \"x\" < \"n\" is a highly composite number (though the first two such numbers are 1 and 2). Composite numbers have also been called \"rectangular numbers\", but that name can also refer to the pronic numbers, numbers that are the product of two consecutive integers. Yet another way to classify composite numbers is to determine whether all prime factors are either all below or all above some fixed (prime) number. Such numbers are called smooth numbers and rough numbers, respectively. Composite number A composite number is a positive integer that can be formed by multiplying two smaller positive integers. Equivalently, it is a positive integer that has at least one divisor other than 1 and itself. Every positive integer is composite, prime, or the unit 1, so the composite numbers are exactly the numbers that are not prime and not a unit. For example, the integer 14 is a composite number because it is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Touch the World Touch the World is the fourteenth studio album by Earth, Wind & Fire, produced by the band's leader Maurice White for Kalimba Productions, and released in 1987 on Columbia Records. The album got to Nos. 3 & 33 upon the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and Billboard 200 charts. \"Touch the World\" has been certified Gold in the US by the RIAA. \"Touch The World\" also marked the debut of former Commodores guitarist Sheldon Reynolds to the lineup. The album ended a four-year hiatus for the band, with Maurice White reforming the group, bringing back longtime members Verdine White, Philip Bailey, Andrew Woolfolk and Ralph Johnson. As well Sonny Emory filled the drum chair vacated by Fred White. Touch the World was nominated for a Soul Train Award in the category of Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year. Off the album came a song written by an unknown composer by the name of Skylark entitled \"System of Survival\". When issued as a single, the song became a hit, going to number one on the \"Billboard\" R&B charts and Dance charts. System of Survival was also nominated for a Soul Train Award within the category of Best R&B/Soul Single – Group, Band or Duo. Another single titled \"Thinking Of You\" got to Nos. 1 & 3 upon the Billboard Dance Club Songs and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts respectively. The album's title track was covered by Whitney Houston feat. Cissy Houston upon the 1994 live album \".\" As well System of Survival was sampled by hip hop group Slum Village on their 2005 track Hear This. Touch the World Touch the World is the fourteenth studio album by Earth, Wind & Fire, produced by the band's leader Maurice White for Kalimba Productions, and released in 1987 on Columbia Records. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Muhammed Akbar Khan Muhammed Akbar Khan (), MBE (19 April 1897 - 1993) served as a British Indian recruit in the First World War and an officer in Second World War. At the time of the independence of Pakistan, he was the most senior Muslim General. He also served as the first Senior Military Secretary of the Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammed Ali Jinnah. Born on 19 April 1897 to a Minhas Rajput family, Khan enlisted in the Indian Army & the 12th Cavalry 1 May 1914. He was made a Viceroy's Commissioned Officer (VCO) in the rank of Jemedar 1 July 1915. The 12th Cavalry was mobilized for field service in November 1915 and he served in Mesopotamia from 28 November 1915 to 13 September 1917. He was granted a temporary commission in the Indian Army as a second lieutenant on 1 December 1919. He was attached to 40th Cavalry Regiment from 6 January 1920 until 6 January 1921, when, now a lieutenant as of 1 December 1920, he was attached to the 12th Cavalry. On 28 August 1921, the 12th Cavalry amalgamated with the 11th K. E. O. Cavalry to form the 11/12th Cavalry, which was renamed the 5th King Edward's Own Probyn's Horse in July 1922. Khan was given a permanent commission in the Indian Army as second lieutenant with effect from 17 July 1920. He was also permanently appointed to the 5th King Edward's Own Probyn's Horse from being attached to the regiment. He was promoted captain on 17 July 1927 and from late 1927 to late 1931 he held the appointment of Quarter Master in the regiment. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in June 1930. From 1 May 1933 he was posted away from the regiment as Assistant Recruiting Officer, Lahore, a post he held until 30 April 1934. On 11 May 1934 he transferred to the 1st battalion, 14th Punjab Regiment, who he served with on the Mohamand campaign on the North West Frontier in 1935. Whilst serving with them he later became attached to the Royal Indian Army Service Corps, to which he transferred on 5 February 1936. Khan was promoted to major on 17 July 1938. At the outbreak of World War II he was commanding the 41st Animal Transport Company in France but deployed from Mumbai to Marseilles in December 1939 with 32 Animal Transport Company (Mules) as part of Force K-6, having entrained at Landikotal on 2 December 1939. Later he was to help in the evacuation of troops from Malo-les-Bains. He was promoted to temporary lieutenant-colonel on 31 October 1942, while serving with the R.I.A.S.C. On 27 July 1945 he was appointed acting colonel, then on 26 January 1946 promoted temporary colonel, on 17 July 1946 promoted substantive lieutenant-colonel and finally on the 21 December 1946 appointed acting brigadier. On the creation of Pakistan he was appointed to command Sind Area, later renamed (1 January 1948) 8th Division on 15 August 1947 until 6 December 1950. Muhammed Akbar Khan Muhammed Akbar Khan (), MBE (19 April 1897 - 1993) served as a British Indian recruit in the First World War and an officer in Second World War. At the time of the independence of Pakistan, he was the most senior Muslim General. He also served as the first Senior Military Secretary of the Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammed Ali Jinnah. Born on 19 April 1897 to a Minhas Rajput family, Khan enlisted in the Indian Army & the 12th Cavalry 1 May 1914. He was made a Viceroy's Commissioned Officer (VCO) in the rank of Jemedar 1 July" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Suze Randall Suze Randall (born 18 May 1946) is an English model, photographer, and pornographer. Randall was the first female staff photographer for both \"Playboy\" and \"Hustler\". She is one of the early female porn film directors; she made \"Kiss and Tell\" in 1980. She is president of one of the world's biggest adult content websites, Suze Network. Working first as a nurse, then as a fashion model in the early 1970s, Randall gained attention for erotic photographs she took of her fellow model friends. In 1972, she played an au pair in Éric Rohmer's film \"Love in the Afternoon\". She gave up modelling and devoted her time to erotic photography becoming the first female to shoot \"Page 3\" for \"The Sun\" newspaper. After working for years in top adult magazines like \"Penthouse\" and \"Playboy,\" she now continues her career as a freelance photographer. In recent years, her work has included a lot of bondage imagery. Her breakthrough came when she spotted the pinup model Lillian Müller and photographed her for \"Playboy\". Müller was chosen as Playmate of the Month in August 1975 and subsequently Playmate of the Year in 1976. In a pictorial in \"Playboy's\" May 1976 issue, Randall was both photographer and model. She went on to shoot a much more explicit self-portrait in a June 1977 \"Hustler\" pictorial. Randall was staff photographer from 1975 until 1977 for \"Playboy\" under the supervision of the magazine's West Coast editor Marilyn Grabowski, then from 1977 until 1979 staff photographer for \"Hustler\". Later she provided \"Penthouse Pet\" feature photo layouts for Aria Giovanni, Alexus Winston, Lanny Barby, Stormy Daniels, Nikita, Sunny Leone, Lexus Locklear, Lilly Ann, Silvia Saint, Zdenka, Elizabeth Hilden, Jisel, Tera Patrick, Julie Strain, Racquel Darrian, Aimee Sweet, Swan, and Pamela. Randall has shot the British Lamb's Navy Rum calendar, has done album covers for recording artists such as Revenge (side project of Peter Hook from New Order) and Robert Palmer, as well as a music video for Capitol Records. Randall is married to writer Humphry Knipe, who helped write her biographical book \"Suze\" (1977), wrote and directed several of her films as Victor Nye, and manages Suze Randall Productions websites. Her daughter Holly Randall (born 5 September 1978) is an American erotic photographer who works with her mother and has her own erotic website. Suze Randall Suze Randall (born 18 May 1946) is an English model, photographer, and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Television content rating system Television content rating systems are systems for evaluating the content and reporting the suitability of television programs for children, teenagers, or adults. Many countries have their own television rating system and countries' rating processes vary by local priorities. Programs are rated by the organization that manages the system, the broadcaster, or the content producers. A rating is usually set for each individual episode of a television series. The rating can change per episode, network, rerun, and country. As such, program ratings are usually not meaningful unless when and where the rating is used is mentioned. A comparison of current television content rating systems, showing age on the horizontal axis. Note however that the specific criteria used in assigning a classification can vary widely from one country to another. Thus a color code or age range cannot be directly compared from one country to another. Key: In Argentina, the content rating system are identical to those used by the local film bureau. Starting from September 2010, it is compulsory for broadcasters to show the plaque Comienza el horario apto para todo público () and Finaliza el horario apto para todo público () at 6:00 a.m. or 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. or 10:30 p.m. respectively. In addition, the plaque Atención: Contenido no apto para niños, niñas y adolescentes () is shown before news broadcasts. A television content rating system for Armenia was introduced in June 2006 (first tested in Yerevan in January 2006). The Armenian ratings are as follows: Range specific Age specific Commercial television networks in Australia are required to comply with the Australian Commercial Television Code of Practice, which is governed by the Australian Communications and Media Authority with Free TV Australia mediating between the networks and the ACMA, as well as handling viewer complaints. Classifications for each program broadcast on TV, are decided upon by trained classification officers at each network. If viewers believe a network has breached the TV Code of Practice (an incorrect classification have been given, for example), viewers can submit a complaint to Free TV Australia, who then submit that complaint to the network. If viewers are dissatisfied with the result, they may then refer their complaint to the ACMA for an investigation. These time zones are further governed by the Australian Commercial Television Code of Practice, over and above the commercial Code of Practice. Both are similar to the G and PG classifications respectively in terms of allowable content, but are specifically targeted at children, whereas G specifies programming content that is suitable for all audiences, but may not necessarily be of interest to children. Classifications are intended to be equivalent to the Australian Classification Board (ACB) classifications of the same name. They're usually presented with the same shape and sometimes colour as their ACB counterparts. From December 2015, the ACMA introduced sweeping changes to the ratings system for commercial networks. Among them were allowing M and MA15+ programs to air an hour earlier then they were previously allowed, from 7:30 pm and 8:30 pm respectively, PG programs can air all day, dissolving the AV15+ classification, as well as changes to when adverts with higher classifications program can air. Networks are still getting used to these changes and it will be a gradual change, with many programs already classified and scheduled on stations weeks ahead, in accordance with the old code. The Seven Network, Nine Network and Network Ten are continuing this trend. Adult \"Pay Per View\" only R18+ and X18+ restricted classifications are not permitted for free-to-air broadcast in Australia. Many R18+ movies on DVD/Blu-ray are often edited on Free TV/cable networks, to secure an MA15+ classification or lower. Some movies that were classified R18+ on DVD have since been aired on Australian TV with an MA15+ classification. The two government-owned TV networks, ABC and SBS, are not bound by the same regulations as their commercial counterparts, and are instead each bound by their own Codes of Practice. The guidelines provided by these Codes are similar but not identical to the Codes of Practice for commercial stations. For example, SBS refers to the rating MAV15+ instead of AV15+, while ABC does not use the AV/MAV rating at all; instead programs rated MA15+ must not start before 9:30 p.m., instead of 9:00 p.m.. While the ABC recognizes the G rating, its code of practice does not require that it display its classification symbol on-air in respect to G-rated programming. Pay television networks also have a different system to the free-to-air networks. In general, all content on pay TV must still be given one of the above ratings; however, there are not usually restrictions on the time of day any particular programming can be broadcast. There is no R18+ rating for pay TV, but its use is strictly limited to special interest channels. FOXTEL, a pay TV company, has a parental lock-out system which can be programmed by parents to stop children from seeing certain programs. In 2009, the system malfunctioned, allowing children access to violent TV shows and films. The restrictions on R18+ rated programming have been increased since then, and those programs can now only be shown on the two adult channels. Consumer advice is compulsory for all MA15+ and one-off programs. As well as very short series classified M or higher (such as feature films, miniseries and documentaries). Commercial networks have been providing consumer advice to all PG and M programs anyway. As of 13 April 2016, the Nine Network, the Seven Network and Network Ten along with regional networks Prime7, GWN7, WIN Television, NBN Television no longer uses full-screen and voiced-over boards, prior to the beginning of a program. Instead opting for a small text box in the bottom right-hand corner (Nine) and top left-hand corner (WIN, GWN7, Prime7, Seven & Ten), while ABC, Foxtel and SBS continue to use full-screen and voiced-over boards before the start of a program. Consumer advice takes the form of a full-screen written and verbal announcement at the start of the program, announcing the classification as well as listing the type & strength and/or frequency of any classifiable element. In addition when a program carries consumer advice, appropriate abbreviations are displayed along with the classification symbol after each commercial break. They also usually appear in programming guides, usually in lower case to distinguish from primary classifications. In general, these abbreviations are as follows: For violence, coarse language and sex scenes, the intensity and/or frequency is mentioned in front of the consumer advice. These include: \"mild\", \"stylised\", \"some\", \"frequent\" or \"strong\". Example: \"strong sex scenes\". A television content rating system in Brazil was implemented following a consultation in 2006. Since then, the television networks themselves rate the shows, while the advisory rating () judges the content to guarantee that the rating is appropriate for that specific show. On broadcast networks, where the system is mandatory, the ratings are also translated in Brazilian Sign Language, and may also carry content descriptors. The icons must be shown at the start of each block of the show, and their respective promos. All rating is advisory unlike films and home videos. The Brazilian content rating system utilizes age-specific classifications (with the exception of L-rated programming), and consist of the following: The Canadian TV Classification System was created in late 1997 for English-language programs to use in conjunction with the V-chip (by this point, Canadian viewers were used to seeing ratings attached to American programming delivered via cable and over-the-air reception). The upper-right corner of symbols are shaped like the corner of a maple", "On broadcast networks, where the system is mandatory, the ratings are also translated in Brazilian Sign Language, and may also carry content descriptors. The icons must be shown at the start of each block of the show, and their respective promos. All rating is advisory unlike films and home videos. The Brazilian content rating system utilizes age-specific classifications (with the exception of L-rated programming), and consist of the following: The Canadian TV Classification System was created in late 1997 for English-language programs to use in conjunction with the V-chip (by this point, Canadian viewers were used to seeing ratings attached to American programming delivered via cable and over-the-air reception). The upper-right corner of symbols are shaped like the corner of a maple leaf, as is used in the national flag. The icons are intended to be shown once an hour lasting 15 seconds, although in the case of longer programs that do not start on the hour, some broadcasters show the rating at the start and at the top of each subsequent clock hour, while others show the rating at the start and again precisely one hour later. However, there are some networks like Global that only display the television rating at the beginning of the show. The icons are displayed in the upper-left corner and the size should be a minimum of 52 scan lines tall. Additionally, should a program contain content potentially unsuitable for some viewers, such as violence, coarse language, or nudity, members of the self-regulating Canadian Broadcast Standards Council (which does not include the CBC, although it still uses such warnings) are required to air a disclaimer at the beginning of the program and at the end of each commercial break, advising viewer discretion (such disclaimers are only required for the first hour if airing after 9:00 p.m.). This disclaimer is technically required even if the final commercial break comes immediately before the closing credits, and some (but not all) channels in fact observe this. Notably, the television rating given may depend on the level of cable and satellite, or if the program is broadcast over-the-air. Also, television ratings are generally considered more restrictive than movie ratings. The Canadian rating system is as follows: French-language broadcasters use the Régie du cinéma film rating system for television programming. Logo may or may not appear on screen after every commercial depending on the TV channel. The () devised a content rating system in 1993. Since 1997, Colombian television networks are required to specify programs within dubbed \"family\" and \"adult\" fringes, and must display a notice signifying the audience, both visually and in narration, the minimum age required to watch the program, if it contains sexual or violent content, and if parental company is needed at the beginning of every program. The networks must also air an 'institutional message' daily at 21:00, inviting children 12 years of age or less to \"not to stay exposed to contents which have no essentially child[-oriented] nature.\" A message must be broadcast at 22:10, Monday through Friday, (22:30 Saturdays and Sundays) explaining to viewers that the adult fringe has started. Most networks opt to display a scrolling text message instead. The ratings are as follows: Pornography is prohibited from being transmitted over the air in Colombia, even in the adult fringes. In Croatia, television networks show the rating during the broadcast. The Hrvatska Radiotelevizija (Croatian Radiotelevision) channels, RTL Televizija, RTL 2, Nova TV and Doma TV all display warnings before a broadcast not meant for a general audience. Broadcasts meant for all audiences do not have a rating. With that in mind, the rating system is the following: Article 65 of the \"Communications Law\" of Ecuador presents the following classification: The classification to which belongs each program will be arranged by the \"Consejo de Regulación y Desarrollo de la Información y Comunicación\" (Regulatory and Development Council of Information and Communication) depending on the parameters which are considered relevant. A content rating system were introduced to Finland television broadcasting in 2004. The initial ratings system for television programs shown on Finnish television channels consist of the following: If a program is classified as 'K16' or 'K18', a notification must be shown before broadcast. A content rating system in French is regulated by Conseil Supérieur de l'Audiovisuel (CSA). Each rating icon is translucent and, as of November 2012, is shown for the whole duration of the show. There initially was no ratings system for French television. In March 1961, following the broadcast of a film where a female nude was briefly visible, the \"white square\" was introduced. A white square, replaced by a white rectangle in 1964, was displayed in the corner of the screen. An off-screen voice warned at the beginning of the program that it was unsuitable for all audiences. This system continued until 1996 when the Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel replaced it with a system of five pictograms, indicating the suitability of the program. This system was replaced by the current system on 18 November 2002. In Germany every broadcaster has to show a disclaimer displaying the sentence \"Die nachfolgende Sendung ist für Zuschauer unter 16/18 Jahren nicht geeignet\" before transmission if the program contains potentially offensive content. This roughly translates to \"The following program is not suitable for viewers under 16/18\". The Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Fernsehen(FSF) checks many shows in private television. A content rating system in Greece was devised in 2000. The system has five ratings, with each rating being represented by a different shape on a different-coloured background. The color-coded ratings are compulsory, and are displayed and verbally announced at the beginning of each broadcast. These provisions are enforced by the Greek National Council for Radio and Television (ESR). The Hong Kong television rating system is since by generic code of television programs standard of the Broadcasting Ordinance (Cap.562) on December 11, 1995. The current ratings are: Programs that are classified as either 'PG' or 'M' should not be broadcast between 4:00 p.m. and 8:30 p.m. every day, as this is a watershed devised for family viewing. The Hungarian content rating system has changed frequently. The ratings of the programs broadcast often caused legal interferences, since the radio and television authorities have stricter guidelines about age appropriate rating categories for programs. If a program is not marked with the television authority's choice of rating symbol, the airing channel often has to pay large penalties to Hungarian authorities. In 2002, a new rating system was devised. Ranking programs and displaying the rating symbols became compulsory on every Hungarian television network. The new rating system caused trouble within these networks, because the channels were required to display the ranking symbols during the entire duration of their programs. The symbols were distracting to viewers, and networks feared that their constant presence could damage the television screen. Because of the complaints, the television authority allowed channels to choose to show the rating symbols on the left or on the right side of the screen. Later, channels were also allowed to increase the transparency of the symbols. In the current system there are five rating categories: Similar ratings also apply to films shown in cinemas, however unlike in other countries a viewer cannot be denied access from entering a screening if they are not the age of the rating. In February 2013, in the wake of controversy over suspension of exhibition of the film, \"Vishwaroopam\", the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting constituted a panel under the Chairmanship of Justice (Retd.) Mukul Mudgal to examine issues of film", "feared that their constant presence could damage the television screen. Because of the complaints, the television authority allowed channels to choose to show the rating symbols on the left or on the right side of the screen. Later, channels were also allowed to increase the transparency of the symbols. In the current system there are five rating categories: Similar ratings also apply to films shown in cinemas, however unlike in other countries a viewer cannot be denied access from entering a screening if they are not the age of the rating. In February 2013, in the wake of controversy over suspension of exhibition of the film, \"Vishwaroopam\", the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting constituted a panel under the Chairmanship of Justice (Retd.) Mukul Mudgal to examine issues of film certification under the Cinematograph Act 1952. One of the terms of reference for the committee is to examine \"the requirement of special categories of certification for the purposes of broadcasting on television channels and radio stations.\" But, the committee had not made any recommendations on this important matter. The current classifications of films in India are as follows: Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI) regulate broadcast television content that classifies television program into several classifications: In Malaysia, a television rating system was revised in January 2012. Ratings are shown before the program starts. The classifications are as follows: The classification system of television programs in Mexico is almost equivalent to that of the movie rating system of the country, and consists of the following: The television rating system in the Netherlands was created in 2001 by the \"Dutch Institute for the Classification of Audiovisual Media\" (NICAM) and is known as Kijkwijzer (ViewingGuide or WatchWiser). The same rating systems are used for both television programs and films, and serve partly as guidelines (Programs with the classification 12 years may only be broadcast from 8pm and with the classification 16 years from 10pm. Cinemas and theaters in the country cannot provide films with the classification 16 years to people under the age of 16). Animated versions of the icons used are also utilized in visual mediums. They are the same as Dutch film ratings. The system is also used for DVDs in Belgium and selectively used on television broadcasts in Flanders. The following icons are in use for age rating: There are also six descriptor icons used: New Zealand has two separate content rating systems, one for free-to-air channels and one for pay TV services. New Zealand's free-to-air TV content rating system has been in place since 1989 and is based on the system Australia was using from the early 1980s until 1993. There are three classifications: G (General Programs): These exclude material likely to harm children under 14 and can screen at any time. Programs may not necessarily be designed for younger viewers, but must not contain material likely to cause them undue distress or discomfort. PGR (Parental Guidance Recommended): Programs more suited to more mature viewers. These are not necessarily unsuitable for children (defined as under 14), but viewer discretion is advised, and parents and guardians are encouraged to supervise younger viewers. Programs rated PGR can screen between 9 a.m. – 4 p.m. and between 7 p.m. – 6 a.m. AO (Adults Only): AO programs contain material of an adult nature handled in such a way that it is unsuitable for children. Such programs are directed primarily at a mature audience and can screen between noon and 3pm on a school day (except during school and public holidays as designated by the Ministry of Education), and between 8:30 p.m. – 5:00 a.m. A special sub-class of this rating, denoted \"AO 9:30 p.m. or later\", is reserved for programs with a \"greater degree of sexual activity, potentially offensive language, realistic violence, sexual violence, or horrific encounters\" and are considered unsuitable for viewing before that time. www.bsa.govt.nz. The rating for each program is shown at the start and after each commercial break. Some PGR programs and most AO programs have an advisory before the program begins to advise of any specific content that could offend viewers such as language, nudity, sex and violence. The system for pay television is as follows: Any program of any rating can air at any time, but care should be taken to observe the following guidelines (as per the Broadcasting Codes of Practice): A TV-content rating system was introduced in Norway in July 2015. Television broadcasters are obliged to classify their programmes in the following age categories: A (all ages), 6 years, 9 years, 12 years, 15 years or 18 years. The classification must be based on the guidelines made by The Norwegian Media Authority. Programmes in the different age categories must be transmitted according to the following time schedule during the day: Television broadcasters shall specify the age limit acoustically before the programme starts or clearly mark the programme with an age limit throughout its duration. Television broadcasters shall also specify the age limit in programme schedules and electronic programme guides. The age categories are also applicable to other platforms such as Video on demand-services, videogrammes (DVD, Blu-Ray) and cinema theatres. The age rating system in Peru was introduced in 2005 by the then-President Alejandro Toledo and came into force for both radio and television broadcasts. Currently, the only free-to-air channels advising their audiences about the rating system are ATV, NexTV and La Tele, since most channels adopted their own system since 2009, starting with América Televisión. The ratings for television programs are available on some Peruvian channels. The rating system used in Peru is listed below. In the Philippines, the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board, commonly known as MTRCB, implements and regulates local television content rating systems. In November 1995, the MTRCB has implemented only two television ratings: \"General Patronage\" and \"Parental Guidance\", in which these advisories are simply written on the upper left side or at the lower right side of the television screen. On 6 October 2011, in order to encourage parents to supervise and be responsible with their children in watching television, the MTRCB revamped its rating system, implementing a three-tiered system: The new ratings was originally to have been a four-tiered system, composed of G (General Patronage), PG (Parental Guidance), SPG (Strong Parental Guidance), and M, but some time before the implementation of the new system, the \"M\" rating was dropped. The new ratings system is similar to the old one, but the look and the ratings themselves was completely revamped. The new system consists of a new full-screen advisory of the program's rating which is played before every program, whatever the rating of such program is, except in the case of programs with SPG rating, wherein the rating must be aired twice (before the program and after a commercial break somewhere in the middle of the program). A rating logo then appears at the bottom right of the screen during a program if it was rated as such. Sometimes, when annotations are to be put and it takes the place of the logo, then it has to be put on the upper left side of the screen, opposite the logo of the TV station. On 9 February 2012, the SPG rating was implemented, which utilizes at least one of the following content descriptors: T for \"tema\" (themes), L for \"lengguwahe\" (language), V for \"karahasan\" (violence), S for \"sekswal\" (sex), H for \"katatakutan\" (horror) and D for \"droga\" (drugs). The rating was first broadcast on the film \"Cinco\" which was aired in ABS-CBN, where it had its old advisory. Before 2000, Poland did not have any uniform classification system for television programs. Some stations, however, applied their own system of signs: in front of", "bottom right of the screen during a program if it was rated as such. Sometimes, when annotations are to be put and it takes the place of the logo, then it has to be put on the upper left side of the screen, opposite the logo of the TV station. On 9 February 2012, the SPG rating was implemented, which utilizes at least one of the following content descriptors: T for \"tema\" (themes), L for \"lengguwahe\" (language), V for \"karahasan\" (violence), S for \"sekswal\" (sex), H for \"katatakutan\" (horror) and D for \"droga\" (drugs). The rating was first broadcast on the film \"Cinco\" which was aired in ABS-CBN, where it had its old advisory. Before 2000, Poland did not have any uniform classification system for television programs. Some stations, however, applied their own system of signs: in front of the selected films TVP board applied the \"Adult only\" or \"Film for adult audiences only\". In Canal+ before the film to show in chart with key Canal+ in the appropriate color (green, yellow, red). Until 27 February 2000, TVN decided to mark the so-called \"adult movies\" with a pulsating red 18+ logo. On 1 March 2000, an agreement was reached with Polish television broadcasters as \"Friendly media\" in order to introduce a uniform system of classification of television programs. Nine television broadcasters - TVP, Polsat, TVN, Nasza TV, Canal+, Wizja TV, Polish Cable Television and TV Niepokalanow - had signed the agreement. The current Polish television rating system was introduced on 15 August 2005 and consists of five icons. On 28 August 2011 changed the appearance of the characters: For a long time, the only existing regulation on Portuguese television was that programs with potentially shocking or harmful content could air only between 10:30pm and 6am and with a red circular marker on the top-right corner of the screen in rated 16. In 2006, all free-to-air networks decided to complement this rule with a shared, more detailed rating system for TV shows: These logos must be shown during 10 seconds in the beginning of any program and after every break. If a program is rated 16, it can only be broadcast between 10:30pm and 6am. The Romanian content rating system has changed frequently. The ratings of the programs broadcast often caused legal interferences, since the radio and television authorities have stricter guidelines about age appropriate rating categories for programs. If a program is not marked with the television authority's choice of rating symbol, the airing channel often has to pay large penalties to Romanian authorities, except with 24h all-news channels, 24h advertising channels (teleshopping), pay television or pay-per-view channels (like Eurosport, HBO, etc.) and foreign broadcasting TV-channels (like TV5Monde, Deutsche Welle, arte, etc.) that are subjected to foreign audio-visual regulations from their country of origin. In 2002, a new rating system was devised. Ranking programs and displaying the rating symbols became compulsory on every Romanian television network. The new rating system caused trouble within these networks, because the channels were required to display the ranking symbols during the entire duration of their programs. The symbols were distracting to viewers, and networks feared that their constant presence could damage the television screen. Because of the complaints, the television authority allowed channels to choose to show the rating symbols on the left or on the right side of the screen. Later, channels were also allowed to increase the transparency of the symbols. In the current system there are five rating categories: The rating system for programs and films shown on Russian television: These logos are shown in the beginning of the program and after every break. Singapore has adopted the use of TV Ratings from 15 July 2011. They consist of PG and PG13 ratings for Free-to-Air TV and NC16 and M18 ratings in addition to the PG and PG13 ratings for Pay TV channels. For Free-to-Air TV, the shows rated PG may be aired anytime while PG13 should air between 10pm to 6am. For Pay TV, PG13 rated programs can be shown anytime. Before the rated program starts the TV channels will show a notification. Currently, only StarHub TV's and Mio TV's self-packaged non-regional Pay TV channels ( e.g. StarHub TV's E City and Sensasi and Mio TV's FashionTV HD and FashionTV HD On Demand, both of which features modeling nudity in certain programs ) are enabled to carry NC16 and M18 rated content. FashionTV is also Singapore's first official M18 rated channel. M18 rated programs can only be telecasted from 10pm onwards to 6am on Pay TV. Regional channels like Fox Life, Fox Movies and HBO Asia are unable to carry Media Development Authority's film ratings as they are targeted at the same region (a certain group of Asia territories), which results in programs being subjected to external censorship of a much harsher nature outside Singapore territorial control. Only Video on Demand (VOD) Pay TV services are allowed to carry R21 content currently. G-rated programs are not required to show a notification for any channel. Slovakian government accepted a law in 2001, in which television stations are required to display one of the following icons: Slovenian government accepted a law in 2004, in which television stations are required to play a warning before a program and display one of the following icons: South African ratings are issued and certified by the Film and Publication Board, whilst the National Broadcasting Commission regulates the various films and programs. All television stations, cinemas and distributors of DVD, video and computer games must display the following signage: Additional symbols: The South Korean television rating system has been in force since 2000, and it started with only four classifications which are All, 7, 13 and 19. In February 2001, all programs except domestic dramas (which had been enforced since November 2002) has required to have a rating system. In 2007, rating 13 was changed into 12 and a new rating, 15 is introduced. Most programs have to be rated, except the \"exempt\" rating below. Even if it qualifies for being exempt, a broadcaster may apply a rating. Rating icons may be transparent, and can be positioned either on the upper-left or upper-right corner of the screen. The icon has a size of at least 1/20 of the screen, and has black writing on a yellow circle with a white outline. These icons are shown for 30 seconds when the program starts, and are shown again every 10 minutes, and when the program resumes after commercial breaks. This does not apply to 19-rated programs, where the icon must be visible throughout the entire program. These regulations do not apply to the \"All\" rating, as it does not have an icon. A rating disclaimer is displayed on the start of the program for five seconds explaining \"This program is prohibited for children under the age of \"X\", so parental accompaniment is required\" (, I peu-ro-geu-raem eun \"X: se-mi-man ui eo rin-i/cheong-so nyeon-i si cheong hagi e bu-jeok jeol ha-meu robo hoja ui si cheong-ji doga pir-yo han peu-ro-geu-raem ipnida) for 7, 12, and 15 ratings. \"All\" and \"19\" ratings have a different disclaimer, which say \"This program is suitable for all ages\" () and \"This program is prohibited for children under the age of 19\" () respectively. These ratings are used by all South Korean television broadcasters. Despite being intended for viewing outside of the country, KBS World also uses these ratings. South Korean television ratings do not include content descriptors or advisories as they do in other nations. The ratings are therefore used in a broader sense. These are the symbols of the Spanish rating system for television programs: Unrated programs do not display any icon on the screen; in Catalonia, TP-rated shows do not show any icon as well. Nowadays rating symbols are shown during all the program and in promos; each channel has its right to choose its design and where it has", "disclaimer, which say \"This program is suitable for all ages\" () and \"This program is prohibited for children under the age of 19\" () respectively. These ratings are used by all South Korean television broadcasters. Despite being intended for viewing outside of the country, KBS World also uses these ratings. South Korean television ratings do not include content descriptors or advisories as they do in other nations. The ratings are therefore used in a broader sense. These are the symbols of the Spanish rating system for television programs: Unrated programs do not display any icon on the screen; in Catalonia, TP-rated shows do not show any icon as well. Nowadays rating symbols are shown during all the program and in promos; each channel has its right to choose its design and where it has to be placed. The \"Infantil\" rating it's the exception, because it appears during the first five seconds. In Catalonia, only the 13, 16 and 18 ratings remain transparent in the screen, while the others (7, 10 and 12) are seen during the first 30 seconds. Taiwanese rating system for television programs was introduced in 1999 but changed in 2017 and there are five symbols: Television programs free of circumstances listed in the preceding four articles and suitable for watching by general audiences may be listed as G . The images of news reports shall conform to the provisions of \"G\" rate. Television programs free of circumstances listed in the preceding three articles but portraying any one of the following circumstances shall be listed as P. Television programs free of circumstances listed in the preceding two articles but portraying any one of the following circumstances shall be listed as PG-12. Television programs free of circumstances listed in Article 4 but portraying any one of the following circumstances shall be listed as PG-15. Television programs portraying any one of the following circumstances shall be listed as R and be broadcast by encryption. In Thailand, a television rating system was introduced in 2006 alongside a movie ratings for movies. In September 2013, the television rating was revised. Under the new guideline, the so-called ′Free TV′ channels have to label their programs and reschedule their shows to comply in the following categories: TV programs in Thailand are already labeled by a certain system of categories, a practice criticised by rights group as nanny-state censorship and ridiculed by some Netizens for its confusing standards. The TV content rating system in Turkey was introduced by RTÜK in 2006. The ratings are the following: There are also content informations which indicate violence/horror, sexuality and negative examples. News programs, sports competitions, religious ceremonies and commercial communication broadcasts are exempt from the content rating system. The Ukrainian TV content rating system was adopted on 15 September 2003. It started with three classifications (●, ▲, ■). On 6 May 2016, the classifications were replaced, and shows that do not have age restrictions are not rated. The new ratings are as follows: These designations must be displayed on the lower right corner of the television screen. TV-Y – \"This program is aimed at a very young audience, including children from ages 2–6.\" Programs rated TV-G are generally suitable for all ages. The FCC states that \"this rating does not signify a program designed specifically for children, most parents may let younger children watch this program unattended.\" The thematic elements portrayed in programs with this rating contain little or no violence, no strong language, and little or no sexual dialogue or situations. Some thematic elements, according to the FCC, \"may call for parental guidance and/or the program may contain one or more of the following\" sub-ratings, designated with an alphabetic letter: Up to four content descriptors can be applied alongside an applied rating, depending on the kind of suggestive content featured in a program (with the exception of the \"FV\" sub-rating, due to its sole applicable use for children's programs). As the rating increases pertaining to the age, the content matters generally get more intensive. The 'suggestive dialogue' descriptor is used for TV-PG and TV-14 rated programs only, although certain networks may choose to rate their TV-MA programs with the descriptor, while the DLSV sub-ratings are only used with the TV-PG and TV-14 ratings. The violence descriptor was used for TV-Y7 programs until the creation of the 'FV' descriptor in 1997. Television content in Venezuela is regulated by the Law on Social Responsibility on Radio and Television (\"Ley de Responsabilidad Social en Radio y Televisión\"), introduced in January 2003. Free-to-air television broadcasters are required to classify their programs using the following ratings: It is mandatory for all Venezuelan television station to broadcast a short presentation, before the broadcast of any programs, made by the same channel, where the type of program (recreational, informational, mixed, etc.), type of production (domestic or national independent) elements include containing (such as language, health, sex and/or violence) and lastly the rating of the program. Television content rating system Television content rating systems are systems for evaluating the content and reporting the suitability of television programs for children, teenagers, or adults. Many countries have their own television rating system and countries' rating processes vary by local priorities. Programs are rated by the organization that manages the system, the broadcaster, or the content producers. A rating is usually set for each individual episode of a television series. The rating can change per episode, network, rerun, and country. As such, program ratings are usually not meaningful unless when and where" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bulmershe College Bulmershe College was an education institution in the Reading suburb of Woodley, in the English county of Berkshire. Historically, Bulmershe has been the name of a manor and of two quite distinct country houses, one of which still stands but is now known as Bulmershe Manor. Bulmershe College opened for teaching in 1964 but merged with the University of Reading in 1989 to create the Bulmershe Court campus. Bulmershe first appears in existing records in the 12th century as a place in the parish of Sonning. The first reference to it as a manor was in 1447 when it was granted to Reading Abbey. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the land was acquired by the poet William Gray. He probably built the first house here, the remains of which may be the basis of the present Bulmershe Manor. William Gray's wife, Agnes, was the widow of Robert Blagrave, a merchant of London and Reading and their son, John was Gray's heir. Through this the Blagrave family came to own Bulmershe Court, although both John Blagrave the mathematician and Daniel Blagrave the regicide resided at the family's other residence, at Southcote House in what is now the Reading suburb of Southcote. The main branch of the Blagrave family died out in 1789, and the estate was sold to Henry Addington, then Speaker of the British House of Commons. At the same time he purchased the adjoining Woodley House, which had been built some seven years earlier. Addington preferred to live in the more modern structure, and in time the name Bulmershe Court transferred over to that building. The earlier Bulmershe Court became known as Old Bulmershe Court. For a time it fell into disrepair, but was restored in the 1920s and renamed Bulmershe Manor. Bulmershe Manor is a Grade II* listed building. The newer Bulmershe Court was used by the War Office during World War II, but was pulled down in 1962 to make way for an educational establishment called Bulmershe College of Education which opened two years later. Tom Hollis the first Principal would not take students straight from school for the first two years. His successor was James Porter, who went on to be Director of the Commonwealth Institute, London. Principally a centre for Teacher Training, the institution later broadened by offering a range of higher education courses validated by the now defunct :Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA). It became Berkshire College of Education in 1975, awarding its own degrees two years later. Finding itself facing extreme financial pressure as part of a national education funding squeeze at the latter days of the Thatcher government (under Keith Joseph, Kenneth Baker, and others), the future of the College (and others in a similar position) then became doubtful. Principal Brian Palmer led a widespread study of all available options (including a drastic cutback of its expanded provision) and after these had been fully investigated, Bulmershe then merged with the University of Reading in 1989. This created the Bulmershe Court campus of the University. The merger secured its funding and thus safeguarded a large number of its courses and staff, both academic and administrative, for the next few years. The campus was sold by the University of Reading in January 2014, as the University had earlier decided to concentrate its activity on its three other campuses. Reading moved all teaching and research at Bulmershe either to Whiteknights or to London Road by 2011/12, having invested in new buildings several years previously, and closed the student accommodation. It had planned to redevelop the site for housing but eventually chose to sell it. There was a \"Farewell to Bulmershe\" event in 2011 for alumni of the institutions before and after the merger. As Bulmershe College of Higher Education (BCHE), alongside existing BEd and other education qualifications (such as the PGCE), the new establishment ran a range of BA Honours courses in humanities subjects such as History, Geography, and English. The American Studies programme ran a regular exchange with students in America's Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania. Students at Boston University also regularly visited campus as part of an established exchange programme. Courses in Modern European Literature and Film and Drama Studies were especially prestigious. Film director Richard Kwietniowski taught on the latter course during the mid-1980s, as did one-time Channel Four Commissioning Editor Stuart Cosgrove, and the feminist film academic Laura Mulvey. The College also housed a permanent writer-in-residence, Sue Krisman, author of 'Ducks and Drakes', who ran courses for students in creative writing. The College played host to a wide variety of disparate student communities: Bulmershe prided itself on its accessibility for students with disabilities, and offered specially adapted residential hostel accommodation. The offices of the Bulmershe Resource Centre for the Handicapped (BReCH) were sited on campus for several years. With the support of Principal Harold Silver (1978–86), the College also then became a locus for a wide range of activities related to the deaf community. Within a space of a few years, it offered a Theatre of the Deaf course of study, housed offices for both the Berkshire Consortium Support Services and the national charity Friends for the Young Deaf Trust (FYD), and was home to the first-ever profoundly deaf Student Union President, Craig Crowley. Student social life largely revolved – as in most campuses – around eating and drinking. The formal student refectory (for those living in hall) was supplemented by a pay-as-you-eat canteen affectionately known to all as 'Chip City'. And the Union bar was the scene for many promotion events, perhaps the most notorious being the regular Foster's nights. Alongside a managing interest in the bar (whose 'Landlord' was actually a College employee), the Bulmershe Students' Union provided a shop to meet every student need. Dee's Shop was a significant landmark on campus. And the weekly freesheet 'Bulletin', edited and produced by the Student Union (and at one stage by TV writer and Dr Who author Colin Brake), kept everyone up-to-date with news, events and gossip. Large scale events had two main origins. Firstly, theatre students were required to stage performances as part of their assessment and examinations, and these were annually open to audiences gathered from across the student body. In addition, the official College Production, directed by a member of staff, was mounted yearly, with cast and crew consisting of all students who volunteered to play a part. Secondly, regular Students Balls were held throughout the academic year, principally for Freshers, at Christmas, for Valentine's Day, Rag Week, and in the Summer. Artists were many and varied, with soul legend Geno Washington performing, and at one stage included Cockney Rebel and Dr Feelgood in the 1970s and pop band Erasure, who played at Bulmershe in the run up to their big charts successes in the 1980s. Another well known band to play at Bulmershe was The Levellers who played an animal rights benefit gig in 1988. BCHESU was structured as many unions affiliated to the National Union of Students (NUS). It had a written constitution to govern its affairs, and an executive committee to run day-to-day business, headed by two paid employees: the president and deputy president. In addition to the Shop Manager, BCHESU also had two other members of staff on the payroll – a Financial Manager to oversee the annual budget, and an Office Secretary. Like much of student politics in the 1980s, BCHESU discussion and debate was heavily influenced by the Thatcher government and its policies, both in education and beyond. As part of the many clubs and societies funded from its budget, the Socialist Society came to prominence and galvanised and divided opinion across campus. A sustained and organised campaign led to significant success in the elections for the", "to the National Union of Students (NUS). It had a written constitution to govern its affairs, and an executive committee to run day-to-day business, headed by two paid employees: the president and deputy president. In addition to the Shop Manager, BCHESU also had two other members of staff on the payroll – a Financial Manager to oversee the annual budget, and an Office Secretary. Like much of student politics in the 1980s, BCHESU discussion and debate was heavily influenced by the Thatcher government and its policies, both in education and beyond. As part of the many clubs and societies funded from its budget, the Socialist Society came to prominence and galvanised and divided opinion across campus. A sustained and organised campaign led to significant success in the elections for the 1984–85 Executive Committee but this was then challenged during proposals to donate union monies to the striking miners. (The legality of giving money to causes beyond the immediate concern of students – known as 'ultra vires' payments – became a prime concern for student politics nationally at this time). The proposals fell, leading to the wholesale resignation of Socialist Society members of the Executive, including the president. Aside from party politics, student debate was also fuelled by the disparate nature of the many, quite separate, communities on campus. Tensions between these communities led to two significant events in the life of Bulmershe, leading to formal investigations and reports by the College Authorities. The first revolved around the annual Christmas revue show called Big Als, which at one stage fell foul of a serious allegation of homophobia. The well-established brash and bawdy event suddenly became a catalyst for the differences that existed between the sporting community, who owned the show, and the drama students who were, by their nature, responsible for every other performance at the College except this one. The second took place during one year's traditional Rag Week events, and concerned an allegation of racism. Again, it seemed that a large part of the background to the event was the obvious but unspoken tension between the largely white main student body and those black students studying Social Work and Community and Youth work courses. The two groups were almost actively prevented from any significant integration by the logistics of the College – the professional courses were run in a distinct part of the campus, on a timetable at odds with the rest of College life, and attracting existing workers whose day-to-day experience was completely different from that of any other Bulmershe student. Bulmershe College Bulmershe College was an education institution in the Reading suburb of Woodley, in the English" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Narket Narket is a village in Kapurthala district of Punjab State, India. It is located from Kapurthala, which is both district and sub-district headquarters of Narket. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India). According to the report published by Census India in 2011, Narket has 68 houses with the total population of 398 persons of which 205 are male and 193 females. Literacy rate of Narket is 76.57%, higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children in the age group 0–6 years is 48 which is 12.06% of the total population. Child sex ratio is approximately 920, higher than the state average of 846. Narket Narket is a village in Kapurthala district of Punjab State, India. It is located from Kapurthala, which is both district and sub-district headquarters of Narket. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India). According to the report published by Census India in 2011, Narket has 68 houses with the total population of 398 persons of which 205 are male" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Quah (album) Quah is the first solo album by Jorma Kaukonen of Hot Tuna and Jefferson Airplane. The album was recorded with Tom Hobson. The initial plan was to have side-A be Kaukonen and side-B be Hobson. However, RCA felt that Hobson's recordings would not be accepted by the public. Initially the record was planned to be released in mid-1973, but because of the issues with Hobson, Kaukonen returned to the studio to record new tracks for side B in May 1974. Only \"Blue Prelude\" and \"Sweet Hawaiian Sunshine\" of the original 1974 release feature Hobson's lead vocal, although he also plays guitar on \"I'll Let You Know Before I Leave.\" On the CD reissue, Hobson is featured on all bonus tracks except for \"Lord Have Mercy.\" In 1980, Grunt Records reissued the album with a different cover that used the photographs that were originally used inside the gatefold. In 1987, Relix Records released the album under license from RCA. It was released on vinyl and was one of the first CDs released by an independent record label in the USA. The first Relix version was pressed in Switzerland, then Japan and finally manufactured in the USA. Relix also released a remastered and graphically revised version in the late 1990s with computer improved tracks from the original masters. BMG (incorporating the former RCA) re-released the original album on CD in 2003, along with the bonus tracks featuring Hobson. All songs written by Jorma Kaukonen, except where noted Quah (album) Quah is the first solo album by Jorma Kaukonen of Hot Tuna and Jefferson Airplane. The album was recorded with Tom Hobson. The initial plan was to have side-A be Kaukonen and side-B be Hobson. However, RCA felt that Hobson's recordings would not be accepted by the public. Initially the record" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Peter Sawyer (historian) Peter Hayes Sawyer (25 June 1928 – 7 July 2018) was a British historian. His work on the Vikings was highly influential, as was his scholarship on Medieval England. Sawyer's early work The Age of the Vikings argued that the Vikings were \"traders not raiders\", overturning the previously held view that the Vikings' voyages were only focused on destruction and pillaging. Sawyer is particularly known for his annotated catalogue of Anglo-Saxon charters. Anglo-Saxon charters are referenced by \"Sawyer\" numbers (abbreviated 'S' as for example in charter \"S 407\") according to his catalogue. Sawyer was born in Oxford, England, on 25 June 1928, the son of Grace Woodbridge and Bill Sawyer, a tobacconist. He grew up in Oxford, except for time spent with relatives in Milford Haven during WWII. Sawyer studied at Oxford University from 1948 to 1951, where he was a member of Jesus College and graduated with a B.A. Honours in Modern History. He then was a research student at the University of Manchester from 1951 to 1953. After his time in Manchester, Sawyer was an assistant at the University of Edinburgh from 1953 to 1956 and a lecturer in medieval history at the University of Birmingham from 1957 to 1964. He taught at the University of Leeds from 1964, becoming professor of Medieval History in 1970. He retired early from Leeds in 1982 and was subsequently (in 1998) given the title Emeritus Professor. Sawyer continued his teaching and research at Göteborg University as a docent, and had various stints as a visiting professor in the United States: at the University of Minnesota from 1966 to 1967 and then again in 1984, and at the University of California, Berkeley in 1985. Between 1996 and 2006 he worked in Trondheim (where his wife Birgit was a professor of Medieval History), connected to NTNU, and from 2006 he lived and worked in Uppsala. He died in Uppsala, aged 90, in July 2018. Peter Sawyer (historian) Peter Hayes Sawyer (25 June 1928 – 7 July 2018) was a British historian. His work on the Vikings was highly influential, as was his scholarship on Medieval England. Sawyer's early work The Age of the Vikings argued that the Vikings were \"traders not raiders\", overturning the previously held view that the Vikings' voyages were only focused on destruction and pillaging. Sawyer is particularly known for his annotated catalogue of Anglo-Saxon charters. Anglo-Saxon" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Medication therapy management Medication Therapy Management (MTM) is a service provided typically by pharmacists that aims to improve outcomes by helping people to better understand their health conditions and the medications used to manage them. This includes providing education on the disease state and medications used to treat the disease state, ensuring that medicines are taken correctly, looking for any side effects, and providing education on how to manage any side effects. MTM is a process that can be broken down into five steps: medication therapy review, personal medication record, medication-related action plan, intervention and or referral, and documentation and follow-up. The medication therapy review part of MTM has the pharmacist review all of the prescribed medications, any over the counter medications, and all dietary supplements an individual is taking. This allows the pharmacist to look for any duplications or dangerous drug interactions. This service can be especially valuable for people who are older, have several chronic conditions, take multiple medications, or are seen by multiple doctors. In 2014, the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) required Part D plans to include MTM services, which led to an expansion of services offered during MTM. It is a free service for members enrolled in Part D who meet three eligibility criteria. Enrollees must have at least two chronic conditions, take multiple drugs covered by Part D, and are predicted to exceed a preset amount in annual out of pocket costs for their covered Part D drugs (set at $3,967 in 2018 and $4,044 in 2019). Medication therapy management Medication Therapy Management (MTM) is a service provided typically by pharmacists that aims to improve outcomes by helping people to better understand their health conditions and the medications used to manage them. This includes providing education on the disease state and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sudanese Regroupment Party The Sudanese Regroupment Party (, PRS) was a political party in French Sudan led by Fily Dabo Sissoko. Politically it represented a conservative traditionalist position, and drew support from traditional chiefs and the colonial administration. It was founded in December 1945 by Sissoko, son of a canton chief, and Hamadoun Dicko, a former canton chief. The party sought gradual independence from France, seeking to preserve the influence of traditional elites. The party was established in 1946 as the Sudanese Progressive Party (\"Parti Progressiste Soudanais\"). In the French elections that year the party won two of three Sudanese seats in the French National Assembly. Sissoko and Jean Silvandre were elected. In total list of the party obtained 60,759 votes (64%). After the elections, the PSP parliamentarians joined the SFIO parliamentary group. In the 1951 French elections, the party won all three seats in French Sudan. Sissoko, Dicko and Silvandre were elected. The list of the party got 201 866 votes (59.7%). However, after January 1956 PSP lost its role as a major actor in French Sudanese politics. The party received 161,911 votes in the January 1956 French elections, coming second to the Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally (US-RDA). In July the same year a by-election was held after the death of Mamadou Konaté. The PSP again finished second, with 88,719 votes. In 1957 the party became the French Sudanese section of the African Socialist Movement. It won six seats in the 1957 Territorial Assembly elections, with the US-RDA winning 57. After the defeat Sissoko changed the name of the party to PRS. The party faced increasingly difficulties, with the US-RDA government blocking its ability to function normally. The French colonial authorities had withdrawn their support for the party, as they had begun considering good relations with the US-RDA as more useful. The party lost all six seats in the March 1959 elections, which saw the US-RDA win all 80 seats. On 31 March 1959, Sissoko declared, on behalf of the PRS politburo, that the party was merging into US-RDA. his decision was the result of a three-day party conference. Sudanese Regroupment Party The Sudanese Regroupment Party (, PRS) was a political party in French Sudan led by Fily Dabo Sissoko. Politically it represented a conservative traditionalist position, and drew support from traditional chiefs and the colonial administration. It was founded in December 1945 by Sissoko, son of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Catapult (band) Catapult were a Dutch glam rock band active between 1973 and 1979. The band formed in the Summer of 1973 when during a holiday in the Spanish resort of Lloret de Mar, Geertjan Hessing, Erwin van Prehn, Aart Mol and Cees Bergman decided to form a band. The four were veterans of the Dutch rock scene but had achieved little success up to that time. Later that year keyboard player Michael Eschauzier joined them. The band's name was suggested by Golden Earring vocalist Barry Hay. They released their first single, \"Hit The Big Time\", produced by ex Golden Earring drummer Jaap Eggermont early in 1974 and it reached no. 16 on the Dutch Singles Chart. Keyboardist Eschauzier was replaced in April 1974 by Elmer Veerfoff. The band had several hit singles between 1974 and 1975, the most successful being \"Let Your Hair Hang Down\" which reached no. 5 on the Dutch Singles Chart. As glam rock became less popular Catapult's fortunes took a downturn and they split up in 1979. The band continued to work together though, forming a production company called \"Cat Music\" and recording as Rubberen Robbie with some success in the Netherlands and Belgium. Cees Bergman died at the age of 65 on 21 September 2017. Catapult (band) Catapult were a Dutch glam rock band active between 1973 and 1979. The band formed in the Summer of 1973 when during a holiday in the Spanish resort of Lloret de Mar, Geertjan Hessing, Erwin van Prehn, Aart Mol and Cees Bergman decided to form a band. The four were veterans of the Dutch rock scene but had achieved little success up to that time. Later that year keyboard player Michael Eschauzier joined them. The band's name was suggested by Golden Earring vocalist Barry Hay. They released" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Crown ether Crown ethers are cyclic chemical compounds that consist of a ring containing several ether groups. The most common crown ethers are cyclic oligomers of ethylene oxide, the repeating unit being ethyleneoxy, i.e., –CHCHO–. Important members of this series are the tetramer (\"n\" = 4), the pentamer (\"n\" = 5), and the hexamer (\"n\" = 6). The term \"crown\" refers to the resemblance between the structure of a crown ether bound to a cation, and a crown sitting on a person's head. The first number in a crown ether's name refers to the number of atoms in the cycle, and the second number refers to the number of those atoms that are oxygen. Crown ethers are much broader than the oligomers of ethylene oxide; an important group are derived from catechol. Crown ethers strongly bind certain cations, forming complexes. The oxygen atoms are well situated to coordinate with a cation located at the interior of the ring, whereas the exterior of the ring is hydrophobic. The resulting cations often form salts that are soluble in nonpolar solvents, and for this reason crown ethers are useful in phase transfer catalysis. The denticity of the polyether influences the affinity of the crown ether for various cations. For example, 18-crown-6 has high affinity for potassium cation, 15-crown-5 for sodium cation, and 12-crown-4 for lithium cation. The high affinity of 18-crown-6 for potassium ions contributes to its toxicity. Crown ethers are not the only macrocyclic ligands that have affinity for the potassium cation. Ionophores such as valinomycin also display a marked preference for the potassium cation over other cations. Crown ethers have been shown to coordinate to Lewis acids through electrostatic, σ-hole (see halogen bond) interactions, between the Lewis basic oxygen atoms of the crown ether and the electrophilic Lewis acid center. In 1967, Charles Pedersen, who was a chemist working at DuPont, discovered a simple method of synthesizing a crown ether when he was trying to prepare a complexing agent for divalent cations. His strategy entailed linking two catecholate groups through one hydroxyl on each molecule. This linking defines a polydentate ligand that could partially envelop the cation and, by ionization of the phenolic hydroxyls, neutralize the bound dication. He was surprised to isolate a by-product that strongly complexed potassium cations. Citing earlier work on the dissolution of potassium in 16-crown-4, he realized that the cyclic polyethers represented a new class of complexing agents that were capable of binding alkali metal cations. He proceeded to report systematic studies of the synthesis and binding properties of crown ethers in a seminal series of papers. The fields of organic synthesis, phase transfer catalysts, and other emerging disciplines benefited from the discovery of crown ethers. Pedersen particularly popularized the dibenzo crown ethers. Pedersen shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of the synthetic routes to, and binding properties of, crown ethers. Apart from its high affinity for potassium cations, 18-crown-6 can also bind to protonated amines and form very stable complexes in both solution and the gas phase. Some amino acids, such as lysine, contain a primary amine on their side chains. Those protonated amino groups can bind to the cavity of 18-crown-6 and form stable complexes in the gas phase. Hydrogen-bonds are formed between the three hydrogen atoms of protonated amines and three oxygen atoms of 18-crown-6. These hydrogen-bonds make the complex a stable adduct. By incorporating luminescent substituents into their backbone, these compounds have proved to be sensitive ion probes, as changes in the absorption or fluorescence of the photoactive groups can be measured for very low concentrations of metal present. Some attractive examples include macrocycles, incorporating oxygen and/or nitrogen donors, that are attached to polyaromatic species such as anthracenes (via the 9 and/or 10 positions) or naphthalenes (via the 2 and 3 positions). 21- and 18-membered diazacrown ether derivatives exhibit excellent calcium and magnesium selectivities and are widely used in ion-selective electrodes. Some or all of the oxygen atoms in crown ethers can be replaced by nitrogens to form cryptands. A well-known tetrazacrown is cyclen in which there are no oxygens. Lariat crown ethers have sidearms that can augment complexation of cation. The lariat is typically attached to an amine centre in an azacrown. Crown ether Crown ethers are cyclic chemical compounds that consist of a ring containing several ether groups. The most common crown ethers are cyclic oligomers of ethylene oxide, the repeating unit being ethyleneoxy, i.e., –CHCHO–. Important members of this series are the tetramer (\"n\" = 4), the pentamer (\"n\" = 5), and the hexamer (\"n\" = 6). The term \"crown\" refers to the resemblance between the structure of a crown ether bound to a cation, and a crown sitting on a person's head. The first number in a crown ether's name refers to the number" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Munif Mohammed Abou Rish Munif Mohammed Abou Rish was a Palestinian journalist, who in 1974 planned to assassinate Bob Hawke, the federal president of the Australian Labor Party, who later became prime minister of Australia. He also planned to assassinate the Israeli ambassador to Australia, and several prominent Jewish figures in Australia. A Palestinian living in Australia gave fake passports to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine responsible for aircraft hijackings and attacks on Jewish institutions, for the purposes of an attack on Australian soil. In 1974, Abou Rish left Australia and planned to return to carry out the assassinations the following year, but he was killed by Israeli security forces. Munif Mohammed Abou Rish Munif Mohammed Abou Rish was a Palestinian journalist, who in 1974 planned to assassinate Bob Hawke, the federal president of the Australian Labor Party, who later became prime minister of Australia. He also planned to assassinate the Israeli ambassador to Australia, and several prominent Jewish figures in Australia. A Palestinian living in Australia gave fake passports to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine responsible for aircraft hijackings and attacks on Jewish institutions, for the purposes of an attack on Australian soil." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sir William Willys, 6th Baronet Sir William Willys, 6th Baronet (c. 1685–1732) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1727 to 1732. Willys was the second son of William Willys of Austin Friars, and his wife Catherine Gore, daughter of Robert Gore merchant of Chelsea and widow of George Evelyn. His father was the fourth son of Sir Thomas Willys, 1st Baronet and was a London, merchant trading with Hamburg. Willys succeeded his brother in the baronetcy, which came to him from a cousin, on 17 July 1726. Willys was returned as Member of Parliament for Newport (Isle of Wight) at a by-election on 31 January 1727. At the 1727 general election he stood instead at Great Bedwyn, probably with the support of his brother-in-law Francis Stonehouse, and topped the poll. Stonehouse was a former MP and had married Willys’ half-sister Mary Evelyn. Willys voted consistently with the Administration as long as he was in Parliament. Willys died unmarried on 14 April 1732 and the baronetcy became extinct. Sir William Willys, 6th Baronet Sir William Willys, 6th Baronet (c. 1685–1732) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1727 to 1732." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Aron Pollock Aron Dean Pollock (born 23 March 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays for Concord Rangers, as a defender. Drafted into the Leyton Orient first team squad during early 2016, Pollock went on a work experience loan to Isthmian League club Wingate & Finchley on 4 March 2016. Pollock made his Orient first team debut on 30 April in the starting lineup for the final home match of the season, against Mansfield Town. Pollock impressed in his opening performance, being voted Man of the Match and subsequently starting in the following match against Yeovil, in the final match of the season. Following a short-term loan spell at National League South side Wealdstone, Pollock joined Isthmian League Premier Division side Leatherhead on a one-month loan in December 2017. He went onto feature eleven times before making his spell permanent, following his release from Leyton Orient. Prior to the 2018–19 campaign, Pollock reunited with former manager, Sammy Moore at Concord Rangers and went onto make his debut against Gloucester City. Aron Pollock Aron Dean Pollock (born 23 March 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays for Concord Rangers, as a defender. Drafted into the Leyton Orient first team" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Spanish submarine Tramontana Tramontana is an built for the Spanish Navy by Bazán at Cartagena, Spain. The submarine was launched in 1984, commissioned in 1985, and is currently active with the Spanish Navy. On 2001, during practice exercises in Cartagena's waters, the ship suffered a collision. On 2002, the submarine participated in the Perejil Island crisis. On 22 March 2011, it was deployed as part of Spanish contribution to the multi-national task force enforcing UN resolution 1973 \"to take all necessary measures to protect civilians under threat of attack\" in Libya. Between March 19 and 23, 2012, the submarine participated in the INSTREX-12 exercise, along with another 11 ships and a Portuguese Tridente-class submarine, Arpao. On May 24, 2013, Pedro Argüelles, Secretary of State for Defense, declared at the congress of Deputies that due to the delays of the S-80, were going to take place the works of careen of the Tramontana, which at the beginning, were discarded. In this submarine was filmed the movie Navy SEALs on November 1989, directed by Lewis Teague and starring Charlie Sheen, Michael Biehn, Joanne Whalley, Rick Rossovich and Cyril O'Reilly. In the film also participated another Spanish Navy ship called Teide (A-11). Spanish" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jim Vivieaere James Earnest Vivieaere (1947 – 3 June 2011), a New Zealand artist of Cook Island Maori heritage, was born in Waipawa, Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand. He was a well-respected and significant multimedia and installation artist, freelance curator and a passionate advocate for contemporary Pacific art. Vivieaere was raised in the Hawke's Bay by adoptive parents. His contact with his Rarotongan heritage came later in life; in 1982 he was awarded a scholarship to study tapa in Rarotonga and located his father on that trip. High academic achievement saw Vivieaere enrol in Dunedin medical school in the late 1960s. He found it difficult to fit into the ‘white upper middle class confines of med school’ and dropped out to enrol at The University of Canterbury School of Fine Arts where he studied graphic design from 1971 to 1974. Vivieaere worked to profile contemporary Pacific artists to the world. He curated the formative contemporary Pacific arts survey exhibition \"Bottled Ocean: Contemporary Polynesian Artists\"which launched at Wellington City Art Gallery in 1994 and toured New Zealand throughout 1994–1995. “Bottled Ocean was the first survey of contemporary New Zealand Polynesian art and 'featured many now iconic Pacific artists including Fatu Feu’u, Johnny Penisula, John Pule, Lily Laita, John Ioane, Niki Hastings-McFall, Albert Refiti, Filipe Tohi, Michel Tuffery, Ani O'Neill, Loretta Young, Patrick Futialo (aka hip hop artist Tha Feelstyle Orator).' In 2006 he was awarded the Senior Pacific Artist Award at the Creative New Zealand Arts Pasifka Awards. Exhibitions as a curator: Jim Vivieaere James Earnest Vivieaere (1947 – 3 June 2011), a New Zealand artist of Cook Island Maori heritage, was born in Waipawa, Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand. He was a well-respected and significant multimedia and installation artist, freelance curator and a passionate advocate for contemporary Pacific art. Vivieaere was raised" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sugamo child abandonment case The was an incident that took place in Japan in 1988 in Tokyo's Toshima Ward. Covered extensively by both Japanese and international media, it was also the basis of the 2004 fictional feature film \"Nobody Knows\". The incident involved a mother who abandoned her five underage children whose names were never released, but referred to simply as Children A, B, C, D, and E. Child A, a boy, was born in 1973; Child B in 1981. Child C died soon after birth in 1984. Children D and E were born in 1985 and 1986 respectively. All of the children had different fathers. Although it is unclear, it appears that besides Child A, several (perhaps all) of the other children were unregistered. None of the children attended school. In Autumn 1987, having met a new boyfriend, the mother placed Child A in charge of the others, leaving him with ¥50,000 (around US$350 at the time) for their living expenses in their Tokyo apartment. In April 1988, the youngest, Child E, was assaulted by friends of Child A (known only as Friend A and Friend B), and died as a result. On July 17 of the same year, acting on a tip from the landlord, Sugamo officials entered the apartment and discovered the severely malnourished Child A (then 14), Child B (seven), and Child D (three). They also found the body of Child C, but not Child E. The information given by the children was vague. It was determined that the malnourishment was caused in part by the children's diet, which consisted largely of food bought at convenience stores. As a result of news coverage of the incident, the mother turned herself in on July 23. Her testimony revealed that the children had been alone for about nine months and that the whereabouts of Child E were unknown. On July 25, Child A's testimony revealed that Child E had been killed by Friend B of Child A, and that her body had been buried in a wood in Chichibu by Child A and Friend A. Friend A and Friend B were sent to a reform school for their involvement in the death. In August 1988, the mother was indicted for child abandonment. She received a three-year sentence, suspended for four years. Although Child A was probably not present at the time of his sister's death, he did assist Friend A in burying the body; he was indicted for abandoning a body, but in consideration of the circumstances was remanded to a care facility. After the mother's three-year sentence, she regained custody of the two daughters. The 2004 film \"Nobody Knows\", directed by Hirokazu Koreeda, presents a fictionalized and generally less grim account of the incident. There is no mention of Child C, whose body the mother kept in the family apartment following the child's death. Similarly, rather than being killed by Child A's friends, Child E in the film dies after an accidental fall. The police do not become involved, and the film ends with the three surviving children, aided by a female friend of Child A, continuing their impoverished, unsupervised life. \"Consulate General of Japan statement regarding the affair at http://www.chicago.us.emb-japan.go.jp/JIC/Weblettr/archfeat.html Accessed August 6, 2010. \"Mother regains custody of two abandoned daughters after jail time Sugamo child abandonment case The was an incident that took place in Japan in 1988 in Tokyo's Toshima Ward. Covered extensively by both Japanese and international media, it was also the basis of the 2004 fictional feature film \"Nobody Knows\". The incident involved a mother who abandoned her five underage children whose" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Cargoair Cargo Air Ltd, is a Bulgarian cargo airline headquartered in Sofia, Bulgaria. The company operates charter flights throughout Europe and the Middle East. The airline's main bases are Leipzig/Halle Airport and Sofia Airport. In November 2007, Cargo Air was established as a General Sales Agent representative of the Belarusian cargo airline Ruby Star, offering to its customers logistics services with Antonov An-12 and Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft. The same year Cargoair also purchased a Boeing 737-300F. From July 2009 Cargo Air began operations for TNT Airways on its European network. In September 2009 Cargoair purchased a second Boeing 737-300F. Due to increasing demand for long term aircraft lease operations and ad-hoc charters, the company management decided to purchase a third Boeing 737-300F, delivered in September 2011. In February 2013 the company purchased a passenger Boeing 737-400; its conversion to freighter configuration was completed in July 2013. On 15 July 2013 the Boeing 737-400F began commercial service for European Air Transport. In November 2013 Cargoair add second Boeing 737-400F in their fleet. In July 2015 Cargo Air added third Boeing 737-400F also operated for European Air Transport. In January 2016 Cargoair added fourth Boeing 737-400. In February 2016 the airline purchased two Boeing 737-800BCF. In November and December 2016 the airline added two more Boeing 737-400F to their fleet.In summer 2017 Cargo Air starts paseger/ACMI flights. As of January 2018, the Cargoair fleet consists of the following aircraft: Cargoair Cargo Air Ltd, is a Bulgarian cargo airline headquartered in Sofia, Bulgaria. The company operates charter flights throughout Europe and the Middle East. The airline's main bases are Leipzig/Halle Airport and Sofia Airport. In November 2007, Cargo Air was established as a General Sales Agent representative of the Belarusian cargo airline Ruby Star, offering to its customers logistics services with Antonov An-12" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nicolai Brock-Madsen Nicolai Brock-Madsen (born 9 January 1993) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Birmingham City of the EFL Championship. Before joining Birmingham in 2015, Brock-Madsen spent five seasons with Randers FC. He has also played on loan at Dutch club PEC Zwolle, Polish Ekstraklasa club Cracovia and Scottish Premiership club St Mirren. He has represented Denmark at levels up to under-21 and at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Brock-Madsen signed a three-year contract with his hometown club, Randers FC, and scored his first goal in a Europa League match against F91 Dudelange which ended 6–1. In the 2012–13 season Brock-Madsen was a vital part of the Randers team that ended third in the league, playing a total of 28 league games and forming an attacking duo with Randers top-scorer Ronnie Schwartz. Brock-Madsen also helped the team reach the cup final where they lost to 0–1 to Esbjerg FB. On 21 August 2015, Brock-Madsen signed a four-year deal with English Football League Championship (second-tier) club Birmingham City. The fee was undisclosed, but was believed by the BBC to be \"in the region of £500,000, with possible add-ons taking it up to £1m.\" He made his debut four days later, as a second-half substitute in Birmingham's 2–0 League Cup win against Gillingham. He made his first appearance in the Football League on 15 September, again as a substitute, playing alongside Clayton Donaldson as Birmingham failed to come back from 1–0 down at home to Nottingham Forest in what was their first defeat of the season. Brock-Madsen made his first start for Birmingham on 21 November at home to Charlton Athletic, playing as a lone striker in place of Donaldson who was injured while on international duty. Manager Gary Rowett claimed that a penalty should have been awarded when Brock-Madsen's arm was pulled back; Birmingham lost 1–0. He started the next two matches, in Donaldson's continued absence, but injury intervened, he gave way to loanee James Vaughan, and after Donaldson regained fitness, Brock-Madsen made no more first-team appearances in the 2015–16 season. International duty at the Rio Olympics meant Brock-Madsen missed the start of Birmingham's 2016–17 season. On the last day of the transfer window, he joined Dutch top-flight club PEC Zwolle on loan for the season. The Dutch club reported that an option to purchase was included in the deal. Brock-Madsen made his Eredivisie debut in the club's next match, in the starting eleven for the visit of Utrecht on 10 September; his side took a one-goal lead which he had chances to extend, but the visitors equalised via a stoppage-time penalty. He scored twice in PEC's 4–1 win in the Dutch Cup first round away to Derde Klasse (fourth-tier) club DVS '33. Injury disrupted the first half of his season, but when the campaign resumed after the winter break, he went on a run of five goals in the next six matches, the last of which was scored on the day his girlfriend gave birth to their son. He finished the season with 10 goals from 25 appearances in all competitions. Although PEC Zwolle hoped to keep the player, it was reported that he would return to Birmingham to try and impress new manager Harry Redknapp, but Redknapp made it clear he had no future at the club. A free-transfer move to a Dutch club fell through, and the player rejected offers to return to Denmark. Redknapp's successor, Steve Cotterill, chose not to select him despite the team's lack of goals. Brock-Madsen joined Polish Ekstraklasa club KS Cracovia on 18 January 2018, on loan until the end of the 2017–18 season with an option to make the move permanent. He made his debut when the Ekstraklasa resumed after the winter break as a second-half substitute in the 2–1 win at home to Śląsk Wrocław on 10 February, and made eleven appearances during his loan spell, scoring once. Brock-Madsen returned to Birmingham after his loan with Cracovia, and was then loaned to Scottish Premiership club St Mirren in August 2018. His first appearance came on 11 August in the starting eleven for the visit to Rangers. With half an hour gone and the hosts leading 2–0, Brock-Madsen broke free and was brought down by Ross McCrorie, who was sent off. St Mirren were unable to profit from the numerical advantage, and Brock-Madsen was substituted after 69 minutes. After five appearances, St Mirren terminated the loan on 16 October. Brock-Madsen represented Denmark internationally at levels from under-18 to under-21. On 10 December 2012, Brock was called up for Denmark's tour of USA in January. Brock-Madsen was called up to Denmark's Olympic training squad for three friendly matches in June 2016 which formed part of their preparations for the Games in August. After Honduras U23 took a two-goal lead, he scored twice to help his team recover to win the match 4–3, against the Nigeria team he missed an early penalty but Denmark still won 6–2, and in the third match, hosts South Korea led 1–0 until Brock-Madsen equalised in stoppage time. At the Games proper, he played in all three of Denmark's matches in the group stage, from which they qualified in second place, but took no part in the quarter-final defeat against Nigeria. Nicolai Brock-Madsen Nicolai Brock-Madsen (born 9 January 1993) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Birmingham City of the EFL" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Wayne Township, Fayette County, Ohio Wayne Township is one of the ten townships of Fayette County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 1,387. Located in the southeastern part of the county, it borders the following townships: Wayne Township is the only township in Fayette County to border Ross County, other than at a corner point. No municipalities are located in Wayne Township, although the unincorporated community of Good Hope lies in the township's center. It is one of twenty Wayne Townships statewide. In 1833, Wayne Township contained one gristmill and two saw mills. The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. Wayne Township, Fayette" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Little White Church \"Little White Church\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music band Little Big Town, written by the band along with Wayne Kirkpatrick. It was released in March 2010 as the lead-off single from their album \"The Reason Why\", released on August 24, 2010. \"Little White Church\" is an up-tempo country song, backed primarily by electric guitar, with a hand-clap during the pre-chorus. The song's female narrator confronts her love interest, telling him that he's not welcome anymore unless he \"take[s her] down to the little white church\" and marries her. Band member Karen Fairchild performs lead vocals for the song. Juli Thanki of Engine 145 gave the song a thumbs up, describing it as something that stands out \"when so many singles on the radio sound the same.\" She also noted that in a \"time of year when an infectious, upbeat hit ushers in spring after a dreary winter,\" this song \"fits the bill perfectly.\" Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song an A- rating, favoring the groups' harmonies and the instrumentation. He concluded that with \"a few more records like Laura Bell Bundy’s and this one, and country radio just might get interesting again.\" Bobby Peacock of Roughstock spoke positively of the song, favoring \"the song's energetic performance and uncluttered production,\" although he felt the song's lyrics were \"a bit simplistic in parts.\" Slant Magazine included the song in its \"Best of 2010: Singles\" chart, ranking the song at number fourteen, calling it \"distinctive and seductive; one of the few bright spots on country radio this year.\" The music video, which was directed by Kristin Barlowe, premiered on CMT on June 1, 2010. The video begins with Karen Fairchild getting dressed up for her wedding before leaving her house and beginning to walk down a country road. She is soon joined by the rest of Little Big Town, and the group proceeds to the church. While she is on the way to the little white church, Fairchild's mother gags her fiance and ties him up. When the group arrives at the church, no one has seen her groom, and they exit the church. The group is then shown performing on stage at an outdoor festival, while Fairchild's mother lifts up the trunk of a car, revealing the groom tied up inside, before handing off the keys to the band and allowing them to drive away. \"Little White Church\" debuted at number 48 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of March 20, 2010. It became the group's first Top 10 single since \"Bring It On Home\" in 2006, reaching a peak of number 6 for the week of October 9, 2010. Little White Church \"Little White Church\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music band Little Big Town, written by the band along with Wayne Kirkpatrick. It was released in March 2010 as the lead-off single from their album \"The Reason Why\", released on" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sky Office Tower Sky Office Tower is a dual business tower, elliptically shaped, located in Zagreb, Croatia, north of the Zagrebačka Avenue, near the intersection with Zagrebačka cesta. The office tower was completed in 2012. It is one of the few high-rise construction projects in Zagreb that persisted throughout the economic crisis in 2010. The tower has 22 floors above ground and a number of underground floors. The whole project was set to cost 76 million euros. The tower was originally planned to have 29 floors and be 108 meters high, becoming the tallest skyscraper in Zagreb and the whole of Croatia. The plan was revised to 22 floors. It is still possible for Sky Office Tower to build to 29 floors; the developer has stated that it might build a 29 floor tower if the funds are there. It has a total of 706 parking spaces — 659 in the garage and 47 in the outdoor space. Access to the underground garages is provided via two entry-exit ramps, which are heated against freezing. Underground levels with parking and storage areas are directly linked to the office spaces. Sky Office Tower Sky Office Tower is a dual business tower, elliptically" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Loomis Museum The Loomis Museum, also known as the Loomis Visitor Center, the Manzanita Lake Visitor Center and the Manzanita Lake Museum, was built by Benjamin Franklin Loomis in 1927 near Manzanita Lake, just outside Lassen Volcanic National Park in California, USA. Loomis was a local homesteader and photographer who documented the 1915 eruptions of Lassen Peak, and was instrumental in the 1916 establishment of the national park. In 1929 Loomis donated the museum and of surrounding lands to the National Park Service, which since then has used the structure as an interpretational facility. Loomis had desired that the headquarters of the new park be established at Manzanita Lake, but an alternate site was chosen by the Park Service. Loomis and his wife Estella started building their own museum to exhibit photographs taken by Loomis and others, as well as geological exhibits and artifacts of local Native Americans. The building was dedicated on July 4, 1927 as the Mae Loomis Memorial Museum, named after their only child, Luisa Mae Loomis, who had died in 1920. The Loomis Museum is a one-story rectangular building built of local volcanic rock in cut-face random ashlar coursing. The main body of the museum is about by , with small extensions to either side at the rear, making the building T-shaped in plan. The building is characterized by its prominent crenelated stepped parapets. Contrasting with the rustic character of the stonework, the main entrance features formal sidelights and a fanlight. A small bracketed shed roof shelters the entrance, and the side elevations have similar shed projections down their length., all roofed with green tile. The interior is primarily composed of a single large room. About to the northeast of the museum stands a seismograph building of similar design, measuring about by . The station was built by the Loomises in 1926. It features three large windows that allow visitors to view the seismographic equipment within. Described in 1952 as \"ugly quasi-Spanish\", the Loomis Museum was briefly considered for demolition and replacement during the Mission 66 program. The museum and seismograph station were placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 25, 1975. The museum was renovated in 1994, the seismograph building in 1995. It is now used as a visitor contact center by the Park Service. The museum and seismograph building are also part of the Manzanita Lake Naturalist's Services Historic District. Loomis" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Zebra clock The Monumental Clock \"[Dutch: Monumentale klok]\", commonly known as the Zebra clock \"[Dutch: Zebraklok]\", is a street clock and work of public art on the Bezuidenhoutseweg street side of the Koningin Julianaplein square, next to Den Haag central railway station in The Hague, Netherlands. It is a local landmark and popular as a meeting-place for people arriving or departing the city by train. It was installed in 1977 by artist Jaap Karman. It stands 8 meters tall, it has three matching sides with moulded plastic faces of black and white stripes indicating the position of the hours, and is internally lit. It has been destroyed by fire and restored twice - a few months after installation and again in 1985. The clock was temporarily removed from 1997 to 2002, and again from 2008 to 2011 for renovations to the square and station precinct. Zebra clock The Monumental Clock \"[Dutch: Monumentale klok]\", commonly known as the Zebra clock \"[Dutch: Zebraklok]\", is a street clock and work of public art on the Bezuidenhoutseweg street side of the Koningin Julianaplein square, next to Den Haag central railway station in The Hague, Netherlands. It is a local landmark and popular as a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Horatia Nelson Horatia Nelson, christened as Horatia Nelson Thompson (29 January 1801 – 6 March 1881) was the illegitimate daughter of Emma Hamilton and Horatio Nelson. Born in a house rented by Sir William Hamilton (Emma's husband) at 23 Piccadilly, London, as Nelson was at anchor in Torbay preparing to sail to the Battle of Copenhagen (news reached him before he set sail), she was given to a wet nurse called Mrs. Gibson, who was informed that the child, about a week old, was born six weeks earlier, at a time when Emma was in Vienna. Once Emma's husband had died on 6 April 1803, and 5 days before Nelson had to board on 18 May that year, Horatia was christened, aged two, at St Marylebone Parish Church as Horatia Nelson Thompson, with Emma and Horatio as the \"godparents\" and a cover-story naming her as the daughter of Vice-Admiral Charles Thompson of Portsmouth Dockyard (with his agreement). Her date of birth on the baptism record was given as 29 October 1801 according to the record transcripts, but Kate Williams cites the year as 1800 (referring to a letter from Mrs Gibson to Emma), to further the pretence that the child had been born an orphan in Naples. Later on, her natural parents adopted her as an orphan. Nelson was delighted at Horatia's birth (the more so when his second child with Emma, another girl, died a few weeks after her birth in early 1803), and spent as often as he could during his brief times onshore from 1803 to 1805 enjoying domestic life with her and Emma at Merton Place, more frequently and easily once Sir William was dead. As the Battle of Trafalgar approached, Nelson wrote a letter to Horatia with his parental blessing: Victory, October 19, 1805. My dearest Angel, I was made happy by the pleasure of receiving your letter of September 19, and I rejoice to hear that you are so very good a girl, and love my dear Lady Hamilton, who most dearly loves you. Give her a kiss for me. The Combined Fleets of the Enemy are now reported to be coming out of Cadiz; and therefore I answer your letter, my dearest Horatia, to mark to you that you are ever uppermost in my thoughts. I shall be sure of your prayers for my safety, conquest, and speedy return to dear Merton, and our dearest good Lady Hamilton. Be a good girl, mind what Miss Connor says to you. Receive, my dearest Horatia, the affectionate parental blessing of your Father, NELSON AND BRONTE. In his letter to Emma the same day, he wrote \"I will take care that my name shall ever be most dear to you and Horatia, both of whom I love as much as my own life.\" One of Nelson's last wishes was that Horatia should take the name Nelson, leaving her £200 a year in his will and adding : Though Horatia soon learnt of her real father, she never publicly acknowledged that Emma was her mother, perhaps partly due to Emma's continued insistence after Nelson's death that she was not her mother but her guardian. Before debt set in after Nelson's death, Emma introduced Horatia to high society. Emma died just before Horatia's fourteenth birthday at Calais in January 1815, having fled there with Horatia to escape debt. Returning to Dover, she was met by one of Nelson's brothers-in-law, George Matcham, and thereafter spent two years with the Matchams in Sussex, helping to look after the younger children. She then lived with another brother-in-law, Thomas Bolton, as his housekeeper, after Nelson's sister Susanna Bolton died, until she married. Biographers describing her in her youth saw her as being tall, intelligent, able to speak her mind and surprisingly well-read. She was good at languages (Emma had taught her Italian, French and German and she also managed Spanish), music and needlework, had a lively temperament and was an animal-lover. Thanks to her mother's efforts, Horatia became a graceful and accomplished woman. On 19 February 1822, she married Rev. Philip Ward (1795–1859) at Burnham Westgate Church, near her father’s home village in north Norfolk, where Ward was curate. Horatia's grandfather had also been a clergyman. A third-generation Anglican clergyman, Philip was a poet and scholar, and the couple was described as handsome and intelligent at their wedding. Horatia's biographer described the marriage as \"the one certain good that befell\" Horatia. Their ten children—seven boys and three girls, with the former educated by their father at home before going to university or the professions—were: The living at Stanhoe in Norfolk was next granted to Philip, and it brought a better income in tithes and glebe lands, and then fairly shortly afterwards the family moved to another living at Bircham Newton. She was involved in protracted negotiations to buy Nelson’s uniform coat and waistcoat (eventually bought by The Prince Consort for Greenwich Hospital in 1845, later passing from there to the National Maritime Museum). Horatia only realised she was Lord Nelson's biological daughter in 1845 after Sir Nicholas Harris published volume 3 of his intensively researched Dispatches and Letters of Vice-Admiral Nelson, which included copies of correspondence which conclusively proved that Nelson was her father (she refused, however, to ever accept that Emma, Lady Hamilton was her mother). This growing public interest in Nelson (Nelson's Column and Trafalgar Square were erected in 1843, for example) brought her recompense for the perceived national neglect of her immediately after Nelson's death. An appeal committee of Lord Nelson's friends and naval colleagues met frequently in London by Horatia herself, brought about a deputation to the Prime Minister and a national appeal (launched in 1850 and closed four years later; it raised only £1457). At Horatia's insistence, the money thus raised was divided between her three sons in military service (Marmaduke, Philip and William), and so that same year (1854) Queen Victoria stepped in and allocated public funds for a £100 annual pension for each Nelson-Ward daughter. Two of their nine children are buried with her (Edmund and her eldest daughter), though the couple do have living descendants, including Anna Horatia Tribe and her descendants, the Style Ward branch (who are also descended from Nelson's sister, Catherine Matcham, through the marriage of Horatia's son William to Catherine's granddaughter, Catherine Blanckley and the Nelson-Ward family branch. Philip died from a liver problem soon after returning to England from India (he is commemorated by a plaque near the altar in St Mildred's, on the south wall), and her eldest daughter Eleanor Philippa (whilst still unmarried) was knocked down by a horse bolting from an innyard - the Queen's Head in Pinner High Street, carried into a draper's shop near to where the accident occurred, and died there. Horatia was also predeceased by her husband who died suddenly on 16 January 1859 and was buried at the east of St Mildred's Tenterden with his children, Caroline Mary and Edmund Nelson (a memorial stained glass window was also put up to him in the church). After her husband's death in January 1859 she had to leave Tenterden. She moved to a house called Elmdene in Church Lane, Pinner and later at Beaufort Villas, Woodridings (a former estate in Pinner), where she died 22 years later; both were near to her son Nelson. On her death, Horatia was buried in Pinner Parish old cemetery, in Paines Lane in Pinner. Her epitaph, after mentioning her husband and children, runs: This portrait of an unknown female owned by Royal Museums, Greenwich, was until recently believed to be of Horatia Nelson, and many websites and other publications continue to attribute it to Horatia in error. However, Royal Museums Greenwich have stated, \"we no longer think the woman in white is Horatia. She has some likeness to Nelson, but Horatia did not have such a marked resemblance from other portraits of her in youth (we have a bust by Christopher Prosperi showing her as a child and an oil portrait of her in early teens). Where this identification started is", "Pinner), where she died 22 years later; both were near to her son Nelson. On her death, Horatia was buried in Pinner Parish old cemetery, in Paines Lane in Pinner. Her epitaph, after mentioning her husband and children, runs: This portrait of an unknown female owned by Royal Museums, Greenwich, was until recently believed to be of Horatia Nelson, and many websites and other publications continue to attribute it to Horatia in error. However, Royal Museums Greenwich have stated, \"we no longer think the woman in white is Horatia. She has some likeness to Nelson, but Horatia did not have such a marked resemblance from other portraits of her in youth (we have a bust by Christopher Prosperi showing her as a child and an oil portrait of her in early teens). Where this identification started is not clear: the provenance of the item stops with its exhibition in 1889 when in the hands of a Bond Street dealer and the only link with the Nelson-Ward family is that they had a copy of made, probably at that time and relying on his identification of it, not theirs. There is, so far, no evidence it was ever in Nelson-Ward family possession (or other branches of the Nelson family), which is the obvious place to have expected to find it, or at least information linking it to them - but there is none.\" Horatia Nelson Horatia Nelson, christened as Horatia Nelson Thompson (29 January 1801 – 6 March 1881) was the illegitimate daughter of Emma Hamilton and Horatio Nelson. Born in a house rented by Sir William Hamilton (Emma's husband) at 23 Piccadilly, London, as Nelson was at anchor in Torbay preparing to sail to the Battle of Copenhagen (news reached him before he" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Rawtenstall Corporation Tramways Rawtenstall Corporation Tramways operated a passenger tramway service in Rawtenstall between 1908 and 1932. In January 1908 the newly formed Rawtenstall Corporation Tramways acquired the part of the Accrington Corporation Steam Tramways Company’s line within its boundary, and on 1 October 1908, they took over the Rossendale Valley Tramways Company. An electrification and modernisation programme was undertaken, and until this was ready on 22 July 1909, steam trams continued to run. This was the last regular steam tramway on street in Britain. The first electric services started on 15 May 1909, to Crawshawbooth and to Loveclough. On 23 July 1909, the Bacup to Lockgate section was converted. Lastly, an extension to Water, from the Bacup line at Waterfoot opened on 21 January 1911. For maximum electrical efficiency RCT used the regenerative brake system of Raworth’s Traction Patents Ltd., but following a serious accident in 1911 an embargo was placed on this form of traction; although reintroduced 20 years later. In 1928, a joint enterprise bus service was started by Accrington, Haslingden and Rawtenstall Corporations, following the tram route from Bacup to Accrington. This resulted in a decision in 1929, to abandon the tram service. In 1931 the tram service to Loveclough was withdrawn, and on 31 March 1932 the same happened to the route to Water. A closing ceremony took place on 7 April 1932. Tramcar 23 from 1912 survives and is awaiting restoration at the Heaton Park Tramway. Rawtenstall Corporation Tramways Rawtenstall Corporation Tramways operated a passenger tramway service in Rawtenstall between 1908 and 1932. In January 1908 the newly formed Rawtenstall Corporation Tramways acquired the part of the Accrington Corporation Steam Tramways Company’s line within its boundary, and on 1 October 1908, they took over the Rossendale Valley Tramways Company. An electrification and modernisation programme" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Behbud Khan Javanshir Behbud Khan Javanshir Azad Khan oglu () (1877 – July 18, 1921) was an Azerbaijani politician, diplomat, Minister of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) and Deputy Minister of Trade and Industry. Behbud Khan Javanshir was born in 1877 in Azad Qaraqoyunlu village of Javanshir Uyezd of Elisabethpol Governorate. His father Azad Khan Javanshir was the great grandson of the founder of Karabakh Khanate Panah Ali Khan. From 1890 through 1898, he studied at \"Tiflis Realny School\" where he learned German. In 1902, he got enrolled in Freiberg University of Mining and Technology graduating cum laude in 1906. He then moved to London and learned English. Upon his return to Azerbaijan in 1907, he started working as senior engineer in the oil industry. According to archival documents, Behbud Khan was a member of anti-government Difai organization along with Ahmad Bey Aghayev, Garay Bey Garaybeyov, Mammad Hasan Hajinski, Isa Bey Ashurbeyov and Niftali Bey Behbudov. While travelling to Germany, Behbud Khan brought German wheat to Karabakh which was acclimatized by local farmers and is used today. He was also the first person to bring an automobile to Karabakh region at a time when roads were built. After March massacres of 1918, Behbud Khan was a member of Azerbaijani-Armenian reconciliation commission. On June 17, 1918 Behbud Khan was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. On December 26, 1918 he was replaced by Khalil Bey Khasmammadov. Starting from October 6, 1918 as a deputy minister he was appointed acting Minister of Trade and Industry. Behbud Khan also served in the National Assembly of Azerbaijan. After establishment of Soviet rule in Azerbaijan, with the assistance of Azerbaijani communist leader Nariman Narimanov, Javanshir was able to avoid imprisonment by the Bolsheviks and was assigned to work in Soviet oil fields in Baku. Due to his education in Germany, he was later assigned to represent the Soviet government first in Berlin, then from the summer of 1921 in Constantinople. Behbud Khan was assassinated on July 18, 1921, in Constantinople, in front of the Pera Palace Hotel by an Armenian, Misak Torlakian within \"Operation Nemesis\" organized by Armenian Revolutionary Federation, with assistance of other participants Ervand Fundukyan and (H)Arutiun (H)Arutuinyan for his role in the massacre of Armenians in Baku. A Dashnak officer who had known him from Baku recognized him. Fundukyan and Arutuinyan were to follow Behbud Khan and Torlokyan was to shoot him. Behbud Khan was accompanied by his wife Tamara, brothers Jumshud and Surkhay were returning to the Pera Palace Hotel through the park after an evening at Tepebashi Theatre. Torlakian shot Behbud Khan with a Mauser pistol, once in his face and twice in the chest, after which he was pronounced dead in the hospital. Torlakian was apprehended. When questioned by the police, Torlakian said the assassination was justified because of killings of Armenians in Baku. He was \"sued\" by the British Military Tribunal. Torlakian's defense attorneys and an Armenian neurologist who examined him in prison and claimed he had epileptic seizures due to \"the emotional crises to which he is subject\" making him \"not responsible for his actions\" while a Turkish doctor claimed that he had no epilepsy or any mental disorders. In October 1921, the British tribunal issued a guilty verdict but ruled that he was not responsible for his actions due to his epilepsy. Torlokyan left for Greece, where he was released and left for the United States. Behbud Khan Javanshir Behbud Khan Javanshir Azad Khan oglu () (1877 – July 18, 1921) was an Azerbaijani politician, diplomat, Minister of Internal Affairs of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Community Fire Safety Act of 2013 The Community Fire Safety Act of 2013 () is a bill that would prevent the Environmental Protection Agency from requiring that all new fire hydrants in the United States be lead-free beginning in 2014. The bill was passed by the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. On October 22, 2013, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) made an announcement about how it would apply new regulations from the 2010 Reduction of Lead In Drinking Water Act () to fire hydrants. According to the EPA, \"Information available to EPA indicates that fire hydrants can be, and are, used in emergency situations to provide drinking water when there are disruptions to the normal operations of the drinking water distribution system. Therefore, as a class, hydrants would not qualify for the exclusion for pipes, fittings and fixtures used exclusively for nonpotable services.\" The October 22, 2013 announcement \"came as a total surprise to communities whose inventories of new, uninstalled fire hydrants would be rendered obsolete on January 4.\" The Community Fire Safety Act of 2013 was introduced in response to this ruling from the EPA. The Community Fire Safety Act of 2013 would amend the Safe Drinking Water Act to exempt fire hydrants from certain prohibitions against the use of lead pipes, solder, and flux. The bill would direct the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to: (1) consult with and seek the advice of the National Drinking Water Advisory Council on potential changes to federal regulations pertaining to lead; and (2) request the Council to consider sources of lead throughout drinking water distribution systems, including through components used to reroute drinking water during distribution system repairs. This exemption that would allow fire hydrants to continue under current previous lead guidelines is similar to the one already provided for shower valves. Toilets and bidets are already exempt as well. The Community Fire Safety Act of 2013 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on November 21, 2013, by Rep. Bill Johnson (R-OH) and his co-sponsor Rep. Paul Tonko (D-NY). The bill was referred to the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce. On December 2, 2013, the House voted to pass the bill under a suspension of the rules in Roll Call Vote 613 384-0. Supporters of the bill, including Rep. Johnson, argued that the EPA's rule would cause a nationwide shortage of fire hydrants once the new rule went into effect in January. This is due to a lack of existing fire hydrants available for installation that already meet the EPA's rule. Supporters also argued that communities would be stuck with millions of dollars' worth of non-compliant fire hydrants they could not use if the EPA's rule took effect. Adding additional urgency to the situation, winter is when more hydrants are replaced due to damage from freezing or being hit by cars driving on slippery roads. Rep. Bill Johnson referred to the EPA's ruling as \"absurd\" and said that \"it is unconscionable that the EPA has put our public safety at risk because during the hot summer months sometimes, somewhere kids may play in fire hydrant water.\" Rep Tonko said that \"when Congress passed the amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act three years ago, I doubt anyone intended to have EPA regulate hydrants.\" The Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies announced to its members that it supported this bill. The American Water Works Association, Association of California Water Agencies, National Association of Water Companies, and National Rural Water Association also supported this bill. No members of the House of Representatives voted against the bill. Community Fire Safety Act of 2013 The Community Fire Safety Act of 2013 () is a bill that would prevent the Environmental Protection Agency from requiring that all new fire hydrants in the United States be lead-free beginning in 2014. The bill was passed by the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. On October 22, 2013, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) made an announcement about how it would apply new regulations from the 2010 Reduction of Lead In Drinking Water Act () to fire hydrants. According to the EPA," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Brassy ringlet The brassy ringlets are a species group of ringlet butterflies in the genus \"Erebia\". Though closely related, their monophyly is not completely resolved. Still, the brassy ringlets are taxa similar to \"E. tyndarus\" – the Swiss brassy ringlet –, and in many cases certainly close relatives. A notable trait of their genus is an ability to adapt well to cold and somewhat arid habitat, like taiga or regions with alpine climate. Optimal habitat in Eurasia, where most of the brassy ringlets are found, therefore occurs in two distinct belts – in the very north of the continent and in the Alpide belt – in interglacials, and in glacials in one periglacialic belt at lower altitude, in places interrupted by dry wasteland and deserts. Brassy ringlets are mid-sized members of their genus, with a length of 17–22 mm (roughly two-thirds to one inch). Like their relatives, they have black eyespots on their forewings. The largest eyespots are placed, two on each side, near the wingtip, and have a white dot in the center; they are surrounded by a copper-colored patch that is lighter than the blackish-brown upperwings. In some, a third black spot, much smaller and without the white dot, is present at the opposite end of the reddish patch. The hindwings have no black spots in many, but in some taxa there are a few (2-4 or so) black dots, usually without white in the center, paralleling the outer margin. If hindwing spots are present, they are sometimes surrounded by a lighter brown field like the forewing spots, sometimes not. The wing undersides are cryptically colored, usually in grayish-brown and often with a noticeable band arching through the central hindwing, the rest of which has a silvery sheen which makes these species quite recognizable in flight. The eyespots and the forewing patch surrounding them are found on the forewing undersides also; if a hindwing pattern is present, it may or may not show up on the under hindwings either whole or in parts. The common name derives from the brassy luster of the dark wing uppersides. The valvae have a series of external spines pointing distally, with the first spine pair usually being largest. While the details are still somewhat conjectural, a quite robust evolutionary scenario has been developed for the brassy ringlet group: As it seems, the origin of this group is perhaps south of the Central Asian or more likely in the Balkans region. Probably around 1 million years ago during the Pre-Pastonian Stage, the original population expanded north. During an interstadial, the southern montane metapopulation and the one to the north which ranged across the Eurasian taiga split. Two major southern populations were established some 800,000-700,000 years ago during the Pastonian Stage, when the habitat belt moved uphill, cutting off gene flow between major mountain ranges. Coincident with the Günz-Mindel interglacial, about 600,000-500,000 years ago some more distinct local populations diverged in the south. Meanwhile, the northern population had been spreading across Europe to the Pyrenees and deep into Siberia. With the ice – which had then been covering much of northern and central Europe – retreating at the end of the Elsterian Stage between 400,000 and 300,000 years ago, the taiga population and their relatives in the mountains of central and western Europe became isolated for good. Finally, at the end of the Riss/Saale glaciation about 130,000 years ago, Alpine and Siberian populations fragmented further. The former stayed rather distinct while more subsequent gene flow occurred between the latter; this difference is probably an effect of habitat topography. A peculiar case is the Colorado alpine, the nominate subspecies of \"Erebia callias\". This isolated Rocky Mountains population has been lumped with the Siberian brassy ringlets as they are almost alike morphologically. Though one might suspect stronger differentiation and perhaps marked cryptic speciation across the wide range, the Rocky Mountains population is apparently a very recent isolate. Its ancestors apparently crossed over the Bering Strait at the end of the Wisconsinian glaciation, about 15,000 to 10,000 years ago. Thus, brassy ringlets are present on the North American continent quite exactly for the same length of time as a significant human population. Occasionally, as few as three species of brassy ringlets are accepted, or these are treated as superspecies. \"E. tyndarus\" is used for populations from the Pyrenees and Alps, and \"E. ottomana\" for those of the Balkans and the Caucasus. However, in this case the Caucasus population would also seem to warrant recognition at the same taxonomic rank as the others, as \"E. iranica\". In addition, the related butterflies around Beringia have been united in the \"E. callias\" superspecies. Therefore, though \"E. callias\" might be split up on grounds of biogeography and ecology, the molecular and morphological data are still more in favor of retaining a single species. Based on analyses of mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 and CoxII sequence, ecological, and morphological data, the following species and well-distinct subspecies ought to be recognized: Brassy ringlet The brassy ringlets are a species group of ringlet butterflies in the genus \"Erebia\". Though closely related, their monophyly is not completely resolved. Still, the brassy ringlets are taxa similar to \"E. tyndarus\" – the Swiss brassy ringlet –, and in many cases certainly close relatives. A notable trait of their genus is an ability to adapt well to cold and somewhat arid habitat, like taiga or regions with alpine" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Eden baronets The Eden Baronetcy, of West Auckland in the County of Durham, and the Eden Baronetcy, of Maryland in North America, are two titles in the Baronetage of England and Baronetage of Great Britain respectively that have been united under a single holder since 1844. The family traces its ancestry to Robert de Eden (d. 1413) but probably lived in the Durham area since the twelfth century. They managed to keep their lands despite joining the Revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569 and being Royalists in the Civil War of the 1640s. The Eden Baronetcy of West Auckland was created in the Baronetage of England on 13 November 1672 for Robert Eden, subsequently Member of Parliament for County Durham. He was the son of Colonel John Eden, a supporter of the Royalist cause in the Civil War. The second and fourth Baronets also represented County Durham in the House of Commons. The fifth Baronet assumed the additional surname of Johnson. On his death in 1844, unmarried, the title was inherited by Sir William Eden, 4th Baronet, of Maryland (see below), who became the sixth Baronet of West Auckland as well. He served as High Sheriff of Durham in 1848. The ninth/seventh Baronet is a Conservative politician. On 3 October 1983 he was created a life peer as Baron Eden of Winton, of Rushyford in the County of Durham, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Windlestone Hall was the family seat from the 17th to the 20th century. The Eden Baronetcy of Maryland in North America, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 19 October 1776 for Robert Eden, the last Governor of Maryland under British rule. He was the second son of the third Baronet of West Auckland. The third Baronet was killed at the Battle of New Orleans in 1814. His cousin, the aforementioned fourth Baronet, succeeded as sixth Baronet of West Auckland in 1844. See above for further history of the titles. The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Robert Frederick Calvert Eden (born 1964).<br> The heir apparent's heir presumptive is his brother Hon. John Edward Morton Eden (born 1966).<br> The heir apparent's heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son Nicholas Cazenac Eden (b. 1997). See above for further succession Several other members of the Eden family have also gained distinction:- Eden baronets The Eden Baronetcy, of West Auckland in the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Simpsons Ride \"The Simpsons\" Ride is a simulator ride featured at the Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood theme parks. The ride is based on the animated television series \"The Simpsons\". It was first announced in 2007 and replaced \"\" at both locations. The ride at Universal Studios Florida soft opened on April 23, 2008, and the official ceremonies took place on May 15. The ride at Universal Studios Hollywood opened on May 19, 2008. \"The Simpsons\" Ride was collaborated on by the producers of \"The Simpsons\", and uses CGI animation, which was provided by Blur Studio and Reel FX. 2D animation was provided by Film Roman, with the exception of AKOM and Rough Draft Studios in South Korea and California. The ride uses state of the art technology, including new projection and hydraulics systems produced for the attraction. The ride itself is four and a half minutes long, but original footage for the ride can be seen in the queue, and there is also a pre-show video. In the ride, patrons are introduced to a cartoon theme park called Krustyland built by Krusty the Clown. Sideshow Bob, however, is loose from prison to get revenge on Krusty and the Simpson family. At least 24 regular characters from the series make an appearance, all voiced by their original actors. Along with the attraction is a gift shop modeled after the Kwik-E-Mart, which opened in late 2007. On June 1, 2013, Universal Studios began selling a real version of Duff Beer at the expanded Duff Beer Garden in the new Springfield section of the park. To enter the ride's queue area, visitors must walk through a head of Krusty the Clown which leads them into a pavilion under various circus tents themed to carnival stalls. Various posters in the queue display advertisements for the attractions at the park, while various television monitors display clips from the TV show billed as moments from Krusty's past, as well as live animated footage from Krustyland. The queue area ends with a sign instructing guests to wait for a short time before entering \"Krusty's Carnival Midway\". In the midway, riders line-up into rows to wait for a confirmation from Krusty. TV screens posted inside the walls on the left and right sides of the room display the residents of Springfield running the midway booths at the park. Soon, Krusty appears on another screen in front of guests and prepares to pick the first family to ride his \"Thrilltacular: Upsy-Downsy Spins-Aroundsy Teen-Operated Thrillride\", the most extreme ride at the park. While Krusty is not looking, Sideshow Bob appears in a Scratchy costume (commandeered from Barney Gumble) and steps on Homer Simpson's foot, causing him to yell \"D'oh!\" and prompting Krusty to pick the Simpson family as a result. Krusty asks them to pick another group to go with them, and Bart chooses the riders. While Krusty leads them into a waiting room, Sideshow Bob bursts out into evil laughter. Riders are then ushered into the pre-flight \"Funhouse\" room by a team member. Here, Krusty leads the Simpsons into a backstage area where Grampa and Maggie are told not to ride due to certain safety restrictions (Maggie doesn't meet the 40 inch height requirement, and Grampa has certain heart conditions that could be aggravated, which proves to be true as he suffers a heart attack, a stroke and a massive aneurysm while trying to deny that he has any heart conditions). Grampa suddenly falls asleep while Maggie crawls into a nuclear reactor room, causing her to grow larger. Meanwhile, Krusty leads the Simpsons into a ride room where he tells them to enjoy the ride, before Sideshow Bob appears, knocks Krusty out, and tells the Simpsons Family to enter the ride vehicle. Homer enters, followed by the rest of the family. Sideshow Bob then tells the Simpsons and the riders that they must watch a safety video from Itchy and Scratchy. The screen then displays a recap of the safety reminders (but showing Scratchy's attempts to follow the safety rules getting sabotaged by Itchy constantly), while riders are ushered into the main ride room. The ride portion is four and a half minutes long. Riders with heart conditions, motion sickness, claustrophobia or similar conditions are not recommended to ride. After riders enter a Krusty-themed ride vehicle, Homer orders everyone to sit down, telling them that all the seats are the same, except the ones that are better and threatens to make an annoying noise until they sit down. Even when riders do sit down, Homer always makes the annoying noise, regardless. Jeremy Freedman then appears on a TV screen in the ride cabin and assures the riders that their comfort and safety are in the hands of highly qualified teens, like himself and explains the operators' requirements. He then tells the riders to enjoy themselves, but keep the screaming down so he can study for a math test, because if he does not get a C or higher, he will get kicked out of the audio-visual club. He then begins reading his textbook upside down (unknown to him) while quiet elevator music, utilizing part of the instrumental to \"\"The Simpsons\" Theme\" begins playing in the background. If the ride takes longer than usual to begin, a visual reading 'Krustyland, where fun takes a holiday,\" with Krusty and Mr. Teeny dancing appears, and the music changes tempo, getting more upbeat. After approximately less than a minute, Sideshow Bob suddenly cuts off Jeremy's signal and takes control of the screen, telling the riders that he has taken over every area of Krustyland and that there is no place for the riders to be safe from him. He then flips a switch from \"thrilling\" to \"killing\", which activates the vehicles and makes them rise out of the room, starting the ride with the Simpsons in front of them. The roller coaster begins going down various drops before Homer gets hit by a wrecking ball controlled by Sideshow Bob before it smashes into the track and breaks it. Homer and the riders fly into a different part of the roller coaster track before the \"steel\" wrecking ball breaks free from its cable and starts chasing them. Soon, the riders are knocked off the roller coaster and into the \"Happy Little Elves in Panda Land\" attraction with Bart and Lisa, where Bob takes control of an evil panda and sends the vehicles crashing through the attraction. The ride then flies off the attraction and enters \"Captain Dinosaur's Pirate Rip-Off\" with Homer and Marge. After they plunge down a waterfall, Sideshow Bob appears in a projection on the second waterfall in the attraction and tells Homer to resist temptations inside. (This is a parody of the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction, and the .) As riders pass through the waterfall, they get sprayed with water effects. Homer grabs a barrel of beer in the ride which soon triggers a trap that destroys everything and causes them to exit out of the attraction and arrive at \"Krusty's Wet and Smoky Stunt Show\" where they are taken racing in circles while tied to a killer whale before Bob corners them at the attraction's exit. The Simpsons fly through a tipping metal water tower and Bob cuts a big hole into Hell. Maggie, now giant-sized after entering the reactor room during Pre-show 2, appears and grabs Bob and slams him into the vehicle, which almost plummets into Hell before it is saved by Professor Frink. Bob then steals Maggie's pacifier and tells her that she must destroy Springfield to get it back. Riders then take a ride through Springfield with references to the original opening sequence before encountering Maggie again, who mistakes their car for a new pacifier, and sucks on them repeatedly, before spitting them out (getting riders wet), onto overhead power lines and catapulting them into the Simpsons' house by crashing right through the front door. While Maggie is sucking on the riders, the aroma of baby powder is released. The family is sitting on their couch when Kang and Kodos turn the house into Krusty's \"Death Drop\" ride. The riders are then", "Pre-show 2, appears and grabs Bob and slams him into the vehicle, which almost plummets into Hell before it is saved by Professor Frink. Bob then steals Maggie's pacifier and tells her that she must destroy Springfield to get it back. Riders then take a ride through Springfield with references to the original opening sequence before encountering Maggie again, who mistakes their car for a new pacifier, and sucks on them repeatedly, before spitting them out (getting riders wet), onto overhead power lines and catapulting them into the Simpsons' house by crashing right through the front door. While Maggie is sucking on the riders, the aroma of baby powder is released. The family is sitting on their couch when Kang and Kodos turn the house into Krusty's \"Death Drop\" ride. The riders are then dropped down from the sky, encountering various \"Simpsons\" characters along the way (A faux photo is taken here). They crash back at the entrance to Krustyland, where Bob prepares to kill them, before the couch the Simpsons are sitting on crushes, and persumably kills, him. Maggie then appears and pushes down the Krusty head over the Simpsons. The vehicle is calmly lowered back down to the ground while mist, fire, electricity and smoke effects spray, and Homer yells that he wants to ride again. Krusty then appears on the TV screen in the loading room and remarks \"Well, that's our ride. Hey! What does THIS do?!\". For the Orlando attraction, Krusty is sitting in a control room and pushes an emergency button on a control panel, causing the vehicle to vibrate, ending the ride. In the Hollywood version, Krusty is sitting in a control room and takes a picture of the guests (The on-ride photo is taken here for the Hollywood attraction). After the gullwing doors on the car lift up, guests exit the ride. Planning for \"The Simpsons\" Ride started two years prior to its opening. \"The Simpsons\" creators James L. Brooks and Matt Groening, as well as executive producer Al Jean, collaborated with the Universal Studios creative team, Universal Creative, to help develop the ride. Music for the ride was composed by Jim Dooley, who worked with composer Hans Zimmer on the feature film \"The Simpsons Movie\". The ride is located at both Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood in the former buildings at both locations. The \"Back to the Future\" opened in Florida in 1991 and closed March 30, 2007, while the Hollywood version opened in 1993 and closed on September 3, 2007. The construction began at Universal Studios Florida in May 2007, and the original concrete on the ground from Back to the Future: The Ride was dismantled and replaced by a red and blue ground holding trees and benches. The building was given a complete overhaul; the cars were changed and the original Intamin mechanics system was updated by Oceaneering International. The construction began at Universal Studios Hollywood in mid-September 2007, with the disposal of the building's \"Back to the Future\" insignia. Outdoor painting on the building began in January 2008. The four-minute ride uses 85-foot IMAX Dome screens and Sony Projectors. There are 24 ride cars, each seating eight people, and approximately 2000 people can ride it per hour. The projection system uses four overlapping Sony SXRD 4K resolution projectors on each dome, using custom-made semi-circular fisheye lenses to project undistorted images at a rate of 60 frames per second (in comparison, most feature films project at 24 frames per second). The video is projected onto two dome screens which are made of 416 panels (each 4 feet by two feet) and are approximately 80 feet tall and 85 feet wide. The animation in the ride uses computer generated 3D animation rendered by Blur Studio and Reel FX, rather than the traditional 2-D animation seen on \"The Simpsons\" and the queue and pre-show of the ride. The animation reference was provided by Film Roman, the animation studio that animates the series. Each car contains 12 speakers and a Dolby 6.1 surround sound, while the domes contain an additional 90 speakers. The ride vehicles are themed to look like cars from a classic dark ride, and like the previous \"Back to the Future\" attraction, the vehicles feature fake wheels and gull-wing doors. Each dome features 12 8-passenger ride vehicles arranged with 3 cars on the first level, 5 on the second and 4 on the third. Each vehicle is mounted on a motion platform atop a scissor lift, which raises the vehicle 9 feet into the dome. The motion platforms are capable of a total motion of three feet. In addition to the motion-based ride vehicles, riders also feel water effects, smoke, mist, and experience lighting effects and scents. As of 2017, the smoke and water effects only work on a few vehicles at the Florida location. \"The Simpsons\" Ride uses new technology that cuts down on its energy consumption. According to Universal Studios, the ride is able to save over 55,000 watts on average and 662,000 watt-hours per day. The ride includes over 2,500 LEDs, the largest number in theme park history, which allows the ride to cut down on lighting energy by almost one quarter when compared to incandescent lighting. The ride features more than 24 regular characters from \"The Simpsons\" and features the voices of the regular cast members, as well as Pamela Hayden, Russi Taylor and Kelsey Grammer. Harry Shearer, however, decided not to participate in the ride, so none of his characters have vocal parts and many do not appear in the ride at all. In homage to the \"Back to the Future\" ride that it has replaced, \"The Simpsons\" Ride's queue video features a brief animated cameo from Doc Brown who is voiced by Christopher Lloyd. In October 2007, gift shops modeled after the Kwik-E-Mart were built, replacing the Back To The Future: The Store gift shop at Universal Studios Florida and the Time Travelers Depot gift shop at Universal Studios Hollywood. The stores sell \"Simpsons\"-related merchandise. Carts were opened near the stores which sell Squishees, (which are \"The Simpsons\"<nowiki>'</nowiki> parody of 7-Eleven's Slurpees.) At Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood, the park converted much of the World Expo and some of the Upper Lot in Universal Studios Hollywood into one based on Springfield. The new area includes some iconic landmarks from \"The Simpsons\" such as Krusty Burger, Frying Dutchman, Luigi's Pizza, Lard Lad Donuts, Bumblebee Man's Taco Truck, Moe's Tavern, The Android's Dungeon & Baseball Card Shop and a Duff Brewery. The park also added one amusement ride named \"Kang & Kodos' Twirl 'n' Hurl\". \"The Simpsons\" Ride was well received by fans after it opened. Seth Kubersky of \"Orlando Weekly\" described the ride as \"a more than worthy successor\" to . Brady MacDonald of the \"Los Angeles Times\" described the ride as \"visually stunning\" and said it \"truly delivers — with loads of in-jokes and satire for serious fanatics and tons of thrills and fun for casual fans.\" Elise Thompson of the LAist said \"the ride is a total blast, with plenty of laughs as well as thrills.\" Jay Cridlin of the \"St. Petersburg Times\" wrote that \"the ride is packed with more original, funny material than you'd expect to see in a sitcom, much less a theme park.\" However, he admitted that the ride was \"a little discombobulating\". The Universal Studios Florida version of the ride hosted its one millionth rider on 14 July 2008, reaching the milestone faster than any other attraction in the resort. The ride was named the best new attraction of 2008 by the website Themeparkinsider.com. The Simpsons Ride" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Panayiota Andreou Panayiota Andreou (, also transliterated Panagiota, born 10 November 1995) is a Cypriot skeet shooter who represented her country at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. She is ranked 22nd in the world and shoots for a club in Famagusta. After qualifying for the games due to a second-place position at the ISSF 2011 Shotgun World Cup in Maribor, she finished 16th in the women's skeet qualifying round with a score of 57 points, failing to qualify for the semi-final. She participated at the 2018 ISSF World Shooting Championships, winning a medal. She is the daughter of Antonis Andreou. Panayiota Andreou Panayiota Andreou (, also transliterated Panagiota, born 10 November 1995) is a Cypriot skeet shooter who represented her country at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. She is ranked 22nd in the world and shoots for a club in Famagusta. After qualifying for the games due to a second-place position at the ISSF 2011 Shotgun World Cup in Maribor, she finished 16th in the women's skeet qualifying round with a score of 57 points, failing to qualify for the semi-final. She participated at the 2018 ISSF World Shooting Championships, winning a medal. She" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "German Imperial Admiralty The German Imperial Admiralty () was an imperial naval authority in the German Empire. By order of Kaiser Wilhelm I the Northern German Federal Navy Department of the North German Confederation (1866–71), which had been formed from the Prussian Navy Department (Marineministerium), became on 1 January 1872 the German Imperial Admiralty (\"Kaiserliche Admiralität\"). The head of the Admiralty (Chef der Admiralität) administered the Imperial Navy under the authority of the imperial chancellor and the supreme command of the Emperor (\"Kaiserliche Kommandogewalt\"). It lasted until 1889, undergoing several reorganizations, but proved an impractical arrangement given the constant growth and the expansion of the Imperial Navy. Finally it was abolished in April 1889 and its duties divided among three new entities: German Imperial Naval High Command (\"Kaiserliches Oberkommando der Marine\"), the Imperial Naval Office (\"Reichsmarineamt\"), and the Imperial Naval Cabinet (\"Kaiserliches Marinekabinett\"). The Imperial Naval High Command was, on 14 March 1899, replaced by the German Imperial Admiralty Staff, which simply transferred over most of the personnel of the Admiral Staff detachment of the former Naval High Command. German Imperial Admiralty The German Imperial Admiralty () was an imperial naval authority in the German Empire. By order of Kaiser" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hyundai Sonata The Hyundai Sonata () is a mid-size car produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai since 1985. The first generation Sonata, which was introduced in 1985, was a facelifted Hyundai Stellar with an engine upgrade, and was withdrawn from the market in two years due to poor customer reactions. While the original was only sold in South Korea, with limited exports to Canada and New Zealand, the second generation of 1988 was widely exported. The first Sonata was introduced to compete with the Daewoo Royale series and was built using main components from the Stellar. It included cruise control, power seats, head lamp washers, power brakes, electric operated adjustable side mirrors and chrome bumper trims. The Sonata was available with two trim options in Korea: Luxury and Super (the latter only available with a 2.0-liter engine). In the domestic market Hyundai sold the Sonata as an executive car using catchphrases like \"Luxury car for VIP\", however as the Sonata was based on the Stellar without any redesigning it was seen by the public as no different than a luxury version of the Stellar. In 1987 Hyundai added two tone color schemes and a trip computer option but sales soon went down and the car was discontinued in December of that year. The Sonata was sold only in a few markets, such as in Korea and for export markets such as Canada and New Zealand, as the Stellar II. The vehicle was unveiled in South Korea on 4 November 1985. It did not meet the United States emission standards and thus was not available in that market. Engine choices included 1.6-liter Mitsubishi \"Saturn\" (only available outside the domestic market), 1.8- and 2.0-liter Mitsubishi \"Sirius\" inline-fours. The latter unit also found its way into the 1987 and later Stellar, and in MPI form the 1986 Hyundai Grandeur. The body was a largely unchanged Hyundai Stellar. It was sold in New Zealand (right hand drive) with the 1.6-liter Mitsubishi engine with the five-speed manual gearbox; an automatic transmission was an optional extra. The original importer was a unit of the Auckland-based Giltrap Motor Group. There was a version of the Stellar known as the Stellar 88 launched to celebrate the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. After Stellar 88, Hyundai discontinued the Stellar series and changed it to the Sonata series. The Y2 Sonata was part of Hyundai's expansion in North America after the success of the Excel. It was introduced in South Korea on 1 June 1988. It was then introduced in Canada in September 1988 as a 1989 model, on 14 November 1988 in the United States as a 1989 model, and in March 1989 in Australia. The exterior was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro of ItalDesign. The vehicle received a mid-term facelift in 1991. It replaced the Stellar as Hyundai's large family car. Sonatas were built in Ulsan, Korea, and in Bromont, Quebec. The Sonata was launched in Europe in June 1989, as the third model to be sold there following the Hyundai brand's European launch in 1982. It was aimed at buyers of cars including the Ford Granada Scorpio, but was priced to compete with smaller cars like the Ford Sierra. The Sonata was designed by Hyundai and featured Mitsubishi's engineering, including the platform from the Galant Σ and its 2.4-liter, the mitsubishi designed engines were made under license in Korea, and had Hyundai codes stamped on them, but otherwise were almost identical to motors used by Mitsubishi \"Sirius\" inline-four engine as used in American-market models. A 3.0-liter V6 engine based on the Mitsubishi \"6G72\" arrived in 1990. Other markets received 1.8- and 2.0-liter engines carried over from the first generation, but equipped with Hyundai's own MPI, replacing their carbureted counterparts used in the Y1 Sonata. The U.S. model received the DOHC 2.0-liter G4CP engine for the 1992 model year, replacing the original 2.4-liter SOHC G4CS engine. Trim levels in the US were offered with: The Y3 Sonata debuted in 1993. The base engine in most markets was a 2.0-liter Sirius I4, but there was a 3.0-liter, Mitsubishi V6 option in some markets. This generation continued after the demise of the Bromont, Quebec plant in September 1993. After that, all Sonatas would be built in Korea, until the opening of the Beijing Hyundai plant in December 2002. The third generation Y3 model was also produced as the Hyundai Marcia between 1995 and 1998, selling alongside the Sonata in South Korea only. The Marcia differed from the Sonata with its restyled front and rear fascias. A facelift for the Y3 in 1996 saw modifications to the front and rear. The four-cylinder engine output was also increased to for that year as well. The Y3 facelift was the last Sonata produced in Ulsan. A new model arrived in 1998, launching the \"(EF)\" series. Engines were the 2.0-liter with , 2.4-liter at Hyundai Sirius and a 2.5-liter with —the \"G6BW\" model of Hyundai Delta V6. The Kia Optima (called the Magentis outside of the United States) was based on the same automobile platform of this generation of Sonata and shared the same doors and some other panels. This Sonata also shared a platform with the first-generation Hyundai Santa Fe, a compact crossover SUV. Hyundai issued a facelift for the EF series in 2001 for the 2002 model year, known as the EF-B series. New front and rear styling featured, the original EF rear vehicle registration plate alcove repositioned from the bottom bumper to the trunk lid. This facelift model featured the all-aluminum, the \"G6BA\" series 2.7-liter \"Delta\" V6 with . It also featured the same \"Sirius II\" inline-four rated at and of torque. This generation of Sonata is still being built (since 2002) and sold in China from December 2002, by Beijing Hyundai. A facelifted Sonata was produced by that company in August 2009 called the Moinca. This model is only available in the Chinese market and comes with a 1.8 or 2.0 litre engine with transmission choices consisting of a five-speed manual or a four-speed automatic. The Sonata was produced by TagAZ in Russia until 2012. The NF Sonata was launched in August 2004 in Korea, based on a new platform created from the project \"NF\". The company's first all-aluminum I4 engine, dubbed Theta, debuted in the new Sonata. Engine choices at launch were a 2.4-liter I4 rated at 5800 rpm and a 3.3-liter V6 rated V6. In Korea, the 2.4-liter option was sold as the F24S (24 = 2.4L, S = Special). The 2.0-liter gasoline version was only sold in Korea and proved more popular there due to added gas, tax and insurance savings. Diesel versions are available in Europe, New Zealand and Singapore, where they are a popular replacement for the Toyota Comfort taxi cab. The U.S. May 2005 launch of the new Sonata coincided with the production commencement at the company's first U.S. assembly plant, in Montgomery, Alabama. Classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a mid-size car, the fourth generation was longer and taller and wider than the previous generation. Standard features in U.S. models included anti-lock braking system/electronic stability control/traction control system as well as six airbags (driver/front passenger front and side, and side curtain). Europe: 2006 year models received the following European New Car Assessment Program (Euro NCAP) ratings: In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety tests the Sonata received a \"Good\" overall in the frontal impact crash test, an \"Acceptable\" overall score in the side impact crash test, and a \"Good\" rating for rear crash protection. In the roof strength evaluation 09 and 10 models were rated \"Marginal\". 2006 Hyundai Sonata tested by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA): The redesigned vehicle was unveiled at the 2008 Chicago Auto Show as a 2009 model year vehicle. The production version was sold as the \"Hyundai Sonata Transform\" in Korea, and the model debuted elsewhere as an 'early' 2009 model. The styling was done primarily at Hyundai-Kia America Technical Center, Inc. (HATCI) in", "models received the following European New Car Assessment Program (Euro NCAP) ratings: In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety tests the Sonata received a \"Good\" overall in the frontal impact crash test, an \"Acceptable\" overall score in the side impact crash test, and a \"Good\" rating for rear crash protection. In the roof strength evaluation 09 and 10 models were rated \"Marginal\". 2006 Hyundai Sonata tested by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA): The redesigned vehicle was unveiled at the 2008 Chicago Auto Show as a 2009 model year vehicle. The production version was sold as the \"Hyundai Sonata Transform\" in Korea, and the model debuted elsewhere as an 'early' 2009 model. The styling was done primarily at Hyundai-Kia America Technical Center, Inc. (HATCI) in Superior Township, Michigan in 2006. The redesign features revised engines, front fascia and chrome 3 bar grille, taillights (turn signals became red), jewel-projector headlights, new 10-spoke alloy wheel design for the Limited models (as opposed to sharing the 5-spoke design from the SE model), and an extensively revised IP (Instrument Panel). Hyundai adopted \"slush molding\", a production technique that enables a much higher grade of texturing and shaping of the IP surface. Redesigned gauges feature a blue backlight, and a touch-screen navigation system, optional on the Limited trim level only, includes satellite radio capability. Bluetooth capability is available as an optional unit, separate from the audio or navigation system, and all models include both a USB port along with an auxiliary input jack. An optional USB adaptor cord allows integration of an iPod, and chrome interior door handles are standard on the Limited trim. The 2.4-liter \"G4KC\" Theta engine was rated at 6000 rpm and ( for PZEV model), 2.0-liter \"G4KA\" Theta engine was rated at 6000 rpm and at 4250 rpm and the 3.3-liter Lambda V6 was rated at 6000 rpm and at 4500 rpm. Diesel engine (D4EA) variant is available for the UK market with the option of 4-speed automatic or 6 speed manual. The base model GLS is available with a manual five-speed transmission. GLS, SE and Limited models feature a newly available, manually shiftable five-speed automatic transmission marketed as \"Shiftronic.\" There are minimal changes for the 2010 model, which includes the optional navigation system on the SE as opposed to being a Limited-exclusive option, and the V6 engine is no longer offered on the GLS model. Pre-facelift styling Post-facelift styling Beijing Hyundai launched a redesigned Sonata called the Ling Xiang, also known as NFC Sonata, for the Chinese market. Production commenced in December 2008 for the 2009 model year. This variant has an updated exterior and revised rear seating. Following Hyundai's success with their Hyundai Elantra Yue Dong, Ling Xiang was created specifically to target the Chinese market. Hyundai first introduced this car to the market at The 6th China Guangzhou International Automobile Exhibition in 2008. Engine and transmission choices include the 2.0 litre and 2.4 litre \"Theta\" engine paired to 3 gear separate gearboxes, a 5 speed manual, 5 speed automatic and 4 speed automatic. Pricing ranges from 155,800 to 228,800 yuan (23,955 to 35,173 USD). Trim levels consisted of the 2.0GL Manual and Automatic, 2.0 GLS Manual and Automatic, 2.0 DLX AT, 2.0 Top, 2.4 GLS, 2.4DLX AT and 2.4 Top. Hyundai commenced development of the \"YF\" Sonata in 2005, with a development cost of ₩450 billion (US$372 million). In the Australian, New Zealand, Singaporean, and Colombian markets, the \"YF\" is retailed under the name Hyundai i45, following the alphanumeric \"i\"-series nomenclature established by Hyundai in these markets. The vehicle was badged as a \"Sonata\" in Eastern Europe, just as in North America and South Korea. Sales of the \"YF\" Sonata in South Korea began on 2 September 2009, before the production vehicle's South Korean launch. The US version of the sixth generation Sonata was unveiled at the 2009 Los Angeles Auto Show, with sales beginning in 2010 for model year 2011. The Sonata was the second vehicle, after the Tucson, to carry Hyundai's then-radical \"Fluidic Sculpture\" design language. For the US market, the sixth generation Sonata boasted a direct-injection 2.4-liter four-cylinder engine. This new engine improves fuel economy and produces a maximum of at 6300 rpm and at 4250 rpm. It is part of the Theta II engine lineup. Furthermore, a timing chain was introduced along with a new six-speed automatic transmission. This Sonata is built with hot-stamped ultra high-strength steel. In South Korea, the \"YF\" Sonata is delivered with a 2.0-liter \"Theta II\" MPi gasoline engine (Max output , Max torque of 20.2㎏·m). Its fuel economy has improved 11%. A direct-injection 2.4-liter four cylinder engine and a 2.0 turbocharged engine was available. Exclusive options for the Korean model includes a three-piece panoramic moonroof, electroluminescent instrumentation, fender-mounted turn signals, and a special Premier Beige model. Upgraded audio uses a JBL system, and certain navigation packages come with a telecommunications system with Hyundai's Mozen system. For the North American model, GLS, SE, and Limited trims were offered. A six-speed manual transmission came standard on the GLS, and a six-speed automatic is available. Differences with the Korean model include differences with the GLS model, which features a body-colored grille and door handles, and different steel wheel covers. Limited models and optional stereos on the GLS and SE now have \"Dimension\" audio systems, and the Limited trim has an optional Infinity stereo. Limited models have standard front and rear heated seats, the first such offering in this segment. Additional differences include different cupholders, a redesigned straight leather shifter as rather than the gated one on Korean models, and an additional exterior color choice, Indigo Blue Pearl. The 6th Hyundai Sonata was awarded Top Safety Pick from Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) in the United States. The Sonata 2.0T was released in December 2010. For the 2012 model year, Hyundai's new Blue Link system was offered as standard equipment, and the Limited model included a new standard three-piece panoramic sunroof. SE models had an optional backup camera included with navigation packages, and navigation systems included a new 7-inch display from the previous 6.5-inch. For 2013, the list of standard features was changed slightly, including heated front seats on SE models, and heated rear seats on Limited models. An automatic transmission also came standard on GLS models, the manual was no longer offered. The GLS Popular Equipment Package now included fog lights and heated front seats. The Limited trims now no longer included the panoramic sunroof, but instead included a standard size sunroof. A panoramic sunroof offered on the Limited Premium Package. In January 2013 the i45 was discontinued in Australia following slow sales and limited supplies. In turn, the expanded i40 range filled the gap left by the i45. The i45 has also been discontinued in Colombia, and replaced with the smaller i40 sedan, leaving Singapore and New Zealand as the only two markets still selling the vehicle under the i45 name at that time. In 2012, the Korean-produced Sonata received a mild mid-life facelift. Exterior changes include a new grille, slimmer LED mirror indicators, new front fog lights incorporating LED daytime running lamps (DRLs), new alloy wheel designs, as well as redesigned LED taillights. Interior changes include a new color touchscreen display for audio systems (on certain models), as well as redesigned dual-zone automatic climate controls, which now incorporate a small LCD display. A Driver Selectable Steering Mode was standard on all trims. Front parking sensors are now available on certain models, as well as an electronic parking brake. The facelifted model was first released in", "sedan, leaving Singapore and New Zealand as the only two markets still selling the vehicle under the i45 name at that time. In 2012, the Korean-produced Sonata received a mild mid-life facelift. Exterior changes include a new grille, slimmer LED mirror indicators, new front fog lights incorporating LED daytime running lamps (DRLs), new alloy wheel designs, as well as redesigned LED taillights. Interior changes include a new color touchscreen display for audio systems (on certain models), as well as redesigned dual-zone automatic climate controls, which now incorporate a small LCD display. A Driver Selectable Steering Mode was standard on all trims. Front parking sensors are now available on certain models, as well as an electronic parking brake. The facelifted model was first released in Korea in 2012, followed by international markets in early 2013. North American produced Sonatas received a facelift in late 2013, for the 2014 model year. Pre-facelift styling Post-facelift styling Top Safety Pick Award in Insurance Institute for Highway Safety tests Later release (manufactured on or after 2 July 2010) version of Model Year 2011: by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) under 2010 new test rules The 2011 Sonata is one of six vehicles rated Five Star under new rules as of November 2010. Early release (manufactured before 2 July 2010) version of model year 2011: Australasian NCAP – The Hyundai Sonata scored the highest possible rating of 5 stars Korean NCAP – The Hyundai Sonata scored the highest possible ratings across the frontal, offset and side crash tests China NCAP – The Hyundai Sonata scored the highest possible rating of 6 stars At the 2008 Los Angeles Auto Show, Hyundai unveiled the Hyundai Blue Drive powertrain for the then next generation Sonata, which uses lithium polymer battery technology. It was reported to be based on Hyundai BLUE-DRIVE concept. The 2011 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid sales in the U.S. began near the end of February 2011. The Sonata Hybrid drivetrain combines a 2.4-liter engine with six-speed automatic transmission, and a 30 kW electric motor and lightweight lithium polymer batteries to produce a full gasoline-electric hybrid with in the city and on the highway. This powertrain is shared with the 2011 Kia Optima Hybrid.;2013 Sonata Hybrid The 2013 Sonata Hybrid has noticeable improvements and has ranked 3rd out of 20 Affordable Midsize Cars (based on U.S. News' analysis of 19 published reviews and test drives as well as their analysis of reliability and safety data). The 2013 hybrid has a long warranty and a spacious, high-quality interior. Its base price ranges from $26,445–$31,324 and weights 3450–3550 pounds. As a hybrid, it emits 0.51 pounds of CO2 per mile and has an EPA fuel economy ratings of 36/40 mpg city/highway. Cumulative sales of the Sonata Hybrid in the U.S. reached 7,906 units through July 2011, representing 20 percent of Sonata sales at the time, according to Hyundai. The Sonata Hybrid was the number two selling hybrid since June, outsold only by the Prius. Considering cumulative sales in the U.S. market through December 2011, with 19,672 units sold, the Sonata Hybrid and the Kia Optima Hybrid together ranked second in hybrid sales for calendar year 2011, after the Toyota Prius, and surpassed the Honda Insight in September. It comes with a 35 kW electric motor (up from 30) and a lithium-polymer battery that is 38 percent larger and more energy dense. The newer electric motor can run up to , meaning that it can run on electricity at higher speeds, saving more fuel. It also retains the 2.4-liter, multi-port fuel injected, four-cylinder engine, which uses a modified Atkinson cycle achieved via VVT and a compression ratio of 13:1. Upgraded computer programming smooths the transitions between gas and electric power modes. The hybrid’s time decreased from 9.5 to 8.1 seconds (note: the non-hybrid Sonata’s time is 7.9). Standard features include Bluetooth, Satellite radio, dual-zone climate control, auxiliary and USB jacks, a CD Player, six-speaker surround system, 16-inch alloy wheels, automatic headlights, LED running lights, fog lights, heated mirrors, keyless ignition/entry, push-button start, cruise control, an eight-way power driver seat, tilt-and-telescoping steering wheel, heated front seats, and Hyundai’s BlueLink emergency communications system. Additional options include touchscreen navigation, a rearview camera, panoramic sunroof, HD radio, Infinity audio system (nine speakers), 17-inch alloy wheels, leather seating surfaces, leather-wrapped steering wheel and shift knob, power driver seat with lumbar support, heated rear seat, auto-dimming rearview mirror. The hybrid Sonata received top five-star ratings for overall crash protection and overall side protection as well as four-ratings for overall frontal protection.Safety features include antilock brakes, stability control, traction control, front side-impact airbags, full-length curtain airbags, and active front head restraints. To replace the V6 power option for the Hyundai Sonata in certain markets, Hyundai has developed a turbo-powered 2.0-liter engine that has direct injection and is intercooled. The Theta-II engine produces and of torque while achieving an efficiency rating of highway, beating the specs provided by the 3.3-liter Lambda V6 offered in the previous model. The new model is badged as the 2.0T and is available on the SE or Limited trim lines. All turbo models get standard dual zone climate control, steering wheel paddle shifters, chrome-tipped dual exhaust, and 18-inch wheels that are shared with the non-turbo SE models. Limited 2.0T models receive all of these options as well as a heated leather interior, sunroof and other features. Originally internally coded as LFA, the 2015 Sonata was unveiled in Korea late March 2014, and was unveiled in America at the 2014 New York International Auto Show. While the previous model incorporated significant aesthetic changes and sold successfully within the U.S, sales in Korea failed to meet expectations. A more conservative approach was thus taken, to appease the Korean market, resulting in Fluidic Sculpture 2.0. The car inherits many styling features from Hyundai's Hyundai HCD-14 Concept unveiled at the 2013 New York International Auto Show. The car also takes interior and exterior styling based on the 2014 Hyundai Aslan. In Australia and New Zealand, Hyundai have reverted to the use of the Sonata badge, replacing the i45 badge that was used only on the sixth generation Sonata in that market. Some cars had to be recalled because of manufacturing defects that affected safety. A facelifted seventh-generation Sonata was unveiled in March 2017. Korean name is 'Sonata New Rise'. The exterior received a radical redesign more in line with the sixth-generation, including new headlights, tail lights, cascading grille, and optional vertical LED lighting. The front of the 2018 Sonata shares some characteristics of the sixth generation Grandeur/ Azera. The dashboard was reshaped, with new air vents on the driver's side and a larger touch screen that is compatible with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. The interior also received a new steering wheel, gearshift, and instrument cluster. Other standard features added in the refresh include standard wireless phone charger and USB port for rear passengers. The Hyundai Blue Link telematics system was also upgraded to be compatible with Amazon Echo and Google Home devices. A mid-trim SEL trim level was also added for 2018, with standard features such as Hyundai Blue Link in-vehicle telematics system, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, A/M-F/M HD Radio, and a power-adjustable front driver's bucket seat also became available for 2018, and both the base SE and Eco trims lost those features as standard equipment. Pre-facelift styling Post-facelift styling As part of the seventh-generation Sonata, Hyundai announced the release of a plug-in hybrid variant", "The interior also received a new steering wheel, gearshift, and instrument cluster. Other standard features added in the refresh include standard wireless phone charger and USB port for rear passengers. The Hyundai Blue Link telematics system was also upgraded to be compatible with Amazon Echo and Google Home devices. A mid-trim SEL trim level was also added for 2018, with standard features such as Hyundai Blue Link in-vehicle telematics system, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, A/M-F/M HD Radio, and a power-adjustable front driver's bucket seat also became available for 2018, and both the base SE and Eco trims lost those features as standard equipment. Pre-facelift styling Post-facelift styling As part of the seventh-generation Sonata, Hyundai announced the release of a plug-in hybrid variant scheduled for market launch in the second half of 2015. Technical details of the Sonata PHEV were announced at the 2015 North American International Auto Show. The Sonata PHEV was released in selected markets in the United States in November 2015. It is available only in California and nine other states that share the same zero-emissions vehicle requirements as California. The Sonata plug-in all-electric range in blended mode is up to as rated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and a total range of . Since the Sonata PHEV uses some gasoline during the all-electric mode, the EPA considers the actual all-electric range is between . The EPA fuel economy rating is 99 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (MPG-e) (2.4 L/100 km; 119 mpg-imp) in charge-depleting (all-electric) mode and a combined city/highway rating of in hybrid mode. In contrast, the conventional 2016 model year Sonata gasoline-electric hybrid has an EPA rated combined fuel economy of , in the city and on the highway. Hyundai Sonata The Hyundai Sonata () is a mid-size car produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai since 1985. The first generation Sonata, which was introduced in 1985, was a facelifted Hyundai Stellar with an engine upgrade, and was withdrawn from the market in two years due to poor customer reactions. While the original was only sold in South Korea," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "El Celso El Celso is a post-graffiti artist working on and off the streets of the United States. He was born in Newark, New Jersey and is currently active in the New York and Los Angeles areas. He has been described in a recent issue of ARTnews as a “conceptualist” regarding his show at The Winkleman Gallery. described his show, “Art Burn,” an International contemporary art expo & immolation, as a “bonfire of the art vanities” and the Miami Herald declared it “a funky Basel sideshow.” The New York Times described his previous exhibition, “Post No Bills,” a street art gallery installation in Long Island City as “audacious.” The Brooklyn Rail describes El Celso as “a street artist with a taste for experimentation, a knack for making things happen and a predilection for drawing colorful naked women.” His figurative drawings, paintings and original works on Plexiglas were also the subject of a documentary series, “The Streets of New York,” which was broadcast on NHK in Japan in 2008. His work is also featured in numerous publications, street art books and web sites. El Celso El Celso is a post-graffiti artist working on and off the streets of the United States." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Climate of Gibraltar The climate of Gibraltar is Mediterranean/Subtropical with mild winters and warm summers. Gibraltar has two main prevailing winds, an easterly one known as the \"Levante\" coming from the Sahara in Africa which brings humid weather and warmer sea currents and the other as \"Poniente\" which is westerly and brings fresher air and colder sea. Its terrain consists of the high Rock of Gibraltar and the narrow coastal lowland surrounding it. Rain occurs mainly in winter, the summers are generally dry. Average morning relative humidity: 82%, evening relative humidity: 64%. Sunshine hours is till 2,778 per year, from 150 in November (~5 hours of sunshine per day) to 341 in July (~11 hours of sunshine per day). Its average annual temperature is : during the day and at night. In the coldest month - January, the typically temperature ranges from during the day and at night (sometimes above and below these temperatures), the average sea temperature is . In the warmest month - August, the typically temperature ranges from during the day, above at night, the average sea temperature is . Average number of days above is 181, average number of days above is 5-6 (2 in July, 3 in August). The highest temperature ever recorded is on July 5, 1994 while the lowest temperature ever recorded is on January 13, 1978. Climate of Gibraltar The climate of Gibraltar is Mediterranean/Subtropical with mild winters and warm summers. Gibraltar has two main prevailing winds, an easterly one known as the \"Levante\" coming from the Sahara in Africa which brings humid weather and warmer sea currents and the other as \"Poniente\" which is westerly and brings fresher air and colder sea. Its terrain consists of the high Rock of Gibraltar and the narrow coastal lowland surrounding it. Rain occurs mainly" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Salvia wagneriana Salvia wagneriana is a perennial found in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, and the Mexican state of Chiapas, growing at elevation in warm, moist areas. It is very popular among gardeners near its native habitat, and one of the few native plants taken from the wild by local gardeners. It is described sometimes as a herb and sometimes as a shrub by various botanists. \"Salvia wagneriana\" grows up to tall and wide, with yellow-green leaves that sometimes have purple veins. The underside of the leaf has raised veins. The flowers range in color from bright red to rose to pinkish cream, with highly colored bracts and calyces that are different colors than the flower. The showy flowers are long. Salvia wagneriana Salvia wagneriana is a perennial found in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, and the Mexican state of Chiapas, growing at elevation in warm, moist areas. It is very popular among gardeners near its native habitat, and one of the few native plants taken from the wild by local gardeners. It is described sometimes as a herb and sometimes as a shrub by various botanists. \"Salvia wagneriana\" grows up to tall and wide, with yellow-green leaves" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Quadratic classifier A quadratic classifier is used in machine learning and statistical classification to separate measurements of two or more classes of objects or events by a quadric surface. It is a more general version of the linear classifier. Statistical classification considers a set of vectors of observations x of an object or event, each of which has a known type \"y\". This set is referred to as the training set. The problem is then to determine for a given new observation vector, what the best class should be. For a quadratic classifier, the correct solution is assumed to be quadratic in the measurements, so \"y\" will be decided based on In the special case where each observation consists of two measurements, this means that the surfaces separating the classes will be conic sections (\"i.e.\" either a line, a circle or ellipse, a parabola or a hyperbola). In this sense we can state that a quadratic model is a generalization of the linear model, and its use is justified by the desire to extend the classifier's ability to represent more complex separating surfaces. Quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) is closely related to linear discriminant analysis (LDA), where it is assumed that the measurements from each class are normally distributed. Unlike LDA however, in QDA there is no assumption that the covariance of each of the classes is identical. When the normality assumption is true, the best possible test for the hypothesis that a given measurement is from a given class is the likelihood ratio test. Suppose there are only two groups, (so formula_2), and the means of each class are defined to be formula_3 and the covariances are defined as formula_4. Then the likelihood ratio will be given by for some threshold formula_6. After some rearrangement, it can be shown that the resulting separating surface between the classes is a quadratic. The sample estimates of the mean vector and variance-covariance matrices will substitute the population quantities in this formula. While QDA is the most commonly used method for obtaining a classifier, other methods are also possible. One such method is to create a longer measurement vector from the old one by adding all pairwise products of individual measurements. For instance, the vector would become Finding a quadratic classifier for the original measurements would then become the same as finding a linear classifier based on the expanded measurement vector. This observation has been used in extending neural network models; the \"circular\" case, which corresponds to introducing only the sum of pure quadratic terms formula_9 with no mixed products (formula_10), has been proven to be the optimal compromise between extending the classifier's representation power and controlling the risk of overfitting (Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension). For linear classifiers based only on dot products, these expanded measurements do not have to be actually computed, since the dot product in the higher-dimensional space is simply related to that in the original space. This is an example of the so-called kernel trick, which can be applied to linear discriminant analysis, as well as the support vector machine. Sources: Quadratic classifier A quadratic classifier is used in machine learning and statistical classification to separate measurements of two or more classes of objects or events by a quadric surface. It is a more general version of the linear classifier. Statistical classification considers a set of vectors of observations x of an object or event, each of which has a known type \"y\". This set is referred to as the training set. The problem is then to determine for a given new observation vector, what the best class should be. For a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tonga at the 2012 Summer Olympics Tonga participated in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom, which were held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation in London marked its eighth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1984 Summer Olympics. The delegation included three competitors: two in athletics, Joseph Andy Lui and ʻAna Poʻuhila, along with one short distance swimmer Amini Fonua. The latter entry was Tonga's first appearance in Olympic swimming competition. Lui and Fonua qualified through wildcard places while Po'uhila made the games by meeting qualification standards. Fonua was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony while Lui held it at the closing ceremony. Lui and Fonua failed to progress farther than the preliminary round of their respective events while Po'uhila finished 29th in the heat stage of the women's shot put contest. Tonga participated in eight Summer Olympic Games between its debut at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States and the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, England. The country sent its largest delegation to an Olympic Games with seven to the 1984 Summer Olympics. No Tongan athlete has ever won a medal at the Olympic Games. Tonga participated in the London Summer Games between 27 July to 12 August 2012. The Tongan National Olympic Committee (NOC) selected two athletes through wildcard places. Usually, an NOC would be able to enter up to three qualified athletes in each individual event as long as each athlete met the \"A\" standard, or one athlete per event if they met the \"B\" standard. However, since Tonga had no athletes that met either standard, they were allowed to select two athletes, one of each gender, as wildcards. The three athletes that were selected by Tonga to compete at the London Games were Joseph Andy Lui in the men's 100 metres, ʻAna Poʻuhila in the women's shot put contest and Amini Fonua in the men's 100 metre breaststroke. The country's male Olympic football team failed to qualify after being defeated by New Zealand 10-0 in their last group stage match in the OFC Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament. Along with the three athletes, the country's delegation was led by its chef de mission Ahongalu Fusimalohi. Fonwa was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony while Lui held it at the closing ceremony. Fusimalochi said in June 2012 that the team hoped ten athletes would be qualified, but after that did not occur, he expected that the competitor's performance in London will inspire participants who wanted to compete at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. At the age of 20, Joseph Andy Lui was the youngest person to represent Tonga at the London Games. He had not taken part in any previous Olympic Games, Lui qualified for the Games by using a wildcard because his fastest time of 10.82 seconds, set at the 2011 Oceania Athletics Championships, was 0.58 seconds slower than the \"B\" qualifying standard for his event, the men's 100 metres. In preparation for the games he trained in his native Tonga and spent one month in Gold Coast, Queensland. Lui was drawn in the first heat of the preliminary round on 4 August, finishing fourth out of seven athletes, with a time of 11.17 seconds. He finished in front of Mohan Khan of Bangladesh (11.25 seconds) but behind Guinea-Bissau's Holder da Silva (10.69 seconds) in a heat led by Bruno Rojas from Bolivia (10.62 seconds). Overall Liu placed 65th out of 75 runners and did not advance into the first round because his time was 0.48 seconds slower than Da' Silva's time who progressed him into the later stages. After the Games he said to \"ABC Radio Australia\" that while he did not expect to run quickly, he expressed his desire to represent Tonga at the Rio Games. ʻAna Poʻuhila was the oldest person (and the sole female athlete) to take part for Tonga at the London Olympic Games at the age of 32. She had participated in the previous two Olympic Games in Athens and Beijing. Po'uhila gained entry into the Games by meeting qualification standards because her best throw of 16.40 metres, set at the 2011 Pacific Games, was 0.90 metres better than the \"B\" qualifying standard for the women's shot put competition. She spent time in Auckland preparing for the Games. During the qualifying heat of her event, which took place on 7 August, the Tongan field athlete was placed in the sixteen-person second heat. Po'uhila was given three attempts to put the shot as far as she could. During the first attempt, she lobbed the shot 15.80 metres, ranking 14th in her heat. Po'uhila was unable to best the ranking on her ranking when she lobbed it 15.75 metres, placing 11th amongst those who threw during the second try. Her third and final attempt, 15.11 metres, did not beat her first attempt. Using her best mark, 15.80 metres, Po'uhila placed 29th out of 30 athletes who completed the event. She finished ahead of Elena Smolyanova of Uzbekistan (14.42 metres) but behind Taiwan's Lin Chia-ying (17.43 metres) in a heat led by Yevgeniya Kolodko of Russia (19.31 metres). Of the 30 athletes who finished the event Po'uhila finished in 29th, and did not progress into the final. Competing at his first Olympics, Amini Fonua was the sole representative to compete in Swimming on Tonga's behalf. He qualified for the games by gaining a universality place from FINA because his time of one minute and 4.02 seconds did not reach the \"A\" (Olympic Qualifying Time) or \"B\" (FINA/Olympic Invititional Time) standard entry times for his event, the men's 100 metre breaststroke. Fonua's qualification meant Tonga made their first appearance in Olympic swimming competition. He spent time training in the United States in preparation for the Olympics. In an interview before the Games Fonua stated it was an honour to be his country's first Olympic swimmer and hoped he would not be the only such competitor. He was drawn in the contest's first heat on 28 July, finishing first out of four swimmers, with a time of one minute and 3.65 seconds. Fonua was ahead of the nearest-placed finisher Mubarak Al-Besher of the United Arab Emirates (one minute and 5.26 seconds). Overall he placed 41st out of 44 competitors and was unable to advance into the semi-final after finishing 3.07 seconds slower than the slowest athlete who made the next stage. Tonga at the 2012 Summer Olympics Tonga participated in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom, which were held from 27 July" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bearded reedling The bearded reedling (\"Panurus biarmicus\") is a small, sexually dimorphic reed-bed passerine bird. It is frequently known as the bearded tit, due to some similarities to the long-tailed tit, or the bearded parrotbill. It is the only species in the family Panuridae. The bearded reedling was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 10th edition of \"Systema Naturae\" in 1758. He placed it in the genus \"Parus\" with the tits. The species has since been placed with the parrotbills in the family Paradoxornithidae, after they were removed from the true tits in the family. More recent research suggests it is a unique songbird – no other living species seems to be particularly closely related to it. The species is now placed in the monotypic family Panuridae. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the bearded reedling is a member of the superfamily Sylvioidea and is most closely related to the lark family Alaudidae. The current genus name, \"Panurus\", is from Ancient Greek \"panu\", \"exceedingly\", and \"ουρά\", \"tail\". The specific \"biarmicus\" is from \"Biarmia\", a Latinised form of Bjarmaland formerly part of what is now the Arkhangelsk Oblast area of Russia. This is a small orange-brown bird, L 16.5 cm, with a long tail and an undulating flight. The bill is yellow-orange. The male has a grey head and black moustaches (not a beard); the lower tail coverts are also black. The female is generally paler, with no black. Flocks often betray their presence in a reedbed by their characteristic \"ping\" call. This species is a wetland specialist, breeding colonially in large reed beds by lakes or swamps. It eats reed aphids in summer, and reed seeds in winter, its digestive system changing to cope with the very different seasonal diets. The bearded reedling is a species of temperate Europe and Asia. It is resident, and most birds do not migrate other than eruptive or cold weather movements. It is vulnerable to hard winters, which may kill many birds. The English population of about 500 pairs is largely confined to the south and east with a small population in Leighton Moss in north Lancashire. In Ireland a handful of pairs breed in County Wexford. The largest single population in Great Britain is to be found in the reedbeds at the mouth of the River Tay in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, where there may be in excess of 250 pairs. Bearded" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Janitor A janitor (American English, Scottish English), janitress (female), custodian, porter, cleaner or caretaker is a person who cleans and maintains buildings such as hospitals, schools, and residential accommodation. Janitors' primary responsibility is as a cleaner. In some cases, they will also carry out maintenance and security duties. A similar position, but usually with more managerial duties and not including cleaning, is occupied by building superintendents in the United States (and occasionally in Canada). Cleaning is one of the most commonly outsourced services. Although most of the work performed by janitors and building cleaners is indoors, sometimes it can be outdoors. Outdoors work mainly include sweeping walkways, mowing lawns, or shoveling snow. In some facilities or buildings, a separate company may be hired to do outdoor work. Office buildings are usually cleaned when they are vacant, so most of the office janitorial staff work during the evening. The work can be physically demanding and sometimes dirty and unpleasant. General janitor duties often include the following tasks: In 2010, the median pay of a janitor working in the US was $10.68 per hour. The yearly salary could grow by 11% according to the statistics of 2010. Office cleaning staff perform many of the same duties as janitors. However the tasks are divided among different members. Additional tasks include: Cleaning is one of the most commonly outsourced services. Some of the reasons for this include: Between 17% to 23% of the total undocumented immigrant population living in the United States work in the cleaning industry (and growing at a rate of 1/2% to 1/3% percent per year). In addition to this population offering an abundant source of inexpensive labor, janitorial work is mostly undertaken at night, making it an appealing option for janitorial companies to employ undocumented workers seeking clandestine employment. Many such immigrants have even started their own janitorial companies using fictitious business licenses and false identication information. In the Netherlands, the number of cleaning companies grew from 5,000 in 2003 to 8,000 in 2008. Janitor A janitor (American English, Scottish English), janitress (female), custodian, porter, cleaner or caretaker is a person who cleans and maintains buildings such as hospitals, schools, and residential accommodation. Janitors' primary responsibility is as a cleaner. In some cases, they will also carry out maintenance and security duties. A similar position, but usually with more managerial duties and not including cleaning, is occupied by building superintendents" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Manu Molina Manuel \"Manu\" Antonio Molina Valero (born 20 November 1991) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Salamanca CF as an attacking midfielder. Born in Huelva, Andalusia, Molina was a product of local Recreativo de Huelva youth system. After completing his football grooming with RCD Espanyol, he made his first-team debut at only 18, playing the last minute of the 3–1 home win over Getafe CF on 29 August 2010. One month later he started and played the entire match at Real Madrid, but the Catalans lost it 0–3. Molina was loaned to SD Huesca in Segunda División for the 2011–12 season. He scored his first goal for the Aragonese on 17 September 2011, in a 3–3 home draw against CD Alcoyano. Manu Molina Manuel \"Manu\" Antonio Molina Valero (born 20 November 1991) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Salamanca CF as an attacking midfielder. Born in Huelva, Andalusia, Molina was a product of local Recreativo de Huelva youth system. After completing his football grooming with RCD Espanyol, he made his first-team debut at only 18, playing the last minute of the 3–1 home win over Getafe CF on 29 August 2010. One month later he started and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "John Gribbin John R. Gribbin (born 19 March 1946) is a British science writer, an astrophysicist, and a visiting fellow in astronomy at the University of Sussex. His writings include quantum physics, human evolution, climate change, global warming, the origins of the universe, and biographies of famous scientists. He also writes science fiction. John Gribbin graduated with his bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Sussex in 1966. Gribbin then earned his master of science (MSc) degree in astronomy in 1967, also from the Univ. of Sussex, and he earned his PhD in astrophysics from the University of Cambridge (1971). In 1968, Gribbin worked as one of Fred Hoyle's research students at the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, and wrote a number of stories for \"New Scientist\" about the Institute's research and what were eventually discovered to be pulsars. In 1974, Gribbin, along with Stephen Plagemann, published a book titled \"The Jupiter Effect\", which predicted that the alignment of the planets in a quadrant on one side of the Sun on 10 March 1982 would cause gravitational effects that would trigger earthquakes in the San Andreas Fault, possibly wiping out Los Angeles and its suburbs. Gribbin distanced himself from \"The Jupiter Effect\" in the 17 July 1980, issue of \"New Scientist\" magazine, stating that he had been \"too clever by half\". In February 1982, he and Plagemann published \"The Jupiter Effect Reconsidered\", claiming that the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption proved their theory true despite a lack of planetary alignment. In 1999, Gribbin repudiated it, saying \"I don't like it, and I'm sorry I ever had anything to do with it.\" In 1984, Gribbin published \"In Search of Schrödinger's Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality\". The Spectator Book Club described it as among the best of the first wave of physics popularisations preceding Stephen Hawking's multi-million-selling \"A Brief History of Time\". Gribbin's book was cited by BBC World News as an example of how to revive an interest in the study of mathematics. In 2006, Gribbin took part in a BBC radio 4 broadcast as an \"expert witness\". Presenter Matthew Parris discussed with Professor Kathy Sykes and Gribbin whether Einstein \"really was a 'crazy genius. At the 2009 World Conference of Science Journalists, the Association of British Science Writers presented Gribbin with their Lifetime Achievement award. The conservative political magazine \"The Spectator\" described Gribbin as \"one of the finest and most prolific writers of popular science around\" in a review of \"Science: A History\", which it praises as \"the product of immense learning, and a lifetime spent working out how to write in a vivacious way about science and scientists\". Henry Gee, a senior editor at \"Nature\", described Gribbin as \"one of the best science writers around\". A review of \"The Universe: A Biography\" in the journal \"Physics World\" praised his skill in explaining difficult ideas. A \"Wall Street Journal\" review of \"Flower Hunters\" (co-authored with Mary Gribbin) described the writing as \"pedestrian\", with plenty of domestic detail but a failure to convey a larger cultural context. It stated that the book's chapter-length biographical sketches are too often superficial, and criticised the book for glaring omissions of prominent plant collectors. In a review of \"The Reason Why\", the \"Times Higher Education\" states that Gribbin writes on speculative matters and presents some of his theories without supporting evidence, but noted his comprehensive research and lyrical writing. A review of his biography of Stephen Hawking in the \"Los Angeles Times\" expressed concern that Gribbin and White's work had not been edited for American readers and that some readers may be put off as a result, and stated that some of the authors' information regarding an American educational institution was \"simply wrong\". John Gribbin John R. Gribbin (born 19 March 1946) is a British science writer, an astrophysicist, and a visiting fellow in astronomy at the University of Sussex. His writings include quantum physics, human evolution, climate change, global warming, the origins of the universe, and biographies of famous scientists. He also writes science fiction. John Gribbin graduated with his bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Sussex in 1966. Gribbin then earned his master of science (MSc) degree in astronomy in 1967," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Benjamin Abramowitz Benjamin Abramowitz (also known as \"Ben Hoffman\" during the late 1930s and early 1940s) was an American painter, printmaker and sculptor. First recognized for his remarkable contribution at age 19 as senior artist with the Federal Art Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in New York City, he is among the most respected Washington DC artists of the past century. Abramowitz was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1917 to Russian immigrants. As a young child he craved the artistry of signs, posters and illustrations, and was enraptured by the art in museums. Walking hours to study life drawing at the Brooklyn Museum School, at 16 the Brooklyn Museum honored him with his first solo exhibition. He attended the National Academy of Design, absorbing the models of the avant-garde and social-realists, studying the masters. In 1936 he joined the Work Projects Administration (W.P.A.) using the name of Ben Hoffman and moved through the ranks, as teacher, mural assistant, senior printmaker and painter. He was 19 years old. The Metropolitan Museum in New York holds eleven lithographs from the young artist. In 1941, with the world at war, Abramowitz moved to Washington, DC taking on U.S. government graphic assignments. He chose to make Greenbelt his base for both home and studio for more than half a century. The postwar years were a time of critical personal and artistic evolution for him. Two young children complicated his daily struggle for time and energy. By day a lithographer, each and every night driven by discipline, he drew and painted. By the time he was in his early 30s, Abramowitz had become a celebrated star in the growing Washington, DC-Baltimore regional art scene. From the 1940s on, critics, curators and collectors enthusiastically sought out his work. His work began to be purchased for major regional collections among them, the Baltimore Museum of Art and the Phillips Collection. The Corcoran Gallery of Art selected his work annually for its biennial exhibitions. By the mid-20th century, Abramowitz, was recognized not only as a painter, but also as a teacher and \"art coach\" throughout the Washington metropolitan area. Among his students was the D.C. painter and sculptor Lilian Thomas Burwell. The Ford Foundation singled him out and sent him throughout the country, lecturing, conducting seminars and critiques as artist-in-residence. All the while, he kept journals and maintained an active correspondence with critics, curators and students. By the 1970s, he moved beyond the canvas, and turned to making elegant and iconic wall works and freestanding sculptures, some black, some white, filling book after book with ideas for more. He designed four books illustrating the basic principles of the creative experience. Until his mid-80s, when diminishing vision essentially prevented him from continuing to work, he created steadily and with the same discipline and vigor that marked his earlier years. By 2008, his early work in the WPA became increasingly valuable and recognized, and is currently featured in a touring exhibition. Abramowitz' distinguished lifework has been cited in numerous prestigious biographical volumes. The National Archives of American Art holds hundreds of papers, letters and other materials. The modern art movement in the Washington region started mid-century, and the first was the work of Ben Abramowitz,\" said Walter Hopps, museum director and curator, at a memorial service for artist Gene Davis at the National Gallery of Art in 1985. The prolific and complex achievements of master artist Benjamin Abramowitz in painting, sculpture, works on paper in drawing and watercolor span almost eight decades. Noted for his compelling aesthetic vision, Abramowitz has been hailed by critics, curators and collectors as one of the most important artists of the 20th century. His vast body of work resists categorization. Working outside the geographical spotlight of the New York art world, Abramowitz' recognized mastery has been remarkably overlooked. Benjamin Abramowitz Benjamin Abramowitz (also known as \"Ben Hoffman\" during the late 1930s and early 1940s) was an American painter, printmaker and sculptor. First recognized for his remarkable contribution at age 19 as senior artist with the Federal Art Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in New York City, he is among the most respected Washington DC artists of the past century. Abramowitz" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sandwich bread Sandwich bread (also referred to as sandwich loaf) is bread that is prepared specifically to be used for the preparation of sandwiches. Sandwich breads are produced in many varieties, such as white, whole wheat, sourdough, rye, multigrain and others. Sandwich bread may be formulated to slice easily, cleanly or uniformly, and may have a fine crumb (the soft, inner part of bread) and a light texture. Sandwich bread may be designed to have a balanced proportion of crumb and crust, whereby the bread holds and supports fillings in place and reduces drips and messiness. Some may be designed to not become crumbly, hardened, dried or have too squishy a texture. Sandwich bread can refer to cross-sectionally square, sliced white and wheat bread, which has been described as \"perfectly designed for holding square luncheon meat\". The bread used for preparing finger sandwiches is sometimes referred to as sandwich bread. \"Pan de mie\" is a sandwich loaf. Some sandwich breads are designed for use in the creation of specific types of sandwiches, such as the submarine sandwich. For barbecuing, use of a high-quality white sandwich bread has been described as suitable for toasting over a fire. Gluten-free sandwich bread may be prepared using gluten-free flour, teff flour. and other ingredients. In the 1930s in the United States, the term sandwich loaf referred to sliced bread. In contemporary times, U.S. consumers sometimes refer to white bread such as Wonder Bread as sandwich bread and sandwich loaf. Wonder Bread produced and marketed a bread called Wonder Round sandwich bread, which was designed to be used with round-shaped cold cuts and other fillings such as eggs and hamburgers, but it was discontinued due to low consumer demand. American sandwich breads have historically included some fat derived from the use of milk or oil to enrich the bread. Some companies and restaurants, such as Subway, bake bread that is specifically used for the preparation of sandwiches. Pepperidge Farm produces breads designed and marketed to be used in sandwich preparation. Nature's Pride is another brand that has produced sandwich bread. Bonn Group of Industries, a food company based in Ludhiana Punjab, India, produces a product called Super Sandwich Bread. Some supermarket chains, such as H-E-B, produce their own store brands of sandwich bread. Some mass-produced sandwich breads are sliced before being packaged, while others are packaged unsliced. Some companies, such as Nissen, also produce sandwich rolls. In 2012, the New Jersey State Fair/Sussex County Farm and Horse Show held The Fleischmann's yeast \"Sensational Sandwich Bread\" contest, in which contestants submitted their homemade sandwich bread prepared using Fleischmann's Yeast. Breads were judged under the criteria of appearance, flavor, texture, sandwich filling and creativity. The contest included cash prizes and state and national grand-prize winners. Sandwich bread Sandwich bread (also referred to as sandwich loaf) is bread that is prepared specifically to be used for the preparation of sandwiches. Sandwich breads are produced in many varieties, such as white, whole wheat, sourdough, rye, multigrain and others. Sandwich" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Charles Ginner Charles Isaac Ginner (1878–1952) was a British painter of landscape and urban subjects. Born in the south of France at Cannes, of British parents, in 1910 he settled in London, where he was an associate of Spencer Gore and Harold Gilman and a key member of the Camden Town Group. Charles Isaac Ginner was born on 4 March 1878 in Cannes, the second son of Isaac Benjamin Ginner, a British doctor. He had a younger sister, Ruby (b. 1886; who became the dance teacher Ruby Ginner Dyer). He was educated in Cannes at the Institut Stanislas. At an early age he formed the intention of becoming a painter, but his parents disapproved. When he was sixteen he suffered from typhoid and double pneumonia and travelled in a tramp steamer around the south Atlantic and the Mediterranean to convalesce; and on returning to Cannes worked in an engineer's office, and in 1899, at the age of 21, moved to Paris to study architecture. In 1904, his parents withdrew their opposition to his becoming a painter, and Ginner entered the Academie Vitti, where Henri Martin was teaching but where Ginner worked mostly under Paul Gervais, who disapproved of Ginner's use of bright colours. In 1905, Ginner moved to the Ecole des Beaux Arts, but in 1906, after Gervais had left, he returned to Vitti's, where his principal teacher was Hermenegildo Anglada Camarasa, who disapproved of Ginner's admiration for Vincent van Gogh. In 1908, Ginner left Vitti's and worked on his own in Paris, taking Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne for his guides. In 1909, Ginner visited Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he held his first one-person show, which helped to introduce post-Impressionism to South America. His oil paintings showed the influence of Van Gogh, with their heavy impasto paint. In 1910 Ginner went to London, to serve on the Hanging Committee of the Allied Artists Association's third exhibition. Harold Gilman and Spencer Gore became his friends and persuaded him to settle in London. He lived at first in Battersea, but afterwards in Camden Town, where he was a neighbour of Gilman and Gore and regularly attended the Saturday afternoons at 19 Fitzroy Street, meeting Robert Bevan, John Nash, Albert Rothenstein, Christopher R. W. Nevinson, Jacob Epstein, Walter Bayes, Walter Sickert and Lucien Pissarro. In 1911, he became a member of the Camden Town Group; in 1913 of the London Group; in 1914 of the Cumberland Market Group. In 1914 in the \"New Age\" he spelt out the artistic creed known as New Realism. In the same year he showed jointly with Gilman at the Goupil Gallery. During World War I, in about 1916, Ginner was called up, serving firstly in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, secondly in the Intelligence Corps and lastly for the Canadian War Records, for which he made a painting of a powder-filling factory in Hereford. In 1919, on Gilman's death, he published an appreciation of the artist in \"Art and Letters\". In 1920 he became a member of the New English Art Club. During World War II he was again an Official War Artist, and specialised in painting harbour scenes and bombed buildings in London. In 1942 he became an Associate of the Royal Academy, where he advocated the admission of younger artists. In 1950, he was awarded a CBE. Ginner painted buildings in an urban context, as in his painting \"Plymouth Pier from The Hoe\". His watercolours are unmistakable, with meticulous detailing of trees and buildings. The Tate Gallery in London and many other galleries hold his work. The National Portrait Gallery, London, has a typically precise self-portrait. He died in London on 6 January 1952. The Arts Council of Great Britain held a touring memorial in 1953-4. Charles Ginner Charles Isaac Ginner (1878–1952) was a British painter of landscape and urban subjects. Born in the south of France at Cannes, of British parents, in 1910 he settled in London, where he was an associate of Spencer Gore and Harold Gilman and a key member of the Camden Town Group. Charles Isaac Ginner was born on 4 March 1878 in Cannes, the second son of Isaac Benjamin Ginner, a British doctor. He had" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Ingoldsby Legends The Ingoldsby Legends (full title: \"The Ingoldsby Legends, or Mirth and Marvels\") is a collection of myths, legends, ghost stories and poetry written supposedly by Thomas Ingoldsby of Tappington Manor, actually a pen-name of an English clergyman named Richard Harris Barham. The legends were first printed during 1837 as a regular series in the magazine \"Bentley's Miscellany\" and later in \"New Monthly Magazine\". They proved immensely popular and were compiled into books published in 1840, 1842 and 1847 by Richard Bentley. They remained popular during the 19th century, when they ran through many editions. They were illustrated by artists including John Leech, George Cruikshank, John Tenniel, and Arthur Rackham (1898 edition). As a priest of the Chapel Royal, with a private income, Barham was not troubled with strenuous duties and he had ample time to read and compose stories. Although based on real legends and mythology, chiefly Kentish, such as the \"hand of glory\", they are mostly deliberately humorous parodies or pastiches of medieval folklore and poetry. The best-known poem of the collection is the \"Jackdaw of Rheims\", about a jackdaw, who steals a cardinal's ring, and is made a saint. The village pub of Denton was renamed \"The Jackdaw Inn\" in 1963, after the story. The collection also contains one of the earliest transcriptions of the song \"A Franklyn's Dogge\", an early version of the modern children's song \"Bingo\". Barham introduced the collection with the grandiose statement that \"The World, according to the best geographers, is divided into Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Romney Marsh\". The chapters include: The Ingoldsby Legends The Ingoldsby Legends (full title: \"The Ingoldsby Legends, or Mirth and Marvels\") is a collection of myths, legends, ghost stories and poetry written supposedly by Thomas Ingoldsby of Tappington Manor, actually a pen-name of an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "College Historical Society The College Historical Society (CHS) – popularly referred to as The Hist – is one of the two debating societies at Trinity College Dublin. It was established within the college in 1770 and can be traced back to the club formed by the philosopher Edmund Burke in Dublin in 1747. It is the oldest surviving undergraduate student society in the world. The society occupies rooms in the Graduates' Memorial Building at Trinity College. Prominent members have included many Irish men and women of note, from the republican revolutionary Theobald Wolfe Tone and the author Bram Stoker, to founding father of the Northern Irish state Edward Carson and first President of Ireland Douglas Hyde, and in more recent times Government Ministers Mary Harney, who was the first female auditor of the society, and Brian Lenihan. The first meeting of the College Historical Society took place on Wednesday, 21 March 1770. The society took into its care the minute book of Burke's Club, founded 1747, from which the Hist has since drawn inspiration. Its other precursor was the Historical Club, founded 1753, of which Henry Grattan was a member. James Reid became the first auditor of the Hist later in 1770. It was a time of great change in Ireland and the Western world, at the height of the Enlightenment and before the American War of Independence and the French Revolution. From its inception it showed itself to be at the forefront of intellectual thought in Ireland, and many of its members later went into politics. In 1782, Lawrence Parsons was elected as an MP for the University of Dublin at 24, having served as auditor of the Hist just the previous year. Theobald Wolfe Tone, later leader of the United Irishmen, was elected auditor in 1785, and Thomas Addis Emmet was a member of the committee. The society was briefly expelled from the college in 1794, but readmitted on the condition that “No question of modern politics shall be debated”. In 1797, the poet Thomas Moore and the nationalist Robert Emmet were elected as members. Eight members of The Hist were expelled in 1798 in the run-up to the Rebellion, and a motion was later carried condemning the rebellion, against their former auditor. Tension between the society and the college flourished in the early nineteenth century, with the auditor being called before the provost in 1810. In 1812 the provost, Dr Thomas Elrington, objected vehemently to the question ‘Was Brutus justifiable in putting Julius Caesar to death?’. After a number of members were removed at the request of the college board, the society left the college in 1815. The society continued from 1815 as the Extern Historical Society. Among its members at this time were Isaac Butt, who tried unsuccessfully in 1832 to have the society readmitted, Joseph Sheridan LeFanu, Thomas Davis and John Blake Dillon and many other notables of the nationalist cause. In 1843 the society was reformed within the college after a student petition, again on the condition that no subject of current politics was debated. This provision remains in the Laws of the Hist as a nod to the past, but the college authorities have long since ceased to restrict the subjects of the society's debates. The society continued successfully after that with many lively debates, including the motion on June 10, 1857 ‘That the Reform Bill of Lord Grey was not framed in accordance with the wants of the country’, proposed by Isaac Butt and opposed by Edward Gibson. This era was considered by many to be the high point of the society, with many of its members moving to high political positions. It was common for the Members of Parliament for the University to have served on the Committee of the Hist, such as Edward Gibson and David Plunkett, who were both auditors, and Edward Carson, who was the Librarian. Bram Stoker, author of Dracula, became auditor in 1872. In 1864 the society collected money from its members to erect statues of Edmund Burke and Oliver Goldsmith at the Front Gate of College. The society moved to the Graduates' Memorial Building (GMB) in 1904, which it shares with the University Philosophical Society. The college board relaxed its rules, allowing such motions as ‘That the Gaelic League is deserving of the support of every Irishman’ in 1905 and 1906. The society continued well through the twentieth century, although the First World War hit it badly, with 136 of its former members killed. Eoin O'Mahony was elected auditor in 1930 and faced impeachment when he raised a toast to Ireland instead of the King. Eoin O'Mahony offered Lord Carson the presidency of the society in 1931, although Carson declined due to ill health, recommending that the position be offered to former gold medallist and future President of Ireland Douglas Hyde, who was elected to the position. The current president is Prof. David McConnell, a former librarian and auditor of the society and a winner of The Irish Times Debating Competition, and now chairman of The Irish Times Trust and one of Europe's foremost geneticists. Women had been refused membership of the society until 1969. Soon after the change in the rules, the society debated the motion ‘That this House reveres the memory of Mrs Pankhurst' with Rosaleen Mills participating (the motion, however, was defeated). The first female auditor, future Tánaiste Mary Harney, was elected in 1976. Since then the society has had four female auditors. The society's Bicentennial Meeting in 1970 was addressed by US Senator Edward Kennedy, at which he called the society \"the greatest of the school of the orators\" . Recent developments have seen the re-opening of the Resource Library, operated in conjunction with the Phil, which holds over 200 books and is made available as a general study area and library for the use of the members of the society. The society has also extensively re-developed the Conversation Room with the addition of better facilities such as wireless Internet access. The main business of the society is the weekly debates held each Wednesday Night during term time. Chamber debating, including the debates (known as Public Business Meetings) with invited guest speakers for which the society is best known, tends to be less formalised (even if more formal) than competitive debates, and the manner of delivery is closer to public speaking, with audience engagement far more important. The Weekly Debate is the second of the society's weekly meeting, with the Private Business Meeting being the first. In this, the internal business of the society is conducted by the General Committee with an Ordinary Member chairing: motions internal to the society may be put to the House and debated, questions asked to the Committee and Officers, and Fines contested and administered. The Minutes read at both this and the Public Business Meeting are usually comedic, with the Record Secretary making a speech that has little, if any, relation to the previous week's meeting. The Meeting then moves to Public Business, where an invited guest, usually someone of expertise or involvement in the matter being debated, chairs the debate in which both student and guest speakers from the Proposition or Opposition bench take the floor. During speeches, Points of Information may be offered from the floor or opposing bench. Shorter, impromptu Floor Speeches may also be given if there is interest from the student audience. At the debate's conclusion, the motion is put to the House followed by a speech from the occupant of the Chair who usually offers his thoughts on how the debate proceeded. Students and guests then proceed to a reception where discussion of the matter is usually continued. The motions are varied and wide-ranging, giving students an opportunity to debate with experts on the specific motion chosen, usually based on an important issue taking place in current affairs. The society addresses controversial issues. In 2005, over 500 people attempted to gain access to a debate", "or Opposition bench take the floor. During speeches, Points of Information may be offered from the floor or opposing bench. Shorter, impromptu Floor Speeches may also be given if there is interest from the student audience. At the debate's conclusion, the motion is put to the House followed by a speech from the occupant of the Chair who usually offers his thoughts on how the debate proceeded. Students and guests then proceed to a reception where discussion of the matter is usually continued. The motions are varied and wide-ranging, giving students an opportunity to debate with experts on the specific motion chosen, usually based on an important issue taking place in current affairs. The society addresses controversial issues. In 2005, over 500 people attempted to gain access to a debate on abortion which was targeted by Youth Defence protesters and a debate on euthanasia was recorded for an upcoming documentary on the pro-euthanasia group Dignitas for the Canadian Discovery Channel. Prominent politicians such as David Ervine, Jeffrey Donaldson and Nobel Peace Prize winner John Hume have spoken in debates on Northern Ireland. In 2005 the Minister for Justice, Michael McDowell T.D. unveiled proposals for reform of the legal profession at a Hist debate on the matter. The Inaugural Meeting of the 236th Session in 2006 was addressed by Dr. Mary Robinson, a former President of Ireland, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Chancellor of the University of Dublin. The society has the distinction of having been addressed by every Taoiseach and President of the Ireland. The society's best debaters compete nationally and internationally against other societies in competitions, most usually of the British Parliamentary debating style with the notable exception being the prestigious Irish Times public-speaking competition. The society regularly fields one of the most successful teams in Ireland having been represented in the Grand Final of The Irish Times Debating Competition in 2006, and winning it in three consecutive years, in 2007, 2008 and 2009. It is second to the Literary and Historical Society of University College Dublin when it comes to individual and team victories. It is also a force internationally, competing regularly at foreign Inter-Varsities and at both the World Universities Debating Championship and European Universities Debating Championships (the society having hosted the former in 1992). The society jointly hosts the Trinity Women's Open, the Robert Emmett Invitational summer Open, and the Dean Swift Intervarsity (Trinity IV), the largest and most prestigious Irish Inter-varsity, with the University Philosophical Society. The society also fosters development and competition within itself, running frequent workshops and internal competitions: most notably its Maiden Speaker Competition and the Wolfe Tones's Public Speaking Competition. It also plays a prominent role in providing Secondary School Level Debating, jointly running the esteemed Leinster Schools' Debating Competition with the Literary and Historical Society and its own Schools' Mace. The society has a long history of hosting international figures, intellectuals and personalities. The society is headed by a president, usually a senior academic of the college and respected public figure, who ceremonially presides over the society such at its inaugural meeting but is uninvolved in the day-to-day running of the society. Several Vice-Presidents, usually distinguished Honorary Members of the society, also serve the society in a largely ceremonial position. The vast majority of the society's operation and management is conducted by the General Committee, made up of the President; the ex-Auditor; the Officers of the session (listed below), \"ex officio\", and fourteen other members of the society. The roles of these officers are: Peter Charleton 1977-1978 Supreme Court judge College Historical Society The College Historical Society (CHS) – popularly referred" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Showak Showak (also Ash Showak or el Showak) ( \"\"), is a town on the Atbarah River in eastern Gedarif State, Sudan, at an altitude of above sea level. It lies at a distance of to the northeast of Khartoum. Showak is a major transport hub between Gedaref, the state capital and Kassala city. The national highway linking Khartoum and the rest of the country with Port Sudan, as well as the railway line parallel to it passes through Showak. Showak has the largest cattle market in the State and contains a special clinic, affiliated with Khartoum University, which treats camels. It also hosts a large UN Refugees camp in its vicinity known as the Shagarab Refugees camp and is home to the Sudanese headquarters of the United Nations High Commission for Refuge. There is one hospital in the town, Ash Showak Rural Hospital, and a branch of the Agricultural Bank of Sudan, located in the town's main market. Showak Showak (also Ash Showak or el Showak) ( \"\"), is a town on the Atbarah River in eastern Gedarif State, Sudan, at an altitude of above sea level. It lies at a distance of to the northeast of Khartoum. Showak" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kenneth Cockrell Kenneth Dale \"Taco\" Cockrell (born April 9, 1950) is an American astronaut and a veteran of five space shuttle missions. Cockrell was born in Austin, Texas to Buford Dale Cockrell and Jewell Moorman. He graduated from Rockdale High School in nearby Rockdale, Texas in 1968. He earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1972 and received his commission in the United States Navy that same year. He also earned a master's in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida in 1974. He was trained as a pilot and was stationed from 1975 to 1978 aboard the aircraft . Cockrell then became a test pilot for several years before serving two tours of duty aboard . In 1987, Cockrell resigned from the Navy and joined the Aircraft Operations Division of Johnson Space Center as a research pilot. Selected by NASA in January 1990, Cockrell became an astronaut in July 1991. His technical assignments to date include: duties in the Astronaut Office Operations Development Branch, working on landing, rollout, tires and brakes issues; CAPCOM in Mission Control for ascent and entry; Astronaut Office representative for Flight Data File, the numerous books of procedures carried aboard Shuttle flights. He also served as Assistant to the Chief of the Astronaut Office for Shuttle operations and hardware, Chief of the Astronaut Office Operations Development Branch, and Chief of the Astronaut Office. He served one year as Director of Operations, Russia, in Star City, Russia. He served as the liaison between the Astronaut Office and the training organization at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City. Cockrell is currently the Assistant Director, Flight Crew Operations, for aircraft operations. In addition, he serves as an instructor pilot in the T-38 airplane. A veteran of five space flights, Cockrell has logged over 1,560 hours in space. He served as a mission specialist on STS-56 (April 8–17, 1993), was the pilot on STS-69 (September 7–18, 1995), and was the mission commander on STS-80 (November 19 to December 7, 1996, STS-98 (February 7–20, 2001), and STS-111 (June 5–19, 2002). Cockrell was reassigned in February 2006 to Flight Crew Operations' Aircraft Operations Division (AOD) at Ellington Field, as the WB-57 High Altitude Research Program Manager. He manages NASA's two WB-57F research airplanes and serves as pilot for research flights. In addition he is a T-38 Instructor Pilot for astronaut flight training. STS-56 Discovery (April 8–17, 1993). STS-56 carrying ATLAS-2 was a nine-day mission during which the crew conducted atmospheric and solar studies in order to better understand the effect of solar activity on the Earth’s climate and environment. Mission duration was 9 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 21 seconds. STS-69 Endeavour (September 7–18, 1995). The primary objective of STS-69 was the successful deployment and retrieval of a SPARTAN satellite and the Wake Shield Facility (WSF). The WSF was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of using a free-flying platform to grow semiconductors, high temperature superconductors and other materials using the ultra-high vacuum created behind the spacecraft. Mission duration was 10 days, 20 hours, 28 minutes. STS-80 Columbia (November 19 to December 7, 1996). During STS-80 the crew deployed and retrieved the Wake Shield Facility (WSF) and the Orbiting Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (ORFEUS) satellites. The ORFEUS instruments, mounted on the reusable Shuttle Pallet Satellite, studied the origin and makeup of stars. Mission duration was a record breaking 17 days, 15 hours, 53 minutes. STS-98 Atlantis (February 9–20, 2001). The STS-98 crew continued the task of building and enhancing the International Space Station by delivering the U.S. laboratory module Destiny. The Shuttle spent seven days docked to the station while Destiny was attached, and three spacewalks were conducted to complete its assembly. The crew also relocated a docking port, and delivered supplies and equipment to the resident Expedition-1 crew. Mission duration was 12 days, 21 hours, 20 minutes. Unacceptable weather conditions in Florida necessitated a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California. STS-111 Endeavour (June 5–19, 2002). The STS-111 mission delivered a new ISS resident crew and a Canadian-built mobile base for the orbiting outpost’s robotic arm. The crew also performed a late-notice repair of the station’s robot arm by replacing one of the arm’s joints. It was the second Space Shuttle mission dedicated to delivering research equipment to the space platform. STS-111 also brought home the Expedition-Four crew from their 6-1/2 month stay aboard the station. Mission duration was 13 days, 20 hours and 35 minutes. Unacceptable weather conditions in Florida necessitated a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Cockrells awards include the National Defense Service Medal, Naval Aviator Badge, and the Naval Astronaut Badge. Cockrell has two children and lives in the Houston area. His recreational interests include: sport flying, snow and water skiing. Kenneth Cockrell" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Francisco García Hernández Francisco García Hernández (born 8 July 1954 in Madrid) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a midfielder. After finishing his football formation at the club, García Hernández played five full seasons in La Liga with Real Madrid. During his spell, which began in 1978–79, he played in 22 games or more in three campaigns, being only a fringe player in the remaining two. Having appeared in 129 official matches with the \"Merengues\" and won four major titles, Hernández signed in the 1983 summer with CD Castellón in Segunda División, playing there until his retirement six years later, with the exception of 1988–89 which he spent with fellow league side UD Alzira. From 1992 to 2000, García Hernández worked as a coach, incidentally with his two main clubs. His work in the professional level consisted of 17 games in the second division, six with Castellón in the 1991–92 season and 11 with Real Madrid Castilla in 1993–94. In the latter campaign, he replaced young Rafael Benítez after he was fired, leading the reserve team to the sixth position. Francisco García Hernández Francisco García Hernández (born 8 July 1954 in Madrid) is a Spanish retired footballer who" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bezoar A bezoar is a mass found trapped in the gastrointestinal system, though it can occur in other locations. A pseudobezoar is an indigestible object introduced intentionally into the digestive system. There are several varieties of bezoar, some of which have inorganic constituents and others organic. The term has both a modern (medical, scientific) and a traditional usage. Bezoars had value because they were believed to have the power of a universal antidote against any poison. Tradition held that a drinking glass which contained a bezoar would neutralize any poison poured into it. The word \"bezoar\" comes from the Persian \"pād-zahr\" (), which literally means \"antidote.\" The Andalusian physician Ibn Zuhr (d. 1161), known in the West as Avenzoar, is thought to have made the earliest description of bezoar stones as medicinal items. Extensive reference to bezoars also appears in the \"Picatrix\", which may have originated earlier. In 1575, French surgeon Ambroise Paré described an experiment to test the properties of the bezoar stone. At the time, the bezoar stone was deemed able to cure the effects of any poison, but Paré believed this was impossible. It happened that a cook at King's court was caught stealing fine silver cutlery and was sentenced to death by hanging. The cook agreed to be poisoned instead. Ambroise Paré then used the bezoar stone to no great avail, as the cook died in agony seven hours after taking poison. Paré had proved that the bezoar stone could not cure all poisons, contrary to popular belief at the time. Modern examinations of the properties of bezoars by Gustaf Arrhenius and Andrew A. Benson of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography have shown that they could, when immersed in an arsenic-laced solution, remove the poison. The toxic compounds in arsenic are arsenate and arsenite. Each is acted upon differently, but effectively, by bezoar stones. Arsenate is removed by being exchanged for phosphate in the mineral brushite, a crystalline structure found in the stones. Arsenite is found to bond to sulfur compounds in the protein of degraded hair, which is a key component in bezoars. A famous case in the common law of England (\"Chandelor v Lopus\", 79 Eng Rep. 3, Cro. Jac. 4, Eng. Ct. Exch. 1603) announced the rule of \"caveat emptor\" (\"let the buyer beware\") if the goods they purchased are not in fact genuine and effective. The case concerned a purchaser who sued for the return of the purchase price of an allegedly fraudulent bezoar. (The law report does not discuss how the plaintiff discovered that the bezoar did not work.) Bezoars were important objects in cabinets of curiosity and natural history collections, especially for their use in early modern pharmacy and the study of animal health. The \"Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy\" notes that consumption of unripened persimmons has been identified as causing epidemics of intestinal bezoars, and that up to 90% of bezoars that occur from eating too much of the fruit require surgery for removal. A 2012 study recorded that a patient with a standard gastric bezoar was treated successfully with 2 weeks of administered Traditional Chinese Medicine, after which the stone was dissolved with no adverse side effects. A 2013 review of three databases identified 24 publications presenting 46 patients treated with Coca-Cola for phytobezoars. The cola was administered in doses of 500 mL to up to 3000 mL over 24 hours, orally or by gastric lavage. A total of 91.3% of patients had complete resolution after treatment with Coca-Cola: 50% after a single treatment, others requiring the cola plus endoscopic removal. Doctors resorted to surgical removal in four cases. Notes Bibliography Further reading Bezoar A bezoar is a mass found trapped in the gastrointestinal system, though it can occur in other locations. A pseudobezoar is an indigestible object introduced intentionally into the digestive system. There are several varieties of bezoar, some of which have inorganic constituents and others organic. The term has both a modern (medical, scientific) and a traditional usage. Bezoars had value because they were believed to have the power of a universal antidote against any poison. Tradition held that a drinking glass which contained a bezoar would neutralize any poison poured into it. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mark Millon Mark Millon (born May 17, 1971) is an American lacrosse player who last played for the Rochester Rattlers of Major League Lacrosse. He attended Harborfields Highschool in Huntington, Long Island. He played collegiate lacrosse at the University of Massachusetts. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest lacrosse players of all time. Millon was a college player at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he gained honors as a three-time All-American (twice on the first team), leading UMass to three births in the NCAA tournament. After college, he moved to Baltimore and where he played alongside his brother Tony Millon while leading the Mount Washington Wolfpack to several US Club Lacrosse championships. During his time on the Wolfpack, he often relied upon his superior speed and agility to isolate one defenseman before dodging around him to score. This talent was noticed by the US Lacrosse World team coaches which included Millon on two rosters, earning a spot as one of the World’s Best Attackman in 1998, the overall World Games MVP in the 1994 World Games, as well as being named to the All-World Team in 1994 and 1998. He joined the Baltimore Bayhawks in 2001 and played with them until 2005 when he was traded to the Boston Cannons. He rejoined the Baltimore Bayhawks for the 2006 season, and played one game in the beginning of the 2007 season before announcing he would not play the remainder of the season due to other commitments. Later, in the season he joined the Long Island Lizards organization. He retired again after the 2007 season as the league's all-time leading scorer. Millon was selected in the 2013 MLL Supplemental Draft after announcing his return to the MLL after a five-season absence. He was selected first by the Rochester Rattlers and made his Rattlers debut on April 27, 2013 with a one goal-one-assist performance. Mark also played nine seasons in the indoor National Lacrosse League. He played for the New York Saints, Baltimore Thunder, Syracuse Smash, and Philadelphia Wings. For 14 years, Mark has run the Millon International Lacrosse Camps, long considered the nation's top instructional lacrosse camp. His camp enrollment is nearly double that of the second biggest camps in the country. In 2009, Millon was inducted into the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame. Mark Millon Coached and was Director of Player and Coach Development for the Baltimore Breakers Club Lacrosse program from 2013 to 2014. In 2015, Mark Millon became head of operations the Team 91 Lacrosse Club's new Maryland program, \"Team 91 MD\". Mark Millon Mark Millon (born May 17, 1971) is an American lacrosse player who last played for the Rochester Rattlers of Major League Lacrosse. He attended Harborfields Highschool in Huntington, Long Island. He played collegiate lacrosse at the University of Massachusetts. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest lacrosse players of all time. Millon was a college player at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he gained honors as a three-time All-American" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Denver railway station (England) Denver railway station (originally opened as Denver Road Gate) was a station in Denver, Norfolk on the Great Eastern Railway route between King's Lynn and Cambridge, commonly known as the Fen Line. It was also the beginning of a small branch to Stoke Ferry. The Lynn and Ely Railway (L&ER) had opened between and Downham on 27 October 1846. Two months later, on New Years Day 1847, the Lynn & Ely Railway was extended to Denver Road Gate Station. On 25 October 1847, the line was extended to ; but in the meantime, on 22 July 1847, the L&ER had amalgamated with the Lynn and Dereham Railway and the Ely and Huntingdon Railway to form the East Anglian Railway. The station was opened with the line to Ely. It closed on 1 February 1870, re-opened on 1 July 1885, and finally closed on 22 September 1930. Denver railway station (England) Denver railway station (originally opened as Denver Road Gate) was a station in Denver, Norfolk on the Great Eastern Railway route between King's Lynn and Cambridge, commonly known as the Fen Line. It was also the beginning of a small branch to Stoke Ferry. The Lynn" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mojs II Ákos Mojs (II) from the kindred Ákos (also Moys, Majs or Majos; ; died early 1320) was a Hungarian rebellious lord, who belonged to the powerful Borsa kinship. He was one of the most ardent enemies of King Charles I during the last stage of the era of \"feudal anarchy\". His name derived from the Latin variant (Moyses) of the biblical name Moses. He was born into the so-called Ernye branch of the \"gens\" Ákos as the eldest son of Mojs I, who served as Count of the Székelys, then Master of the treasury in the Queen's court. He had two siblings, a brother Ellős (Achilles), who supported his efforts during King Charles' unification war, and a sister, who married a certain Andrew Sárpataki. Historian Attila Zsoldos argued Sárospataki is identical with that Andrew, son of Ipoch from the \"gens\" Bogátradvány, whose landholdings in Doboka, Kolozs and Torda counties were confiscated and donated to Thomas Szécsényi by Charles I for his \"treachery\", as he was a strong supporter of the late Voivode Ladislaus Kán and his family. Zsoldos considered the Sárpatak lordship (today in Albești commune in Romania) contributed to the increase of Mojs and Ellős' influence. From their father Mojs I, the brothers jointly inherited Buza, Noszoly and Lak in Doboka County (today Buza, Năsal and Lacu in Romania), and Budatelke in Kolozs County (today Budești, Romania). In August 1318, Charles nominally confiscated these lands. Their seized land of Mojspályi was handed over to the King's another loyal soldier Dózsa Debreceni as a royal donation in 1322. Before his betrayal, Mojs II also owned Petresfalva (today Petroșnița in Bucoșnița commune, Romania). Mojs first appeared in contemporary sources, when he acted as an arbitrator during a lawsuit in Gyulafehérvár (today Alba Iulia, Romania) on 7 March 1313. Sometimes before 1313, Mojs married an unidentified daughter of the powerful baron James Borsa. Thus he became a relative to the Borsa clan, which ruled the area of Tiszántúl \"de facto\" independently of the royal power at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. James Borsa supported Charles in his war of succession for the Hungarian throne, and served his Palatine from 1306 to 1314. Thanks to the political influence of his father-in-law, Mojs functioned as Master of the cupbearers between around 1313 and 1314. In the same time, a document also styled him as \"ispán\" of Bistritz royal estate (today Bistrița, Romania). In 1314, James Borsa and his kindred turned against Charles. In December, their troops clashed with the royal army at the first time. Soon, the Borsas, who suffered a heavy defeat in the northeastern areas of their province in Tiszántúl, made a ceasefire with the king (for instance, in July 1315, Beke Borsa was made Master of the treasury). Mojs did not participate in the Borsas' first rebellion against Charles. In early 1315, the powerful Ladislaus Kán died, but his sons did not yield to Charles. The king appointed his loyal baron Nicholas Pok as Voivode of Transylvania, and commissioned him to crush their rebellion in the summer of 1315. Sometime in 1315 or 1316, Pok's army was defeated and expelled from Transylvania by Mojs, according to a royal charter issued in August 1318. After his victory, Mojs gained a lot of loot and sent the captured royal banners to his father-in-law James Borsa. Because of uncertain chronology, there are several contradictory interpretations among the historians to outline the course of events. Historian Pál Engel, who first attempted to reconstruct the order of events in his 1988 study, argued the peace between Charles and the Borsas has collapsed by the first half of 1316. In the same time, Beke was replaced as Master of the treasury by the king's long-time supporter Demetrius Nekcsei. Accordingly, James Borsa made an alliance against Charles with Ladislaus Kán's sons and other lords, including Mojs, the Gutkeleds of Szilágyság (Sălaj) and Peter, son of Petenye. They also offered the crown to Andrew of Galicia. Engel, who connected their conspirary with Stefan Milutin's campaign against Hungary, argued, they broke the rebellion around the end of 1316. As a part of this, Mojs was victorious over Nicholas Pok and expelled him from Transylvania. In contrast, historian Gyula Kristó argued in his 2003 publication that the skirmish between Mojs Ákos and Nicholas Pok took place at the end of 1315. He highlighted that Pok last appeared as Voivode in contemporary documents in April 1316. Accordingly, Nicholas Pok, who prepared a war against the Káns, arrived on a bypass road across the Meszes Gate (today in \"Meseș Mountains\") from Lippa (today Lipova, Romania) to Transylvania because of Mojs' sudden rebellion, which interrupted and delayed the showdown against the Káns, as Kristó considered. Historian Attila Bárány supported Kristó's theory and noted the appointment of Beke Borsa as Master of the treasury in mid-1315 could mean that he remained loyal to Charles even after 1314, while his brother James and nephew Bekcs rebelled against the royal authority, thus it did not prove the alleged peace between the Borsas and Charles throughout 1315. However historian Attila Zsoldos, who also examined the contents of Nicholas Pok's charters, in addition to the dates and locations, challenged Kristó's interpretation in 2016. He argued, if, as Kristó considered, Nicholas Pok arrived to prepare a war to Transylvania immediately after his appointment, he would not have dealt with insignificant estate affairs in his diplomas as he did. Zsoldos considered, the 1318 charter, which narrated the Voivode's appointment and the following events, twisted the years and Mojs was declared the king's enemy retroactively. He argued the Meszes Gate was chosen as a safer route than the Káns' freshly occupied territory. Thus Zsoldos supported Engel's chronology and dated Mojs' rebellion to Autumn or Winter 1316. Charles immediately responded to unfavorable developments and launched a multi-faceted war against James Borsa and his allies in early 1317. His military leaders captured several castles of Peter, son of Petenye in Zemplén County in the following months, who sought refuge in the court of Mojs Ákos after that. After Pok's failure, Charles appointed John Fonói as \"captain of the Transylvanian parts\" and sent him to the province to crush Mojs' insurgency. However, Mojs left Transylvania for a short time and joined the Borsas' army in Tiszántúl. Charles's troops, which were under the command of a former familiaris of the Borsas, Dózsa Debreceni, defeated the rebels' united troops at Debrecen in the first half of 1317 (Zsoldos provided the exact date to 10 February, while another opinions considered the battle took place in 1316). After the defeat, James Borsa barricaded himself into the castle of Adorján Castle (today ruins near Sălard, Romania), while Mojs returned to Transylvania. In the following months, Charles decisively defeated the Borsas' dominion, leaving Mojs without allies. Many fortresses of the insurgents fell to the royal troops in Bihar, Szolnok, Borsod and Kolozs counties. James Borsa left Adorján for Sólyomkő (now in Aleșd, Romania), where Charles built two nearby counter-castles in order to famish James Borsa without siege. A royal charter from 1324 mentioned the returning Mojs' troops clashed with Fonói's army near Csicsó Castle () in Szolnok County for the first time, then at an unidentified village, Gyalu or Gyeke in Kolozs County (today Gilău and Geaca, respectively). Mojs was victorius both times, as a result Fonói withdrew from the province. After that, Mojs gathered his army and successfully besieged Valkó Castle, capturing and torturing its castellan Kenéz Geszti. Due to the successful siege, Mojs acquired most of the landholdings in Kraszna County. Thereafter, he left Transylvania to provide assistance to James Borsa. The arriving Mojs tried to break the blockade at Sólyomkő (in late 1317 or early 1318). Though he managed to torch one", "counter-castles in order to famish James Borsa without siege. A royal charter from 1324 mentioned the returning Mojs' troops clashed with Fonói's army near Csicsó Castle () in Szolnok County for the first time, then at an unidentified village, Gyalu or Gyeke in Kolozs County (today Gilău and Geaca, respectively). Mojs was victorius both times, as a result Fonói withdrew from the province. After that, Mojs gathered his army and successfully besieged Valkó Castle, capturing and torturing its castellan Kenéz Geszti. Due to the successful siege, Mojs acquired most of the landholdings in Kraszna County. Thereafter, he left Transylvania to provide assistance to James Borsa. The arriving Mojs tried to break the blockade at Sólyomkő (in late 1317 or early 1318). Though he managed to torch one of the counter-castles and imprisoned its castellan Stephen Gutkeled, but failed to free his father-in-law. James Borsa was captured by the royal troops after his surrender (possibly in May 1318), but escaped execution and was eventually ransomed by Mojs. The Borsas lost all political influence after 1317, and Mojs Ákos remained the most ardent and militarily the most successful enemy of Charles. Thus one of the staunchest supporters of the King, Dózsa Debreceni, who successfully waged war against the oligarchs in the previous years, was appointed Voivode of Transylvania in the summer of 1318. In July 1318, Dózsa Debreceni launched his Northern Transylvanian campaign against Mojs. At Zilah (today Zalău, Romania), he summoned the Transylvanian noblemen to join his army and ordered the postponements of all incumbent lawsuits in the province. Mojs and his militia tried to prevent Debreceni to advance into the inner parts at Topa, midway between the Meszes Gate and Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napoca, Romania), but suffered a heavy defeat. His allies, who lost their powers by then, James Borsa and Peter, son of Petenye were also involved Mojs' army, in addition to Saxon auxiliary troops. After his defeat, Charles nominally confiscated Mojs' lands in Kolozs and Doboka counties, declaring him \"disloyal\". The King considered the skirmish at Topa as \"even greater victory\" than the Borsas' defeat in his August 1318 charter. Finally, in early 1320, Mojs and his brother Ellős were killed in a battle at Bonchida (today Bonțida, Romania) by a royal army led by Stephen Losonci, a former Count of the Székelys. Charles I wrote in his donation letter in March 1320 that the \"infidel\" and \"notorious\" Ákos brothers were \"miserably perished\". Although the contemporary documents clearly referred to Losonci as the commander of the victorious royal army, Charles personally thanked Debreceni for the victory, when he and his escort visited Debrecen in May 1320. Charles still even praised Mojs' fall and death in 1329. However peace has not arrived to Transylvania yet, as the Kán sons were a serious threat to the royal power through the continuous looting and raids until the end of the 1320s. While Pál Engel distinguished three campaigns against Mojs, took place in 1317, 1318 and 1320, Gyula Kristó considered the above mentioned battles as parts of a single royal campaign in 1318 led by Dózsa Debreceni. He argued, both John Fonói and Stephen Losonci served as lieutenants of Debreceni during that war, while commanded their armies. Attila Zsoldos rejected Kristó's theory as Ellős was mentioned as a living person in March 1319, when Thomas Losonci (brother of Stephen) forbade him to hand over his estate of Bonyha (today Bahnea, Romania) to his relative Nicholas Ákos, castellan of Kecskés. Instead, Zsoldos argued that Mojs had no castles which must be protected, and he could move his army more flexibly and faster across the province, even after his heavy defeat at Topa, and Bonchida only proved to be decisive, because Mojs was killed in the battlefield. Historian Attila Bárány represented another extreme point of view, as he considered that Dózsa Debreceni resided in Transylvania to make a decisive victory over Mojs throughout in 1319, as he had no judgments and stayed away from his seat Debrecen from December 1318 to March 1320, when a permanent campaign happened against the rebellious Mojs. However Attila Zsoldos emphasized the Transylvanian Chapter functioned continuously throughout the year, in addition to courts and places of authentication, which proves there was peace in the province in 1319. He argued, Mojs lost his influence and sense of initiative after Battle of Topa, and after months of chase, Losonci's small unit put an end to his insurgency at Bonchida. Until the last decade of the 19th-century historiography, researchers like Vince Bunyitay and András Komáromy incorrectly claimed that Mojs Ákos (as he had namesake father) was the son of the powerful baron Mojs II, Palatine of Hungary, despite the fact that he had died without male heirs according to his last will and testament in 1280. Mór Wertner was the first historian, who identified Mojs' father (Mojs I) and grandfather (Albert, Ban of Severin) in 1909, but without the determination of his kindred, which was first stated by László Makkai in 1944, but this was rejected by the notable and prestigious genealogist János Karácsonyi, which delayed the recognition of the correctness of Makkai's finding. According to Gyula Kristó, Mojs Ákos became a serious aspirant to become a so-called \"provincial lord\", who \"cleverly exploited that political vacuum, which was emerged in Transylvania and the surrounding areas after the death of Ladislaus Kán\". While Charles tried to annihilate Kán dominion between the Tisza river and Transylvania, Mojs established his \"petty kingdom\" at Northern Transylvania. Pál Engel claimed Görgény Castle (today Gurghiu in Romania) possibly functioned as the provincial seat of Mojs' territory, as Attila Bárány also shared this view. In royal documents after the Borsas' fall, Mojs appeared as the most dangerous enemy of Charles in Transylvania, who was mentioned in the first place in such formula like \"Mojs and his accomplices\", overshadowing his father-in-law and kinship, in addition to the Káns and other members of the Ákos clan. Bárány called Mojs as the \"strongman\" of the insurgents, despite James Borsa was released from captivity. In contrary to other opinions, Attila Zsoldos, who analyzed Mojs' character in his 2017 study, highlighted that he exclusively faced the royal armies in open battles during that period when castle sieges were much more prevalent, because, rejecting Engel's hypothesis in connection to Görgény, which first appeared in contemporary sources only since 1358, Mojs did not own any castles, which was \"the primary condition for becoming an oligarch\". Thus Mojs was unable to strictly control a region (domain), but it provided him an unusual flexibility in his clashes. Zsoldos also argued Mojs always faced Charles together with his father-in-law James Borsa. He did not support the Káns' aspiration, captured Valkó and handed over it to his relative Beke Borsa, tried to free James Borsa, thus he cannot be considered an oligarch. His presence in Transylvania meant that the Borsa clan succeeded to keep a part of their influence in the region even after the late Roland Borsa had to resign as Voivode of Transylvania in favour of Ladislaus Kán decades earlier. Mojs II Ákos Mojs (II) from the kindred Ákos (also Moys, Majs or Majos; ; died early 1320) was a Hungarian rebellious lord, who belonged to the powerful Borsa kinship. He was one of the most ardent enemies of King Charles I during the last stage of the era of \"feudal anarchy\". His name derived from the Latin variant (Moyses) of the biblical name Moses. He was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2015 FIVB Volleyball World League squads This article show all participating team squads at the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League, played by thirty-two countries with the final round held in different countries. The following is the Australian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Roberto Santilli The following is the Brazilian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Bernardo Rezende The following is the Italian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Mauro Berruto The following is the Serbian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Nikola Grbić The following is the Iranian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Slobodan Kovač The following is the Polish roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Stephane Antiga The following is the Russian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Andrey Voronkov The following is the United States roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: John Speraw The following is the Argentine roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Julio Velasco The following is the Bulgarian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Plamen Konstantinov The following is the Canadian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Glenn Hoag The following is the Cuban roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Rodolfo Sánchez The following is the Czech roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Zdeněk Šmejkal The following is the French roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Laurent Tillie The following is the Japanese roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Masashi Nambu The following is the South Korean roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Belgian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Finnish roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Dutch roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Portuguese roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Montenegrin roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Puerto Rican roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Tunisian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Turkish roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Chinese roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Greek roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Mexican roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Slovakian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Egyptian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Kazakhstani roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Spanish roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. The following is the Venezuelan roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League squads This article show all participating team squads at the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League, played by thirty-two countries with the final round held in different countries. The following is the Australian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Roberto Santilli The following is the Brazilian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Bernardo Rezende The following is the Italian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World League. Head coach: Mauro Berruto The following is the Serbian roster" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Girl Guide Association of Barbados The Girl Guides Association of Barbados (GGAB) is the national Guiding organization on the island nation of Barbados. It serves 3,500 members (as of 2017). Founded in 1918, the girls-only organization became a full member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) in 1969. The first Guide meeting in Barbados was held on 30 November 1918 at Government House, Saint Michael. Thereafter, units for Brownies, Rangers and Blossom Guides were introduced. Most of the Units are based at Primary and Secondary Schools, however there are some Units based at Headquarters and at a number of Churches. The programs of the Association cater to girls and young women between 4 and 25 years. Its Headquarters is located at \"\"Pax Hill\"\", Belmont Road, Saint Michael, Barbados and is very close to Bridgetown. The Association is divided in two sections with five sub-sections according to age: The organisation is divided into four Divisions and eight Districts. Each Division and District is headed by a Commissioner. The Council is the general management committee made up of District Commissioners inclusive of the Executive and all other sub management teams. The Executive Committee is a sub committee of the Council and responsible for the overall management of the organisation. The Girl Guide Association of Barbados The Girl Guides Association of Barbados (GGAB) is the national Guiding organization on the island nation of Barbados. It serves 3,500 members (as of 2017). Founded in 1918, the girls-only organization became a full member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) in 1969. The first Guide meeting in Barbados was held on 30 November 1918 at Government House, Saint Michael. Thereafter, units for Brownies, Rangers and Blossom Guides were introduced. Most of the Units are based" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "New Orleans Lager and Ale Brewing Company New Orleans Lager and Ale Brewing Company, commonly called \"NOLA Brewing Company,\" is a brewery in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. The brewery is located in a converted old warehouse building at the corner of Tchoupitoulas and Seventh Streets in Uptown New Orleans. Following the closure of the Dixie Brewing Company facility after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, no commercial brewery operated in New Orleans until NOLA Brewing Company produced its first craft beer in 2009. They celebrated their 7th year of production in 2016 with special releases. NOLA Brewing Company is currently served in bars throughout the Southeast United States, as well as full sized kegs and draft packs sold at grocery stores throughout Louisiana. New Orleans Lager and Ale Brewing Company New Orleans Lager and Ale Brewing Company, commonly called \"NOLA Brewing Company,\" is a brewery in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. The brewery is located in a converted old warehouse building at the corner of Tchoupitoulas and Seventh Streets in Uptown New Orleans. Following the closure of the Dixie Brewing Company facility after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, no commercial brewery operated in New Orleans until NOLA Brewing Company produced its first craft beer" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Purab Aur Paschim Purab Aur Paschim (English: \"East and West\") is a 1970 Indian patriotic film. The movie was produced and directed by Manoj Kumar, and it stars Manoj Kumar, Saira Banu, Ashok Kumar, Pran and Prem Chopra in the lead roles. The music is by Kalyanji Anandji. This was the second film by Manoj Kumar where he stars as Bharat (first being \"Upkar\") and his fourth film on patriotism (\"Shaheed\" was his first, to be followed by \"Roti Kapda Aur Makaan\" and \"Kranti\".) In 1942 British India, Harnam (Pran) betrays a freedom fighter, and as a result is rewarded, but the freedom fighter is killed, leaving his wife, Ganga (Kamini Kaushal) and family devastated and destitute. Years later, after the Indian Independence in 1947, the freedom fighter's son, Bharat (Manoj Kumar), has grown up and goes to London for higher studies. On his arrival in Britain, He meets his father's college friend, Sharma (Madan Puri) with his westernized wife, Rita (Shammi) and daughter, Preeti (Saira Banu) and the hippie son, Shankar (Rajendra Nath). Preeti has long blonde hair, wears mini-dresses, smokes and drinks and has no idea of Indian values till she meets Bharat. He is, of course, shocked to see that many Indians in London are ashamed of their roots and even changed their names to sound Western. Or others who long for their country, but stay in the UK for economic reasons, like Sharma with his stack of KL Saigal records. He takes it upon himself to try and change their way of thinking, while both Bharat and Preeti fall in love with each other. Later on, with his mother's and Guruji (Ashok Kumar)'s approval, he promised to marry Preeti. Preeti is impressed by Bharat's idealism and wants to marry him, but doesn't want to live in India. Bharat wants her to come to India and see what it's like before she rejects it. The purity of India redeems her and she gives up smoking, drinking and minis to adopt the traditional lifestyle. \"Purab aur Paschim\" received generally positive reviews. Deepa Gahlot of Bollywood Hungama wrote: \"By linking the story to the freedom struggle, Manoj Kumar was saying that freeing India from British rule is not enough if Indians do not feel proud of their Indianness. Manoj Kumar shot in London at the height of the \"hippie\" phase and caught both the beauty and ugliness of the English landscape. However, his simplistic view of the West was greed, lust and depravity, while India stood for love, honour and piety. Amazingly, the idea has endured, and in even in Aditya Chopra's cult hit \"Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge\", Indian boy (Shah Rukh Khan) does not touch the Indian girl (Kajol), though he claims a chain of foreign girlfriends, and neither does he want to marry her without her father's consent. Then as now, Indian culture is represented with a lot of colour, rituals, song and dance. In \"Namastey London\" (2007), Akshay Kumar sells the same version of India to the London girl (Katrina Kaif) -- and a line in the film pays tribute to the original, when he tells her that if her boyfriend's uncle and their associates want to learn more about India, he'd give her a DVD of \"Purab Aur Paschim\" which she should give to them.\" Purab Aur Paschim Purab Aur Paschim (English: \"East and West\") is a 1970 Indian patriotic film. The movie was produced and directed by Manoj Kumar, and it stars Manoj Kumar, Saira Banu, Ashok Kumar, Pran and Prem Chopra in the lead roles. The music is by Kalyanji Anandji. This was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kilchoman distillery The Kilchoman distillery (pronounced Kil-ho-man) is a distillery that produces single malt Scotch whisky on Islay, an island of the Inner Hebrides. The distillery is situated on the western side of Islay, near the small settlement of Kilchoman. The location made it the most westerly distillery in Scotland, until the Abhainn Dearg Distillery started distilling on the Isle of Lewis. The distillery began production in June 2005, and was the first to be built on the island of Islay in 124 years. The distillery uses barley grown on site at Rockside Farm and malted at the distillery, as well as malt from the Port Ellen maltings and releases separate bottlings depending on the source of the grain. It is one of only six Scottish distilleries still doing traditional floor-maltings, and will be unique in having all parts of the process – growing barley, malting, distilling, maturing and bottling – carried out on Islay. The distillery first filled casks on 14 December 2005 and the distillery began bottling 3-year-old single malt in September 2009. Kilchoman also intends to release 5, 8, 10 and 12-year-old bottlings. The whisky will primarily age in bourbon casks, though sherry casks will also be employed. The first official Kilchoman, the \"Inaugural release\" was released in 2009 and the first 100% Islay whisky released in 2011. The whisky produced by the Port Ellen maltings are peated to the same levels as Ardbeg, while the malt peated on their own floor maltings will be approximately 25 ppm. Kilchoman releases several bottlings. The most important ones include: Kilchoman distillery The Kilchoman distillery (pronounced Kil-ho-man) is a distillery that produces single malt Scotch whisky on Islay, an island of the Inner Hebrides. The distillery is situated on the western side of Islay, near the small settlement of Kilchoman." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "National Register of Historic Places listings in Hocking County, Ohio This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Hocking County, Ohio. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Hocking County, Ohio, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 13 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Another property was once listed but has been removed. National Register of Historic Places listings in Hocking County, Ohio This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Hocking County, Ohio. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Hocking County, Ohio, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 13 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Another property was once listed but has been removed." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Assassination of Augusto Unceta Barrenechea The assassination of Augusto Unceta Barrenechea was an attack by the Basque separatist group ETA which took place on 8 October 1977 in Guernica in the Basque Country in northern Spain. Three ETA members carrying pistols and submachine guns killed Unceta, the Government appointed President of the Provincial Deputation of Biscay and Mayor of Guernica. He was ambushed as he arrived to play his weekly sports game. His two bodyguards, Antonio Hernández Fernández-Segura and Ángel Rivera Navarrón were also killed in the attack, which was ETA's deadliest of 1977. The attack heralded an upsurge in the use of violence by ETA in subsequent years. The attack resembled the assassination of Juan María de Araluce Villar, the Government appointed President of the Provincial Deputation of Gipuzkoa, a year before. Following that attack, ETA had stated that they intended to kill all Franco-appointed heads of the delegations in the Basque Country. On 2 October 1977, ETA political-military, one of three ETA factions, had announced that it was abandoning the use of violence. On 5 October, the Anti-communist Apostolic Alliance (AAA), a far-right paramilitary group, had bombed the offices of \"Punto y Hora\", a left wing Basque nationalist weekly publication and on 7 October, the day before the attack, they shot dead a taxi driver who they accused of having ETA links. Also on 7 October, the government had agreed a draft bill granting amnesty to political prisoners of the Franco government. The law was passed by parliament on 14 October 1977. Unceta had been born in Guernica on 5 December 1923. He had interests in local businesses and served as manager of Astra-Unceta y Cia SA, a large weapons manufacturing company founded by his father. He had been appointed vice-president of the delegation of Biscay by Franco in 1966 and later became President of the delegation. His last official act before his death was in September 1977, when he participated in a memorial service for Juan María de Araluce Villar. He had received letters from ETA, demanding that he pay their \"revolutionary tax\" but refused to do so. He had also received ETA death threats and, as a result, had been granted a bodyguard of two civil guards. Unceta was fond of 'fronton', a Basque sport, which he played weekly at the Jai alai court. The attack occurred when he arrived at the court: as he was parking his car, three youths exited a nearby car and opened fire on him and his bodyguards with machine guns, shouting \"Gora Euzkadi!\" as they did so. He was hit several times in the head and chest and died at the scene of the attack. His bodyguards, who had been travelling in a car 20 metres behind him, were also killed. The attack, which was claimed later the same day by ETA-military, was ETA's deadliest of the year and the second deadliest attack in Spain that year following the AAA's killing of five left-wingers in the Atocha massacre in January. The killing of Unceta was criticised as an attempt to destabilise the ongoing process of compromise between the Spanish government and the opposition. In their claim of responsibility, ETA rejected this hypothesis, stating that, in their opinion, democracy had not been established in Spain and the country remained a military dictatorship. The assassination was condemned by all the main political parties on the left and right in Spain and the Spanish king and queen cancelled their attendance at a concert as a mark of respect. Unceta's funeral was attended by an estimated 5,000 people, including politicians from the governing Union of the Democratic Centre, the Basque Nationalist Party and the Basque Christian Democracy party. At the funeral, right wing activists belonging to New Force and the People's Alliance held an anti-government protest, calling for the government to resign, banging on the cars of politicians attending the funeral and surrounding and unsuccessfully attempting to overturn the car of Eduardo Navarro, the Deputy Interior Minister. A memorial plaque to Unceta was subsequently placed in the Bilbao Palace, however an attempt to place a plaque commemorating both Unceta and Araluce was voted out in 2010. In August 2008, a street in Socuéllamos, the home town of Ángel Rivera Navarrón, one of the civil guards killed in the attack, was renamed in his memory. Following the attack, police cordoned off the area and increased police patrols on the Spanish-French border near Irun and on the mountainous highways in the Basque Country and Navarre. The car used by the attackers was found abandoned near the highway linking Guernica and Amorbieta, it had been stolen at gunpoint by three youths on the morning of the attack. Police retrieved \"parabellum\" and \"marietta\" shell casings from both the attackers' and the victim's cars. In December 1978, police arrested José Antonio Torre Altonaga (alias \"Medios\"), who named two ETA commanders, José Manuel Pagoaga Gallastegui (\"Peixoto\"), and Francisco Javier Aya Zulaica (\"Trepa\"), as participants in the attack. Trepa's father released a statement denying his son's involvement. In 1989, ETA member Martín Apaolaza was tried and acquitted of participation in the attack due to lack of evidence. The attack marked the beginning of a deadlier phase in ETA's operations and the following three years would see an increase in attacks and killings carried out by the group. Assassination of Augusto Unceta Barrenechea The assassination of Augusto Unceta Barrenechea was an attack" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Famous First Facts Famous First Facts is a book listing \"First Happenings, Discoveries and Inventions in the United States\". The current version of the book — the seventh edition (), published in March 2015 — includes more than 8,000 entries on 1,400 pages. The book was originally published by H. W. Wilson Company in 1933, weighing in at 757 pages and selling for $3.50. The book was created by Joseph Nathan Kane, a freelance journalist who had assembled 3,000 \"firsts\" into a text that had been rejected by 11 other publishers before it was accepted by its current publisher. The book became a library reference standard. The first edition led to a 1938–39 radio show hosted by Kane on the Mutual Broadcasting System. The second edition of the book was published in 1950, the third in 1964, the fourth in 1981 and the fifth in 1997. The sixth edition (1,300 pages) was published in 2006, and the seventh edition (1,400 pages) was published in 2015. Famous First Facts Famous First Facts is a book listing \"First Happenings, Discoveries and Inventions in the United States\". The current version of the book — the seventh edition (), published in March 2015 —" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Keen Johnson Keen Johnson (January 12, 1896February 7, 1970) was the 45th Governor of Kentucky, serving from 1939 to 1943; being the only journalist to have held that office. After serving in World War I, Johnson purchased and edited the \"Elizabethtown Mirror\" newspaper. He revived the struggling paper, sold it to a competitor and used the profits to obtain his journalism degree from the University of Kentucky in 1922. After graduation, he became editor of \"The Anderson News\", and in 1925, he accepted an offer to co-publish and edit the \"Richmond Daily Register\". In 1935, Johnson was chosen as the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor. He was elected and served under Governor A. B. \"Happy\" Chandler from 1935 to 1939. He had already secured the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1939 when Chandler resigned and elevated Johnson to governor so that Johnson could appoint Chandler to the U.S. Senate seat vacated by the death of M. M. Logan. He went on to win a full gubernatorial term in the general election, defeating Republican King Swope. Johnson's desire to expand the state's social services was hampered by the financial strain imposed on the state by the outbreak of World War II. Nevertheless, he ran a fiscally conservative administration and took the state from being $7 million in debt to having a surplus of $10 million by the end of his term. Following his term as governor, Johnson joined Reynolds Metals as a special assistant to the president. He continued his employment with Reynolds until 1961. He took a year-long leave of absence in 1946 to accept President Harry S. Truman's appointment as the first U.S. Undersecretary of Labor, serving under Lewis B. Schwellenbach. He unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1960, losing to incumbent Republican John Sherman Cooper. He died February 7, 1970, and was buried in Richmond Cemetery in Richmond, Kentucky. Keen Johnson was born in a two-room cabin at Brandon's Chapel in Lyon County, Kentucky, on January 12, 1896. He was the only son of Reverend Robert and Mattie (Holloway) Johnson. His parents named him in honor of John S. Keen, a family friend from Adair County. The Johnsons also had two daughters—Catherine (Keturah) and Christine. Robert Johnson was a Methodist minister, and the family moved often as a result of his occupation. After completing his elementary education in the public schools, Johnson attended Vanderbilt Preparatory School for Boys, a Methodist institution in Elkton, Kentucky. He finished his preparatory coursework in 1914 and matriculated to Central Methodist College in Fayette, Missouri. He had intended to continue his studies at the University of Missouri School of Journalism, but he interrupted his studies to enlist in the U.S. Army for service in World War I. After basic training, Johnson entered officer training at Fort Riley on May 15, 1917. In August 1917, he was appointed second lieutenant and assigned to the 354th Infantry, 89th Division of the American Expeditionary Forces at Camp Funston. He was promoted to first lieutenant on March 29, 1918, and on June 4, 1918, he was deployed to France, where he studied logistical communications at the Army School of the Line and Staff College. He remained in Europe with the American Expeditionary Force until April 1919 and was honorably discharged from the Army on October 31, 1919. On June 23, 1917, while still completing his military training, Johnson married Eunice Nichols. Their only child, a daughter named Judith, was born May 19, 1927. Upon his return from military service, Johnson purchased the \"Elizabethtown Mirror\" with financial assistance from his father. He built the struggling paper almost from the ground up, and a competitor soon bought him out for a profit. Johnson used the profit from the sale of the \"Mirror\" to continue his education at the University of Kentucky. While a student, he worked as a reporter for the \"Lexington Herald\". He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism in 1922. The university awarded him an honorary Doctor of Laws degree in 1940. After graduation, Johnson purchased half-ownership of \"The Anderson News\" and served as the paper's editor and publisher. In 1925, Shelton M. Saufley asked Johnson to enter into a joint venture to purchase the \"Richmond Daily Register\". Lured by the idea of publishing a daily paper, Johnson accepted. As a result of one of his editorials, Johnson was named executive secretary of the State Democratic Central Committee in 1932. He continued to hold this position and publish the \"Register\" through 1939. In 1935, Johnson was one of three contenders for the Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor. In the primary, he received more votes than his opponents, J. E. Wise and B. F. Wright, but a newly enacted election law required a runoff if no candidate received a majority. On September 7, Johnson defeated Wise in the runoff. In the gubernatorial primary, A. B. \"Happy\" Chandler defeated Tom Rhea, the candidate favored by sitting governor Ruby Laffoon. Johnson had also favored Rhea, and had backed Robert T. Crowe over J. C. W. Beckham, Chandler's choice in the 1927 Democratic primary. Nevertheless, the two put aside their differences and won the general election. Chandler defeated Republican King Swope by over 95,000 votes, and Johnson defeated J. J. Kavanaugh by over 100,000 votes. The division between Chandler and Laffoon led to factionalism within the state Democratic Party. When no strong gubernatorial candidate emerged from the Chandler faction in 1939, Chandler threw his support behind Johnson. John Y. Brown, Sr. announced he would challenge Johnson in the primary. This solidified the Chandler faction's support, as Brown was an outspoken critic of the Chandler administration. Brown gained the support of Chandler critics, notably former governor Ruby Laffoon, Tom Rhea, Earle C. Clements, and Alben Barkley. He further garnered the support of the United Mine Workers and labor boss John L. Lewis. It was to no avail, as Johnson defeated Brown in the primary by over 33,000 votes to secure the Democratic gubernatorial nomination. The Republicans chose King Swope, the loser in the 1935 gubernatorial election, to oppose Johnson. In the middle of the campaign, however, Johnson was elevated to governor. United States Senator M. M. Logan died in October 1939, and Governor Chandler resigned so that Johnson—thus elevated to governor—could appoint him to the vacant seat. In the general election on November 17, Johnson defeated Swope 460,834 to 354,704, securing a full term as governor. In his inaugural address, Johnson promised to be \"a saving, thrifty, frugal governor\". His policies helped him eliminate the state's debt of $7 million and left the treasury with a surplus of $10 million by the end of his term. It was the first time the state had had a surplus since the administration of J. C. W. Beckham in 1903. Johnson achieved the surplus without enacting any tax increases. Not all in Johnson's party were happy with his approach to governing; one critic noted, \"Old Keen frugaled here and frugaled there till he damn near frugaled us to death.\" \"Louisville Courier-Journal\" reporter Howard Henderson wrote several stories exposing corruption in Johnson's administration, including a significant one dealing with laundry contracts. Hubert Meredith, Johnson's politically ambitious attorney general, freely aired his concerns about the administration, gaining recognition for himself from the publicity generated. Historian James C. Klotter opined \"It is doubtful whether Johnson's administration had any more political scandal than others, but the publicity made it seem that way.\" In the 1940 legislative session, Johnson successfully lobbied the General Assembly to allocate money to a teacher retirement system that had previously been authorized but left unfunded. Despite his fiscally conservative nature, he increased funds to programs to assist the elderly by $1", "reporter Howard Henderson wrote several stories exposing corruption in Johnson's administration, including a significant one dealing with laundry contracts. Hubert Meredith, Johnson's politically ambitious attorney general, freely aired his concerns about the administration, gaining recognition for himself from the publicity generated. Historian James C. Klotter opined \"It is doubtful whether Johnson's administration had any more political scandal than others, but the publicity made it seem that way.\" In the 1940 legislative session, Johnson successfully lobbied the General Assembly to allocate money to a teacher retirement system that had previously been authorized but left unfunded. Despite his fiscally conservative nature, he increased funds to programs to assist the elderly by $1 million per year. Other accomplishments of the session included the provision of pensions for justices on the Kentucky Court of Appeals, creation of soil conservation districts in the state, and banning the sale of marijuana. Johnson's primary interest lay in improving the state's mental and penal institutions. These improvements began under Governor Chandler, and while Johnson stated that the mental hospitals and prisons were in their best condition in forty years by the end of his term, he was disappointed that he was not able to do more. In light of the financial obligations brought about by World War II, he had to curb state construction. In the 1941 legislative session, Johnson vetoed a measure allowing the sale of alcoholic beverages to surrounding states, even those with laws forbidding alcohol sales. The bill was very popular, and was supported by many of the state's powerful special interests. It had passed the Kentucky House of Representatives by a vote of 84–0 and the Kentucky Senate by a vote of 31–3. After Johnson's veto, the House reversed itself, voting 86–3 to sustain the veto. In the 1942 legislative session, Johnson stressed the importance of allowing Kentucky cities to purchase and distribute power from the Tennessee Valley Authority. In an address to the Assembly, Johnson declared, \"I have never had a stronger conviction on a question of public policy... The principle involved is as correct as the Ten Commandments.\" The Assembly passed the necessary legislation as Johnson requested. A major accomplishment of the Johnson administration was the passage of a legislative redistricting bill. Despite the fact that the U.S. Constitution requires redistricting after every decennial census, Kentucky's legislative districts had remained virtually unchanged between 1893 and 1941. He asked the 1942 legislative session to adjourn early so he could call a special session for the sole purpose of considering a redistricting bill. The legislators obliged, and passed a bill by the end of the special session. Johnson took an active part in the Democratic gubernatorial primary in 1943. Among the candidates were Ben Kilgore, Rodes K. Myers, and J. Lyter Donaldson. Myers was Johnson's lieutenant governor, but he had turned on the administration. Johnson called him a carpetbagger from North Carolina, \"a political adventurer\", and \"a phony farmer\". He also ridiculed Kilgore, who had strong support from the \"Louisville Courier-Journal\", the Rural Electric Association, and the Farm Bureau, by calling him a \"Casanova\". Donaldson, Johnson's former campaign manager, secured his support and the Democratic nomination. He was defeated in the general election by Republican Simeon Willis. Beginning in 1940, Johnson was a member of the State Democratic National Committee, serving until 1948. On June 6, 1942, he was named to the board of regents of Eastern State College (now Eastern Kentucky University or EKU), a position he held for eight years. EKU's Keen Johnson Building, a 1939 Works Progress Administration project, was named in honor of him. The building and its clock tower is one of the most recognizable landmarks on the university's campus. Johnson developed a strong rapport with union leaders and in 1946, President Harry S. Truman and Kentucky Senator Alben Barkley asked him to accept an appointment to the newly created post of Undersecretary of Labor. In August 1946, Johnson took a leave of absence from Reynolds and accepted the appointment. He frequently attended President Truman's cabinet meetings due to the illness of Secretary Lewis B. Schwellenbach. In mid-1947, Johnson returned to Reynolds. In 1950, he became a member of the company's board of directors. In this capacity, he organized meetings of sales executives and traveled extensively to promote the company's aluminum products. He retired from Reynolds in January 1961. In 1960, Johnson sought a seat in the U.S. Senate. He defeated John Y. Brown, Sr. in the Democratic primary, but was unable to unseat Republican incumbent John Sherman Cooper in the general election. In 1961 and 1964, he was appointed to the state board of education. He served as a delegate to an assembly to revise the state constitution in 1964. In 1965, the University of Kentucky honored him with a Centennial Award and inducted him into its Hall of Distinguished Alumni. He died February 7, 1970 in Richmond, Kentucky, and is buried in Richmond Cemetery. Keen Johnson Keen Johnson (January 12, 1896February 7, 1970) was the 45th" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kendrit Shiri Sanatan Dharam Shiv Temple The Kendrit Shiri Sanatan Dharam Shiv Temple was a Hindu temple in Nadi, Fiji. Built by indentured Indian labourers in 1905, it was one of the oldest Hindu temples in Fiji, until it was destroyed by fire on 16 October 2008. Police confirmed that they were treating the temple's destruction as an arson attack. It was the fourth Hindu temple destroyed by arson within two weeks in Fiji. The \"Fiji Times\" published an editorial condemning the destruction of a local \"landmark\" by \"thugs\" and calling upon \"the leaders of Christian churches [to] make an immediate and unequivocal call on their members to desist from the temple burning which continue to plague our nation\". Kendrit Shiri Sanatan Dharam Shiv Temple The Kendrit Shiri Sanatan Dharam Shiv Temple was a Hindu temple in Nadi, Fiji. Built by indentured Indian labourers in 1905, it was one of the oldest Hindu temples in Fiji, until it was destroyed by fire on 16 October 2008. Police confirmed that they were treating the temple's destruction as an arson attack. It was the fourth Hindu temple destroyed by arson within two weeks in Fiji. The \"Fiji Times\" published an editorial condemning" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Betsy Prioleau Betsy Prioleau is an American author, radio personality, and cultural historian. Prioleau is most known for writing \"Swoon: Great Seducers and Why Women Love Them\" and \"Seductress: Women Who Ravished the World and Their Lost Art of Love\". Prioleau was born and raised in Richmond, Virginia. She graduated from the University of Virginia with a B.S. and M.A. in English and received a Ph.D. in American Literature at Duke University. After completing her Ph.D., she taught English and World Literature at Manhattan College where she was an associate tenured professor. She then taught cultural history at New York University Liberal Studies Program. Prioleau regularly appears on radio shows as an expert on seduction and related topics. She was the co-host of Errol Gluck's popular podcast, GluckRadio from 2013 to 2014 until she left the show to pursue a writing project. Prioleau has written essays, scholarly articles, and three books. Proleau's first book was titled \"Circle of Eros: Sexuality in the Work of William Dean Howells\". In 2003, she wrote \"Seductress: Women Who Ravished the World and Their Lost Art of Love\". Her latest book is titled \"Swoon: Great Seducers and Why Women Love Them\", which she released in 2013. \"The Circle of Eros: Sexuality in the Work of William Dean Howells\" is a study of the nineteenth-century American author and editor William Dean Howells. The book discusses the sexual themes in his novels, essays, and autobiographies, and shows how he arrived at a positive view of erotic love. Prioleau published \"Seductress: Women Who Ravished the World and Their Lost Art of Love\" in 2003. The book re-examines seductresses, refutes the negative stereotypes, and portrays the lives of such women as Cleopatra, Lola Montez, and Mae West as well as modern women. The book also gives romantic advice to women. The book received positive reviews. \"Publishers Weekly\" wrote that \"whether one buys her argument or not, [\"Seductress\" is] wildly engaging reading and faultless scholarship. The New York Times wrote that \"in this glossy, steam-heated analysis of temptresses and their tactics, no historical chapter is too obscure to provide inspiration.\" \"Swoon: Great Seducers and Why Women Love Them\" is a non-fiction book which analyses what makes a man attractive to women. Prioleau uses biographies, fiction, and science to discuss the secrets of men throughout the history and today that make them great lovers. On the whole, the book was well received. Jonathan Yardley reviewed the book negatively and wrote that it is \"a breezy, once-over-lightly book about sex.\" Library Journal wrote that, \"with exceptional vocabulary and bright prose, Prioleau offers a thoroughly researched, irresistible look at the characteristics of historical and contemporary seducers.\" Kirkus Reviews called the book, \"A fun, frothy complement to cultural historian Prioleau’s \"Seductress: Women Who Ravished the World\".\" She is married to Phillip Prioleau, a New York City dermatologist. Betsy Prioleau Betsy Prioleau is an American author, radio personality, and cultural historian. Prioleau is most known for writing \"Swoon: Great Seducers and Why Women Love Them\"" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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