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{ "retrieved": [ "Kefalotyri Kefalotyri or kefalotiri () is a hard, salty white cheese made from sheep milk or goat's milk (or both) in Greece and Cyprus. A similar cheese Kefalograviera, also made from sheep or goat milk (or both), is sometimes sold outside Greece and Cyprus as Kefalotyri. Depending on the mixture of milk used in the process the color can vary between yellow and white. A very hard cheese, kefalotyri can be consumed as is, fried in olive oil for a dish called saganaki, or added to foods such as pasta dishes, meat, or cooked vegetables, and is especially suited for grating. It is also used along with feta cheese in the vast majority of recipes for Spanakopita, where many recipes say to substitute with Romano or Parmesan if kefalotyri cannot be obtained. This is a popular and well-known cheese, establishing its roots in Greece during the Byzantine era. It can be found in some gourmet or speciality stores in other countries. Young cheeses take two to three months to ripen. An aged kefalotyri, a year old or more, is drier with a stronger flavour, and may be eaten as a meze with ouzo, or grated on food. Kefalotyri Kefalotyri or" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Chisca The Chisca were a tribe of Native Americans living in eastern Tennessee and southwestern Virginia in the 16th century. They later merged with the Shawnee, and became extinct as a tribe during the 18th century. They were encountered by both the Hernando de Soto Expedition in 1542 and the Captain Juan Pardo Expedition in 1568. De Soto sent out a small exploration party in the vicinity of the upper Tennessee River, who were attacked and defeated by Chisca warriors. The experience convinced de Soto to limit explorations in Chisca territory. Captain Pardo also sent exploration parties that fought with the Chisca (Pardo called them \"Chisca\"; his chronicler called them \"Uchi\"). His men destroyed their settlement at \"Maniatique\", thought to be at present-day Saltville, Virginia. The name \"Chisca\" seldom appeared in Spanish colonial records after the 16th century. In 1683 the French explorer La Salle found a \"Cisca\" village between the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers (in Yuchi territory, now northern Tennessee). He persuaded them and the Shawnee north of the Cumberland to relocate to Fort St. Louis in Illinois and live under French protection. Around this time, these Chisca seem to have joined with the Shawnee under the name \"Chaskepe\". They followed the Shawnee's later migrations (1692–1754) through Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and finally Ohio. La Salle reported that the Chisca had originally lived in the Appalachians east of where he found them, until their town was burnt down by colonists from Florida (he mistakenly called those people English; they were Spanish). The Chisca appeared to have become extinct as a tribe by the 18th century. Chisca The Chisca were a tribe of Native Americans living in eastern Tennessee and southwestern Virginia in the 16th century. They later merged with the Shawnee, and became extinct as a tribe during the 18th" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Georgios Avlonitis Air Chief Marshal Georgios Avlonitis (, born 24 January 1950) is a retired Greek Air Force officer and former Chief of the Air Force General Staff. Avlonitis was born in Athens on 24 January 1950. He entered the Hellenic Air Force Academy in 1969 and graduated on 6 August 1973. He served in several command and staff positions, both in the Greek armed forces and in NATO. He served as Chief of the Air Force Training Command before being promoted to Air Marshal and assuming command of the Air Force General Staff on 13 September 2004. He served in this post for three years, retiring on 25 January 2007 with the rank of Air Chief Marshal. Georgios Avlonitis Air Chief Marshal Georgios Avlonitis (, born 24 January 1950) is a retired Greek Air Force officer and former Chief of the Air Force General Staff. Avlonitis was born in Athens on 24 January 1950. He entered the Hellenic Air Force Academy in 1969 and graduated on 6 August 1973. He served in several command and staff positions, both in the Greek armed forces and in NATO. He served as Chief of the Air Force Training Command before being promoted" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Northern Edo Masquerades The Northern Edo Masquerades are a traditional ceremony practiced by the Edo people of Nigeria. Masking traditions are a major part of the Edo groups of Nigeria, who trace their beginnings to the kingdom of Benin, their neighbors to the south. The politics and social structures of the Ibo groups tend to be more similar to their neighbors, which consist of the Idoma and Igala. Basic political units are formed from ritual ties. A council of elders within a number of Masquerade societies forms each small village’s government. Okpella is well known in and around Edo state as a cement town, which with ties to other African cities, towns, and villages under the direction of Glo-Mobile, one of Africa’s fastest growing networks that is helping to increase the technology of Africa to its network capacity to 10 million lines by the end of 2006, the village is still alive with African traditions and culture. Men and women of the Edo people belong to masquerade societies, with their primary belief to control anti-social forces (voodoo, witchcraft, demons, devils, etc.) and help to bring about a better, safer, and well-adjusted community or village. African art and African artists are regarded in a different sense of the word “artist” than what persons from other cultural backgrounds might conceive. An African artist is one who works in many different capacities, rather than just being a “starving artist,\" of Western lore. Most of these men and women work on farms as laborers and seasonal help. An African artist is highly regarded as a professional who may have become skilled in many mediums, such as wood, metal, leather, mud, wall painting, ceramics, and many other different aspects of creativity. Unlike their counterparts of the United States and Europe, researchers and collectors of art were not so much concerned with the artist’s name and identity, rather than to remember the artist as a well-known member of his or her village or town. Many African artists throughout the years have established themselves with more of a regional reputation, attracting patrons of their craft, who wish to procure commissioned work. According to Lawrence Ajanaku, an African artist, The best-known of the Edo groups, the Okpella, use a wide, varying range of mask types, which, according to some African artists, may take up to a year to complete. The masks that are created by the artist convey many different types of rituals and ceremonies. One example of this is a brilliant, white-faced mask representing “dead mothers”, appearing during the annual Olimi festival, which is held at the end of the dry season, and is worn by dancing kinsmen. This festival, as others do, signifies social control and ancestral reverence, celebrating the transitions of age-grades. The Otsa festival embraces women dancers in addition to the male, the tradition masquerade dancers. The women portray “mothers”, who sponsor new plays and as supporters who perform in concert in between masquerade plays. During the festival, the “mothers” come to the dance area with their masquerades to sprinkle chalk and water, which symbolizes peace and good luck. This festival annually celebrates the feast of Otsa to purify the land and reinforce community solidarity. Many types of masks are used by the Northern Edo. Like most masks created in Africa, it represents the presence of a spirit. The intention behind an African mask is not to depict something realistic or naturalistic, as the African ideal aspires to capture the essence of the spirit represented. Therefore, abstraction and distortion are often seen. When a person wears the mask, that person takes on the entity that the mask represents, they become “one with the mask”, surrendering his body as not his own. The spirit of the mask takes up residence inside the person’s body while on earth. These masks are not considered in such lightheartedness, as a general costume might, they are held in high regard within the multiple communities of Africa. Masquerades are encompassing as a social gathering that encircles dancing and full-body fantastic costume wearing that also includes such masks. Together the people gathered at the event become a “band of spirits”; they are shown honor and reverence during their visitation here on Earth. In addition to the masks and costumes worn during the masquerades, another vital component is the music and dance used to create the atmosphere that is conducive to capturing the essence of the spirit. The highly sophisticated dance helps expand more of the character being portrayed. Throughout the ceremony, the actions of the dancer may be something entirely different from what the person beneath would normally portray. Atmospheric circumstances are another essential element to the success of the masquerade. The right mood and setting add to and enhance the integrity of the performance, inviting the spirits to join. The audience’s participation from the sidelines only adds to the intensity of the masquerade - clapping, singing, and dancing, allowing themselves to feel the spirit’s presence. This strong relationship between human and spirits is the grand hallmark of the Northern Edo Masquerades. Northern Edo Masquerades The Northern Edo Masquerades are a traditional ceremony practiced by the Edo people of Nigeria. Masking traditions are a major part of the Edo groups of Nigeria, who trace their beginnings to the kingdom of Benin, their neighbors to the south. The politics and social structures of the Ibo groups tend to be more similar to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Islandborn Islandborn is the first children's book by Dominican-American author and Pulitzer Prize-winner Junot Díaz. With illustrations by Leo Espinosa, who was born in Colombia, the picture-book features Dominican girls living in the Bronx, much like Díaz's goddaughters to whom he had long promised a children's book. The protagonist Lola, who immigrated when she was six years old, does not remember the Dominican Republic, and sets out to fill in her missing memories. In \"The Chicago Tribune\", Nara Schoenberg reviewed \"Islandborn\" as a \"pitch-perfect children's book\", noting Díaz's \"humor, vivid detail and an authentic kid’s-eye view\" as well as the \"enticing mixed-media illustrations that bring Lola’s candy-colored world to life, infusing it with myth and magic.\" The 48-page work was published by Dial Books for Young Readers on March 13, 2018. Islandborn Islandborn is the first children's book by Dominican-American author and Pulitzer Prize-winner Junot Díaz. With illustrations by Leo Espinosa, who was born in Colombia, the picture-book features Dominican girls living in the Bronx, much like Díaz's goddaughters to whom he had long promised a children's book. The protagonist Lola, who immigrated when she was six years old, does not remember the Dominican Republic, and sets out to fill" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Roving bridge A roving bridge, changeline bridge or turnover bridge is a bridge over a canal constructed to allow a horse towing a boat to cross the canal when the towpath changes sides. This often involved unhitching the tow line, but on some canals they were constructed so that there was no need to do this by placing the two ramps on the same side of the bridge (see middle photo), which turned the horse through 360 degrees. On the Macclesfield Canal this was achieved by building spiral ramps and on the Stratford-upon-Avon Canal and others by constructing roving bridges of iron in two cantilevered halves, leaving a slot in the middle for the tow rope. This was also called a split bridge. For cost reasons many ordinary Stratford bridges were also built in this way as they had no tow path. Bridges were also necessary at canal junctions and where the towpath was interrupted by side arms. These are strictly speaking side bridges, but they are often referred to as roving bridges. Well-known ones occur at Hawkesbury Junction and Haywood Junction. The Birmingham Canal Navigations has many examples, mainly of cast iron, which took the towpaths across factory arms. The ramps of the bridge are typically studded with alternating rows of protruding bricks to prevent the feet of the horse from sliding. The bridge may be constructed of cast iron (particularly in industrial areas) or of more conventional brick or stone. Roving bridge A roving bridge, changeline bridge or turnover bridge is a bridge over a canal constructed to allow a horse towing a boat to cross the canal when the towpath changes sides. This often involved unhitching the tow line, but on some canals they were constructed so that there was no need to do this by placing" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Alexander Kirillov Jr. Alexander Alexandrovich Kirillov Jr. () is a Russian-born American mathematician, working in the area of representation theory and Lie groups. He is a son of a Russian mathematician Alexandre Kirillov. Kirillov received his master's degree from the Moscow State University in 1989 and Ph.D from Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor at State University of New York at Stony Brook. As his father, Kirillov also strongly involved in the advanced mathematical education of gifted schoolchildren, he is a teacher of the project School Nova, trying to establish traditions of the Russian Mathematical Schools on the American soil. Alexander Kirillov Jr. Alexander Alexandrovich Kirillov Jr. () is a Russian-born American mathematician, working in the area of representation theory and Lie groups. He is a son of a Russian mathematician Alexandre Kirillov. Kirillov received his master's degree from the Moscow State University in 1989 and Ph.D from Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor at State University of New York at Stony Brook. As his father, Kirillov also strongly involved in the advanced mathematical education of gifted schoolchildren, he is a teacher of the project School Nova, trying to establish traditions of the Russian Mathematical Schools" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sebastian River High School Sebastian River High School is a co-educational International Baccalaureate high school. It opened August 1994 and was ranked 34th by Newsweek's 1,000 top U.S. High schools. The school is operated by the Indian River County School District. Situated on of land, Sebastian River High School is constructed around a central courtyard. Its facilities include a 3000-seat sports stadium, a 1060-seat auditorium, a 1680-seat gymnasium, a state-of-the-art television studio, an aqua lab, high-tech vocational labs, a volleyball field, three practice fields, a baseball field, a softball field, four tennis courts, four basketball courts, a wrestling room, and a cross-country track and field course. It also has 2 separate classroom buildings for the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC). In 2002, a new freshman wing, the V Wing, was added, bringing the number of classrooms to over 140 and making Sebastian River High School the second largest high school in Indian River County. The V Wing, however, does contain classrooms for students in other classes. For this reason, a new Freshman Learning Center was constructed in 2010, housing only freshman students. Sebastian River High School Sebastian River High School is a co-educational International Baccalaureate high school. It opened" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Argyresthia furcatella Argyresthia furcatella is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in North America, including Colorado. The wingspan is 12–13 mm. The forewings are white, sprinkled with dark brown transverse reticulations especially toward the apex. From the middle of the dorsum runs an ill-defined outwardly oblique, dark brown fascia to beyond the end of the cell. There is a small round dark brown spot on the fold between this and the base and a series of dark brown marginal spots begin on the middle of the costa and reach round to the tornus. The hindwings are ochreous fuscous. The larvae feed on \"Quercus\" species. The species was reared from a cynipid gall on oak. Argyresthia furcatella Argyresthia furcatella is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in North America, including Colorado. The wingspan is 12–13 mm. The forewings are white, sprinkled with dark brown transverse reticulations especially toward the apex. From the middle of the dorsum runs an ill-defined outwardly oblique, dark brown fascia to beyond the end of the cell. There is a small round dark brown spot on the fold between this and the base and a series of dark brown marginal spots" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Laminated glass Laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. In the event of breaking, it is held in place by an interlayer, typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), between its two or more layers of glass. The interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded even when broken, and its high strength prevents the glass from breaking up into large sharp pieces. This produces a characteristic \"spider web\" cracking pattern when the impact is not enough to completely pierce the glass. In the case of the EVA, the thermoset EVA, offers a complete bounding (cross-linking) with the material whether it is glass, polycarbonate, PET, or other types of products. Laminated glass is normally used when there is a possibility of human impact or where the glass could fall if shattered and also for architectural applications. Skylight glazing and automobile windshields typically use laminated glass. In geographical areas requiring hurricane-resistant construction, laminated glass is often used in exterior storefronts, curtain walls and windows. Laminated glass is also used to increase the sound insulation rating of a window, where it significantly improves sound attenuation compared to monolithic glass panes of the same thickness. For this purpose a special \"acoustic PVB\" compound is used for the interlayer. In the case of the EVA material, no additional acoustic material is required, since the EVA provides sound insulation. An additional property of laminated glass for windows is that a PVB and EVA interlayer can block essentially most ultraviolet radiation. A thermoset EVA could block up to 99.9% of the UV rays. In 1902, the French \"Le Carbone\" corporation obtained a patent for coating glass objects with celluloid in order to render them less susceptible to cracking or breaking. Laminated glass was invented in 1903 by the French chemist Édouard Bénédictus (1878-1930), inspired by a laboratory accident. A glass flask had become coated with the plastic cellulose nitrate and when dropped shattered but did not break into pieces. However, it was not until 1909 that Benedictus filed a patent, after hearing about a car accident where two women were severely injured by glass debris . In 1911, he formed the \"Société du Verre Triplex\", which fabricated a glass-plastic composite to reduce injuries in car accidents.. Production of Triplex glass was slow and painstaking, making it expensive. It was not immediately widely adopted by automobile manufacturers, but laminated glass was widely used in the eyepieces of gas masks during World War I. In 1912, the process was licensed to \"The English Triplex Safety Glass Company\". Subsequently, in the United States, both Libbey Owens-Ford and Du Pont de Nemours with Pittsburg Plate Glass produced Triplex. Meanwhile, in 1905, John Crewe Wood, a solicitor in Swindon, Wiltshire, England, patented a laminated glass for use as windscreens / windshields. The layers of glass were bonded together by Canada balsam. In 1906 he founded the Safety Motor Screen Co. to produce and sell his product. In 1927, the Canadian chemists Howard W. Matheson and Frederick W. Skirrow invented the plastic polyvinyl butyral (PVB). By 1936, United States companies had discovered that laminated \"safety glass\" consisting of a layer of polyvinyl butyral between two layers of glass would not discolor and was not easily penetrated during accidents. Within five years, the new safety glass had virtually replaced its predecessor. In the Road Traffic Act of 1930, the British parliament required new cars to use windscreens of \"safety glass\". By 1939, some of \"Indestructo\" safety glass was being used every year in vehicles produced at the Ford Motor Company works in Dagenham, England. \"Indestructo\" safety glass was manufactured by British Indestructo Glass, Ltd. of London. This was the laminated glass used by the Ford Motor Company in 1939, chosen because \"it gives the most complete protection. In addition to being splinter-proof, it is crystal clear and permanently non-discolourable.\" This quote hints at some of the technical issues, problems and concerns that stopped laminated glass from being widely used in automobiles immediately after it was invented. Modern laminated glass is produced by bonding two or more layers of ordinary annealed glass (or tempered glass) together with a plastic interlayer, usually polyvinyl butyral or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). The PVB or the EVA are sandwiched by the glass, which is either passed through a series of rollers, or vacuum bagging systems, and ovens, or autoclaves, to expel any air pockets. Then it is heated to form the initial melting. These constructions are then heated under pressure in an autoclave or oven, to achieve the final bounded product (fully crosslinked in the case of the thermoset EVA). The tint at the top of some car windshields is in the PVB. Also, colored PET films can be combined with the thermoset EVA material, during the laminating process, in order to obtain a colored glass. Once a thermoset EVA is properly laminated during the process, the glass could be exposed frameless and there will be no water/moisture infiltration, the yellowing index is very low and it shouldn't delaminate, due to the high level of bounding (crosslinking). A typical laminated makeup is 2.5 mm glass, 0.38 mm interlayer, and 2.5 mm glass. This gives a final product that would be referred to as 5.38 laminated glass. Multiple laminates and thicker glass increases the strength. Bullet-resistant glass is usually constructed using polycarbonate, thermoplastic materials, thermoset EVA, and layers of laminated glass. A similar glass is often used in airliners on the front and side cockpit windows, often three plies of 4 mm toughened glass with 2.6 mm thick PVB between them. This is one of the makeups used for the Boeing 747 cockpit side windows. The BAC/SAF Concorde forward pressure windshields had 7 plies, 4 glass and 3 PVB total thickness 38 mm . Newer developments have increased the thermoplastic family for the lamination of glass. Beside PVB, important thermoplastic glass lamination materials today are ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoset EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The adhesion of PVB/TPU and EVA is not only high to glass, but also to polyester (PE) interlayers. Since 2004, metallised and electroconductive polyethylene terephthalate (PET) interlayers are used as substrate for light emitting diodes and laminated to or between glass. Laminated glass is also sometimes used in glass sculptures and is widely utilised in architectural applications. There are several laminated glass manufacturing processes: Plastic interlayers in laminated glass make its cutting difficult. There is an unsafe practice of cutting both sides separately, pouring a flammable liquid such as denatured alcohol into the crack, and igniting it to melt the interlayer to separate the pieces. The following safer methods were recommended by the UK Government's Health and Safety Executive in 2005: According to the United States National Windshield Repair Association, laminated glass repair is possible for minor impact damage using a process that involves drilling into the fractured glass to reach the lamination layer. Special clear adhesive resin is injected under pressure and then cured with ultraviolet light. When done properly, the strength and clarity is sufficiently restored for most safety related purposes. The process is widely used to repair large industrial automotive windshields where the damage does not interfere with the view of the driver. Waste disposal of laminated glass is no longer permitted in landfill in most European countries as the End of Life Vehicles Directive (ELV) is implemented. A study by University of Surrey and Pilkington Glass proposes that waste laminated glass be placed into a separating device such as a rolling mill where the glass is fragmented", "for minor impact damage using a process that involves drilling into the fractured glass to reach the lamination layer. Special clear adhesive resin is injected under pressure and then cured with ultraviolet light. When done properly, the strength and clarity is sufficiently restored for most safety related purposes. The process is widely used to repair large industrial automotive windshields where the damage does not interfere with the view of the driver. Waste disposal of laminated glass is no longer permitted in landfill in most European countries as the End of Life Vehicles Directive (ELV) is implemented. A study by University of Surrey and Pilkington Glass proposes that waste laminated glass be placed into a separating device such as a rolling mill where the glass is fragmented and the larger cullet is mechanically detached from the inner film. The application of heat then melts the laminating plastic, usually polyvinyl butyral (PVB), enabling both the glass and the interior film to be recycled. The PVB recycling process is a simple procedure of melting and reshaping it. Laminated glass Laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. In the event of breaking, it is held in place by an interlayer, typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), between its two or more layers of glass. The interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded even when broken, and its high strength prevents the glass from breaking up into large sharp pieces. This produces a characteristic \"spider web\" cracking pattern when the impact is not enough to completely pierce the glass. In the case of the EVA, the thermoset" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lidia Isac Lidia Isac (, born 27 March 1993) is a Moldovan singer. She represented Moldova in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 with the song \"Falling Stars\". She participated in season 6 of \"\" as part of Team Florent Pagny and subsequently in season 7 of \"Vocea României\" as part of Team Tudor Chirilă. Lidia Isac was born on 27 March 1993 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Her mother and father were Moldavian students that met each other during their studies. A few months after Lidia's birth, they moved back to Moldova. Lidia has been involved in music since childhood. When she was 7 she began to study piano at \"Maria Bieșu\" musical school in Chișinău. She was into music, however she never thought about singing. At the age of 13, her French teacher noticed she had a deep voice, which was unusual for her age. She thought that Lidia could sing and suggested that she learn some songs by Édith Piaf. After performing them in concerts in school, all teachers named her \"Little Édith Piaf\". Lidia participated in and won numerous competitions. Her first international contest was at the age of 13, in Bulgaria - \"Serebryanaia Yantra\", she won the special prize of the audience. Her latest achievements are participation in the final of the \"New Wave 2014\" international contest in Jūrmala, third place in the \"East Bazaar 2013\" competition in Yalta, two-times participant in the national final of Eurovision Song Contest, Grand-Prix of the \"Baltic Supertars\" contest in Sankt-Petersburg, first place in \"Meikin Asia 2015\" in Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan, reporting for a Moldovan TV Channel from Eurovision Song Contest 2015 in Vienna being there with SunStroke Project (ESC2010 representative of Moldova). Lidia represented Moldova at Eurovision Song Contest 2016 in Stockholm with the song \"Falling Stars\". She recorded a French version entitled \"Pluie d'étoiles\". She passed the blind auditions in season 6 of and continued the show as part of Team Florent Pagny. Some of Lidia Isac's songs topped the national radio charts in Moldova. One of Lidia's songs was written by the Grammy nominees Bridget Benenate, Niklas Pettersson and Mikael Albertsson. The song \"Falling Stars\" reached number 13 in the Top 50 Viral Spain, on Spotify. Lidia graduated from the Faculty of Journalism at the State University of Moldova. She practices vocal lessons at the Academy of Music, Theater and Arts. Lidia Isac Lidia Isac (, born 27 March" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Gannin Arnold Gannin Duane Arnold (born October 7, 1971) is an American Christian musician, who is a producer, songwriter, and composer of sacred and secular music. He has received a GMA Dove Awards, for his production. Arnold was born Gannin Duane Arnold, on October 7, 1971, in Los Angeles, California. His music production and songwriting career commenced around 1994, where he has won GMA Dove Awards, for Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year in 2013, for \"A Messenger\" by Colton Dixon, with his fellow producers, Adam Watts and Andy Dodd of Red Decibel Music Group, and at the 2015 GMA Dove Awards for Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year, with regards to his production work on \"Anchor\" from Colton Dixon. Gannin Arnold Gannin Duane Arnold (born October 7, 1971) is an American Christian musician, who is a producer, songwriter, and composer of sacred and secular music. He has received a GMA Dove Awards, for his production. Arnold was born Gannin Duane Arnold, on October 7, 1971, in Los Angeles, California. His music production and songwriting career commenced around 1994, where he has won GMA Dove Awards, for Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year in 2013, for \"A Messenger\" by Colton Dixon, with his" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "False memory syndrome False memory syndrome (FMS) describes a condition in which a person's identity and relationships are affected by memories that are factually incorrect but that they strongly believe. Peter J. Freyd originated the term, which the False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF) subsequently popularized. The term is not recognized as a psychiatric illness in any of the medical manuals, such as the ICD-10 or the DSM-5; however, the principle that memories can be altered by outside influences is overwhelmingly accepted by scientists. False memories may be the result of recovered memory therapy, a term also defined by the FMSF in the early 1990s, which describes a range of therapy methods that are prone to creating confabulations. Some of the influential figures in the genesis of the theory are forensic psychologist Ralph Underwager, psychologist Elizabeth Loftus, and sociologist Richard Ofshe. False memory syndrome is a condition in which a person's identity and interpersonal relationships center on a memory of a traumatic experience that is objectively false but that the person strongly believes occurred. The FMS concept is controversial, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders does not include it. Paul R. McHugh, member of the FMSF, stated that the term was not adopted into the fourth version of the manual due to the pertinent committee being headed by believers in recovered memory. Recovered memory therapy is used to describe the therapeutic processes and methods that are believed to create false memories and false memory syndrome. These methods include hypnosis, sedatives and probing questions where the therapist believes repressed memories of traumatic events are the cause of their client's problems. The term is not listed in DSM-IV or used by any mainstream formal psychotherapy modality. Memory consolidation becomes a critical element of false memory and recovered memory syndromes. Once stored in the hippocampus, the memory may last for years or even for life, regardless that the memorized event never actually took place. Obsession to a particular false memory, planted memory, or indoctrinated memory can shape a person's actions or even result in delusional disorder. Mainstream psychiatric and psychological professional associations now harbor strong skepticism towards the notion of recovered memories of trauma. The American Psychiatric Association and American Medical Association condemn practices fitting the description of \"Recovered Memory Therapy\". In 1998, the Royal College of Psychiatrists Working Group on Reported Recovered Memories of Sexual Abuse wrote: That such techniques have been used in the past is undeniable. Their continued use is cause for malpractice litigation worldwide. An Australian psychologist was de-registered for engaging in them. In psychiatry, confabulation is a memory error defined as the production of fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive. Psychotherapists tried to reveal “repressed memories” in mental therapy patients through “hypnosis, guided imagery, dream interpretation and narco-analysis” in the 1980’s. The reasoning was that if abuse couldn’t be remembered, then it needed to be recovered by the therapist. This type of therapy became popular in the 1990s. If you don’t remember your abuse, you are not alone. Many women don’t have memories, and some never get memories. This doesn’t mean they weren’t abused. If you don’t have any memory of it, it can be hard to believe the abuse really happened. Therapists who subscribe to recovered memory theory point to a wide variety of common problems, ranging from eating disorders to sleeplessness, as evidence of repressed memories of sexual abuse. The legal phenomena developed in the 1980s, with civil suits alleging child sexual abuse on the basis of “memories” recovered during psychotherapy. The term “repressed memory therapy” gained momentum and with it social stigma surrounded those accused of abuse. The “therapy” led to other psychological disorders in persons whose memories were recovered. Human memory is created and highly suggestible, and can create a wide variety of innocuous, embarrassing, and frightening memories through different techniques—including guided imagery, hypnosis, and suggestion by others. Though not all individuals exposed to these techniques develop memories, experiments suggest a significant number of people do, and will actively defend the existence of the events, even if told they were false and deliberately implanted. Questions about the possibility of false memories created an explosion of interest in suggestibility of human memory and resulted in an enormous increase in the knowledge about how memories are encoded, stored and recalled, producing pioneering experiments such as the lost in the mall technique. In Roediger and McDermott's (1995) experiment, subjects were presented with a list of related items (such as candy, sugar, honey) to study. When asked to recall the list, participants were just as, if not more, likely to recall semantically related words (such as sweet) than items that were actually studied, thus creating false memories. This experiment, though widely replicated, remains controversial due to debate considering that people may store semantically related items from a word list conceptually rather than as language, which could account for errors in recollection of words without the creation of false memories. Susan Clancy discovered that people claiming to have been victims of alien abductions are more likely to recall semantically related words than a control group in such an experiment. The lost in the mall technique is a research method designed to implant a false memory of being lost in a shopping mall as a child to test whether discussing a false event could produce a \"memory\" of an event that did not happen. In her initial study, Elizabeth Loftus found that 25% of subjects came to develop a \"memory\" for the event which had never actually taken place. Extensions and variations of the lost in the mall technique found that an average of one third of experimental subjects could become convinced that they experienced things in childhood that had never really occurred—even highly traumatic, and impossible events. Experimental researchers have demonstrated that memory cells in the hippocampus of mice can be modified to artificially create false memories. The cerebrum, or forebrain, makes up the largest part of the brain, and it is covered by a sheet of neural tissue known as the cerebral cortex, which envelops the part of our brain where memories are stored. Glutamate and GABA (two amino acids), act as the yin and yang of the brain, steering emotions by determining whether nerve cells are excited or inhibited (calm). Under normal conditions the system is balanced. But when individuals get hyper-aroused and vigilant, glutamate surges. Glutamate is also the primary chemical that helps to make it easy to remember memories stored in the brain. \"Procedural memory, the unconscious memory of skills, for example, knowing how to ride a bike, is dependent upon repetition and practice and will operate automatically like muscle memory. Declarative memory, 'knowing what,' is memory of facts, experiences and events.\" Memories of traumatic experiences hide deep in the brain, causing psychiatric problems. The memory of early childhood abuse can be forgotten and remembered with more or less accuracy. \"It's difficult for therapists to help these patients,\" Dr. Jelena Radulovic, the Dunbar Professor in Bipolar Disease at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine said, \"because the patients themselves can't remember their traumatic experiences that are the root cause of their symptoms.\" A special mechanism of the brain has been discovered to store stress related memories. If the brain registers an overwhelming trauma, then", "is dependent upon repetition and practice and will operate automatically like muscle memory. Declarative memory, 'knowing what,' is memory of facts, experiences and events.\" Memories of traumatic experiences hide deep in the brain, causing psychiatric problems. The memory of early childhood abuse can be forgotten and remembered with more or less accuracy. \"It's difficult for therapists to help these patients,\" Dr. Jelena Radulovic, the Dunbar Professor in Bipolar Disease at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine said, \"because the patients themselves can't remember their traumatic experiences that are the root cause of their symptoms.\" A special mechanism of the brain has been discovered to store stress related memories. If the brain registers an overwhelming trauma, then it can essentially block that memory in a process called dissociation or detachment from reality. \"The brain will attempt to protect itself\". The same way the body can wall-off an abscess or foreign substance to protect the rest of the body, the brain can dissociate from an experience. In the midst of trauma, the brain may wander off and work to avoid the memory. The question of the accuracy and dependability of a repressed memory that someone has later recalled has contributed to some investigations and court cases, including cases of alleged sexual abuse or child sexual abuse (CSA). The research of Elizabeth Loftus has been used to counter claims of recovered memory in court and it has resulted in stricter requirements for the use of recovered memories being used in trials, as well as a greater requirement for corroborating evidence. In addition, some U.S. states no longer allow prosecution based on recovered memory testimony. Insurance companies have become reluctant to insure therapists against malpractice suits relating to recovered memories. Supporters of recovered memories believe that there is \"overwhelming evidence that the mind is capable of repressing traumatic memories of child sexual abuse.\" Whitfield states that the \"false memory\" defense is \"seemingly sophisticated, but mostly contrived and often erroneous.\" He states that this defense has been created by \"accused, convicted and self-confessed child molesters and their advocates\" to try to \"negate their abusive, criminal behavior.\" Brown states that when pro-false memory expert witnesses and attorneys state there is no causal connection between CSA and adult psychopathology, that CSA doesn't cause specific trauma-related problems like borderline and dissociative identity disorder, that other variables than CSA can explain the variance of adult psychopathology and that the long-term effects of CSA are non-specific and general, that this testimony is inaccurate and has the potential of misleading juries. During the late 1990s, there were multiple lawsuits in the United States in which psychiatrists and psychologists were successfully sued, or settled out of court, on the charge of propagating iatrogenic memories of childhood sexual abuse, incest, and satanic ritual abuse. Some of these suits were brought by individuals who later declare that their recovered memories of incest or satanic ritual abuse had been false. The False Memory Syndrome Foundation uses the term \"retractors\" to describe these individuals, and have shared their stories publicly. There is debate regarding the total number of retractions as compared to the total number of allegations, and the reasons for retractions. Sexual abuse of children and adolescents leads to severe negative consequences. Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for many classes of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders, affective disorders, dissociative disorders and personality disorders. Failure to meet recognized medical standards by psychiatrists causes injury to patients and the accused. Ramona v. Isabella was a prominent case of malpractice in 1994. A California Jury awarded $500,000 to Gary Ramona, whose daughter Holly had falsely accused him of sexual abuse as a child, based on false memories retrieved by therapists during treatment for bulimia. Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Burton Bach dismissed Holly Ramona's civil case against her father, holding that the outcome of her father's malpractice suit had resolved the issue of whether any abuse took place. The Washington Post titled the article \"Sex Abuse Suit Dismissed in False-Memory Case\" on December 14, 1994. There were numerous cases brought to trial in the 1990s. Most included combinations of the misuse of hypnosis, guided imagery, sodium amytal, and anti-depressants. The term \"false memory syndrome\" describes the phenomenon in which a mental therapy patient “remembers” an event such as childhood sexual abuse, that never occurred. The link between certain therapy practices and the development of psychological disorders such as multiple personality disorder and dissociative identity disorder comes from malpractice suits and state licensure actions against therapists. These cases demonstrate the ease with which an individual can be led to exhibit dissociative symptoms, especially when hypnosis, sodium amytal, strong medications, or readings involving traumatic imagery magnify the effect of therapist suggestions or expectations. These cases also show that once the symptoms become established, the standard treatment modality often leads to a deterioration of the mental and emotional well being of the patient. False Memory Syndrome has been described as a widespread social phenomenon where misguided therapists cause patients to invent memories of sexual abuse (McCarty & Hough, 1992). The syndrome was described and named by the families and professionals who comprise the False Memory Syndrome Foundation (see Freyd, March 1993, p. 4), an organization formed by parents claiming to be falsely accused of child sexual abuse. Since its establishment in 1992, the False Memory Syndrome Foundation has received 14,000 reports of sexual abuse accusations based on recovered memories. Proponents of the syndrome claim that it is occurring at epidemic levels, and some have gone so far as to characterize it as the mental health crisis of the 1990s (e.g., Gardner, 1993, p. 370). Critics, on the other hand, have suggested that the syndrome is based on vague, unsubstantiated generalizations, which do not hold up to scientific scrutiny (e.g., Page, 1999), and that the syndrome's primary purpose is to discredit victims' testimony (e.g., Murphy, 1997). This article critically examines the assumptions underlying the concept to determine whether there is sufficient empirical evidence to support \"False Memory Syndrome\" as a valid diagnostic construct. Epidemiological evidence is then examined to determine whether there is data to support claims of either a public health crisis or epidemic. Experts have described recovered memory theory as \"either the most fascinating psychological discovery of the 20th century or the centerpiece of the most embarrassing mistake modern psychiatry and psychotherapy have ever made.\" Recovered memory theorists believe that individuals repress memories of traumatic events deep in the psyche. The American Psychiatric Association (1993) in a statement on the issue of false memories, stated that repression did occur, but was unable to provide convincing references. On examination of a list of 31 references none adequately demonstrated that it took place. Meanwhile, studies in cognitive psychology have shown very clearly that memory is highly malleable and is a reconstructive process, not to be compared with the replaying of a disc or the review of an engraving or a videotape. The hypothesis that memory – so subject to attrition with time and so liable to revision by motive – can be recovered in a pristine form or even in a 50% accurate state after years of neglect, inattention or suppression becomes untenable. False Memory Syndrome in Popular Culture False Memory Syndrome has become so widespread,", "Association (1993) in a statement on the issue of false memories, stated that repression did occur, but was unable to provide convincing references. On examination of a list of 31 references none adequately demonstrated that it took place. Meanwhile, studies in cognitive psychology have shown very clearly that memory is highly malleable and is a reconstructive process, not to be compared with the replaying of a disc or the review of an engraving or a videotape. The hypothesis that memory – so subject to attrition with time and so liable to revision by motive – can be recovered in a pristine form or even in a 50% accurate state after years of neglect, inattention or suppression becomes untenable. False Memory Syndrome in Popular Culture False Memory Syndrome has become so widespread, it has led to TV shows and movies about the phenomena and similar spin-offs. For example, the Netflix series “The Sinner” touches the idea of recovering forgotten memories. The show focuses on a woman who kills a seemingly random man on the beach one day for playing a song that triggered a traumatic event from her past, which she has temporarily forgotten. Throughout the first season, we watch as detectives try to trigger her memory and find a motive for her actions. This is an example of automatic behavior; when a person purposelessly acts. However, in the show’s case, she was injected with narcotics, to repress her memory. False memory syndrome False memory syndrome (FMS) describes a condition in which a person's identity and relationships are affected by memories that are factually incorrect but that they strongly believe. Peter J. Freyd originated the term, which the False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF) subsequently popularized. The term is not recognized as a psychiatric illness in any of the medical manuals, such as the ICD-10 or the DSM-5; however, the principle that memories can be altered by outside influences is overwhelmingly accepted" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Eva's desert mouse Eva's desert mouse (\"Peromyscus eva\") is a species of rodents in the genus \"Peromyscus\" of the family Cricetidae found only in the Baja California peninsula of Mexico. Eva's desert mouse measures from head to rump, on average, and has a tail. They weigh between . The fur is russet or buff in color over most of the body, with pale grey markings on the nose, cheeks, and around the eyes. The ears are pale brown and almost hairless, and the underparts creamy white. It can most clearly be distinguished from the cactus mouse, which is found in the same geographical region, by the shape of the baculum, although it is also typically darker in color, and with a longer tail. Little is known of the animal's biology, although it is usually found close to succulent plants, and appears to breed between February and July. Eva's desert mouse lives only in the southern part of the Baja California peninsula in Mexico. Within this region, it inhabits scrubland habitats below dominated by plants such as cholla, \"Jatropha\", and organ-pipe cactus, and in agricultural land. Two subspecies have been identified: Eva's desert mouse Eva's desert mouse (\"Peromyscus eva\") is a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Alexandros Tabakis Alexandros Tabakis (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Ταμπάκης) (born December 8, 1992), also known as Alex Tambakis, is a Greek football goalkeeper who plays for North Carolina FC in the USL. He started playing football for Takis Oikonomopoulos's academy, in Artemida, Attica, from there, he moved to Paiania (training ground) to be a member of Panathinaikos's youth academies. He promoted to the first team on July 1, 2011 signing a contract which keeps him in Panathinaikos until 2016. He made his debut as a player of the first team on April 23, 2012 at a 4-0 win against Panetolikos F.C., replacing Kotsolis on the 86th minute of the game. On February 2, 2015, Tabakis was loaned to Eerste Divisie side VVV-Venlo until the end of the season, but he did not make an appearance with the first team before returning. He made two appearances with the Under-21 side, and he was also named to the squad for Venlo's first-round promotion playoff matches against Oss, ahead of Eric Verstappen. On January 25, 2016 Tambakis transferred from Panathinaikos to Atlanta United FC on a free transfer. He became the first player to be signed by the club, who were set to make their debut in the 2017 season. He was immediately sent on loan to third division with Charleston Battery. Tambakis made 19 appearances for the Battery in 2016, as well as 2 in the postseason, keeping 6 clean sheets. Tambakis was loaned back out to Charleston ahead of the 2017 season, and was recalled multiple times by Atlanta throughout the season. Tambakis made his first teamsheet with Atlanta on March 18, listed ahead of Kyle Reynish as the reserve goalkeeper. On October 3, 2017, Tambakis made his MLS debut, coming on as a substitute for Reynish, who was sent off for denying Minnesota United forward Abu Danladi a clear goal-scoring opportunity. Entering the game at a 1–0 deficit, Atlanta would score two goals before conceding two more in the 3–2 defeat. Tambakis was in the squad because first-choice goalkeeper Brad Guzan was away at international duty, and second-choice Alec Kann was out injured. On December 10, 2017, Tambakis' rights were was traded by Atlanta to Sporting Kansas City along with Kenwyne Jones and a 2021 MLS SuperDraft pick in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2018 MLS SuperDraft, Kevin Oliveira, and Tyler Pasher. Tambakis joined USL side North Carolina FC on March 2, 2018. Alexandros Tabakis Alexandros Tabakis (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Ταμπάκης) (born December 8, 1992), also known as Alex Tambakis, is a Greek football goalkeeper who plays for North Carolina FC in the USL. He started playing football for Takis Oikonomopoulos's academy, in Artemida, Attica, from there, he moved to Paiania (training ground) to be a member of Panathinaikos's youth academies. He promoted to the first team on July 1, 2011 signing a contract which keeps him in Panathinaikos until 2016. He made his debut as a player of the first team on April 23, 2012 at a 4-0 win against" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jamaica Wine House Jamaica Wine House, known locally as \"the Jampot\", is located in St Michael's Alley, Cornhill, in the heart of London's financial district. It was the first coffee house in London and was visited by the English diarist Samuel Pepys in 1660. It is now a Grade II listed public house and is set within a labyrinth of medieval courts and alleys in the City of London. Jamaica Wine House has historic links with the sugar trade and slave plantations of the West Indies and Turkey. There is a plaque on the wall which reads 'Here stood the first London Coffee house at the sign of the Pasqual Rosee's Head 1652.' Pasqua Rosée, the proprietor was the servant of a Levant Company merchant named Daniel Edwards, a trader in Turkish goods, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment. The coffee house, which opened in 1652, is known in some accounts as \"The Turk's Head\". The building that currently stands on the site is a 19th-century public house. This pub's licence was acquired by Shepherd Neame and the premises were reopened after a restoration that finished in April 2009. There is a wood-panelled bar with three sections on the ground floor and a restaurant downstairs. Jamaica Wine House Jamaica Wine House, known locally as \"the Jampot\", is located in St Michael's Alley, Cornhill, in the heart of London's financial district. It was the first coffee house in London and was visited by the English diarist Samuel Pepys in 1660. It is now a Grade II listed public house and is set within a labyrinth of medieval courts and alleys in the City of London. Jamaica Wine House has historic links with the sugar trade and slave plantations of the West Indies and Turkey. There" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Edward Gordon (politician) Edward Brice Killen Gordon (4 November 1885 – 6 September 1964) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party. Gordon was born in Marton in 1885. He received his education at Marton District High School and at Prince Albert College in Auckland's Queen Street. He worked on a farm near Taihape, and then in the bush north of Wanganui. In 1917, he married Mary Alexandra Grant before enlisting for World War I; at the time, they were living in Palmerston North. After the war, he purchased a farm near Mangaweka, but moved back to Marton to take over a farm there. He was involved with various farming organisations and chaired the Marton branch of the Farmers' Union, was vice-president of the Marton A&P Association, and a member of the Rangitikei Rabbit Board. With the formation of the National Party in 1936, he became the electorate chairman for Rangitikei. In the , Gordon stood against the incumbent in the Rangitikei electorate, Labour's Ormond Wilson. Boundary changes had resulted in the loss of the urban part of Wanganui from the electorate, which was now fully rural. Although Labour obtained a landslide victory in the election, Wilson lost against Gordon of the National Party by 300 votes. Gordon held the electorate to , when he retired. He died in 1964. Edward Gordon (politician) Edward Brice Killen Gordon (4 November 1885 – 6 September 1964) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party. Gordon was born in Marton in 1885. He received his education at Marton District High School and at Prince Albert College in Auckland's Queen Street. He worked on a farm near Taihape, and then in the bush north of Wanganui. In 1917, he married Mary Alexandra Grant before enlisting for World War I; at the time," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mahidhara Rammohan Rao Mahidhara Rammohana Rao was an Indian writer from Andhra Pradesh. His Telugu book \"Kollayi Gattitenemi?\"(What if he wears loin cloth only?) written in early 1960's won Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Academy award in 1969. The story of the book revolves around Congress lead Indian Independence movement. This book is translated into English with the title \"Swarajyam\" by Vegunta Mohan Prasad. He worked as a Sub-editor for the Andhra Communist Party mouthpiece Visalandhra in 1960s. His son Mahidhara Nalini Mohan is also a writer. Rammohan Rao was born on 1 November 1909 in Munganda, East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. He was born in a highly orthodox brahmin family though this father Surya Narayana was a follower of Brahmo Samaj. Surya Narayana named his yeldest son after a famous social reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy. He started going to school from the age of 5 years. Inspired by revolutionary spirit of his family, at the age of 10 Mahidhara abandoned his studies in 1919 and joined Indian Freedom Struggle. Though he quit his formal education, he acquired scholarship of multiple languages including Telugu, Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, English, Russian mostly through self study using dictionaries. In 1925 he joined Congress party. In 1932 he joined Congress Social Party established by Jayaprakash Narayan. After two years, he became a strong advocate of communism. He teamed up with his brothers and started a publishing house called \"Viswa Sahitya Mala\" (Garland of world literature). From 1936 to 1984, this house published a series of books to educate people in the philosophy of communism and socialism. These works include 50 translations from English to Telugu in addition to some original works. Between 1940 and 1944 he was jailed for participating in independence struggle along with leaders like Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy and Alluri Sathyam. Jail life provided more time for him to read. In 1946, he started working as a sub-editor of Prajasakti daily. Later he joined Vishalandhra, where he worked till 1967. Mahidhara Rammohan Rao Mahidhara Rammohana Rao was an Indian writer from Andhra Pradesh. His Telugu book \"Kollayi Gattitenemi?\"(What if he wears loin cloth only?) written in early 1960's won Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Academy award in 1969. The story of the book revolves around Congress lead Indian Independence movement. This book is translated into English with the title \"Swarajyam\" by Vegunta Mohan Prasad. He worked as a Sub-editor for the Andhra Communist Party" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Scirpus congdonii Scirpus congdonii is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common name Congdon's bulrush after noted Californian botanist J.W. Congdon. It is native to the mountains and plateaus of far northern California and adjacent sections of southern Oregon and western Nevada. It can be found in wetland habitat and other moist areas, such as mountain meadows and waterways. It is a perennial herb forming a loose or dense clump of erect stems growing up to half a meter tall, solitary stems sometimes occurring as well. The stems are three-angled and narrow at the middle. Sheathing leaves occur at the stem bases as well as higher up the stems. The inflorescence occurs at the end of the stem, with small additional ones growing from leaf axils. The inflorescence consists of several clusters of many spikelets wrapped at the bases in a leaflike bract. Scirpus congdonii Scirpus congdonii is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common name Congdon's bulrush after noted Californian botanist J.W. Congdon. It is native to the mountains and plateaus of far northern California and adjacent sections of southern Oregon and western Nevada. It can be" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Severn School Severn School was founded in 1914 by Roland M. Teel in Severna Park, Maryland, as a preparatory school for the United States Naval Academy. In 2013, Severn School merged with nearby Chesapeake Academy. Currently the school enrolls boys and girls from pre-kindergarten through grade 12. The Severn Admirals compete in thirteen varsity sports: sailing, lacrosse, cross country running, football, wrestling, soccer, basketball, swimming, baseball, golf, tennis, field hockey, and track and field in the Maryland Interscholastic Athletic Association. Severn has 35 varsity, junior varsity, and middle school teams. On Severn's 19-acre upper school and middle school campus, there are two academic buildings, Teel Academic Center and Creeden Hall. Teel Academic Center underwent a complete renovation in 2015 where the original Teel Academic Center, constructed in 1969 to house boarding students, was torn down and replaced with the new 17 million dollar building. The new building houses Graw Innovation Center, a computer lab, the Zimmerman Library, and the Hoehn-Saric Center for Academic Excellence, as well as middle and upper school classrooms. Creeden Hall, constructed in 2002 as the Upper School Academic Center, contains science labs and prep rooms, a greenhouse, Roche Lecture Hall, classrooms, two computer labs, and several spaces for students such as Creeden Commons. Also on this campus is McCleary Student Center which houses Price Auditorium, Bauer Dining Hall, Powell Conference Room, and several arts classrooms for both the middle and upper school. In 2012, construction was completed on the Stine Outdoor Education Center, a 2-acre space behind the two academic buildings featuring a tiered outdoor classroom, trails, a counsel ring, challenge course with low ropes to promote team building, and an artist's reflection area. Severn School has also finished the process of constructing the Edward St. John Athletic Center. The facility, opened April 2008, cost about $10 million. Alongside the completion of this building was the construction of two turf fields, one for field hockey and lacrosse,and one for football and soccer, to accompany two more grass athletic fields. The Chesapeake Campus in Arnold houses Severn's Lower School. On that campus are Flinchum Gymnasium, Troy Media Center, and Sivvy Theatre. There are 2 fully equipped outdoor playgrounds, an outdoor science learning area, learning pavilion, and trike and scooter path for early childhood students. Severn School Severn School was founded in 1914 by Roland M. Teel in Severna Park, Maryland, as a preparatory school for the United" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "First Street (Hong Kong) First Street (Chinese: 第一街) is a street in Sai Ying Pun, an early suburb of Hong Kong. The street is part of the planned layout of the early development. High Street, Third Street, Second Street and First Street run east to west horizontally on a slope while Centre Street, Western Street and Eastern Street run north to south steeply. First Street runs one way from Eastern Street, crossing Centre Street and Western Street to Pok Fu Lam Road in the west. It is about 250 metres long. The northern side of the street has odd numbers and is on the lower side of the slope. Vehicles can drive from east to west. Taxis frequent the street. Green mini bus route 45A has its terminus on the south side of the street between Centre and Western Streets. This bus runs up Western Street, Bonham Road, Lyttleton Road, Babington Path, Robinson Road, Kotewall Road to Conduit Road, and then returns the same way and then via Breezy Path, Hospital Road, Second Street and Centre Street. Paid half-hour parking and motorcycle parking is available towards the west end. Side lanes include Algar Court, going down to Queen's Road West, between Western and Centre Street. There is also an unnamed lane going down to Queen's Road West, between Centre and Eastern Streets. This gives access to a back lane running behind the buildings on First Street. This lane runs from Eastern to Centre Street, and is for foot traffic only. Businesses on these lanes include 2 Philippine products shops, an electrician, a metal folding shop, and a tea shop on the corner with Eastern Street. Most buildings along this street are around 5 or 6 stories, but there are a few high rise apartment blocks of over 20 floors including the Shun Tai Building, Island Crest, Chun King Building, Charming Court, and the rear of Western Garden. Totally there are 528 units in 60 buildings with First Street addresses. In the First Street are many small businesses. The Western District Junior Police Call clubhouse is under the Western Garden building. Larger enterprises include the Bank of China branch, a Wellcome supermarket, Government offices (Drainage, Labour and Social Welfare) in the Western Magistracy, the Agency for Volunteer Service Elderly Centre, Centre Street Market, including, the cooked food centre, public toilet, refuse collection point, and an escalator to Sai Ying Pun Market. First Street (Hong Kong) First Street (Chinese: 第一街) is a street in Sai Ying Pun, an early suburb of Hong Kong. The street is part of the planned layout of the early development. High Street, Third Street, Second Street and First Street run east to west horizontally on a slope while Centre Street, Western Street and Eastern Street run north to south steeply. First Street runs one way from Eastern Street, crossing Centre Street and Western Street to Pok Fu Lam Road in the west. It is about 250 metres long. The northern side of the street has odd numbers" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jan Polack Jan Polack Johannes Po(l)lack (Hanns Polagk, Polegk), () (between 1435 and 1450 – 1519) was a 15th-century painter. From his nickname it is assumed that he might have been born and/or worked in Kraków. From the mid-1470s on, he lived and worked in Munich, having previously been in Franconia. He may have taken part in the 1475 festival of the Landshut Wedding of Jadwiga Jagiellon and George of Bavaria. In 1480 he opened his own shop in Munich, where he remained until his death. Starting in 1482 he is listed on the tax records of Munich, also as leader of the local painter guild. He visited with Michael Wohlgemuth and his art was influenced by him and by that of Veit Stoss and Hans Pleydenwurff as well as by collaboration with the woodcutter Erasmus Grasser. Documents mention many works of his which are now lost. His most important remaining work is the Weihenstephan altarpiece (1483–1485), now at the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. Jan Polack Jan Polack Johannes Po(l)lack (Hanns Polagk, Polegk), () (between 1435 and 1450 – 1519) was a 15th-century painter. From his nickname it is assumed that he might have been born and/or worked in Kraków." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Community Farm of the Brethren The Community Farm of the Brethren, also called Juliusleut, is a Christian community with communal living at Bright, Ontario. It was in fellowship with the Hutterites from its beginning in 1941 until 1950. The Community Farm of the Brethren was created under the leadership of Julius Kubassek (1893-1961), an immigrant from Hungary, who came to North America in 1925. Kubassek visited the Hutterites in Alberta in 1936. Kubassek and a group of his followers moved to West Raley Hutterite Colony and lived there for more than a year. In 1939 the group left, because some differences between Kubassek group and the original members of the Hutterite colony. Nonetheless, the Hutterites supplied Kubassek and his group with three railroad cars of farm implements and animals. The group then went to a rented farm in Glen Morris, Ontario. In April 1941 they relocated to a purchased farm in Bright, Ontario and called themselves \"Community Farm of the Brethren\". Community Farm of the Brethren The Community Farm of the Brethren, also called Juliusleut, is a Christian community with communal living at Bright, Ontario. It was in fellowship with the Hutterites from its beginning in 1941 until 1950. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Brendan Toal Brendan Toal (born 1 December 1940) is an Irish former politician, who was a Fine Gael Teachta Dála (TD) for the Monaghan constituency from 1973 to 1977. From Smithborough, and a lawyer by profession, Toal was elected to the 21st Dáil at a by-election in November 1973, to fill a vacancy caused by the election as President of Monaghan's Fianna Fáil TD Erskine H. Childers. In 1977 he was chairman of Monaghan County Council. The Monaghan constituency was abolished in boundary changes for the 1977 general election, and Toal was defeated in the new Cavan–Monaghan constituency. Before the new Dáil met, outgoing Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave appointed Toal to the Land Commission. He did not stand for the Dáil again. Brendan Toal Brendan Toal (born 1 December 1940) is an Irish former politician, who was a Fine Gael Teachta Dála (TD) for the Monaghan constituency from 1973 to 1977. From Smithborough, and a lawyer by profession, Toal was elected to the 21st Dáil at a by-election in November 1973, to fill a vacancy caused by the election as President of Monaghan's Fianna Fáil TD Erskine H. Childers. In 1977 he was chairman of Monaghan County Council. The Monaghan constituency" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Demonic Toys 2 Demonic Toys 2, also known as Demonic Toys 2: Personal Demons, is a 2010 horror film written and directed by William Butler and produced by Charles Band. It is a slasher film and is a sequel to \"Demonic Toys\", and \"Hideous!\". Appeared to take place right after the events of \"Demonic Toys\", an unknown stranger with a pair of gloved hands picks up the pieces of the destroyed toys and starts stitching them together. The only toys the perpetrator could fix correctly were Baby oopsie daisy and Jack Attack. The unidentified man then puts the toys in a crate, and is handed over a suitcase full of cash by another man, who then leaves with the toys. Also with Dr. Lorca is his sweetheart Lauraline and her stepson David, and a little woman named Lillith, who is a psychic of some sorts. Dr. Lorca's driver, Eric accidentally drops a crate that Dr. Lorca wants brought into the house, revealing the Demonic Toys inside it. It is revealed that Dr. Lorca is still collecting oddity toys. He's arrived because Caitlin called and told him about an oddity toy she found within the castle that's able to move. The castle's current owners seldom come there, meaning they're superstitious of everything that's happened in there. The owners decided to empty and sell it to Italian government to make it a historical landmark and keep it open for the public. Caitlin takes them inside the castle and gives them its history. The doll itself was hand carved out of wood with a mixture of fabric elements. Caitlin opens the box and shows them the doll Divoletto. Mr. Butterfield examines the toy and claims it is the oldest toy he's ever seen, made possibly in the 14th century. Caitlin then shows them how it moves. Just tap a wand on the side of the box a couple of times and then it will come to life. After a while, the toy finally moves. Caitlin believes that there are magnets in the wand and when the box is tapped, it sets off the springs and mechanisms inside of Divoletto. However, Lillith thinks differently. Eric suddenly runs in the room and tells them that their cars are gone. Since everything is closed and have no transportation to get back to Rome, Caitlin suggests that they stay at the castle for the night. Meanwhile, Lillith examines Divoletto to catch a vision of some sorts, and sees a vision of the future where Divoletto's killing them all. David then smashes Divoletto's head with a shovel, but it's revealed that Divoletto was one of Fiora's personal demons. The demon then sucks Fiora's spirit out of Lillith and brings her through the portal back to hell. The demonic toys then attack them and David cuts their heads off with the shovel, killing them. The next day, David, Caitlin and a spooked out Lillith leave the castle, with the demonic toys remains so no one else can find them, along with the clay vessels containing Fiora's personal demons. The sound of glass shatter is heard, and the painting of Fiora at the castle starts whispering, implying that Fiora's revenge personal demon has been released. The score was composed by American film composer Richard Band. The film was released on DVD in January 2010. Demonic Toys 2 Demonic Toys 2, also known as Demonic Toys 2: Personal Demons, is a 2010 horror film written and directed by William Butler and produced by Charles Band. It is a slasher film and is a sequel to \"Demonic Toys\", and \"Hideous!\". Appeared to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Chaloem Phra Kiat District, Nakhon Ratchasima Chaloem Phra Kiat (, ) is a district (\"amphoe\") in the eastern part of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, northeastern Thailand. Five \"tambon\" were separated from Chakkarat district to create the new district on December 5, 1996. It was one of five districts named Chaloem Phra Kiat created on the same date to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ascencion to throne of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX). Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Non Sung, Chakkarat, Chok Chai and Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima. The district is subdivided into 5 subdistricts (\"tambon\"). The township (\"thesaban tambon\") of Tha Chang covers parts of the \"tambon\" Tha Chang and Chang Thong. Chaloem Phra Kiat District, Nakhon Ratchasima Chaloem Phra Kiat (, ) is a district (\"amphoe\") in the eastern part of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, northeastern Thailand. Five \"tambon\" were separated from Chakkarat district to create the new district on December 5, 1996. It was one of five districts named Chaloem Phra Kiat created on the same date to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ascencion to throne of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX). Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Non Sung, Chakkarat, Chok Chai and Mueang Nakhon" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "World on Fire (Sarah McLachlan song) \"World on Fire\" is a song by Sarah McLachlan, from her \"Afterglow\" album (2003). It was released as the third single from the album in 2004, with a music video directed by Sophie Muller. The video for \"World on Fire\" opens with the claim of having cost $150,000, despite the ensuing low-quality footage of a barefoot McLachlan in a plain room playing her guitar. The video continues to reveal it actually cost $15, then tracking (in animated and videotaped segments) how the remainder went to enriching lives all around the globe through charitable donations. McLachlan promoted the song and its video with an appearance on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" on 17 May 2006, where she performed the track live while the video played on monitors. CD MaxiSingle UK Promo US Promo US Promo (Vinyl) CAN Promo UK Promo (Vinyl) World on Fire (Sarah McLachlan song) \"World on Fire\" is a song by Sarah McLachlan, from her \"Afterglow\" album (2003). It was released as the third single from the album in 2004, with a music video directed by Sophie Muller. The video for \"World on Fire\" opens with the claim of having cost $150,000, despite" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Northern (automobile) Northern Manufacturing Company was a manufacturer of Brass Era automobiles in Detroit, Michigan, automobiles designed by Charles Brady King. The 1904 \"Northern\" was a runabout model. It could seat 2 passengers and sold for US $750 ($18,460 in 2007). The flat-mounted water-cooled single-cylinder engine, situated at the center of the car, produced 6 hp (4.5 kW). A 2-speed transmission was fitted. The tubular-framed car weighed 950 lb (431 kg) and used Concord springs. In 1902 Charles B. King and Jonathan Maxwell created the Northern Manufacturing Company, which went on to be the parent company of Studebaker and grandparent company of Chrysler. Maxwell would later become a well-known name as a line of automobiles would bear his name. King would not experience that same level of fame, though he is remembered as the first person to drive an internal combustion car on the streets of Detroit. Though the automobile industry was in its infancy, both of these men had already compiled a resume of automotive experience. Both had worked for R. E. Olds. King, who had an engineering degree from Cornell and had moved to Detroit in 1891, was the chief designer at Oldsmobile but left the company after the 1901 fire at the plant. Four years after moving to Detroit, he formed the American Motor League to promote good roads. His first car was created in 1896, and was immediately driven on the streets, much to the dismay of other travelers. The new contraption was loud (as were most other vehicles of the time) and disturbed the horse-drawn carriages. Henry Ford's first vehicle was built three months after King’s. Maxwell had produced a single-cylinder 5-horsepower engine which was used to power the new Northern automobiles. The design was similar to that of the Oldsmobile's and with the relatively advanced engine, the vehicles gained a reputation as “Silent Northern.” In 1903 the company produced 300 examples of the runabout, and in 1904 expanded their offerings with the introduction of a twin-cylinder Touring model. In 1903, Maxwell was lured away by Benjamin Briscoe, and the Maxwell-Briscoe Motor Company in Tarrytown, New York, was formed. The Maxwell car was introduced in 1905. Maxwell was absorbed into the newly created Chrysler Corporation in 1925. King remained at Northern, continually improving the capabilities of the car. A twin-cylinder, shaft drive unit was introduced, followed by a four-cylinder engine in 1906. By 1907, the single-cylinder cars were discontinued. King left Northern in 1908, but by then, the company was in precarious shape. It was soon taken over by the Wayne Automobile Company, which was quickly acquired by E-M-F, which became Studebaker in 1913. Northern (automobile) Northern Manufacturing Company was a manufacturer of Brass Era automobiles in Detroit, Michigan, automobiles designed by Charles Brady King. The 1904 \"Northern\" was a runabout model. It could seat 2 passengers and sold for US $750 ($18,460 in 2007). The flat-mounted water-cooled single-cylinder engine, situated at the center of the car, produced 6 hp (4.5 kW). A 2-speed transmission" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Chippewa National Forest Chippewa National Forest is a National Forest located in northcentral Minnesota, United States, in the counties of Itasca, Cass and Beltrami. Forest headquarters are located in Cass Lake, Minnesota. There are local ranger district offices in Blackduck, Deer River and Walker. The Forest was established as the Minnesota Forest Reserve on June 27, 1902, with passage of the Morris Act. While this act mainly addressed the disposition of unallotted lands on Ojibwe Indian reservations in Minnesota, of the Chippewas of the Mississippi, Cass Lake, Leech Lake, and Winnibigoshish Indian reservations were designated as a Forest Reserve. The Reserve was re-established as the Minnesota National Forest on May 23, 1908. In 1928, the forest was renamed in honor of the Chippewa Indians from whose land the forest was created. Subsequent boundary expansions and land purchases increased the area of the forest to its present size. The Forest contains an area known as the Lost Forty. This area, which has a total of , was accidentally mapped as part of Coddington Lake when the original maps of the region were laid out in 1882. As a result of the mapping error, the Lost Forty was never logged. It contains some of the oldest forest in the state, with some trees more than 350 years old. Less than two percent of Minnesota's total forested land today is such old growth forest. These unique qualities offer an abundance of outdoor recreational opportunities throughout the year. There are over 3000 archeological and historic sites located within the forest, two that are most notable and open to the public are: The forest covers . Water is abundant, with over 1,300 lakes, 923 miles (1,485 km) of rivers and streams and of wetlands. The Forest has more lakes and wetlands than any other National Forest in the nation, boasting approximately 13% of all surface water within the entire National Forest system. Inside the forest the Cut Foot Sioux Trail runs along the Laurentian Divide. Three of the top ten largest lakes in size within the State of Minnesota are located within the forest, these are Cass Lake, Leech Lake and Lake Winnibigoshish. Approximately 44% of the Forest's land is within the Leech Lake Indian Reservation. Aspen, birch, pine, balsam fir, and maple blanket the forest. Old growth forest such as the Lost Forty section of the CNF is valuable for wildlife, including bald eagle, several species of hawk and woodpecker, red squirrel, weasel, and numerous other species. In the 1960s, the bald eagle population in the forest was only 12 nesting pairs. Since then the population has rebounded and the bald eagle population of the Chippewa National Forest is one of the highest density in the lower 48 states at 150 nesting pairs. The Forest contains 21 developed campgrounds, 41 miles of paved bike trails, 43 miles of unpaved bike trails, 160 miles of hiking trails, 298 miles of non-motorized trails, 380 miles of snowmobile trails, 68 dispersed camping locations, 20 miles of horse trails, 83 boat accesses. The Forest operates three visitor centers in the forest, they are: Many roadways, including U.S. and State Highways and county roads intersect the forest for easy access to the forest. Within the Forest are five scenic byways for scenic drives for visitors that intersect through the forest. Chippewa National Forest Chippewa National Forest is a National Forest located in northcentral Minnesota, United States, in the counties of Itasca, Cass and Beltrami. Forest headquarters are located in Cass Lake, Minnesota. There are local ranger district offices in Blackduck, Deer River and Walker. The Forest was established as" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Max Burret Karl Ewald Maximilian Burret, commonly known as Max Burret (6 June 1883 – 19 September 1964) was a German botanist. Burret was born in Saffig near Andernach in the Prussian Rhine Province. He originally studied law at Lausanne and Munich at the instigation of his father. Burret had a greater interest in natural science than in law, and he eventually abandoned his law studies to conduct botanical research in Berlin, where he earned a Ph.D in 1909 for his Taxonomic thesis, and quickly became one of Germany's most prominent botanists. Burret participated in many botanical science organizations in Germany, taking up leadership positions, such as Assistant at the Berlin Botanical Museum and Garden from 1909 to 1911, as well as Botanical Assistant and Lecturer at the Botanical Institute of the Agricultural College in Berlin in 1911 through 1921. In 1922 he was appointed Custodian of the Botanical Museum and Garden in Berlin, and later appointed to Professor of Botanical Biology at Berlin University. Burret made numerous travels in Europe and Africa, as well as South America. He was invited by the Brazilian government to make a trip to that country, specifically for the study of the various species of palm trees indigenous to the region. Shortly after his return to Germany, he voyaged to the Old World tropics, visiting Sri Lanka, the Malay Peninsula, Java, and Sumatra in 1938 and 1939. Burret was among the first botanists to conduct ground-breaking research on palms, beginning in Africa and later in South America and Indomalaysia. He identified, named and classified dozens of palm species, including \"Rhapis multifida\" (finger palm) and \"Livistona beccariana\". He also named and classified other tropical flora, chiefly those of the linden family. The names of several genera of palm trees were named after him, including the genera \"Maxburretia\" and \"Burretiokentia\". Burret is the author of numerous systematic papers on the floral families Tiliaceae (the linden family) and Palmae (the palm family). He died in Berlin. Max Burret Karl Ewald Maximilian Burret, commonly known as Max Burret (6 June 1883 – 19 September 1964) was a German botanist. Burret was born in Saffig near Andernach in the Prussian Rhine Province. He originally studied law at Lausanne and Munich at the instigation of his father. Burret had a greater interest in natural science than in law, and he eventually abandoned his law studies to conduct botanical research in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pais Maravilla Pais Maravilla (In English: Wonderland), is the third studio album by the Latin jazz Mexican singer Magos Herrera. Three of the nine tracks inspired by Magos Herrera and the reminiscence of a classic Cuban lullaby \"Drume Negrita\" by Eliseo Grenet. Includes some Portuguese and Spanish versions as well as a remix. In 2003, Magos announces its third highly successful album \"Pais Maravilla\" / Suave Records. Since its launch this disc is positioned at the top of the Mexican sales in jazz and world music as \"disc of the week\" by Image 90.5 and 107.9 FM. I took the tour in Mexico, Spain and Japan to give concerts in forums such as the Chamber Galileo Galilei, and Suristán and FNAC Callao in Madrid and in Osaka, Tokyo and Chigasaki in Japan. \"Evan C. Gutierrez\" of Allmusic says: Magos Herrera joins the groundswell of Latina vocal talent with her 2004 release, País Maravilla (Wonderland). With a wide spectrum of colors in her palette, including dark and evocative harmonies, earthy Brazilian rhythms, bright Afro-Cuban influences, and the smoky tones of jazz, Herrera paints an enchanting picture. The instrumentation is warm and acoustic, with a seductive organic quality, and consistently top-notch. The Mexican songstress herself has a husky, emotive sound that draws the listener in close enough to whisper. Her melodic sense and sensitivity make up for her evident lack of raw power. She commands attention at simmering intensity; there is no need to boil over. Though the production team is made up of virtual unknowns, and Herrera is a newcomer herself, few would guess as much when hearing the record. There is a maturity and taste present that defy the cast's lack of experience. Seldom comes along an international debut as subtle and intelligent. Magos Herrera is a talent to be enjoyed today and to keep an eye on tomorrow. Pais Maravilla Pais Maravilla (In English: Wonderland), is the third studio album by the Latin jazz Mexican singer Magos Herrera. Three of the nine tracks inspired by Magos Herrera and the reminiscence of a classic Cuban lullaby \"Drume Negrita\" by Eliseo Grenet. Includes some Portuguese and Spanish versions as well as a remix. In 2003, Magos announces its third highly successful album \"Pais Maravilla\" / Suave Records. Since its launch this disc is positioned at the top of the Mexican sales in jazz and world music as \"disc of the week\"" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "National Defense Service Medal The National Defense Service Medal (NDSM) is a service medal of the United States Armed Forces established by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953. The medal was first intended to be a \"blanket campaign medal\" awarded to service members who served honorably during a designated time period of which a \"national emergency\" had been declared during a time of war or conflict. It may also be issued to active military members for any other period that the Secretary of Defense designates. Currently, the National Defense Service Medal is the oldest service medal in use by the United States Armed Forces. The oldest continuously issued combat medal is the Medal of Honor. The National Defense Service Medal is authorized for the following wars and time periods: The National Defense Service Medal (NDSM) is awarded to anyone who serves on active duty in the United States Armed Forces during the above time periods. Reserve Component service during the Korean and Vietnam periods, other than those Reserve Component personnel in a full-time status or on active duty greater than 89 days, did not qualify for award of the NDSM. For service in the Persian Gulf War, members of the Reserve Component (in good standing), to include the National Guard, were initially awarded the NDSM when called to active duty service, but this was later expanded to include all members of the Reserve or National Guard in good standing on the Reserve Active Status List (or equivalent) during the eligibility period. For service in the Global War on Terrorism, Selected Reserve and National Guard members need only to have been in good standing to receive the NDSM and no active duty service is required. Inactive Ready Reserve and Retired Reserve are not eligible to be awarded the NDSM unless called to active duty. The medal is authorized to cadets and midshipmen at the military service academies after they are sworn into service, as well as pre-commission officer candidates/trainees at the Officer Candidate Schools or Officer Training Schools of the various U.S. Armed Forces; but is not granted to discharged or retired military personnel who did not serve in one of the above time periods; nor is it authorized for Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets and midshipmen at colleges and universities who enlisted in the inactive reserve (i.e., Obligated Reserve Section or ORS) during qualifying periods. The NDSM ranks eleventh out of twenty-nine in the order of precedence of service medals. There is no time requirement for the medal's issuance, meaning that someone who joins the United States Armed Forces for simply a few days, and then receives an entry level discharge, would technically be entitled to the NDSM; in practice, however, military clerks will not add the NDSM on a DD Form 214 if the service member performed duty for less than 90 days from the completion of their initial entry training. This accounts for the medal's omission from a large number of \"uncharacterized\" and \"entry level\" separation documents. Veterans who have this medal so omitted may apply to the military service departments to have the NDSM added to records via a DD Form 214. Additional awards of the National Defense Service Medal are authorized for members of the military who served in more than one of the eligible time periods. Each additional award is denoted by a -inch bronze service star attached to the suspension and service ribbon of the medal (a six award is indicated by one -inch silver star). A second award of the medal is not granted for reenlisting during the same time period or transferring between branches of service. National Defense Service Medal The National Defense Service Medal (NDSM) is a service medal of the United States Armed Forces established by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953. The medal was first intended to be a \"blanket campaign medal\" awarded to service members who served honorably during a designated time period of which a \"national emergency\" had been declared during a time of war or conflict. It may also be issued to active military members for any other period that the Secretary of Defense designates. Currently, the National Defense Service Medal is the oldest service medal" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2 Corinthians 10 2 Corinthians 10 is the tenth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Saint Timothy. According to theologian Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer, chapters 10–13 \"contain the third chief section of the Epistle, the apostle’s polemic vindication of his apostolic dignity and efficiency, and then the conclusion\". The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows: The weapons (, \"opla\") which Paul refers to are \"not carnal\", (, \"ou sarkika\"). He does not rely on human power and authority or on learning or eloquence. Paul knows that he is criticised for being bold and direct in his writings but treated as weak and unassertive when he is present: he has made the same point in verse 1, Biblical commentator Edward Plumptre notes also the criticism that Paul's delay in returning to Corinth, which he has explained in , was also considered to be \"a proof that he was shirking [an] encounter\". New King James Version Not in himself, nor in his outward circumstances of life, or inward endowments of mind; not in his natural or acquired parts; not in his wisdom, knowledge, learning, and eloquence; nor in his own righteousness, labours, and services, much less in other men's labours; nor in his own sense of himself; nor in the opinion and popular applause of others; but in the Lord Jesus Christ, as the author and donor of all gifts, natural and spiritual; in his wisdom, righteousness, sanctification, and redemption; and in his judgment and approbation of men and things, which sense the following words direct unto. 2 Corinthians 10 2 Corinthians 10 is the tenth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Both versions of \"Beauty and the Beast\" were very successful, garnering both a Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song, as well as Grammy Awards for Best Song Written for Visual Media and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. The single was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. Lansbury's performance has been universally lauded by both film and music critics. While the Dion-Bryson version received mixed reviews from critics who felt that it was inferior to Lansbury's original, the single became a commercial success, peaking at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming the better-known of the two renditions. In addition to returning Disney songs to the pop charts after a thirty-year absence, the success of \"Beauty and the Beast\" also launched Dion's career and established her as a bankable recording artist. After \"Beauty and the Beast\" became the first Disney song to undergo a complete pop transformation, several contemporary artists were inspired to release their own radio-friendly renditions of Disney songs throughout the decade. Considered to be among Disney's best and most popular songs, \"Beauty and the Beast\" has since been covered by numerous artists. In 2004, the American Film Institute officially recognized \"Beauty and the Beast\" as one of the greatest songs in film history, ranking it 62nd. \n \"Beauty and the Beast\" \n--- \nSingle by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson \nfrom the album Beauty and the Beast, Celine Dion and Through the Fire \nReleased \| November 25, 1991 (1991-11-25) \nFormat \| \n\n * CD single \n * cassette single \n * vinyl single \n\n \nRecorded \| October 1991 \nStudio \| The Power Station (New York City, NY) The Plant Recording Studios (Sausalito, California) \nLength \| 5:33 (album version) 4:04 (radio edit) \nLabel \| \n\n * Walt Disney \n * Epic \n * Columbia \n\n \nSongwriter (s) \| \n\n * Howard Ashman \n * Alan Menken \n\n \nProducer (s) \| Walter Afanasieff \nCeline Dion singles chronology \n\| \"L'amour existe encore\" (1991) L'amour existe encore 1991 \| \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991) Beauty and the Beast1991 \| \"Je danse dans ma tête\" (1992) Je danse dans ma tête 1992 \n---\|---\|--- \nPeabo Bryson singles chronology \n\| \"Closer Than Close\" (1991) Closer Than Close1991 \| \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991) Beauty and the Beast1991 \| \"Lost in the Night\" (1992) Lost in the Night1992 \n---\|---\|--- \nMusic video \n\"Beauty and the Beast\" on YouTube \n \"Beauty and the Beast\" is a song written by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken for the Disney animated feature film Beauty and the Beast (1991). The film's theme song, the Broadway-inspired ballad was first recorded by British-American actress Angela Lansbury in her role as the voice of the character Mrs. Potts, and essentially describes the relationship between its two main characters Belle and the Beast, specifically how the couple has learned to accept their differences and in turn change each other for the better. Additionally, the song's lyrics imply that the feeling of love is as timeless and ageless as a \"tale as old as time\". Lansbury's rendition is heard during the famous ballroom sequence between Belle and the Beast, while a shortened chorale version plays in the closing scenes of the film, and the song's motif features frequently in other pieces of Menken's film score. \"Beauty and the Beast\" was subsequently recorded as a pop duet by Canadian singer Celine Dion and American singer Peabo Bryson, and released as the only single from the film's soundtrack on November 25, 1991. \n The song appears in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, which premiered in 1994. When the song first premiered on Broadway, there were few Broadway musicals at the time that featured ballads about love. Originally covered live by actress Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts, \"Beauty and the Beast\" was included on the Original Broadway Cast Recording of the musical, again performed by Fowler. While critical reception towards the musical ranged from negative to mixed, John Simon of New York commended Fowler for \"manag (ing) to heat up and brighten (her) material\". Within the realm of reality television talent competitions, \"Beauty and the Beast\" was covered on The Voice Australia by contestants Lionel Cole and Sabrina Batshon in 2014. Candice Barnes of The Sydney Morning Herald reviewed that the \"song suited Sabrina best\" while it was \"too high\" for Cole, in the end accusing both contestants of \"destroying one of the best loved Disney songs with their vocal gymnastics.\" \n The overall success of Beauty and the Beast is partially attributed to the song's popularity. Andrew Unterberger of Spin believes that the song \"set the template for the quivering love theme in' 90s Disney movies\". \"Beauty and the Beast\" was the first Disney song to undergo a complete pop rearrangement for commercial purposes. After the success of Disney's The Little Mermaid revived the Disney musical in 1989, Gary Trust of Billboard determined that \"Once Beauty and the Beast followed in 1991 ... Disney was dominating charts like never before\". The single ended a thirty year-long absence of Disney-released chart hits between the 1960s and 1990s, and inspired several similar hits; popular recording artists such as Elton John, Vanessa Williams, Michael Bolton, Christina Aguilera, and Phil Collins each experienced varying degrees of success with their own pop renditions of Disney songs throughout the decade. When a then-unknown Aguilera was selected to record a pop version of \"Reflection\" from Disney's Mulan in 1998, she felt honored \"to be in such wonderful company as\" Dion. Writing for Sputnikmusic, Irving Tan wrote that \"Although the number's 1992 Academy Award for Best Original Song is something of an old chestnut at this point, it still bears some worth repeating-mainly as it is very likely the most famous of all the feature theme songs ever commissioned by Walt Disney Studios.\" \n Some of Ashman's cut lyrics from the 1991 film were reinstated for the version in the 2017 film. \n Actress and singer Paige O'Hara, who voices Belle, was among the first artists to express interest in recording the pop version of \"Beauty and the Beast\", but Disney dismissed her for being \"too Broadway\". Unable to afford to hire a \"big singer\" at the time, Disney settled for rising Canadian recording artist Celine Dion. Because she was relatively unknown to American audiences at the time, the studio doubted that Dion would have much of an impact in the United States on her own and subsequently hired the more well-known American singer Peabo Bryson to record the song alongside her as a duet. Disney contacted Dion's manager René Angélil about having his client record \"Beauty and the Beast\" while the singer was on tour in England. A fan of Dion's music, Menken personally wrote the singer a letter of approval. \n * Promotional CD single (US)", "Unlike Lansbury's original, the Dion-Bryson single has earned generally mixed reviews; critics generally voice their preference for Lansbury's version over Dion and Bryson's. Filmtracks.com wrote that Dion's performance \"made many fans wish that she had been given it as a solo.\" Arion Berger of Entertainment Weekly praised Dion's vocals, describing \"Beauty and the Beast\" as \"a perfect showcase for what she's best at.\" Describing the duet as \"extremely effective,\" Sputnikmusic's Irving Tan lauded the single, writing, \"As the entirety of the film's poignancy is hinged on the chemistry between Bryson and Dion, having the pair pull their assignment off beautifully is ultimately a fantastic conclusion to events.\" Jeff Benjamin of Fuse described the song as \"a fantastic duet.\" However, the Chicago Tribune's Brad Webber panned the rendition as a \"sickly sweet, by-the-book ... standard\" that \"belie (s) (Dion's) talent\", while The Star's Michael Cheang accused the single of being \"over-wrought.\" Critics have been vocal in their preference for Lansbury's rendition; while praising the film version, Spin's Andrew Unterberger dismissed the single as \"unbearably cloying.\" Similarly, Kristian Lin of Fort Worth Weekly panned the single while complimenting Lansbury's version, advising audience members to \"Clear out of the theater before Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson butcher the title song over the end credits,\" while Consequence of Sound's Dan Caffrey felt that \"It's a shame that the most globally known version of' Beauty and the Beast' is the one sang by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson as opposed to the one sung by\" Lansbury. \n First rendered as a simple cube, the filmmakers used computers to design the ballroom as a production set, making it the first full-dimensional computer-generated colored background in history. Unlike Disney's previous CGI ventures, Beauty and the Beast's ballroom was a much more detailed task that required animators to work exclusively with computers to compose, animate and color the scene. According to Hillin, the revolutionary use of computers allowed for a combination of theatrical lighting and \"sweeping\" perspectives, which ultimately introduced live-action techniques to animation. To make the scene a \"special moment\" for the characters, a \"virtual camera\" was used to allow the animators to create the illusion of tracking, panning and zooming that \"establish (es) the mood\" while helping audiences experience what the characters themselves are experiencing. Imitating tracking shot s, the camera frequently soars and zooms around the couple. The camera first follows Belle and the Beast as they enter the ballroom before panning until it finally returns to focus on the two characters. In his book Basics Animation 02:Digital Animation, author Andrew Chong wrote that \"The sweeping camera move with a constantly shifting perspective during the ballroom sequence was a composition of traditionally drawn elements for the characters with digitally animated scenery.\" Several computer animators, layout artists, art directors and background artists used their combined efforts to achieve the scene's end results; the ballroom's official dimensions read 72 feet high, 184 feet long and 126 feet wide. The space also houses 28 windows and a dome that measures 86 by 61 feet; the dome's mural was first hand-painted before it was texture-mapped onto it using a computer. Each element was carefully constructed individually. Timothy Wegner described the finished product in his book Image Lab as a \"huge and elegant\" ballroom in which \"the walls are decorated with elaborate moldings, Corinthian columns, and hundreds of candles.\" \n Region \| Certification \| Certified units/Sales \n---\|---\|--- \nJapan (RIAJ) \| Platinum \| 100,000 \nUnited States (RIAA) \| Gold \| 784,000 \n \nshipments figures based on certification alone \n Ariana Grande and John Legend covered \"Beauty and the Beast\" for the 2017 live-action adaption of the same name. The accompanying music video, directed by Dave Meyers premiered on Freeform on March 5, 2017. In March 2017, Jennifer Thomas arranged an orchestral cover of the song featuring cellist Armen Ksajikian to coincide with the release of the 2017 film. \n Regarded as an example of \"a pronounced use of height and of vertical movement in sets and settings, in virtual camera movement ... and in the actions of characters\" by Epics, Spectacles and Blockbusters:A Hollywood History author Sheldon Hall, Beauty and the Beast was one of the first feature-length animated films to use computer-generated imagery, which is prominently exhibited throughout the film's \"elaborate\" ballroom sequence. Light Science:Physics and the Visual Arts author Thomas D. Rossing believes that the filmmakers aimed to achieve \"a moving perspective that would follow the dancers around the room, giving visual expression to the soaring emotions of the scene.\" CGI supervisor Jim Hillin was hired by Hahn to oversee the design of the scene's graphics. However, because the computer-animation medium was so unfamiliar to the filmmakers at the time, at one point they had considered having Belle and the Beast simply dance in complete darkness–save for a single spotlight–should the project be unsuccessful; they jokingly referred to this idea as the \"Ice Capades\" version. \n On the country-themed compilation album The Best of Country Sing the Best of Disney (2006), \"Beauty and the Beast\" was covered by country band Diamond Rio. To support the film's Diamond Edition re-release in 2010, singer Jordin Sparks recorded an R&B version of \"Beauty and the Beast\", which was released on iTunes in September. A music video directed by Philip Andelman was included on the re-release as a bonus feature, part of the disc's \"Music and More\" segment. The video depicts Sparks performing \"Beauty and the Beast\" in a castle. In 2011, Sparks performed her rendition of the song live at the 30th anniversary of the televised Independence Day concert \"A Capitol Fourth\". The cover is believed to have initiated the singer's gradual transition from music to film. The compilation album Eurobeat Disney (2010) features a Eurobeat cover by singer Domino. In 2014, actors Clare Bowen and Sam Palladio covered \"Beauty and the Beast\" for the television special Backstage with Disney on Broadway:Celebrating 20 Years, which documents the development of eight of Disney's Broadway musicals. Both known for their roles in the television musical drama Nashville, Bowen, a fan of the film, arranged the cover herself to satisfy the documentary producers' vision, who \"were looking for performers who could offer unexpected interpretations of the (musicals') familiar tunes.\" Hilary Lewis of The Hollywood Reporter observed that Bowen and Palladio's rendition \"is more stripped down\" than the stage, Lansbury and Dion-Bryson versions. The song has been covered multiple times as part of the We Love Disney album series. We Love Disney France (2013) features a cover by singers Garou and Camille Lou while We Love Disney Australia (2014) features a cover by operatic pop vocal group Sole Mio (2014). We Love Disney Indonesia (2015) featured a cover by Chilla Kiana, while We Love Disney Latino (2016) featured a cover by Jencarlos and Paula Rojo.", "Beauty and the Beast:Original Motion Picture Soundtrack continues to be best remembered for spawning the Dion-Bryson single, which established itself as an instant classic. The success of song is believed to have established Dion as a bankable recording artist. Before agreeing to record \"Beauty and the Beast\", Dion had been fired from recording the theme song of An American Tail:Fievel Goes West in favor of the more well-known Linda Ronstadt. Although both singles were released around the same time, the success of Dion's song ultimately eclipsed Ronstadt's \"Dreams to Dream\". Biography.com referred to \"Beauty and the Beast\" as Dion's \"real breakthrough into pop music stardom.\" According to Lifetime, the song \"cemented her international success,\" while People wrote that the release of \"Beauty and the Beast\" is when the singer truly went \"global.\" In the wake of \"Beauty and the Beast\"'s success, young fans who had not yet learned Dion's name would simply refer to her as \"Beauty and the Beast\". The commercial success of \"Beauty and the Beast\" ultimately earned Dion a $10 million recording contract with Sony Music International; the song was then included on Dion's successful self-titled studio album, serving as the record's \"cornerstone\". American musician Prince was so moved by Dion's performance on \"Beauty and the Beast\" after hearing it on the radio that he personally wrote a song for her to include on the album. According to Filmtracks.com, \"Beauty and the Beast\" offered \"a glimpse at a forthcoming mega-movie song presence for Celine Dion.\" Evidently, the singer has since recorded the theme songs of several blockbuster films, including \"When I Fall in Love\" from Sleepless in Seattle (1993), \"Because You Loved Me\" from Up Close & Personal (1996) and finally her signature song \"My Heart Will Go On\" from Titanic (1997). \"Beauty and the Beast\" has since appeared on several of Dion's greatest hits albums, while the singer has returned to Disney as a special guest to host various segments for certain Beauty and the Beast re-releases. \n Region \| Certification \| Certified units/Sales \n---\|---\|--- \nBrazil (Pro-Música Brasil) \| Platinum \| 40,000 \nJapan (RIAJ) \| Gold \| 100,000 \nUnited States (RIAA) \| Gold \| 500,000 \n \nshipments figures based on certification alone sales+streaming figures based on certification alone \n Writing for Combustible Celluloid, Jeffrey M. Anderson believes that \"The animators understood that the new technology couldn't be used to represent organic beings, so they simply used it for backgrounds; i.e. the swirling, spinning ballroom during the' Beauty and the Beast' dance number.\" At first, Belle and the Beast were vaguely represented by computer-animated box and egg-shaped \"stand-ins\" in order to choreograph their dance while the ballroom was still little more than a \"chicken wire\" frame. Andrew Osmond, author of 100 Animated Feature Films, described this crude depiction of the characters as \"wire frames moving in staccato.\" The characters were eventually updated to \"stiff, line-drawn\" versions of themselves. Because Belle and the Beast are so \"interconnected\" during this scene, both characters were animated solely by Belle's supervising animator James Baxter; the Beast's supervising animator Glen Keane eventually traced over Baxter's work. Baxter prepared himself for animating the scene by studying ballet dancers in addition to taking dance lessons himself. Throughout the entire film, Belle moves with a ballerina's turnout; the Los Angeles Times film critic Charles Solomon observed that Belle looks \"liveliest and prettiest\" during this scene. At one point, both Baxter and Keane plotted out their characters' routine themselves under the guidance of a professional dance coach. A software created by Pixar named CAPS (Computer Animation Production System) allowed the animators to paint Belle and the Beast using computers as opposed to the more conventional and time-consuming method of painting animated characters by hand. Art director Brian McEntee suggested a blue and gold colour scheme for the characters' costumes at a late-night meeting because he felt that the colors were \"compelling\" and \"regal\". Adhering to the ballroom's blue and gold color scheme, Belle's gold ballgown complements the trim on the Beast's tuxedo, as well as the color of the ballroom itself, while the Beast's royal blue attire complements his eyes, the night sky, the curtains and the floor tiles. Meanwhile, Julia Alexander of Movie Mezzanine wrote that \"The elegance of their costumes against the background of a golden hall and a star filled sky adds to the whimsical romanticism of the movie.\" The entire sequence took several months to complete, much of which was spent syncing the traditionally animated couple with their computer-animated environment, which otherwise would have been virtually impossible had the filmmakers decided to use a more traditional method.", "R.L. Shaffer of IGN identified \"Beauty and the Beast\" as a \"tear-jerking poetic ballad.\" Film Genre 2000:New Critical Essays author Wheeler W. Dixon believes that the song's lyrics are about the couple's \"implicit promise of regeneration through love.\" 29 lines in length, all of which are exactly five syllables, \"Beauty and the Beast\" is a love song about a couple's transformation from friends into \"something more\". The film's theme song, its lyrics \"capture the essence of the film\" by describing the relationship between Beauty and the Beast's two main characters, specifically citing ways in which the two have changed each other for the better and finally learned to accept their differences and mistakes. According to Jake Cole of Not Just Movies, the first stanza begins \"in earnest, and the subtlety of it has the ironic effect of being overpowering.\" Beginning with Lansbury singing the lyrics \"Tale as old as time, true as it can be,\" JoBlo.com wrote that the song \"offers a sure sign of romance between the Beauty and her Beast.\" Meanwhile, Songfacts believes that \"The message of the song is that a couple can be' as old as time' no matter how different they are.\" According to Chris Lucas of Moviepilot, Ashman's lyrics describe the couple's \"hesitation and surprise at falling in love unexpectedly,\" while author Thomas S. Hischak wrote in The Disney Song Encyclopedia that the song is \"about how two tentative hearts are united in love.\" Featuring the line \"Barely even friends, then somebody bends, unexpectedly,\" Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune believes that the ballad \"makes the case for all lovers to look past their partners' faults and into their hearts,\" while Cole wrote, \"Ashman goes for the truth ... we don't know we're in love until we spend time with someone and unforced adjustments make the pieces fall into place.\" The Emperor's Old Groove:Decolonizing Disney's Magic Kingdom author Brenda Ayres cited the song as an \"(indicator) that a reciprocal power relationship has developed between Belle and the Beast ... confirm (ing)' his transformation, her legitimacy, and their powerful unity.\" According to the lyricist's website, \"Beauty and the Beast\" summarizes the way in which \"Belle tames the beast and finds the happy ending she has dreamed about.\" The Meanings of \"Beauty and the Beast\":A Handbook author Jerry Griswold believes that the song's opening line \"tale as old as time\" alludes to the fact that Belle's story is an ancient, timeless one \"deliberately situated within the context of other traditional tales;\" hers is simply \"the newest incarnation\" of it. The Translation of the Songs in Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\":an example of Manipulation author Lucía Loureiro Porto agrees that although the song \"does not tell any story, it is made of phrases that imply that love is as old a feeling as mankind.\" According to Perry Seibert of AllMovie, \"Beauty and the Beast\" is \"as sappy as Ashman ever got as a lyricist.\" Seibert believes that the song \"acknowledges its own banality ... without minimizing or mocking its inherently sweet description of true love.\" Reflecting upon Ashman's death, Roger Moore of the Chicago Tribune believes that the song \"was (Ashman's) farewell to love and life and imagination.\" \n IGN placed the scene at number 83 on its ranking of the 100 greatest moments in film history. Total Film ranked the scene ninth on its list of the \"50 Greatest Disney Movie Moments\". In Den of Geek's article \"Top 12 most memorable dance scenes in films\", the ballroom sequence was ranked fifth. GamesRadar also included the scene on the website's \"50 Greatest Movie Dance Sequences\", with author Kim Sheehan lauding it as \"more moving and romantic than most live-action dances.\" Oh No They Didn't ranked the song 2nd in its The Top 25 Disney Songs of All Time article, writing of its \"vintage feel ... brimming with life and originality\", the \"surprising effectiveness\" of Lansbury's performance, and the \"captivating on-screen animation\". The song was listed 8th is Metro's article Ranked–the top 20 Disney songs ever, with writer Duncan Lindsay commenting \"... this dance sequence with Angela Lansbury's gorgeous tones was one of Disney's most romantic. What a song.\" \n Dion and Bryson's recording session at The Power Station was filmed and later interpolated with various scenes from the film in order to create a music video, was directed by Dominic Orlando. The video premiered on the music channel VH-1, thus airing to an audience who was not accustomed to seeing animated characters appear in the midst of their regular programming. \n The scene in Beauty and the Beast during which the song is heard is the moment when Belle and the Beast's true feelings for each other are finally established. Set in the ballroom of the Beast's castle, \"Beauty and the Beast\" is performed by the character Mrs. Potts, an enchanted teapot, midway through the film as she explains the feeling of love to her young teacup son Chip, referring to the emotion as \"a tale as old as time\". According to Armen Karaoghlanian of Interiors, \"Belle familiarizes the Beast with the waltz and as soon he feels comfortable, he gracefully moves her across the floor\". Afterwards, the song continues to play instrumentally as Belle and the Beast retire to the balcony for a romantic candlelit dinner. Believed to be the \"centerpiece that brings Beauty and her Beast together,\" the sequence offers an insight into both characters' psyches. From the Beast's perspective, it is the moment he realizes that he wants to confess his true feelings for Belle to her and \"decides he wants to tell Belle he is in love with her.\" Meanwhile, Belle begins to fall in love with her captor. Writing for The Globe and Mail, Jennie Punter reviewed it as the scene in which \"romance finally blossoms.\" Film critic Ellison Estefan, writing for Estefan Films, believes that the sequence is responsible for \"add (ing) another dimension to the characters as they continue to fall deeply in love with each other.\" Explaining the song's role in the film, director Kirk Wise described the scene as \"the culmination of their relationship,\" while producer Don Hahn pegged it as \"the bonding moment of the film when the two main characters finally get together.\" \n Much to Disney's surprise, Beauty and the Beast received three separate Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song. To avoid dividing Academy voters and prevent a draw, Disney decided to promote the film's title song ahead of its fellow nominees \"Belle\" and \"Be Our Guest\" by releasing \"Beauty and the Beast\" as a single, similar to the way in which Universal Pictures released \"Somewhere Out There\" from the animated film An American Tail as a single in 1986. Coincidentally, Ashman and Menken had written the song so that it could potentially experience success outside of the Beauty and the Beast film itself. Although Lansbury's rendition was very much appreciated, it was considered to be unsuitable for a commercial release or radio airplay. Thus, the studio decided to make \"Beauty and the Beast\" the first Disney song to be arranged into a pop version of itself for the film's end credits. Menken referred to this experience as a \"turning point\" in his career because it was also the first time one of his own compositions had ever undergone such a transformation. Producer Walter Afanasieff was hired to produce the pop version of the song, which he arranged with musician Robbie Buchanan. Menken commended Afanasieff for successfully making the song his own.", "Bill Gibron of PopMatters believes that the song \"proved that the pen and ink designs that drove the company for nearly 80 years could transcend the genre and turn into something seminal ... something special ... something sensational.\" The ballroom sequence continues to be held in high regard as one of Disney's crowning achievements. Famous for successfully combining volumetric depth with dancing animated characters, the scene is now revered by film critics as a classic, groundbreaking and iconic moment in animation history, responsible for \"chang (ing) the game\" of contemporary animation. Gaye Birch of Den of Geek pegged the scene as a Disney landmark because its accomplishments were \"visually impressive in a way we hadn't experienced in a Disney movie before\". Huw Evans of Bournemouth University hailed the scene as \"quite possibly the best piece of animation done on any feature film.\" On the sequence's pioneering use of computer-generated imagery, Annie Ellingson of Paste wrote that the ballroom was \"innovative at the time for compositing hand-drawn characters on a computer-generated backdrop to enable dramatic sweeping camera moves.\" Similarly, Empire's Helen O'Hara believes that the scene \"paved the way for the new digital style of animation.\" Mike Scott of The Times-Picayune holds the scene responsible for the subsequent success of Pixar' computer-animated films, concluding that \"the warm reaction to that single scene would serve as a major springboard for the computer-animation industry–and a major blow to hand-drawn animation.\" In his 1995 review of Toy Story, film critic Roger Ebert encouraged audiences to re-watch Beauty and the Beast's ballroom sequence to better understand the newer computer-animated film's technology. According to Moving Innovation:A History of Computer Animation author Tom Vito, the scene \"made many skeptics in Hollywood begin to look at CG seriously,\" inspiring formerly \"hostile\" studio executives to pursue the new art form. Additionally, the scene is also appreciated as a dance sequence. The Houston Press' Adam Castaneda extolled it as \"one of the finest dance sequences in the history of film.\" In 2012, architect Mehruss Jon Ahi and filmmaker Armen Karaoghlanian designed an accurate floorplan of the ballroom, which was published in the Daily Mail. The golden ballgown Belle wears in the scene is now revered as iconic, with Vogue ranking it among the most famous dresses in history. \n The song is also featured in the 2017 live-action adaptation; sung by Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts during the film and also as a duet cover version by Ariana Grande and John Legend during the end credits. Grande and Legend's version of the song is an homage to the cover performed by Dion and Bryson for the 1991 film. \n * 3 ``, 7\", 12 ``, cassette, CD single (World)", "\"Beauty and the Beast\" \n--- \nSingle by Ariana Grande and John Legend \nfrom the album Beauty and the Beast and The Best \nReleased \| February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03) \nFormat \| Digital download \nLength \| 3:47 \nLabel \| Walt Disney \nSongwriter (s) \| \n\n * Howard Ashman \n * Alan Menken \n\n \nProducer (s) \| \n\n * David Foster \n * Ron Fair \n\n \nAriana Grande singles chronology \n\| \"Everyday\" (2017) \| \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017) \| \"Heatstroke\" (2017) \n---\|---\|--- \n\| \"Everyday\" (2017) \| \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017) \| \"Heatstroke\" (2017) \n---\|---\|--- \nJohn Legend singles chronology \n\| \"Penthouse Floor\" (2016) Penthouse Floor2016 \| \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017) Beauty and the Beast2017 \| \"In America\" (2017) In America 2017 \n---\|---\|--- \nMusic video \n\"Beauty and the Beast\" on YouTube \n 1. \"Beauty and the Beast\"–3:57 \n 2. \"The Beast Lets Belle Go\" (Instrumental)–2:19 \n 3. \"Des mots qui sonnent\"–3:56 \n 4. \"Délivre-moi\" (Live)–4:19 \n\n\n Both the song's film and single versions have been included on several compilation albums released by Disney, including The Music of Disney:A Legacy in Song (1992), Classic Disney:60 Years of Musical Magic (1995), Disney's Superstar Hits (2004), Ultimate Disney Princess (2006), The Best Disney Album in the World ... Ever! (2006), and Now That's What I Call Disney (2011). In 2005, actress and singer Julie Andrews, a Disney Legend, included Lansbury's rendition of \"Beauty and the Beast\" on her album Julie Andrews Selects Her Favorite Disney Songs, although she does not cover the song herself; the album is a simply compilation of Andrews' favourite Disney songs. \n \"Beauty and the Beast\" \n--- \nSong by Angela Lansbury \nfrom the album Beauty and the Beast:Original Motion Picture Soundtrack \nReleased \| October 29, 1991 \nGenre \| Show tune \nLength \| 2:44 \nLabel \| Walt Disney \nSongwriter (s) \| \n\n * Howard Ashman \n * Alan Menken \n\n \nProducer (s) \| \n\n * Howard Ashman \n * Alan Menken", "Beauty and the Beast:Original Motion Picture Soundtrack track listing \n\| \"The Mob Song\" (8) \| \"Beauty and the Beast\" (9) \| \"To the Fair\" (Score) (10) \n---\|---\|---\n Hailing from the French-Canadian province of Quebec, Dion had just begun to learn English. At first Dion was hesitant to commit to the project due to having just recently been fired from recording \"Dreams to Dream\", the theme song of the animated film An American Tail:Fievel Goes West (1991), in favor of American singer Linda Ronstadt, who had previously experienced great success with her rendition of \"Somewhere Out There\". Ronstadt, who was producer Steven Spielberg's first choice, only agreed to record \"Dreams to Dream\" after hearing Dion's demo. Devastated by her termination, Dion eventually agreed to record \"Beauty and the Beast\" after listening to and being moved by Lansbury's performance. Meanwhile, Bryson became involved with the project via Walt Disney Records Senior Vice President Jay Landers, who was friends with Walt Disney Pictures President of Music Chris Montan at the time. The song's instruments were recorded first at The Plant Recording Studios in California. The singers later quickly recorded their vocals at The Power Station in New York over the Labor Day long weekend, while mixing was completed at The Record Plant in Los Angeles. The song was released as the only single from the film's soundtrack, on which the song appears alongside Lansbury's version, on November 25, 1991. \n On October 6, 1990, \"Beauty and the Beast\" was recorded in a studio in New York accompanied by a live orchestra because the songwriters preferred to have all performers and musicians record together opposed to separating the singers from the instrumentalists. On the day of her scheduled recording session, Lansbury's flight was delayed due to a bomb threat, which prompted an emergency landing in Las Vegas. Unaware of her whereabouts for several hours, the filmmakers had begun making plans to reschedule the session until Lansbury finally telephoned the studio once she arrived safely in New York. At the behest of one of the directors, Lansbury recorded a demo of the song for them to use in the event that no other actress was available to sing it on her behalf, or no character other than Mrs. Potts was deemed suitable. Ultimately, Lansbury recorded her version in one take, which wound up being used in the final film. Producer Don Hahn recalled that the actress simply \"sang' Beauty and the Beast' from beginning to end and just nailed it. We picked up a couple of lines here and there, but essentially that one take is what we used for the movie.\" Lansbury's performance moved everyone who was present in the recording studio at the time to tears. Meanwhile, the actress credits recording the song with ultimately helping her gain further perspective on Mrs. Potts' role in the film. \n In 1998, a version of the song, called \"Beauty and the Bees\", was made for the 3D movie It's Tough to be a Bug !'s queue at Disney's Animal Kingdom and Disney California Adventure Park. The song, written by Bruce Broughton and George Wilkins, was released on the album The Legacy Collection:Disneyland. * In 2017 D-Metal Stars created a Heavy Metal cover of the song on the album \"Metal Disney\" featuring Mike Vescera and Rudy Sarzo \n At the 1992 Oscars, Angela Lansbury, Celine Dion, and Peabo Bryson sang a composite of both versions from the film, backed by dancers dressed as Belle and the Beast. Celine and Peabo also duetted at the Grammys, World Music Awards, AMA's, Wogan, The Tonight Show, and Top of the Pops later that year. The duo reunited in 1996 to perform the song for the television special Oprah in Disneyland, while Lansbury provided an encore performance at the 25th Anniversary screening of the film. Each of the 3 respective artists have performed the song in concerts later in their careers, outside the context of Disney's Beauty and the Beast. For example, Lansbury sang it at the 2002 Christmas concert with Mormon Tabernacle Choir. Similarly, Dion and Bryson duetted at the JT Super Producers 94 tribute concert to David Foster, and as part of Dion's 1994-95 The Colour of My Love Tour, though they have also often sung with different duet partners. Dion has sung with Tommy Körberg, Brian McKnight, Terry Bradford, Maurice Davis, Barnev Valsaint, and René Froger among others; Peabo has sung with Coko and Regine Velasquez. \n \"Beauty and the Beast\" was written by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken in 1990. Intending for the song to be \"the height of simplicity\", the songwriters drew much of its influence from Broadway music. Due to Ashman's failing health, some of Beauty and the Beast's pre-production was relocated to a hotel in Fishkill, New York near Ashman's residence to accommodate the ailing lyricist. Out of all the songs he has written for Beauty and the Beast, Menken devoted the most time to the title song. The track was first recorded by British-American actress Angela Lansbury, who voices the character Mrs. Potts, an enchanted teapot. The songwriters first introduced \"Beauty and the Beast\" to Lansbury as a demo recording, which was accompanied by a note asking her if she might possibly be interested in singing it. Although a seasoned film and stage performer who had previously done her own singing for Disney in the musical film Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971), Lansbury, who was more accustomed to performing uptempo songs, was hesitant to record the ballad because of its unfamiliar rock style. Although she liked the song, Lansbury also worried that her aging singing voice was no longer strong enough to record \"Beauty and the Beast\", and was especially concerned about having to sustain its longer notes. Lansbury suggested that the songwriters ask someone else to sing \"Beauty and the Beast\", but they insisted that she simply \"sing the song the way (she) envisioned it.\" \n In 1993, jazz singer Chris Connor covered \"Beauty and the Beast\" for her album My Funny Valentine. In 1998, O'Hara recorded a version of \"Beauty and the Beast\" for her album Dream with Me. This marked the first time O'Hara had ever recorded the song, although she has covered it live several times. Billboard reviewed O'Hara's performance positively, writing that the actress provides each song with \"the right youthful and gentle touch.\" In 2000, singer Kenny Loggins covered the song on his children's music album More Songs from Pooh Corner. In 2002, music group Jump5 covered \"Beauty and the Beast\" for the Walt Disney Records compilation album Disneymania; a music video was released later that year and included as a bonus feature on the film's Platinum Edition DVD re-release, Beauty and the Beast:Special Edition. Belonging to a segment known as \"Chip's Fun and Games-For the Young at Heart\", the music video features the group performing their \"bouncy\" teen pop rendition of the song interpolated with scenes from the film. Lauren Duca of The Huffington Post described the group's uptempo cover as \"ridiculously' 90s pop\". Meanwhile, musical duo H & Claire covered the song for the film's Platinum Edition re-release in the United Kingdom, which Betty Clarke of The Guardian dismissed as a \"boring\" rendition.", "In their dance together, Belle and the Beast move toward the camera, as we pan up and into the 3D chandelier. In the next shot, the camera slowly drops from the ceiling as we once again move alongside the 3D chandelier. This adds depth to the scene, as the chandelier is placed at the forefront of the image and Belle and the Beast are in the distance. This shot continues as we move down below and gracefully move around them. The Beast then sways Belle around and near the camera, once again providing us with an illusion that a camera is following these characters around in an actual ballroom. In a wide shot of Belle and the Beast dancing, the camera begins dollying back as Mrs. Potts and Chip appear in the frame. These beautiful compositions and camera movements show us how space functions within an animated feature film. \n Country \| Date \| Format \n---\|---\|--- \nUnited States \| January 7, 1992 \|", "* cassette \n * 7\" \n\n \nUnited Kingdom \| May 4, 1992 \| \n\n * CD \n * cassette \n * 7\"", "\"Beauty and the Beast\" has won several awards. The song garnered the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 49th Golden Globe Awards in January 1992. The following March, \"Beauty and the Beast\" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 64th Academy Awards. The award was for Ashman, who had died of AIDS on March 14, 1991, eight months before the film's release. Menken acknowledged Ashman in his acceptance speech, while thanking Lansbury, Dion, Bryson and Afanasieff for their contributions. Ashman's domestic partner Bill Lauch accepted the award on his behalf. The following year, \"Beauty and the Beast\" garnered two wins out of eight nominations at the 35th Grammy Awards, one for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television. An instrumental version arranged and conducted by Richard S. Kaufman won the 1993 Grammy for Best Pop Instrumental Performance. This rendition was performed by the Nurenberg Symphony Orchestra for the album Symphonic Hollywood, under the record company Varese Sarabande. The James Galway instrumental movie version performed by The Galway Pops Orchestra and featured on the album Galway at the Movies was nominated in 1994 for the Best Pop Instrumental Performance Grammy. \n When Beauty and the Beast was released, many animators were impressed with the studio for \"pushing the envelope\", while some considered the scene to be \"a miserable failure\", accusing its new technology of distracting from \"the moment\". Describing the scene as \"an early experiment in computer animation,\" Josh Larsen of Larsen on Film observed that the ballroom sequence features \"the camera swooping in and around to provide an expansive sense of space that 3-D still isn't able to capture.\" In her book The Beautiful Ache, author Leigh McLeroy wrote that the scene represents \"one of those strange moments where love creeps in against all odds and insists on staying put.\" Audiences tend to remember the ballroom sequence as \"the one in which Belle and the Beast share a romantic dance as the camera files and spins around them.\" Angela Lansbury recalled being \"astonished\" when she first saw the \"huge\" and \"unique\" scene. In Moviepilot's Chris Lucas' opinion, \"The ballroom scene remains the one that truly symbolizes their adoration for each other.\" IGN believes that the scene \"signals the completion of (the Beast's) inner change-from irascible recluse into (Belle's) true love.\" \n To viewers at the time, the computer effects in this climactic sequence were astonishing. The Beauty and the Beast ballroom sequence \"thematized marriage in the dance\" by illustrating a \"nuptial rehearsal\" which contrasts the \"now\" (3D animation) with \"then\" (2D animation) in a \"successful marriage of character and set\". The Studios After the Studios explains:\"This chronological fusion was itself classicised by Mrs Potts' song:she turns a moment of industrial novelty into balance\". \n The scene had long been envisioned as having a more live-action feel to it than the rest of the film, an idea that originated from story artists Brenda Chapman and Roger Allers, who were the first to suggest that the ballroom be built using computers. As the film's executive producer, former Head of Disney's film division Jeffrey Katzenberg recalled that he began working on Beauty and the Beast deciding what its \"wowie\" moment would be, defining this as \"the moment in the movie where you see what's on the screen and go, ' Wow-IEE'\"; this ultimately became the film's ballroom sequence. According to Hahn, the scene was conceived out of the filmmakers' desire to manipulate the camera in order to \"sweep\" the audience away. Allers and Chapman conceived the ballroom in order to provide the characters with an area in which they could linger, and were surprised by the amount of artistic freedom with which they were provided by the animators, who agreed to adjust to the changes in perspective that would result from the moving camera. While Allers decided to raise the camera in order to view the dancing couple from the overhead chandelier, Chapman decided to rotate the camera around Belle's skirt as the couple danced past it. \n \"Beauty and the Beast\" continues to be constantly lauded by both film and music critics alike. Film critic Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised \"Beauty and the Beast\", describing it as \"a glorious ballad\" while dubbing it Ashman and Menken's \"biggest triumph\". Beliefnet called the song \"stirring\", while Hal Hinson of The Washington Post considers it to be among the film's best. Roger Moore of the Chicago Tribune referred to \"Beauty and the Beast\" as a \"brilliant\" song that \"can move you to tears,\" while James Berardinelli of ReelViews cited it among the film's most \"memorable\" songs. Anthony Quinn of The Independent highlighted \"Beauty and the Beast\" as the film's best song, going on to praise Lansbury's \"magnificent\" performance, while the Deseret News' Chris Hicks called it \"beautiful.\" Simon Brew of Den of Geek specifically enjoyed the lyrics \"bittersweet and strange, finding you can change,\" describing the song as \"superb.\" Lansbury's vocal performance has also been singled out for praise:Slant Magazine's Jaime N. Christley wrote that Lansbury \"delivers the film's title tune, gooey treacle that it is, like nobody's business.\" Describing the song as \"beautiful\", the Chicago Tribune's Gene Siskel wrote that \"Beauty and the Beast\" is \"performed poignantly by the richly textured voice of Angela Lansbury.\" Similarly, PopMatters' Bill Gibron penned, \"the moment Angela Lansbury's trite teapot steps up to sing the title song, all dry eye bets are off.\" The New York Post's Lou Lumenick wrote that \"Beauty and the Beast\" was \"unforgettably delivered by Angela Lansbury.\" Aylin Zara of BuzzFeed opined that Lansbury's version is superior to the single, penning, \"Though the commercial pop version of' Beauty and the Beast, ' sung by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson, is great, the film version–performed by Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Potts–is even better. Tender and warm ... it tugs at all the right heartstrings to get your eyes a little misty.\" Rachael Monaco of AXS cited \"Tale as old as time. Tune as old as song. Bittersweet and strange. Finding you can change. Learning you were wrong. Certain as the sun rising in the East. Tale as old as time, song as old as rhyme, Beauty and the Beast\" as the film's best lyric. Entertainment Weekly's Darren Franich, however, admitted to preferring \"Be Our Guest\" and \"Belle\" over \"Beauty and the Beast\". \n The American Film Institute ranked \"Beauty and the Beast\" 62nd on the organization's list of the 100 greatest songs in film history. \"Beauty and the Beast\" is one of only four songs from Disney animated films to have appeared on the list. When BuzzFeed organized \"The Definitive Ranking Of The 102 Best Animated Disney Songs\" list, \"Beauty and the Beast\" was placed at number four, while the same website ranked the ballad Disney's fifth greatest love song. Similarly, \"Beauty and the Beast\" is the fourth greatest Disney song according to M. \"Beauty and the Beast\" finished 14th on GamesRadar's \"30 best Disney songs in history\" ranking. On the website's list of the \"Top 25 Disney Songs\", IGN ranked \"Beauty and the Beast\" 22nd. While Broadway.com ranked the song the second greatest Academy Award-winning Disney song, Spin placed \"Beauty and the Beast\" at number 30 on the magazine's ranking of \"Every Oscar Winner for Best Original Song\". On her list of the \"11 Highest-Charting Songs From Disney Movies\", author Nicole James of Fuse wrote that the Dion-Bryson version \"cracked the Top 10, going to No. 9 on the charts (but No. 1 in our hearts).\" The same website included the pop version on its \"Top 20 Disney Songs by Pop Stars\" list.", "\" \| By far the songwriters' biggest triumph is the title song, which becomes even more impressive in view of the not-very-promising assignment to create a' Beauty and the Beast theme song. But the result is a glorious ballad, one that is performed in two versions, as both a top-40 style duet heard over the closing credits and a sweet, lilting solo sung by Ms. Lansbury during the film's most meltingly lovely scene. For the latter, which also shows off the film's dynamic use of computer-generated animation, the viewer would be well advised to bring a hanky. \| \" \n---\|---\|--- \n\\-- The New York Times' Janet Maslin \n In a duet with Jimmy Fallon, American singer Ariana Grande impersonated Dion while performing \"Beauty and the Beast\" live on the comedian's late-night talk show in 2015. M Magazine deemed it \"amazing\", while 2DayFM said \"the singing is so good it gave me goosebumps\". SugarScape deemed it \"pretty hilarious and surprisingly pretty much spot on\". Billboard said the duo \"put their own spin\" on the song, and that she \"nailed her Celine impression\". NineMSN called it a \"pitch-perfect rendition\", while Access Hollywood said she belted out the song like a diva. \n 1. \"Beauty and the Beast\"–3:57 \n 2. \"The Beast Lets Belle Go\" (Instrumental)–2:19", "The pilot episode of the animated TV series The Critic featured a minute-long \"musical lampoon\" of the Beauty and the Beast ballroom sequence and song entitled \"Beauty and King Dork\", written and composed by The Simpsons writer Jeff Martin. In the context of the episode, the unappealing protagonist Jay Sherman falls in love with a beautiful actress named Valerie, and this song is performed as they dance in his apartment where they are serenaded by a sentient vacuum cleaner and toilet. AnimatedViews deemed it \"a spot-on rendition\" due to its use of singing furniture and \"lavish\" CGI-animated backgrounds. Hollywood.com listed it in its article The Best Parodies of Disney Songs from Cartoons, writing \"It's a quick one, but the inclusion of singing dust busters, a Mork and Mindy reference, and Jay Sherman's attempts to cover up the embarrassing lyrics make for one of the best gags on the list.\" It was TelevisionWithoutPity's \"favorite musical number\" from the series. Slant Magazine saw it as a \"gut-busting parody\". CantStopTheMovies said the \"nice scene\" was \"a bit crass\" due to the singing toilet, yet had mostly \"pretty great\" lyrics. \n The single is a pop ballad that lasts a total of four minutes and three seconds. It begins in the key of F major at a moderately slow tempo of 72 beats per minute, before modulating to D major, then G major, and ending in E major. The orchestration of the \"conservatively-rendered pop song\", as described by Filmtracks, includes an electric oboe, keyboard, synthesizer and acoustic guitar. Additionally, the song's \"jazzy\" instrumentation heavily relies on drums, an instrument that is noticeably absent from the remainder of the soundtrack. According to Molly Lambert of Grantland, the track is \"a sweeping downtempo ... ballad\" that evokes the \"early' 90s gossamer high-tech style\", while Molly Horan of Refinery29 described it as a slow jam. According to the Chicago Tribune's Brad Webber, Dion and Bryson's vocals are \"resonant and multiflavored.\" The opening line \"Tale as old as time\" is preceded by Dion ad-libbing \"Ooh\". Similarities have been drawn between the song and \"Somewhere Out There\" from the animated film An American Tail. \n \"Beauty and the Beast\" performed considerably well on charts around the world. The song peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Dion's second top-ten hit on the chart after \"Where Does My Heart Beat Now\". The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart. In Canada, \"Beauty and the Beast\" peaked at number two. Outside of North America, the song peaked within the top ten in New Zealand and the United Kingdom, while peaking within the top twenty in Australia, Netherlands and Ireland. The song sold over a million copies worldwide. \n * CD maxi single (Canada) \n\n\n Weekly charts (edit) \| Chart (1991–92) \| Peak position \n---\|--- \nAustralia (ARIA) \| 17 \nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) \| 36 \nCanada (The Record's Retail Singles Chart) \| \nCanada (The Record's Contemporary Hit Radio) \| 21 \nCanada Top Singles (RPM) \| 23 \nCanada Adult Contemporary (RPM) \| \nEurope (European Hot 100 Singles) \| 27 \nIreland (IRMA) \| 12 \nJapan (Oricon Singles Chart) \| 67 \nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40) \| 18 \nNetherlands (Single Top 100) \| 20 \nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) \| 8 \nUK Singles (Official Charts Company) \| 9 \nUS Billboard Hot 100 \| 9 \nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard) \| \nYear-end charts (edit) \| Chart (1992) \| Position \n---\|--- \nAustralia (ARIA) \| 75 \nCanada Adult Contemporary (RPM) \| \nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40) \| 157 \nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) \| 46 \nUS Billboard Hot 100 \| 64 \nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard) \| 7 \n Chart (2017) \| Peak position \n---\|--- \nAustralia (ARIA) \| 64 \nBelgium (Ultratip Flanders) \| 41 \nCanada (Canadian Hot 100) \| 70 \nFrance (SNEP) \| 71 \nIreland (IRMA) \| 94 \nJapan (Japan Hot 100) \| 10 \nJapan Hot Overseas (Billboard) \| \nNew Zealand Heatseekers (RMNZ) \| 6 \nPhilippines (Philippine Hot 100) \| 60 \nPortugal (AFP) \| 84 \nScotland (Official Charts Company) \| 16 \nSouth Korea (Gaon) \| 25 \nSouth Korea International Chart (Gaon) \| \nUK Singles (Official Charts Company) \| 52 \nUS Billboard Hot 100 \| 87 \nUS Kid Digital Songs (Billboard) \| \nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard) \| 20 \n At the 35th Grammy Awards, \"Beauty and the Beast\" won the award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals. Additionally, the song was nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year, but lost both to Eric Clapton's \"Tears in Heaven\". In Canada, \"Beauty and the Beast\" won a Juno Award for Single of the Year, beating Dion's own \"If You Asked Me To\". In 1993, \"Beauty and the Beast\" also won an ASCAP Film and Television Music Award and ASCAP Pop Award for most performed song in the United States. Awarding the Dion-Bryson version an' A' grade, Grantland ranked the song second in its article \"Counting Down the Top 10 in ... KIDS MUSIC!\", while Refinery29 ranked it the fifth greatest cover of a Disney song. AXS included \"Beauty and the Beast\" among Dion's \"Top five song lyrics or verses\". \n The original film version of \"Beauty and the Beast\" performed by Lansbury was written in the key of G-flat major at a \"moderately slow\" tempo of 84 beats per minute (Andante), at a duration of two minutes and forty-six seconds. An \"eloquent\" rock-influenced pop song with a \"calm\" and \"lilting\" melody, Stephen Whitty of NJ.com described \"Beauty and the Beast\" as a \"Broadway ballad.\" Film critic Roger Ebert described the song's melody as \"haunting\", while Entertainment Weekly's Lisa Schwarzbaum dubbed the song as a \"lullaby\". The Disney Song Encyclopedia author Thomas S. Hischak described Menken's melody as \"flowing\", while BuzzFeed's Aylin Zafar wrote that the song is \"Tender and warm.\" Writing for the Chicago Tribune, Gene Siskel described Lansbury's voice, which spans two octaves from B ♭ to E ♭, as \"richly textured\". Meanwhile, Michael Cheang of The Star and Bill Gibron of PopMatters wrote that Lansbury performed using a \"fragile\" \"calm, motherly\" tone. Instrumentally, \"Beauty and the Beast\" features several chord changes, woodwinds, and violins. GamesRadar observed that \"Beauty and the Beast\" includes a key change during which \"the music swells, and then the orchestra subsides to leave just trembling violins.\" Describing the ballad as \"soaring\", TV Guide compared \"Beauty and the Beast\" to \"Shall We Dance?\" from the musical The King and I. \n The ballroom sequence was parodied in an episode of Family Guy. \n * Celine Dion, Peabo Bryson-vocals \n * Walter Afanasieff-acoustic guitar, synthesized bass, keyboards, synthesizer, drum programming, percussion \n * Joel Peskin-oboe \n * Ren Klyce:Akai AX73 and Synclavier programming \n * Dan Shea:MacIntosh programming", "When Beauty and the Beast was re-released in 3D in 2012, Annlee Ellingson of Paste appreciated the way in which the sequence was adapted, describing it as \"positively vertiginous.\" Mike Scott of The Times-Picayune hailed it as a \"gorgeous\" and \"memorable\" scene that \"still stands out as one of the film's more dazzling\", while Joanna Berry of The National wrote that \"the ballroom sequence now seems to sparkle even more.\" Although Boxoffice's Todd Gilchrist's response towards the film's 3D conversion overall was mixed, the critic admitted that \"the times when the animators use computer animation to render the backgrounds\", including during \"the dance sequence between Belle and Beast ... are effective, immersive and maybe even memorable.\" Contrastingly, Chris Hicks of the Deseret News felt that \"Today, the ballroom sequence no longer feels fresh and new after so many recent computer-animated 3-D efforts, but that doesn't diminish the power of its gorgeous design.\" Although James Berardinelli of ReelViews had originally reviewed the sequence as \"the best scene in the movie\", he felt that the 3D conversion \"diminishes the romance and emotion of the ballroom dance.\" \n 1. \"Beauty and the Beast\" (Short Radio Edit)–3:30 \n 2. \"Beauty and the Beast\" (Radio Edit)–4:04 \n 3. \"Beauty and the Beast\" (Album Version)–5:33 \n\n\n Lansbury was initially hesitant to record \"Beauty and the Beast\" because she felt that it was not suitable for her aging singing voice, but ultimately completed the song in one take. In order to promote the film, Disney decided to release \"Beauty and the Beast\" as a single, and first recruited solely Dion to record a radio-friendly version of it. However, the studio was concerned that the then-relatively obscure singer would not attract a large enough audience in the United States on her own, so they hired the more prominent Bryson to be her duet partner. At first Dion was also hesitant to record \"Beauty and the Beast\" because she had just recently been fired from recording the theme song of the animated film An American Tail:Fievel Goes West (1991). First heard during the film's end credits, the single was produced by Walter Afanasieff who also arranged it with Robbie Buchanan, and included on Dion's self-titled album. The single was accompanied by a music video. Directed by Dominic Orlando, it combined footage of the singers recording the song at The Power Station with excerpts from the film. \n The ballroom sequence during which Belle and the Beast dance to \"Beauty and the Beast\" continues to be praised, especially for its use of computer animation. The first time the \"Beauty and the Beast\" musical sequence was made available to the public, it was in the form of an unfinished scene at the New York Film Festival in September 1991, to which Disney had been invited to premiere an incomplete version of Beauty and the Beast that largely consisted of uncolored pencil tests and storyboards. The New York Times' Janet Maslin appreciated being previewed to the unfinished ballroom scene, writing, \"when the radiant sight of Beauty and the Beast waltzing together, to the sound of the lilting theme song by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman stirs emotion even in this sketchy form, then both the power and the artifice of animation make themselves felt.\" Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly crowned the sequence the film's \"centerpiece.\" Writing for The Seattle Times, Candice Russel described it as an \"irresistible highlight\", while The Globe and Mail's Jennie Punter called the scene \"glorious.\" David Parkinson of Radio Times identified the ballroom sequence as the scene in which the film's use of CGI is \"seen to best advantage.\" The Chicago Tribune's Dave Kehr praised both layout artist Lisa Keene and computer animator Jim Hillin's combined efforts on the scene, identifying it as the film's \"most impressive setting.\" \n In Disney's fantasy film Enchanted (2007), the Jon McLaughlin ballad \"So Close\" serves as a \"deliberate\" reference to both the song and scene. Because director Kevin Lima had always wanted to recreate the cinematography exhibited in Beauty and the Beast's ballroom sequence in live-action, an entire dance sequence was filmed to accommodate his vision. In addition to being composed by Alan Menken, one-half of \"Beauty and the Beast\"'s songwriters, \"So Close\" was arranged by Robbie Buchanan, who arranged the Dion-Bryson single. \n In addition to establishing Bryson as a mainstream recording artist, the singer has since returned to Disney on two separate occasions to record pop versions of \"A Whole New World\" and \"As Long as There's Christmas\", the theme songs of the animated films Aladdin (1992) and Beauty and the Beast:The Enchanted Christmas (1997), respectively, both of which are duets. Although \"A Whole New World\" was very successful, \"Beauty and the Beast\" remains a larger hit for the singer. Bryson also included \"Beauty and the Beast\" on some of his compilation albums, including Through the Fire (1994) and Super Hits (2000). Meanwhile, Afanasieff would go on to produce several Disney singles, including \"A Whole New World\" from Aladdin, for which he reunited with Bryson, and \"Go the Distance\" from Hercules (1997). In 2004, Bryson was forced by the International Revenue Service (IRS) to auction off several of his personal belongings in order to help repay the singer's $1.2 million tax dept, among them his Grammy Awards for \"Beauty and the Beast\" and \"A Whole New World\". While the latter song's Grammy was purchased by a friend and gifted back to the singer, Bryson's Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals trophy for \"Beauty and the Beast\" was ultimately sold to a stranger for $15,500." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Maus (band) Maus is a rock band from Iceland, formed in 1993. The band consists of Birgir Örn \"Biggi\" Steinarsson on vocals and guitar, Daníel \"Danni\" Þorsteinsson on drums, Eggert Gíslason on bass, and Páll Ragnar \"Palli\" Pálsson on guitar. Most of their songs are sung in Icelandic, though English versions of some songs have been released, as well as some original songs in English. The band was active releasewise from 1994 to 2004 but still continue to play live. They released five studio albums, a number of singles and a compilation that also featured one new song and an bonus cd featuring unreleased demo's and remixes. The band was very active with live performances in and outside their native country. Abroad their most noticeable gigs where at the CMJ, Summerstage and touring Denmark. While active the band appeared at every Iceland Airwaves music festival including the first one. They were a popular supporting band for foreign bands who would visit Iceland. Those included bands/artists as Coldplay, Blonde Redhead, Ash, Ian Brown, Keane, Modest Mouse, and Placebo. Furthermore, Roger O'Donnell from The Cure has appeared as a guest keyboardist on their album \"Lof mér að falla að þínu eyra\". In December 2004 Maus went on a hiatus. Band members decided to pursue other interests, academic and otherwise, outside of Iceland. Meanwhile, members were working on several music projects including Fræ (Palli's band), Sometime (Danni's band) and Biggi's solo project. Palli (as Páll Ragnar Pálsson) has become a respected classical composer after receiving his Phd. in music from the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre in Tallinn. Birgir became a screenwriter and won the Icelandic film awards Edda with co-writer and director Baldvin Z for the film Life in a Fishbowl (or Vonarstræti), named after a popular track from Maus's fifth studio album, Musick. In August 2013 all four members of Maus found themselves living in Reykjavík simultaneously, for the first time since the split. In November the same year they came together to play at a concert celebrating the 20 year birthday of local alternative and rock radio station X977 for a full house at Listasafn Reykjavíkur. The following spring they played at the Aldrei fór ég suður music festival in Ísafjörður. Two festival gigs followed that summer, at the first Secret Solstice festival and at metal festival Eistnaflug. Early in 2015 the band announced that Maus would be playing gigs that year, including that years \"Þjóðhátíð\", the decades-old bank-holliday festival in Vestmannaeyjar. The band continues to reform sporadically, after three years of intermission they came together again to play a series of concerts, including the Iceland Airwaves festival, to celebrate the 20 year anniversary of \"Lof mér að falla að þínu eyra\" released 17 September 1994 on Smekkleysa released 26 October 1995 on Sproti released 4 November 1997 on Sproti released 4 November 1999 on Sproti released 2000 This is a promotional EP featuring English-language versions of \"Kerfisbundin þrá\" (\"How Far Is Too Far?\"), \"Strengir\" (\"Strings\"), and \"Dramafíkill\" (\"Dramajunkie\"). there is also an Enhanced CD portion on the disc featuring the \"How Far Is Too Far?\" video, a band biography and discography, press photos, and MP3s of three more translated songs: \"Ungfrú Orðadrepir\" (\"Miss Moodbreaker\"), \"Égímeilaðig\" (\"Revenge Of The Nerd\"), and \"Allt sem þú lest er lygi\" (\"Every Written Word Is A Lie\"). This EP does not appear to have been released through a record company, and does not bear a catalog number. released 15 February 2002 on Tónlyst This is a limited edition single that was released by Maus in only 200 numeric copies. The cover-sleeve was handmade by the band and released in four different color-versions. released 16 June 2003 on Smekkleysa Maus' first English language album. \"How Far Is Too Far?\" is a different version than the one released on the \"How Far Is Too Far?\" promotional EP. released 18 October 2004 disc 1: \"Tónlyst 1994 - 2004\" disc 2: \"Lystaukar 1993 - 2004\" \"Deepnightwalk\" is an English-language version of \"Djúpnæturgangan;\" \"(Inn Í) Kristalnótt\" is an acoustic version of \"Kristalnótt.\" \"Liquid Substance\" is a remix of \"Replacing My Bones;\" \"Aftur, aftur og aftur\" is a remix of \"Life In A Fishbowl;\" \"Musick\" is a remix of \"Musick;\" \"Mín uppáhalds afsökun\" is a remix of \"My Favourite Excuse.\" Tracks 5-9 on disc 2 are live recordings, and tracks 10-18 are demos. Maus (band) Maus is a rock band from Iceland, formed in 1993. The band consists of Birgir Örn \"Biggi\" Steinarsson on vocals and guitar, Daníel \"Danni\" Þorsteinsson on drums, Eggert Gíslason on bass, and Páll Ragnar \"Palli\" Pálsson on guitar. Most of their songs are sung in Icelandic, though English versions of some songs have been released, as well as some original songs in English. The band was active releasewise from 1994 to 2004 but still" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Music of Palestine The music of Palestine () is one of many regional subgenres of Arabic music. While it shares much in common with Arabic music, both structurally and instrumentally, there are musical forms and subject matter that are distinctively Palestinian. In the areas now controlled by both Israel and the Palestine, multiple ethnic groups and religions have long held on to a diversity of cultures. Mandatory Palestine population with Arabs (including urban and rural Muslim classes, Arab Christians, Druze and Muslim Bedouin) constituted the largest group, followed by Jews (including Sephardim, Mizrahim and Ashkenazim), Samaritans, Circassians, Armenians, Dom and others. Wasif Jawhariyyeh was one oud player, famous for his post 1904-diary. Early in the 20th century, Palestinian Arabs lived in cities and in rural areas, either as farmers or as nomads. The fellahin (farmers) sang a variety of work songs, used for tasks like fishing, shepherding, harvesting and making olive oil. Traveling storytellers and musicians called \"zajaleen\" were also common, known for their epic tales. Weddings were also home to distinctive music, especially the dabke, a complex dance performed by linked groups of dancers. Popular songs made use of widely varying forms, particularly the mejana and dal'ona. After the creation of Israel in 1948, large numbers of Arab Palestinians fled to, or were forced into, refugee camps in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The most popular recorded musicians at the time were the superstars of Arab classical music, especially Umm Kulthum and Sayed Darwish. The centers for Palestinian music were in the Palestinian towns of Nazareth and Haifa, where performers composed in the classical styles of Cairo and Damascus. A shared Palestinian identity was reflected in a new wave of performers who emerged with distinctively Palestinian themes, relating to the dreams of statehood and the burgeoning nationalist sentiment. In the 1970s, a new wave of popular Palestinian stars emerged, including Sabreen and Al Ashiqeen. After the First Intifada (1987), a more hard-edged group of performers and songwriters emerged, such as al- Funoun, songwriter Suhail Khoury, songwriter Jameel al-Sayih, Thaer Barghouti's \"Doleh\" and Sabreen's \"Mawt a'nabi\". In the 1990s, the Palestinian National Authority was established, and Palestinian cultural expression began to stabilize. Wedding bands, which had all but disappeared during the fighting, reappeared to perform popular Egyptian and Lebanese songs. Other performers to emerge later in the 90s included Yuad, Washem, Mohsen Subhi, Adel Salameh, Issa Boulos, Wissam Joubran, Samir Joubran, and Basel Zayed with his new sound of Palestine and Turab group founded in 2004 with the CD \"Hada Liel\". The Diaspora Palestinian Reem Kelani is one of the foremost present day researchers and performers of music with a specifically Palestinian narrative and heritage. Her 2006 debut solo album \"Sprinting Gazelle – Palestinian Songs from the Motherland and the Diaspora\" comprised Kelani's research and arrangement of five traditional Palestinian songs, whilst the other five songs were her own musical settings of popular and resistance poetry by the likes of Mahmoud Darwish, Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Rashid Husain and Mahmoud Salim al-Hout. All the songs on the album relate to 'pre-1948 Palestine'. A large part of Palestinian music comprises wedding songs and dances. Due to the large amount of weddings in Palestinian culture, wedding singers have been able to maintain the tradition of Palestinian songs whilst incorporating modern vocals and rhythms. Wedding singers draw from a repertoire of ceremonial material including henna songs sung at the henna ceremony, wedding processionals (zeffat), and popular debkah and dance songs. Before 1948, the Palestinians formed a part of the Arab cultural mosaic in the Levant, and it was difficult to separate them from the cultural and musical composition of the Syrian people. Although the popular music was limited to the genre of folk music that served the needs of ritual and social events varied, but the beginnings of a serious musical phenomenon began to form in Palestine with the presence of profound composers of the first generation, such as Salvador Arnita and Augustine Lama, and then the second generation of proverbs Patrick Lama & Amin Nasser. This phenomenon continued quietly and silently after 48 years through successive generations (Habib Touma, Nasri Fernando Dueri, Mounir Anastas, Bichara El Khail and Sam Gebran). The Israeli occupation, the transfer of the identity of the Palestinian society from the sphere of integration and near-total identification with the Syrian identity within what was called Greater Syria to the formation of the Palestinian identity within the context of confrontation existential and cultural and political with the Zionists. From this confrontation with the occupation emerged the movement of the poetry of the resistance, and with it emerged national Palestinian song against the occupation. During the occupation, Palestinian classical music continued to rise, with new names in the realm of classical music along with the founding of many symphony orchestras (such as the Palestinian Youth Orchestra PYO, and West-Eastern Divan, founded by Daniel Barenboim and Edward Said) as well as string quartets and quintets, which gave the Palestinian Territories the highest number of orchestras among Arab countries. Names of Palestinian composers: Salvador Arnita (1914-1985), Habib Hasan Touma (born in Nazareth, 1934, died in Berlin 1998), Nasri Fernando Dueri (born 1932), François Nicodeme (born in Jerusalem 1935) and his brother William Nicodeme (born Amin Nasser in Ramleh 1935), Patrick Lama, Abdel-Hamid Hamam, Mounir Anastas, Samir Odeh-Tamimi (1970) and Wisam Gibran (born in Nazareth 1970) dominated the Palestinian classical music scene. Palestinian music reflects Palestinian experience. As might be expected, much of it deals with the struggle of living under Israeli occupation, the longing for peace, and the love of the land of Palestine. A typical example of such a song is \"Baladi, Baladi\" (My Country, My Country), which has become the unofficial Palestinian national anthem: Palestine, Land of the fathers, To you, I do not doubt, I will return. Struggle, revolution, do not die, For the storm is on the land. \"Zareef et Tool\" is one of the most popular Palestinian songs of today and can be traced back decades. The song encourages Palestinians not to leave their homeland: يا زريف الطول وقّف تاقلك ... رايح عالغربة و بلادك أحسنلك خايف يا زريف تروح و تتملك .. و تعاشر الغير و تنساني أنا O, elegant and tall one stop so I can tell you You are going abroad and your country is better for you I am afraid you will get established there And find someone else and forget me Unlike many other cultures, traditional Palestinian songs have no set lyrics but rather a set rhythm. The singers are usually family members or close friends who make up the lyrics on the spot. At modern Palestinian events there may be a professional singer, but the forms mentioned below, still very popular today, were created before the popularization of professional singers. Therefore, the song lyrics differ from city to city. Many types of Palestinian songs, including Atab/Mejana and Dal'ona, have transcended time. Due to the relevance of the subject matter and the need to maintain tradition and culture, traditional types of Palestinian songs can still be heard at events of today, such as weddings or gatherings. They still remain extremely popular throughout the Palestinian culture. Among the forms: Beginning in the late 1990s, Palestinian youth forged a new Palestinian musical subgenre – Palestinian rap or hip hop – which blends Arabic melodies and Western beats, with lyrics in Arabic, English and even Hebrew. Borrowing from traditional rap music that first emerged in the ghettos of Los Angeles and New York in the 1970s, \"young", "of professional singers. Therefore, the song lyrics differ from city to city. Many types of Palestinian songs, including Atab/Mejana and Dal'ona, have transcended time. Due to the relevance of the subject matter and the need to maintain tradition and culture, traditional types of Palestinian songs can still be heard at events of today, such as weddings or gatherings. They still remain extremely popular throughout the Palestinian culture. Among the forms: Beginning in the late 1990s, Palestinian youth forged a new Palestinian musical subgenre – Palestinian rap or hip hop – which blends Arabic melodies and Western beats, with lyrics in Arabic, English and even Hebrew. Borrowing from traditional rap music that first emerged in the ghettos of Los Angeles and New York in the 1970s, \"young Palestinian musicians have tailored the style to express their own grievances with the social and political climate in which they live and work.\" DAM were pioneers in forging this blend. As Arab citizens of Israel, they rap in Arabic, Hebrew, and English, often challenging stereotypes about Palestinians and Arabs head-on in songs like \"Meen Erhabe?\" (\"Who's a terrorist?\") More peculiar is the West Bank group Ramallah Underground, found by the two brothers Aswatt, Boikutt and Stormtrap. Their sound is a mix of hip hop, trip hop, and downtempo alongside traditional Arab music. There are many rappers who defend Palestinian nationalism, and the best of them, Ortega Da ALCz (Alhassan) who caused a sensation in the Israeli media in 2012 because of his songs' hostility to Israel. Ortega Da ALC'z is considered a better performer of Palestinian rap in the Persian Gulf region, because he was born in the United Arab Emirates. In the diaspora are the Abu-Ghaben brothers, who founded Jaffa Phonix in Cairo, Egypt. They blended big-beat, hip hop, and vocal punk elements. According to the human rights organization Freemuse, Palestinian musicians feared what was going to happen in the Palestinian territories where Islamic fundamentalists have become increasingly assertive since the militant Hamas group scored political gains in the Palestinian Authority local elections of 2005. In 2005 an outdoor music and dance performance in Qalqiliya was suddenly banned by the Hamas led municipality, for the reason that such an event would be forbidden by Islam. The municipality also ordered that music no longer be played in the Qalqiliya zoo, and mufti Akrameh Sabri issued a religious edict affirming the municipality's decision. In response, the Palestinian national poet Mahmoud Darwish warned that \"There are Taliban-type elements in our society, and this is a very dangerous sign\". The Palestinian columnist Mohammed Abd Al-Hamid, a resident of Ramallah, warned that this religious coercion could cause the migration of artists, and said \"The religious fanatics in Algeria destroyed every cultural symbol, shattered statues and rare works of art and liquidated intellectuals and artists, reporters and authors, ballet dancers and singers – are we going to imitate the Algerian and Afghani examples?\" Music of Palestine The music of Palestine () is one of many regional subgenres of Arabic music. While it shares much in common with Arabic music, both structurally and instrumentally, there are musical forms and subject matter that are distinctively Palestinian. In the areas now controlled by both Israel and the Palestine, multiple ethnic groups and religions have long held on to a diversity of cultures. Mandatory Palestine population with Arabs (including urban and rural Muslim classes, Arab Christians, Druze and Muslim Bedouin) constituted the largest group, followed by Jews (including" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Samuel Parkman Tuckerman Samuel Parkman Tuckerman (February 11, 1819 – June 30, 1890) was an American composer. He was born in Boston to Edward Francis Tuckerman (1775–1843), a merchant, and Sophia May (1784–1870), a prosperous and distinguished Boston family. His siblings were Edward Tuckerman (1817–1886), the botanist and Amherst professor, Frederick Goddard Tuckerman (1821–1873), the poet, Sophia May (Tuckerman) Eckley, and Hannah Parkman Tuckerman. He attended Chauncy Hall School in Boston. He studied with Charles Zeuner, and was then for several years organist at St. Paul's Church, Boston. He went to England in 1849, and the degree of Mus. Doc. was conferred on him by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1853. In the preceding year he had received a diploma from the Academy of St. Cecilia in Rome. While studying with Zeuner, he published \"The Episcopal Harp\" (1844) and \"The National Lyre\" (1848), the latter with Silas A. Bancroft and Henry K. Oliver. As a composer he gave his attention chiefly to sacred music, principally services, hymns, and anthems for the Episcopal Church service. He compiled \"Cathedral Chants\" (London, 1852) and \"Trinity Collection of Church Music\" (1864). After returning to the United States he lectured on sacred music, and gave performances of church music of the period from the 4th to the 19th centuries. He went again to England in 1856, and a third time in 1868, returning in 1879. Samuel married Mary Olivia Edwards Perry on October 15, 1845. They had a daughter: He died in Newport, Rhode Island and is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery. Samuel Parkman Tuckerman Samuel Parkman Tuckerman (February 11, 1819 – June 30, 1890) was an American composer. He was born in Boston to Edward Francis Tuckerman (1775–1843), a merchant, and Sophia May (1784–1870), a prosperous and distinguished Boston family. His siblings were Edward" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Spinning frame The spinning frame is an Industrial Revolution invention for spinning thread or yarn from fibres such as wool or cotton in a mechanised way. It was easy to work and by the end of the 18th century it was worth more than one million modern-day pounds. It was developed in 18th-century Britain by Richard Arkwright and John Kay.. In 1760 England, yarn production from wool, flax and cotton was still a cottage industry in which fibres were carded and spun by hand using a spinning wheel. As the textile industry expanded its markets and adopted faster machines, yarn supplies became scarce especially due to innovations such as the doubling of the loom speed after the invention of the flying shuttle. High demand for yarn spurred invention of the spinning jenny in 1764, followed closely by the invention of the spinning frame, later developed into the water frame (patented in 1769). Mechanisms had increased production of yarn so dramatically that by 1830 the yarn cottage industry in England could no longer compete and all spinning was carried out in factories. Richard Arkwright employed John Kay to produce a new spinning machine that Kay had worked on with (or possibly stolen from) another inventor called Thomas Highs. With the help of other local craftsmen the team produced the spinning frame, which produced a stronger thread than the spinning jenny produced by James Hargreaves. The frame employed the draw rollers invented by Lewis Paul to stretch, or attenuate, the yarn. The roller spinning process starts with a thick 'string' of loose fibres called a \"roving\", which is passed between three pairs of rollers, each pair rotating slightly faster than the previous one. In this way it is reduced in thickness and increased in length before a strengthening twist is added by a bobbin-and-flyer mechanism. The spacing of the rollers has to be slightly greater than the fiber length to prevent breakage. The nip of the roller pairs prevents the twist from backing up to the roving. Too large to be operated by hand, the spinning frame needed a new source of power. Arkwright at first experimented with horses, but decided to employ the power of the water wheel, which gave the invention the name 'water frame'. For some time, the stronger yarn produced by the spinning frame was used in looms for the lengthwise \"warp\" threads that bound cloth together, while hand powered jennies provided the weaker yarn used for the horizontal filler \"weft\" threads. The jennies required skill but were inexpensive and could be used in a home. The spinning frames required significant capital but little skill. Spinning frame The spinning frame is an Industrial Revolution invention for spinning thread or yarn from fibres such as wool or cotton in a mechanised way. It was easy to work and by the end of the 18th century it was worth more than one million modern-day pounds. It was developed in 18th-century Britain by Richard Arkwright and John Kay.. In 1760 England," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Michael (novel) Michael: A German Destiny in Diary Form () is a semi-autobiographical novel authored by the German propagandist Joseph Goebbels and published in 1929. It is a three-part work of which only Parts I and III have survived. The novel is a combination of Goebbels' own thoughts and the life of his best friend Richard Flisges who had actually fought in World War I, and later ended his college studies to work in a mine where he died in an accident. That is what happens to the novel's protagonist Michael who meets his \"sacrificial death\" on 30 January 1921. \"Michael\" was a significant popular success, going through seventeen printings. In a diary form the story follows the journey of Michael, a fictional character who represents a young Joseph Goebbels. At the beginning of the novel Michael has just returned home from service in the Great War. He finds a new democratic Germany which invokes feelings of both love and hate. Throughout the novel Michael wrestles with this mix of nationalist pride and anger towards Weimar Germany and he explores his personal philosophy and belief system. The book emphasises the socialist ideals held by Goebbels early in his political career. In the novel Goebbels gives praise to Christianity, and describes Jesus as one of the finest men to have ever lived. He also demonstrates his early socialist sympathies when he stated that Germans had to be \"something like Christ Socialists\" The book also explores nature of God and the contemporary man: \"modern man...is intrinsically a seeker of God, perhaps a Christ-man.\" It was written before Goebbels gradually lost his Catholic faith. One of Joseph Goebbels' biographers, Joachim Fest (who was also Hitler's biographer), suggests that \"Michael\" sheds light on Goebbels' state of mind and self-image: \"The very name of the hero, Michael, to whom he gave many autobiographical features, suggests the way his self-identification was pointing: a figure of light, radiant, tall, unconquerable,\" and above all \"'To be a soldier! To stand sentinel! One ought always to be a soldier,' wrote Michael-Goebbels.\" Michael (novel) Michael: A German Destiny in Diary Form () is a semi-autobiographical novel authored by the German propagandist Joseph Goebbels and published in 1929. It is a three-part work of which only Parts I and III have survived. The novel is a combination of Goebbels' own thoughts and the life of his best friend Richard Flisges who" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Semi-major and semi-minor axes In geometry, the major axis of an ellipse is its longest diameter: a line segment that runs through the center and both foci, with ends at the widest points of the perimeter. The semi-major axis is one half of the major axis, and thus runs from the centre, through a focus, and to the perimeter. For the special case of a circle, the semi-major axis is the radius. The length of the semi-major axis formula_1 of an ellipse is related to the semi-minor axis's length formula_2 through the eccentricity formula_3 and the semi-latus rectum formula_4, as follows: The semi-major axis of a hyperbola is, depending on the convention, plus or minus one half of the distance between the two branches. Thus it is the distance from the center to either vertex of the hyperbola. A parabola can be obtained as the limit of a sequence of ellipses where one focus is kept fixed as the other is allowed to move arbitrarily far away in one direction, keeping formula_6 fixed. Thus formula_1 and formula_2 tend to infinity, formula_1 faster than formula_2. The \"semi-minor axis\" of an ellipse or hyperbola is a line segment that is at right angles with the semi-major axis and has one end at the center of the conic section. The major and minor axes are the axes of symmetry for the curve: in an ellipse, the minor axis is the shorter one; in a hyperbola, it is the one that does not intersect the hyperbola. The equation of an ellipse is: Where (h,k) is the center of the ellipse in Cartesian coordinates, in which an arbitrary point is given by (x,y). The semi-major axis is the mean value of the maximum and minimum distances formula_12 and formula_13 of the ellipse from a focus — that is, of the distances from a focus to the endpoints of the major axis. In astronomy these extreme points are called apsides. The semi-minor axis of an ellipse is the geometric mean of these distances: The eccentricity of an ellipse is defined as Now consider the equation in polar coordinates, with one focus at the origin and the other on the formula_18direction, The mean value of formula_20 and formula_21, for formula_22 and formula_23 is In an ellipse, the semi-major axis is the geometric mean of the distance from the center to either focus and the distance from the center to either directrix. The semi-minor axis of an ellipse runs from the center of the ellipse (a point halfway between and on the line running between the foci) to the edge of the ellipse. The semi-minor axis is half of the minor axis. The minor axis is the longest line segment perpendicular to the major axis that connects two points on the ellipse's edge. The semi-minor axis formula_2 is related to the semi-major axis formula_1 through the eccentricity formula_3 and the semi-latus rectum formula_4, as follows: A parabola can be obtained as the limit of a sequence of ellipses where one focus is kept fixed as the other is allowed to move arbitrarily far away in one direction, keeping formula_4 fixed. Thus formula_1 and formula_2 tend to infinity, formula_1 faster than formula_2. The length of the semi-minor axis could also be found using the following formula, where formula_36 is the distance between the foci, formula_37 and formula_38 are the distances from each focus to any point in the ellipse. The semi-major axis of a hyperbola is, depending on the convention, plus or minus one half of the distance between the two branches; if this is formula_1 in the x-direction the equation is: In terms of the semi-latus rectum and the eccentricity we have The transverse axis of a hyperbola coincides with the major axis. In a hyperbola, a conjugate axis or minor axis of length formula_42, corresponding to the minor axis of an ellipse, can be drawn perpendicular to the transverse axis or major axis, the latter connecting the two vertices (turning points) of the hyperbola, with the two axes intersecting at the center of the hyperbola. The endpoints formula_43 of the minor axis lie at the height of the asymptotes over/under the hyperbola's vertices. Either half of the minor axis is called the semi-minor axis, of length formula_2. Denoting the semi-major axis length (distance from the center to a vertex) as formula_1, the semi-minor and semi-major axes' lengths appear in the equation of the hyperbola relative to these axes as follows: The semi-minor axis is also the distance from one of focuses of the hyperbola to an asymptote. Often called the impact parameter, this is important in physics and astronomy, and measure the distance a particle will miss the focus by if its journey is unperturbed by the body at the focus. The semi-minor axis and the semi-major axis are related through the eccentricity, as follows: Note that in a hyperbola formula_2 can be larger than formula_1. In astrodynamics the orbital period formula_50 of a small body orbiting a central body in a circular or elliptical orbit is: where: Note that for all ellipses with a given semi-major axis, the orbital period is the same, disregarding their eccentricity. The specific angular momentum formula_54 of a small body orbiting a central body in a circular or elliptical orbit is: where: In astronomy, the semi-major axis is one of the most important orbital elements of an orbit, along with its orbital period. For Solar System objects, the semi-major axis is related to the period of the orbit by Kepler's third law (originally empirically derived), where formula_50 is the period and formula_1 is the semi-major axis. This form turns out to be a simplification of the general form for the two-body problem, as determined by Newton: where formula_63 is the gravitational constant, formula_64 is the mass of the central body, and formula_65 is the mass of the orbiting body. Typically, the central body's mass is so much greater than the orbiting body's, that formula_65 may be ignored. Making that assumption and using typical astronomy units results in the simpler form Kepler discovered. The orbiting body's path around the barycentre and its path relative to its primary are both ellipses. The semi-major axis is sometimes used in astronomy as the primary-to-secondary distance when the mass ratio of the primary to the secondary is significantly large (formula_67); thus, the orbital parameters of the planets are given in heliocentric terms. The difference between the primocentric and \"absolute\" orbits may best be illustrated by looking at the Earth–Moon system. The mass ratio in this case is . The Earth–Moon characteristic distance, the semi-major axis of the \"geocentric\" lunar orbit, is 384,400 km. The \"barycentric\" lunar orbit, on the other hand, has a semi-major axis of 379,700 km, the Earth's counter-orbit taking up the difference, 4,700 km. The Moon's average barycentric orbital speed is 1.010 km/s, whilst the Earth's is 0.012 km/s. The total of these speeds gives a geocentric lunar average orbital speed of 1.022 km/s; the same value may be obtained by considering just the geocentric semi-major axis value. It is often said that the semi-major axis is the \"average\" distance between the primary focus of the ellipse and the orbiting body. This is not quite accurate, because it depends on what the average is taken over. The time-averaged value of the reciprocal of the radius, formula_70, is formula_71. In astrodynamics, the semi-major axis formula_1 can be calculated from orbital state vectors: for an elliptical orbit and, depending on the convention, the same or for a hyperbolic trajectory and and (standard gravitational parameter), where: Note that for a given amount of total mass, the specific energy and the semi-major axis are always the same, regardless of eccentricity or the ratio of the masses. Conversely, for a given total mass and semi-major axis, the total specific orbital energy is always the same. This statement will always be true under any given conditions. Semi-major and semi-minor axes In geometry, the major axis of an ellipse is its longest diameter: a line segment", "average is taken over. The time-averaged value of the reciprocal of the radius, formula_70, is formula_71. In astrodynamics, the semi-major axis formula_1 can be calculated from orbital state vectors: for an elliptical orbit and, depending on the convention, the same or for a hyperbolic trajectory and and (standard gravitational parameter), where: Note that for a given amount of total mass, the specific energy and the semi-major axis are always the same, regardless of eccentricity or the ratio of the masses. Conversely, for a given total mass and semi-major axis, the total specific orbital energy is always the same. This statement will always be true under any given conditions. Semi-major and semi-minor axes In geometry, the major axis of an ellipse is its longest diameter: a line segment that runs through the center and both foci, with ends at the widest points of the perimeter. The semi-major axis is one half of the major axis, and thus runs from the centre, through a focus, and to the perimeter. For the special case of a circle, the semi-major axis is the radius. The length of the semi-major axis formula_1 of an ellipse is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Leotychidas Leotychidas (also Leotychides, Latychidas; ; c. 545 BC–c. 469 BC) was a ruler of Sparta in 491–476 BC. He led Spartan forces during the Persian Wars from 490 BC to 478 BC. Born in Sparta around 545 BC, Leotychidas was a descendant of the Royal House of the Eurypontids (through Menamus, Agesilaus, Hippocratides, Leotychides, Anaxilaus, Archidamos, Anaxandridas I and Theopompus) and came to power in 491 BC with the help of the Agiad King Cleomenes I by challenging the legitimacy of the birth of Demaratus for the Eurypontid throne of Sparta. Later that year, he joined Cleomenes' second expedition to Aegina, where ten hostages were seized and given to Athens. However, after Cleomenes' death in 488 BC, Leotychidas was almost surrendered to Aegina. In the spring of 479 BC, Leotychidas commanded a Greek fleet consisting of 110 ships at Aegina and later at Delos, supporting the Greek revolts at Chios and Samos against Persia. Leotychidas defeated Persian military and naval forces at the Battle of Mycale on the coast of Asia Minor in the summer of 479 BC (possibly around mid-August). In 476 BC, Leotychidas led an expedition to Thessaly against the Aleuadae family for collaboration with the Persians but withdrew after being bribed by the family. Upon returning to Sparta he was tried for bribery, and fled to the temple of Athena Alea in Tegea. He was sentenced to exile, his house was burned and his grandson Archidamus II, son of his son Zeuxidamus, called Cyniscus by many Spartans, who had died in his father's life, became the ruler of Sparta. Leotychidas died some years later, around 469 BC. Leotychidas is not to be confused with another Eurypontid, Leotychides, who was the (allegedly illegitimate) son of Agis II. Leotychidas Leotychidas (also Leotychides, Latychidas; ; c. 545 BC–c. 469" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Catwoman Catwoman is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Batman. Created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane, the character made her debut as \"the Cat\" in \"Batman\" #1 (June 1940). Catwoman, whose real name is Selina Kyle, has been Batman's most enduring love interest and is known for her complex love-hate relationship with him. As a Gotham City burglar, Catwoman typically wears a tight, one-piece outfit and uses a bullwhip for a weapon. She was originally characterized as a supervillain and adversary of Batman, but since the 1990s, Catwoman has been featured in an eponymous series portraying her as an antiheroine, often doing the wrong things for the right reasons. The character thrived since her earliest appearances, but from September 1954 to November 1966 Catwoman took an extended hiatus due to the newly developing Comics Code Authority in 1954. These issues involved the rules regarding the development and portrayal of female characters that were in violation of the Comics Code, a code which is no longer in use. In the comics, Holly Robinson and Eiko Hasigawa both have adopted the Catwoman identity, apart from Selina Kyle. A popular figure, Catwoman has been featured in many media adaptations related to Batman. Actresses Julie Newmar, Lee Meriwether, and Eartha Kitt introduced her to a large audience on the 1960s \"Batman\" television series and the 1966 \"Batman\" film. Michelle Pfeiffer portrayed the character in 1992's \"Batman Returns\". Halle Berry starred in a stand-alone Catwoman film, 2004's \"Catwoman\", which was a critical and commercial flop, and bears little to no similarities to the Batman character. Anne Hathaway portrayed Selina Kyle in the 2012 film \"The Dark Knight Rises\" and a young version of Kyle is played by Camren Bicondova on the 2014 television series \"Gotham\". Catwoman was ranked 11th on IGN's \"Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time\" list, and 51st on \"Wizard\" magazine's \"100 Greatest Villains of All Time\" list. Conversely, she was ranked 20th on IGN's \"Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time\" list. Batman co-creator Bob Kane was a great movie fan and his love for film provided the impetus for several Batman characters, among them, Catwoman. She was partially inspired by 1930s film star Jean Harlow who at Kane's then-early and, \"impressionable age ... seemed to personify feminine pulchritude at its most sensuous.\" Kane and Finger wanted to give their comic book sex appeal, as well as a character who could appeal to female readers; they thus created a \"friendly foe who committed crimes but was also a romantic interest in Batman's rather sterile life.\" Catwoman was meant to be a love interest and to engage Batman in a chess game, with him trying to reform her. At the same time, this character was meant to be different from other Batman villains like the Joker in that she was never a killer or evil. The character was also partially inspired by Kane's cousin, Ruth Steel. As for using cat imagery with the character, Kane stated that he and Finger saw cats as \"kind of the antithesis of bats\". Catwoman, then called \"the Cat\", first appeared in \"Batman\" #1 (Spring 1940) as a mysterious burglar and jewel thief, revealed at the end of the story to be a young, attractive (unnamed) woman, having disguised herself as an old woman during the story and been hired to commit a burglary. Although she does not wear her iconic cat-suit, the story establishes her core personality as a femme fatale who both antagonizes and attracts Batman. It is implied Batman may have deliberately let her get away by blocking Robin as he tried to leap after her. She next appears in \"Batman\" #2 in a story also involving the Joker but escapes Batman in the end. In \"Batman\" #3 she wears a fur mask and again succeeds in escaping Batman. \"Batman\" #62 (December 1950) reveals that Catwoman was an amnesiac flight attendant who turned to crime after suffering a prior blow to the head during a plane crash she survived. She reveals this in the Batcave after being hit on the head by a piece of rubble while saving Batman while he was chasing her. However, in issue 197 of \"The Brave and the Bold\", she later admits that she made up the amnesia story because she wanted a way out of the past life of crime. She reforms for several years, helping out Batman in \"Batman\" #65 (June 1951) and #69 (February 1952), until she decides to return to a life of crime in \"Detective Comics\" #203 (January 1954), after a newspaper publishes stories of Batman's past adventures and some crooks mock her about it. However, Catwoman prevents her thugs from murdering Batman once he is later found knocked out, but quickly claims she wants him as a hostage. Catwoman appears again as a criminal in \"Batman\" #84 (June 1954) and \"Detective Comics\" #211 (September 1954) for her final appearance until 1966. This was mostly due to her possible violation of the developing Comics Code Authority's rules for portrayal of female characters that started in 1954. In the 1970s comics, a series of stories taking place on Earth-Two (the parallel Earth that was retroactively declared as the home of DC's Golden Age characters) reveal that on that world, Selina reformed in the 1950s (after the events of \"Batman\" #69) and had married Bruce Wayne; soon afterward, she gave birth to the couple's only child, Helena Wayne (the Huntress). \"The Brave and the Bold\" #197 (April 1983) elaborates upon the Golden Age origin of Catwoman given in \"Batman\" #62, after Selina reveals that she never suffered from amnesia. It is revealed that Selina Kyle had been in an bad marriage, and eventually decided to leave her husband. However, her husband kept her jewelry in his private vault, and she had to break into it to retrieve it. Selina enjoyed this experience so much she decided to become a professional costumed cat burglar, and thus began a career that repeatedly leads to her encountering Batman. The Earth-Two/Golden Age Selina Kyle eventually dies in the late 1970s after being blackmailed by a criminal into going into action again as Catwoman, as shown in \"DC Super-Stars\" #17 (December 1977). Catwoman made her first Silver Age appearance in \"Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane\" #70 (November 1966); afterward, she continued to make appearances across the various \"Batman\" comics. Several stories in the 1970s featured Catwoman committing murder, something that neither the Earth-One nor Earth-Two versions of her would ever do. This version of Catwoman was assigned to the alternate world of Earth-B, an alternate Earth that included stories that could not be considered canonical on Earth-One or Earth-Two. Catwoman's origin—and, to an extent, her character—was revised in 1987 when writer Frank Miller and artist David Mazzucchelli published \"\", a revision of Batman's origin. She works as a dominatrix in order to survive and wants to break away from her malevolent pimp and former boyfriend. She witnesses his crimes and, because of an event that occurs to her sister, fears for her sister's life and begins to study self-defense and martial arts. Selina's teacher inspires her to become more than what she has been and she realizes that prostitution is no life for her, or for Holly. Holly Robinson is a young runaway who idolizes Selina, but is much too young to be on the streets as far as Selina is concerned. Selina shares her home with Holly after she takes her in. As the story progresses, Selina is led to a bit of burglary, and she dons a catsuit costume that her now former pimp gave to her the day that she told him she was out of the business. After costuming herself so as not to be revealed, she gets a taste for burglary and begins to do it in more of a Robin-Hood way than as an actual thief. This is, however, how she runs into Batman. After a small confrontation, she begins to be inspired to stay in her costume and become the \"Catwoman\" after seeing Batman in action with", "than what she has been and she realizes that prostitution is no life for her, or for Holly. Holly Robinson is a young runaway who idolizes Selina, but is much too young to be on the streets as far as Selina is concerned. Selina shares her home with Holly after she takes her in. As the story progresses, Selina is led to a bit of burglary, and she dons a catsuit costume that her now former pimp gave to her the day that she told him she was out of the business. After costuming herself so as not to be revealed, she gets a taste for burglary and begins to do it in more of a Robin-Hood way than as an actual thief. This is, however, how she runs into Batman. After a small confrontation, she begins to be inspired to stay in her costume and become the \"Catwoman\" after seeing Batman in action with others. Selina gets the idea that, if there is a \"bat\", there can also be a \"cat\". The 1989 \"Catwoman\" limited series, written by Mindy Newell and with art by J.J. Birch, expanded upon Miller's \"Year One\" origin. This storyline, known as \"Her Sister's Keeper\", explores Selina's early life as a dominatrix and the start of her career as Catwoman. The story culminates with Selina's former pimp, Stan, abducting and beating her sister Maggie, who, in contrast to Selina, is a nun. Selina kills Stan to save her sister, and gets away with it. Most of this is revealed in the former series, but is expanded upon in \"Her Sister's Keeper\". \"Catwoman\" vol. 2, #69 provides details about Selina's childhood and neglects Maggie's existence. Maria Kyle is a distant parent who preferred to spend her time with cats, and commits suicide when Selina is very young. Her alcoholic father, Brian, is cold to Selina for resembling her mother, whom he resents for dying, and eventually drinks himself to death. To survive, Selina takes to the streets for a time before getting caught and sent first to an orphanage, then juvenile detention center, \"where Selina began to see how hard the world could really be\". Maggie's fate at this point in the time-line is not alluded to. However, when Ed Brubaker reintroduces her into the comic, he implies that Maggie may have directly entered an orphanage and promptly been adopted. When she is 13 years old, Selina discovers that the detention center's administrator has been embezzling funds, and she confronts her. In an attempt to cover up her crime, the administrator puts Selina in a bag and drops her in a river to drown (like a cat). She escapes and returns to the orphanage, where she steals documents exposing the administrator's corruption. She uses these to blackmail the administrator into erasing \"Selina Kyle\" from the city's records, then steals the administrator's diamond necklace and escapes the orphanage. Selina eventually finds herself in \"Alleytown – a network of cobblestone streets that form a small borough between the East End and Old Gotham.\" Selina is taken in by Mama Fortuna, the elderly leader of a gang of young thieves, and is taught how to steal. Fortuna treats her students like slaves, keeping their earnings for herself. Selina eventually runs away, accompanied by her friend Sylvia. However, the two have difficulty surviving on their own, and in desperation try to support themselves by working as prostitutes. The two drift apart afterward, with Sylvia coming to resent Selina for not inquiring about what had happened to her at the hands of her abusive first client. In the \"Catwoman: Year One\" story, Selina, who is now an adult, achieves some success as a thief. Following a disastrous burglary, however, she accepts an offer to \"lie low\" as a dominatrix employed by a pimp named Stan. They plan to trick men into divulging information that might be used in future crimes. According to this storyline, Selina trains under the Armless Master of Gotham City, receiving education in martial arts and culture. During this time, a client gives her a cat o' nine tails, which Selina keeps as a trophy. \"\", the sequel to \"\", implies that Catwoman suspects she is the illegitimate daughter of mafia boss Carmine Falcone, although she finds no definitive proof. Selina's connection to the Falcone family is further explored in the miniseries \"\". Though the story adds more circumstantial evidence to the theory of Selina's Falcone heritage, establishing that the Falcones' second-born daughter was put up for adoption in America, it also supplies no definitive proof. During \"The Long Halloween\", Selina (out of costume) develops a relationship with Bruce Wayne, even leading her to save Bruce from Poison Ivy. However, this relationship appears to end on the Fourth of July when Bruce rejects her advances twice; once as Bruce and once as Batman. She leaves him for good and also leaves Gotham for a while in \"\", after he stands her up on two holidays. When the two meet at an opera many years later, during the events of \"\", Bruce comments that the two no longer have a relationship as Bruce and Selina. Catwoman also appears in the \"\" saga, where she is approached by Bane's henchmen while robbing a house. Bane asks her to work for him, but she refuses, as she is repulsed by the criminal who \"broke\" Batman. Later in the story, she boards a plane with Bruce Wayne to fly to Santa Prisca. She next appears in the \"\" saga, where Azrael is masquerading as Batman. She is one of the few to recognize that Batman is an impostor, later being present when the true Batman returns to the fold as he struggles against his successor, his willingness to save even criminals confirming his true identity for Selina. In 1993, Catwoman was given her first ongoing comic book series. This series, written by an assortment of writers, but primarily penciled by Jim Balent, generally depicted the character as an international thief (and occasional bounty hunter) with an ambiguous moral code. Story-lines include her adoption of teenage runaway and former sidekick, Arizona; aiding Bane, who she later betrays to Azrael; and a stint as a reluctant government operative. The series also delves into her origin, revealing her beginnings as a young thief, her difficult period in juvenile incarceration, and her training with Ted \"Wildcat\" Grant. Moving to New York City, Selina becomes corporate vice president of Randolf Industries, a mafia-influenced company and then becomes its CEO through blackmail. She plans to use this position to run for Mayor of New York City, but her hopes are dashed when the Trickster inadvertently connects her to her criminal alter ego. After her time in New York City, Selina returns to Gotham City, which at this time is in the midst of the \"No Man's Land\" storyline. As Catwoman, she assists Batman against Lex Luthor in the reconstruction of the city. After being arrested by Commissioner Gordon, she escapes from prison. Later that year, during the \"Officer Down\" storyline in the \"Batman\" titles, Catwoman is initially the chief suspect. Although later cleared, she displays increasingly erratic behavior throughout the story, with her series later revealing that she has developed a form of personality disorder after exposure to Scarecrow's fear gas, causing her to act as herself and an identity that appears to be her sister Maggie pretending to be her. Soon afterward, she disappears and is believed to have been killed by the assassin Deathstroke the Terminator, ending her series at issue #94. Catwoman then appears in a series of backup stories in \"Detective Comics\" #759–762 (August–November 2001). In the backup storyline \"Trail of the Catwoman\", by writer Ed Brubaker and artist Darwyn Cooke, private detective Slam Bradley attempts to find out what really happened to Selina Kyle. This storyline leads into the newest \"Catwoman\" series in late 2001 (written by Brubaker initially with Cooke, later joined by artist Cameron Stewart). In this series, Selina Kyle, joined by new supporting cast members Holly and Slam Bradley (a character from the early Golden Age DC Comics), becomes protector of the", "to be her sister Maggie pretending to be her. Soon afterward, she disappears and is believed to have been killed by the assassin Deathstroke the Terminator, ending her series at issue #94. Catwoman then appears in a series of backup stories in \"Detective Comics\" #759–762 (August–November 2001). In the backup storyline \"Trail of the Catwoman\", by writer Ed Brubaker and artist Darwyn Cooke, private detective Slam Bradley attempts to find out what really happened to Selina Kyle. This storyline leads into the newest \"Catwoman\" series in late 2001 (written by Brubaker initially with Cooke, later joined by artist Cameron Stewart). In this series, Selina Kyle, joined by new supporting cast members Holly and Slam Bradley (a character from the early Golden Age DC Comics), becomes protector of the residents of Gotham's East End, while still carrying out an ambitious career as a cat burglar. During the \"\" storyline, Batman and Catwoman briefly work together and have a romantic relationship, during which he reveals his true identity to her. At the end, he breaks off their relationship when he suspects it has been manipulated by the Riddler and Hush. This is the second story to establish that she knows Batman's true identity. In an early 1980s storyline, Selina and Bruce develop a relationship. The concluding story features a closing panel in which she refers to Batman as \"Bruce\". A change in the editorial team at that point, however, brought a swift end to that storyline and, apparently, all that transpired during the story arc. In the \"Justice League\" story arc \"Crisis of Conscience\", Catwoman fights alongside Batman and the Justice League against the old Secret Society, of which she had once briefly been a member. Catwoman appears to be completely reformed, and her love for Batman is true (although brash and unpredictable). However, she has learned her reformation was the result of a mindwipe by Zatanna, a procedure known to deeply affect and, in at least one case, physically incapacitate its victims. Zatanna gives no reason for her actions, but in a flashback, it is shown that she had acted with the consent and aid of five of the seven JLA members who had helped her mindwipe Dr. Light and Batman. Catwoman's response to this revelation is unequivocal: she duct-tapes and gags her and pitches her out a window (Zatanna survives the fall). Afterward, she is seen covering her bed with past versions of her Catwoman costume. Still unbalanced and uncertain of herself in issue #52, Selina is forced to decide whether to kill a supervillain. The Black Mask, in an attempt to \"improve himself\", threatens the most important people in Selina's life, from Slam Bradley to Holly. The villain had also previously tortured Selina's sister Maggie by drilling out her husband's eyeballs and feeding them to Maggie, which drove her insane. Black Mask learns Selina's identity through his earlier alliance with Selina's childhood friend Sylvia, who still harbors a grudge against Selina. Still thinking that Selina adheres to a strict no-kill rule, Black Mask is caught by surprise when Selina shoots him in the head. This action continues to haunt her throughout the \"One Year Later\" storyline, and it is suggested that this might have been the first time she had ever directly taken a life. Following the events of \"Infinite Crisis\", the DC Universe jumps forward in time. After \"One Year later\", Selina Kyle is no longer Catwoman, she has left the East End, and has given birth to a daughter named Helena. The father of her new daughter is initially unrevealed; however, Batman demonstrates great concern for the child and at one point asks to have Helena stay at his mansion. Selina attempts to live a safe and somewhat normal life, and gives up her more dangerous ways of living as Catwoman. Holly Robinson takes over as the new Catwoman while Selina, living under the alias Irena Dubrovna, turns her attention to caring for her daughter (Selina's alias was inspired by the name of the main character in the 1942 film \"Cat People\"). Though she takes her role as a new mother quite seriously, Selina dons the costume for a run through the East End some days after Helena's birth. Having understandably gained a few pounds, Selina finds that her costume is now tighter. In addition, she is easily distracted by a common criminal. Although the situation is defused through Holly's opportune arrival, the sight of two Catwomen active simultaneously in the city is caught on video. Selina returns home from her adventure to find that the mysterious movie aficionado Film Freak has deduced her alias, joined with Angle Man, and grabbed Helena. After rescuing her daughter, Selina convinces Zatanna to mind-wipe Film Freak and Angle Man in order to preserve her secret identity. Following the procedure, Angle Man turns himself in to the authorities; Film Freak, however, embarks upon a murderous rampage. A twist occurs when Wildcat informs Selina that Holly has been arrested for the murder of Black Mask. Selina infiltrates the police station and frees Holly. Finally defeating Film Freak, Selina returns home to find that Bradley has deduced that Helena is the daughter of his son Sam Bradley, Jr., and therefore his granddaughter (although it is still strongly hinted that Bruce Wayne may be the father). Batman asks Catwoman to infiltrate the violent tribe of the Bana Amazons during the \"Amazons Attack!\" crossover. Posing as a criminal, Selina gains the Bana's trust and thwarts a terror attack aimed at causing mass casualties in Gotham City. Selina questions whether she should be raising a daughter when her life as Catwoman has already proven to be such a danger to the child. After enlisting Batman's help in faking the death of both herself and her daughter, Selina puts Helena up for adoption. A month after Helena is placed with a new family, Catwoman asks Zatanna to erase her memories of Helena and change her mind back to a criminal mentality. Zatanna refuses, judging that such an act would be cruel to both mother and daughter. She tells Selina that she could never reverse Selina's mindset, since she was on the path to becoming a hero on her own. Believing she can no longer function as a criminal, Selina decided to become one of Batman's Outsiders. She quickly quits, however, and is replaced by Batgirl. In \"Salvation Run\" #2, Catwoman is sent to the Prison Planet. She allies herself with Lex Luthor in an attempt to return to Earth, and mistakenly ends up on an alternate universe-Earth where Catwoman is a notorious villain. It is later revealed that this Earth is a creation of her own mind, and she has not left Prison Planet. When accused of being a traitor by Luthor, she reveals Martian Manhunter is posing as Blockbuster, which would soon lead to the hero's death. Using the trust she regained in Luthor's eyes, she earns a passage to the 'real' Earth, in a jerry-rigged teleport machine built by Luthor for letting the villains escape. On Earth, she resumes being a hero, with occasional lapses into thievery by commission, simply for the thrill of it. Later, as in \"Detective Comics\", she is quite uncertain if she should pursue her \"relationship\" with Batman, Selina talks with Bruce about Jezebel Jet, his current girlfriend, and then has a quick pep talk with Zatanna, whom she believes is also courting Bruce. Zatanna confirms and admits her feelings, adding that she has since chosen to forget them, but extremely encourages Selina to open her heart to Bruce Wayne before Jet is able to \"seal the deal\". Hush eavesdrops on the conversation, targeting both women as a way to hurt his enemy, Bruce Wayne. In \"Detective Comics\" #848 (November 2008), Hush attacks Selina as she is in her apartment, kidnapping her and surgically removing her heart. She is delivered anonymously to a Gotham hospital. Batman receives word of her situation, and while he goes in search of Hush, he leaves Selina in the care of Doctor Mid-Nite, who is considered the", "with Batman, Selina talks with Bruce about Jezebel Jet, his current girlfriend, and then has a quick pep talk with Zatanna, whom she believes is also courting Bruce. Zatanna confirms and admits her feelings, adding that she has since chosen to forget them, but extremely encourages Selina to open her heart to Bruce Wayne before Jet is able to \"seal the deal\". Hush eavesdrops on the conversation, targeting both women as a way to hurt his enemy, Bruce Wayne. In \"Detective Comics\" #848 (November 2008), Hush attacks Selina as she is in her apartment, kidnapping her and surgically removing her heart. She is delivered anonymously to a Gotham hospital. Batman receives word of her situation, and while he goes in search of Hush, he leaves Selina in the care of Doctor Mid-Nite, who is considered the superhero community's chief doctor. Batman recovers her heart, and Dr. Mid-Nite restores it to her body; however, the doctor also makes a prognosis on whether she can still return to her former life swinging through rooftops. While Selina is still in a coma, she encounters Zatanna, who apologizes for not warning her about Hush. She tells Selina that she was so happy about her relationship with Bruce that she ignored the other warnings in the cards. Zatanna gives her a little bottle supposedly containing aloe vera for her post-op scars. It is hinted that there is a little magic in there to help Selina with her recovery. Selina is sad that she might end up alone again. In the meantime, Bruce enters the recovery room and, believing her unconscious, launches into a soliloquy. He ends by telling Selina that he will always love her, when she opens her eyes and reveals to him that she was awake all the time and heard his confession. During the events of \"Batman R.I.P.\", Selina and Bruce's romance lasts only for a night because Bruce must continue to pose as Jezebel's lover to bring down the Black Glove. While still recuperating, she pulls off one more heist and exacts her revenge on Hush. With the help of a few allies on both sides; Oracle, Holly Robinson, Poison Ivy, Harley Quinn, and Slam Bradley, Selina taps into Hush's assets, leaving him penniless and suffering from wounds inflicted by Batman. In \"\", Selina is seen as one of the members of Nightwing and Robin's contingency team known as \"The Network\", where she is seen taking down a gang of thugs before seeing Tim Drake dressed in a Batman uniform and is initially taken by surprise. In the first issue of \"Gotham City Sirens\", Selina runs into Bonebuster, a new villain trying to make a name for himself, and is saved by Poison Ivy. Selina, fearing the many dangers of a post-Batman Gotham, proposes that she, Ivy, and Harley Quinn team up, living together at a single base in an abandoned animal shelter. Ivy agrees under one condition: using home-grown drugs to weaken Selina's resistance, Ivy demands the identity of the true Batman. Selina flashes back three years to when Talia al Ghul requested her presence in Tibet. There, Talia made it so that Selina would not relinquish the true identity of Batman under any circumstances. After the interrogation is over, Selina sees Harley with Bruce Wayne on TV. Selina tells Ivy that she knows it is Hush in disguise. During the events of \"Blackest Night\", Selina is attacked by Black Mask after he has been reborn as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. After he tells her that he plans on getting an emotional response before killing her, Selina steals a car and heads to the mental institution where Maggie is held, believing Black Mask is coming for her. Black Mask attacks the institution, and somehow awakens Maggie from her coma. Selina arrives in time to help her sister flee into the sewers. While on the run, Maggie angrily tells Selina that she ruined both of their lives the day she decided to become Catwoman. Devastated by her sister's statement, Selina fails to realize they have both been heading for a trap. Just as Black Mask is about to gouge Maggie's eyes out and shove them down Selina's throat, Harley and Ivy arrive and defeat the Black Lantern by trapping him in the stomach of a man-eating plant. Selina is helped to her feet by her friends, who tell her that Maggie has fled the scene. The next day, the staff members of the mental institution are shown discussing Maggie's escape, also mentioning that a nun that works at the hospital had been found beaten and stripped of her uniform. Maggie is then shown in the depths of the Gotham City sewers clad in the bloodied nun robes, muttering about her plan to kill Catwoman in order to free Selina's soul. Now calling herself Sister Zero, Maggie attempts to kill Selina, but ultimately flees after being defeated by the Sirens. She is last seen going over her options, now realizing that she cannot murder her own sister, and therefore must personally exorcise the \"cat demon\" from within Selina's body. In the build-up to \"\", the Sirens help Zatanna put out a massive fire at a local park near their home, only for them to be ambushed by a creature made of mud. After being dragged underneath the soil by the creature, Catwoman awakens tied up and gagged on the floor of a dark room, and is quickly forced into an illusion by her unseen captors. Back in reality, Talia reveals to the Sirens that just a few hours prior, an unknown benefactor had offered up a massive reward to whoever could kidnap and deliver Catwoman to him, with the hopes that he could penetrate her mind and learn Batman's secret identity. Before the knowledge can be ripped from her mind, Selina's captors (revealed to be Shrike and a new villain named Sempai), are eventually defeated by the other Sirens. Once Selina is freed, Talia orders Zatanna to wipe Bruce's identity from her memory, reasoning that her kidnapping has proved that the knowledge is too dangerous for her to handle. The two women initially restrain Selina and attempt to remove the knowledge from her, but Zatanna refuses at the last moment and ends up fighting Talia in order to protect Selina. Talia tries to kill Selina before vanishing, but she survives and ultimately reunites with Bruce, who had recently returned to the present. After stealing the contents of a safe belonging to the Falcone crime family, Selina returns home to find Kitrina, a teenaged escape artist and Carmine Falcone's long lost daughter, breaking into her room. She attacks and subdues Kitrina, who tells Selina that she had unknowingly stolen a map that details the location of the new Black Mask's underground bunker. Realizing that she could use the map to capture Black Mask and claim the 50 million dollar bounty on his head, Selina leaves Kitrina bound in a locked room so that she can keep the map for herself. She later calls Batman to her house in order to turn the would-be thief over to the police, but discovers that Kitrina had managed to free herself and steal back the map. This impresses Selina, who mentions that she had tied up the child using an \"inescapable\" knot that Bruce had shown her years earlier. Following a battle with Black Mask and his henchmen, which ends with neither woman being able to claim the bounty, Selina agrees to take on Kitrina as her new sidekick, Catgirl. Once Bruce Wayne returns from his time in the past, he establishes Batman Incorporated, a global team of Batmen. Selina accompanies Batman on a mission to break into Doctor Sivana's armory, and later travels with him to Tokyo in order to recruit a Japanese representative for Batman Inc. Catwoman teams up with Batman to stop Harley Quinn from breaking the Joker out of Arkham Asylum. After defeating Harley and the Joker, Catwoman tells Poison Ivy that they are no longer friends, this after Ivy drugged her in an attempt to uncover Batman's identity. Shortly afterwards, Poison Ivy and Harley Quinn have escaped and set off to pursue revenge on Catwoman for leaving them behind. The two of them found Catwoman and fought her. While they were fighting, Catwoman says that", "her new sidekick, Catgirl. Once Bruce Wayne returns from his time in the past, he establishes Batman Incorporated, a global team of Batmen. Selina accompanies Batman on a mission to break into Doctor Sivana's armory, and later travels with him to Tokyo in order to recruit a Japanese representative for Batman Inc. Catwoman teams up with Batman to stop Harley Quinn from breaking the Joker out of Arkham Asylum. After defeating Harley and the Joker, Catwoman tells Poison Ivy that they are no longer friends, this after Ivy drugged her in an attempt to uncover Batman's identity. Shortly afterwards, Poison Ivy and Harley Quinn have escaped and set off to pursue revenge on Catwoman for leaving them behind. The two of them found Catwoman and fought her. While they were fighting, Catwoman says that she saw good in them and only wanted to help them. Batman was about to arrest them, but Catwoman helped the two of them escape. In 2011, DC Comics relaunched all titles under the umbrella, \"the New 52,\" which rebooted the DC Universe continuity. Catwoman's new monthly title now focused on Selina's earlier days as Catwoman, but not her origins. The series begins with Selina frantically escaping from unknown masked men who are invading her apartment. After flitting from rooftop to rooftop, Selina looks back just in time to see her apartment blown apart by explosives. She turns to her informant, Lola, who often supplies Catwoman with information and various jobs. In this instance, Lola tips Selina off to an unoccupied penthouse where Selina can lay low for a few weeks, as well as a job stealing a painting from Russian mobsters. For this job, Selina infiltrates a Russian club by posing as the bartender. There, she recognizes a man who murdered a friend of hers, and she takes her revenge. Once her cover is blown, Selina dons her Catwoman outfit and fights her way out of the club. It is revealed through Selina's inner monologue that she and Batman are lovers, and the premiere issue ends with the first sex scene between the two. Her revised origin in \"Catwoman\" #0 draws from \"Batman Returns\". Catwoman is later confronted by Steve Trevor, who offers her a spot on Amanda Waller's new Justice League of America. Selina initially refuses, but accepts the offer after Trevor promises to help her track down a woman who has apparently been posing as Selina. It is later revealed that Catwoman was chosen specifically to take down Batman should the JLA ever need to defeat the original Justice League. The teams eventually come into conflict in the publisher's \"Trinity War\" crossover. In the Earth-Two continuity, Selina Kyle and Bruce Wayne are married, and their daughter, Helena Wayne, is that universe's Robin. In this universe, either Selina has reformed or was never a supervillain in the first place. It is revealed in issue #0 of \"Worlds' Finest\" that this Selina was killed while trying to stop what she believed was a human trade ring. From 2014-15, science fiction writer Genevieve Valentine took over the series and penned a 10-issue story arc focused on Selina Kyle's reign as a Gotham City crime boss. Following events from \"Batman Eternal\" and preceding those in \"Batman\" #28, Selina takes over control of the Calabrese crime family, after being revealed as the daughter of Rex Calabrese. During this time she stops wearing the Catwoman costume, prompting Eiko Hasigawa, heir to the rival Hasigawa family, to replace her in the role. The women confront each other several times, discussing Eiko's motivations to dress as Catwoman and whether Selina's plans for Gotham and the families are worth the sacrifices required. During one of their encounters, Selina and Eiko kiss, establishing their relationship as a romantic one. In June 2016, the DC Rebirth event relaunched DC Comics' entire line of comic book titles, in which Catwoman has a prominent role in the third volume of \"Batman\". In December 2017, DC Comics ended the Rebirth branding, opting to include everything under a larger \"DC Universe\" banner and naming, and Catwoman continues to be featured in the third volume \"Batman\". The series reveals Selina Kyle's origin through a series of flashbacks and letters exchanged between her and Bruce. Selina's parents died when she was young, and she hardly remembers them. She is sent to the Thomas and Martha Wayne Home For the Boys and Girls of Gotham, and even after being placed in various foster, Selina would escape to return to the orphanage. Eventually, Selina takes on the Catwoman persona. During one of her heists, she is approached by the Kite Man to aide the Joker in a gang war against the Riddler, which she refuses. She later aides Batman, with whom she already has a romantic relationship, to spy on the Joker. She is shot from a window, but is unharmed. At some point in the future, her childhood orphanage is bombed by a terrorist group called the Dogs of War. Batman reluctantly arrests Catwoman after all 237 of them are killed, despite Catwoman's insistence on her guilt. Catwoman's first appearance is in \"Batman\" #9, where she is revealed to be imprisoned in Arkham Asylum for the alleged murders of the Dogs of War. Batman is determined to prove her innocence, and makes a deal with Amanda Waller to get her off death row in exchange for her help on a mission to Santa Prisca. The mission to find Psycho Pirate is a success, and Batman and Catwoman return to Gotham City. Before Batman can return her to custody, she escapes. Batman investigates the murders of the terrorists that she has been charged with, and deduces that it was in fact Holly Robinson who committed the murders after the terrorists burned down the orphanage she and Selina were raised in. After being attacked by Holly Robinson, Batman is rescued by Catwoman. Bruce proposes to Selina in \"Batman\" #24. In issue #32, Selina asks Bruce to propose to her again, to which she says, \"Yes\". The two leave Gotham for Khadym, where Holly Robinson has fled to, to clear Selina's name. \"Batman Annual\" vol. 3, #2 (January 2018) centers on a romantic storyline between Batman and Catwoman. Towards the end, the story is flash-forwarded to the future, in which Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle are a married couple in their golden years. Bruce receives a terminal medical diagnosis, and Selina cares for him until his death. Although Catwoman has been historically portrayed as a supervillainess, Batman and Catwoman have worked together in achieving common goals and are frequently depicted as having a romantic relationship. Batman has had many romantic relationships with female characters throughout the years, but while these relationships tend to be short in duration, Batman's attraction to Catwoman is present in nearly every version and medium in which the characters appear. In an early 1980s storyline, Selina and Bruce develop a relationship, in which the closing panel of the final story shows her referring to Batman as \"Bruce\". However, a change in the editorial team brought a swift end to that storyline and, apparently, all that transpired during the story arc. Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle (out of costume) develop a relationship during \"The Long Halloween\". The story sees Selina saving Bruce from Poison Ivy. However, the relationship ends on the Fourth of July when Bruce rejects her advances twice; once as Bruce and once as Batman. In \"\", he stands her up on two holidays, causing her to leave him for good and to leave Gotham City for a while. When the two meet at an opera many years later, during the events of the twelve-issue story arc called \"\", Bruce comments that the two no longer have a relationship as Bruce and Selina. However, \"Hush\" sees Batman and Catwoman teaming up as allies against the entire rogues gallery and rekindling their romantic relationship. In \"Hush\", Batman reveals his true identity to Catwoman. After the introduction of DC Comics' multiverse in the 1960s, DC established that stories from the Golden Age star the Earth-Two Batman, a", "Selina saving Bruce from Poison Ivy. However, the relationship ends on the Fourth of July when Bruce rejects her advances twice; once as Bruce and once as Batman. In \"\", he stands her up on two holidays, causing her to leave him for good and to leave Gotham City for a while. When the two meet at an opera many years later, during the events of the twelve-issue story arc called \"\", Bruce comments that the two no longer have a relationship as Bruce and Selina. However, \"Hush\" sees Batman and Catwoman teaming up as allies against the entire rogues gallery and rekindling their romantic relationship. In \"Hush\", Batman reveals his true identity to Catwoman. After the introduction of DC Comics' multiverse in the 1960s, DC established that stories from the Golden Age star the Earth-Two Batman, a character from a parallel world. This version of Batman partners with and marries the reformed Earth-Two Catwoman, Selina Kyle (as shown in \"Superman Family\" #211). They have a daughter named Helena Wayne, who, as the Huntress, becomes (along with Dick Grayson, the Earth-Two Robin) Gotham's protector once Wayne retires from the position to become police commissioner, a position he occupies until he is killed during one final adventure as Batman. Batman and Catwoman are shown having a sexual encounter on top of a building in \"Catwoman\" vol. 4, #1 (Sept. 2011), and the same issue implies that the two have an ongoing sexual relationship. Following the DC Rebirth continuity reboot, the two once again have a sexual encounter on a rooftop in \"Batman\" vol. 3, #14 (2017). In the third volume of \"Batman\", Selina and Bruce are in a romantic relationship, and flashbacks to the past reveal their history together. Bruce proposes to Selina in \"Batman\" vol. 3, #32 (2017), to which she says, \"Yes\". Prior to the New 52 reboot, Selina had a relationship with Slam Bradley Jr., and she named him as the father of her daughter Helena. However, the father may still have been Batman. In February 2015, a storyline by writer Genevieve Valentine shows Selina kissing fellow Catwoman Eiko Hasigawa. During the Silver Age, Catwoman, like most \"Batman\" villains, used a variety of themed weapons, vehicles, and equipment, such as a custom cat-themed car called the \"Cat-illac\". This usage also appeared in the 1960s \"Batman\" television series. In her post-\"Crisis\" appearances, Catwoman's favored weapon is a whip. She wields both a standard bullwhip and the cat o' nine tails with expert proficiency. She uses the whip because it is a weapon that the user must be trained to use, and therefore it can not be taken from her and used against her in a confrontation. She can also be seen using a pistol against people if her whip is taken from her. Catwoman uses caltrops as an anti-personnel weapon and bolas to entangle opponents at a distance. Catwoman has also been shown to have various items to restrain her victims, such as rope for binding hands and feet, and a roll of duct tape used to gag her targets, as she has done with various victims during her robberies over the years. Often, especially in the TV series, she uses sleeping gas or knockout darts to subdue victims. Catwoman's attractiveness and feminine wiles have also allowed her to take advantage of male opponents. Catwoman, in her first appearance, wore no costume or disguise at all. It was not until her next appearance that she donned a mask, which was a theatrically face-covering cat-mask that had the appearance of a real cat, rather than a more stylized face mask seen in her later incarnations. Later, she wore a dress with a hood that came with ears, and still later, a catsuit with attached boots and either a domino or glasses-mask. In the 1960s, Catwoman's catsuit was green, which was typical of villains of that era. In the 1990s, she usually wore a mostly purple, skintight catsuit before switching to a black catsuit similar to Michelle Pfeiffer's costume in \"Batman Returns\", except not stitched together. In recent years, artists have typically depicted Catwoman in some variation of a tight, black bodysuit. Ed Brubaker, the writer behind the 2001 revamp of the character, has stated that Selina's current costume was inspired by Emma Peel's iconic leather catsuit in \"The Avengers\" television series. It has a more high tech look, with domino-shaped infrared goggles on her cowl. Many of her costumes have incorporated retractable metal claws on the fingertips of her gloves and sometimes on the toes of her boots. On rare occasions, she has also sported a cat's tail. On May 21, 2018, DC Comics unveiled Selina's revamped Catwoman costume designed by comic book writer and artist Joëlle Jones. The new costume is black with openings under her arms and shoulders for mobility along with reinforcement in the middle. Gone are the goggles in favor of a cowl and sleeker, more stylish gloves and boots. Jones, who had been drawing the covers and interior art for DC Rebirth's \"Batman\" was announced as the writer and artist of a brand new solo \"Catwoman\" series (volume five). Holly Robinson uses the same costume Selina used prior to \"Infinite Crisis\". Selina Kyle appears as an aging and somewhat overweight madam in Frank Miller's \"\" four times; all are brief. First, in a phone message to Bruce (\"Selina. Bruce, I'm lonely\"). Next, she is attacked by the Joker, who uses a mind control drug to convince her to send one of her prostitutes to use the same substance on a Governor. The Joker then beats her, ties her up, gags her, and dresses her in a Wonder Woman outfit, leaving her for Batman to find. Selina's final appearance in the book is at Bruce Wayne's funeral, where she yells at Superman, telling him that she knows who killed Bruce. She does not appear in \"\", Miller's follow-up story, although she is referred to in the prologue written for the trade paperback version, but in the book, Carrie Kelly's moniker of \"Catgirl\" is an homage to Catwoman. Two 1990s prose novels feature Catwoman: \"The Further Adventures of Batman: Volume 3, Featuring Catwoman\", a short story collection by various authors, and \"Catwoman: Tiger Hunt\". Both novels portray a \"Batman: Year One\"-influenced Catwoman who wears a gray cat costume and was once a prostitute. Catwoman also made a small cameo in \"Kingdom Come\", mostly accompanying the Riddler; she is predominantly seen, but not much heard in the series. She is not dressed in costume, but appears in the very dress she first wore in \"Batman\" #1 as The Cat. According to the novelization by Elliot S. Maggin, she runs a multibillion-dollar cosmetics company. An armored, metahuman successor called \"Catwoman II\" is also featured in the story as one of the \"new heroes\" who follow the new \"Man of tomorrow\" Magog's anti-heroic, violent example. In the all-digital graphic novel \"\", which is set some time in the future long after the original Batman has died, Sheila Romero, also known as the hit pop music star Gata (the Spanish female noun for \"cat\") and daughter of the Mayor of Gotham City, is jealous of the new Batman, James Gordon, because media coverage of his activities have been cutting into her airtime. Setting out to learn as much about Batman and his enemies as she can, Gata becomes the new Catwoman. Near the end of the story, Gata and her followers face off against Batman, but the two later fall in love, and Maria Romero, also known as Madame X, tells Sheila that she is really a clone of Maria. Maria confesses that she had planned to transfer her brain into Gata's body, but she could not bring herself to do it because she loved her \"daughter\" too much. Maria then dies in Sheila's arms. In \"Batman: Bloodstorm\", the sequel to \"\", where Batman was forced to become a vampire to save Gotham from an attack by Dracula, Selina is turned into a werecat after being bitten by one of the remaining vampires. Hunting for the monster that transformed her, Selina encounters Batman as he hunts for the remaining vampires, the two subsequently joining forces", "as she can, Gata becomes the new Catwoman. Near the end of the story, Gata and her followers face off against Batman, but the two later fall in love, and Maria Romero, also known as Madame X, tells Sheila that she is really a clone of Maria. Maria confesses that she had planned to transfer her brain into Gata's body, but she could not bring herself to do it because she loved her \"daughter\" too much. Maria then dies in Sheila's arms. In \"Batman: Bloodstorm\", the sequel to \"\", where Batman was forced to become a vampire to save Gotham from an attack by Dracula, Selina is turned into a werecat after being bitten by one of the remaining vampires. Hunting for the monster that transformed her, Selina encounters Batman as he hunts for the remaining vampires, the two subsequently joining forces to eliminate the vampire horde. As they fight together, Batman finds that Selina's selfless love for him allows him to control his thirst for blood that had begun to consume him. She sacrifices herself to save him from the Joker, who had become the leader of the remaining vampires after Dracula's death, taking a crossbow bolt to the heart that the Joker had fired at Batman. Batman's grief and rage over her death causes him to finally lose control of his bloodlust as he drinks the Joker's blood. In the sequel, \"Crimson Mist\", the corrupted Batman reflects grimly that he can no longer understand Selina's noble sacrifice after his psyche has become increasingly corrupted by his surrender to his vampire side. In Howard Chaykin's \"Thrillkiller\", Selina Kyle is a stripper in a cat-themed strip club. She acts as an informant for GCPD detective Bruce Wayne. In Howard Chaykin's \"Dark Allegiances\", Selina Kyle becomes a film star under the stage name of Kitty Grimalkin. Prior to becoming a star, she was an alcoholic whose actions during one of her \"blackouts\" were recorded into an underground porn film. The stills from the film are used to blackmail her into stealing information from Wayne Enterprises. In Alan Grant's \"\" Annual #2, Vikki Vale, a reporter for Wayne Media, is Catwoman. She is hired by Anarky to steal information, but she gets caught and is tortured by Jonathan Crane, whom she calls a \"demented scarecrow\". In Frank Miller's \"All Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder\", Catwoman expresses interest when the Joker's invites her to join him in \"some mischief\". She may be involved in sadomasochism, as she first advises the Joker — who has just murdered his latest lover—that \"I've heard rumors on how you handle women — and even I don't play it that rough\". Two issues later, however, Catwoman is found brutally beaten and cut, bleeding badly. She struggles to tell Batman, \"Juh... Juh... It was Juh...\" In Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning's \"\", Selina Kyle is a madame in 19th century Gotham, who defends streetwalkers in a mask, bustier, and fishnets and occasionally works with amateur detective Bruce Wayne. The Joker attacks and paralyzes her, much like he does to Barbara Gordon in \"\". In \"Detective Comics\" Annual #7 (\"\") by Chuck Dixon, set in the 18th century Caribbean, Capitana Felina is a Spanish Contessa turned pirate, who rails against the chauvinism of her own crew. She initially teams up with the Laughing Man (Joker) against the English freebooter Captain Leatherwing (Batman), before turning to Leatherwing's side, and eventually marrying him. A futuristic Catwoman appears in the \"Batman Beyond\" comic series. Like the current Batman, Terry McGinnis, the new Catwoman sports a high-tech costume complete with advanced gadgetry. The new Hush hires her to plant a tracking device on Batman, only for Hush to begin strangling her after \"paying\" her with a box full of playing cards, regarding her death as a continuation of his efforts to destroy Batman's \"family\" by killing his rogue's gallery. Bruce Wayne saves her with 'Bat-Wraith' robots. She is revealed to be the daughter of the villain Multiplex; she inherits her father's ability to self-duplicate, but can only create nine copies of herself, explaining her adoption of the Catwoman moniker. She is later revealed to be intimately involved with Dick Grayson. Selina Kyle is also briefly mentioned in the TV show that inspired the comic series, when Bruce Wayne begins to tell Terry about her after Terry has a short-lived relationship with a member of the Royal Flush Gang. In the alternate timeline of the \"Flashpoint\" event, Selina Kyle becomes Oracle having been apparently paralyzed under unspecified circumstances. In the second volume of \"\" graphic novel series, Selena Kyle appears and helps Batman tending his wounds after chasing the Riddler, pretending as a single mother who lives in the apartment building where he was injured. Batman later discovers that she is neither the apartment's tenant or a mother, but a burglar who was robbing the building at the time. During a crossover with the cast of \"Scooby-Doo\", Catwoman poses as a ghost in order to con Harley and Ivy out of the Opal of Isis, a rare artifact. After the members of Mystery, Inc. unravel her scam, Catwoman tries to flee with the Opal. She's soon found bound and gagged, with Batgirl having managed to defeat her and reclaim the Opal off-screen. In the \"Injustice\" universe (based on the ), Catwoman is a co-founder of the Insurgency resistance with Batman, which was formed after the death of Dick Grayson. Though Selina supports Batman for five years, she eventually joins the Regime after losing hope that the Regime could truly be stopped. After Superman's defeat, she rejoins Batman's side and acts as his mole for Gorilla Grodd's new supervillain team, the Society. Catwoman was ranked 11th on IGN's \"Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time\" list, and 51st on \"Wizard\" magazine's \"100 Greatest Villains of All Time\" list. Conversely, she was ranked 20th on IGN's \"Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time\" list, as well as 23rd in \"Comics Buyer's Guide's\" \"100 Sexiest Women in Comics\" list. Catwoman Catwoman is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Batman. Created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane, the character made her debut as \"the Cat\" in \"Batman\" #1 (June 1940). Catwoman, whose real name is Selina Kyle, has been Batman's most enduring love interest and is known for her complex love-hate relationship with him. As a Gotham City burglar, Catwoman typically wears a tight, one-piece outfit and uses a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Wilhelm Rapp Wilhelm Georg Rapp (1827–1907) was a jewish German American journalist, abolitionist, and newspaper editor. He was born in Lindau, Bavaria, but grew up in Baden. As a student at Tübingen University Rapp participated in the German revolution of 1848, and was imprisoned for a year for his activities. Upon his release Rapp lived in Switzerland, where he taught school before emigrating to the United States in 1852. Rapp edited \"Die Turn Zeitung\" in Philadelphia and Cincinnati, then moved to Baltimore in 1857 to become editor of the \"Baltimore Wecker\". Rapp's anti-secessionist and anti-slavery views made him the target of mob violence, and in 1861 he narrowly escaped lynching by fleeing to Washington D.C. disguised as a minister. While in Washington, Rapp met with Abraham Lincoln, who offered him the position of postmaster general. Rapp declined, instead moving to Chicago to work for the \"Illinois Staats-Zeitung\". In 1891, upon the death of his friend, chief editor Hermann Raster, Rapp accepted the position and stayed as editor until his death at age 80 as a result of a streetcar accident on February 28, 1907. He and his wife Gesine had three daughters: Emilie, Frida, and Mathilda, and a son, William Jr. The Inventory of the Wilhelm Rapp Papers at the Newberry Library Wilhelm Rapp Wilhelm Georg Rapp (1827–1907) was a jewish German American journalist, abolitionist, and newspaper editor. He was born in Lindau, Bavaria, but grew up in Baden. As a student at Tübingen University Rapp participated in the German revolution of 1848, and was imprisoned for a year for his activities. Upon his release Rapp lived in Switzerland, where he taught school before emigrating to the United States in 1852. Rapp edited \"Die Turn Zeitung\" in Philadelphia and Cincinnati, then moved to Baltimore in 1857 to become editor of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Champaka Ramanayake Champaka Priyadarshana Hewage Ramanayake (born January 8, 1965 in Galle), or Champaka Ramanayake, is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 18 Tests and 62 ODIs from 1986 to 1995. He is the current high performance fast bowling coach of the Bangladesh national side. Champaka who had his education at Richmond College, Galle is widely regarded as one of the steadiest bowlers ever produced by Sri Lanka. Champaka is the only person to bowl in international cricket at Ray Mitchell Oval, in Mackay, Australia. The venue hosted its only international match during the 1992 Cricket World Cup, and the match was washed out after his first two deliveries. Champaka Ramanayake Champaka Priyadarshana Hewage Ramanayake (born January 8, 1965 in Galle), or Champaka Ramanayake, is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 18 Tests and 62 ODIs from 1986 to 1995. He is the current high performance fast bowling coach of the Bangladesh national side. Champaka who had his education at Richmond College, Galle is widely regarded as one of the steadiest bowlers ever produced by Sri Lanka. Champaka is the only person to bowl in international cricket at Ray Mitchell Oval, in Mackay, Australia. The venue" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sammy Vick Samuel Bruce Vick (April 12, 1895 – August 17, 1986) was an American professional right fielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the New York Yankees from 1917 to 1920, and the Boston Red Sox in 1921. He stood , and weighed 163 lb., and he batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Batesville, Mississippi, and attended Millsaps College in Jackson, Mississippi. After playing one season of minor league baseball in 1917, Vick was signed by the Yankees and was used sparingly by them later that same season. He became their starting right fielder in 1919. With Babe Ruth's arrival, and Bob Meusel's emergence in 1920, Vick's productivity and playing time diminished. Following the season, he was traded to the Red Sox in a deal that brought future Hall of Famer pitcher Waite Hoyt to the Yankees. In his five-season career, Vick had a .248 batting average, with two home runs and 50 RBIs in 213 games played. After his major league career ended after the 1921 season, he returned to the minor leagues and played in various leagues until 1930. Vick died, after a long illness, in Memphis, Tennessee, at age 91. Samuel Bruce Vick was born on April 12, 1895 in Batesville, Mississippi, to Hugh, a farmer, and Lillie. After attending Millsaps College in Jackson, Mississippi, he signed a minor league baseball contract with the Memphis Chickasaws of the Southern Association (SA). He played one season in Memphis, playing in 126 games, and had a .322 batting average along with 24 doubles and 12 triples. When the SA season was completed, he signed a contract with the New York Yankees of the American League (AL). Vick made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with the Yankees on September 20, 1917. He finished the season with the Yankees, playing in 10 games, all in right field. In 36 at bats during that stretch, he collected 10 hits for a .278 batting average. He played in just two games during the early part of the 1918 season, before being drafted into the military. The first appearance occurred on April 19, in the second game of a double header against the Boston Red Sox. He relieved starting right fielder Frank Gilhooley late in the game, and collected a hit in each of his two at bats against Red Sox pitcher, Babe Ruth. He had a run batted in (RBI) and scored a run in the game, although the Red Sox won the game by a score of 9 to 5. His other appearance that season was as a pinch hitter in a game against the Washington Senators on April 25, and failed to collect a hit. In 1919, Vick became the Yankees's starting right fielder. On April 30, in his fourth appearance of the season, he led off the bottom of the first inning with a home run off Mule Watson of the Philadelphia Athletics: his first career home run. He struggled at the plate during the first two months of the season, with a batting average of .208 after the June 1 game. However, he began to increase his productivity in June and July. By early August, he had raised his average to a season-high of .266. It was during that time period when he hit his second, and last, major league home run. It was a grand slam off Allan Sothoron in a game on August 7: an 8–2 victory over the St. Louis Browns. For the remainder of the season, Vick's production had a steady, slow decline; he finished the season with a .248 batting average, along with 27 RBIs, 15 doubles, and nine triples. Vick's playing time dwindled in 1920 with the arrival of Babe Ruth, an off-season purchase from the Red Sox. The Yankees now had an outfield that consisted of Ruth, established players of Duffy Lewis and Ping Bodie, and Bob Meusel, a rookie. Injuries to Lewis and Bodie allowed for periods of lengthy playing time for Vick in July and September. Later in the season, Vick and his manager Miller Huggins got into a heated argument, during which Vick punched Huggins. Appreciating Vick's spirit, the manager quickly forgave him. Vick's final totals in 1920 consisted of a .220 batting average in 51 games. During his time with the Yankees, the New York City sportswriters noted that he was prodigious eater. He was so much so that they proclaimed that any time someone ate a large meal, they were \"doing a Sammy Vick.\" The Yankees felt that Vick had not lived up to his potential during his four seasons with the team. Considering the team now had a solid outfield of Ruth, Meusel, Lewis, and Bodie, and the Yankees needed pitching; Vick became expendable. On December 15, 1920, the Yankees traded Vick, Muddy Ruel, Del Pratt and Hank Thormahlen to the Red Sox for Waite Hoyt, Harry Harper, Wally Schang and Mike McNally. Vick began the 1921 season with an injured leg, which did not allow him to play in either April or May. He did not appear in a game until June 2, and was mostly used as a pinch hitter and late-game replacement. He was absent from the line-up for most of July as well, until August when again, he was used mainly as a pinch hitter. In total, he played in just 44 games for the Red Sox, with only 15 games in the outfield; 12 of them starting the game. Vick had a season-total of 77 at bats, a .260 batting average, and nine RBIs. After the 1921 season, Vick continued his baseball career in the minor leagues. In 1922, he played for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League, batting .233 in 50 games played. He returned to the Memphis Chickasaws for one season in 1923, improving his average to .290. For the 1924 season, he joined the Brookhaven Truckers of the Cotton States League (CSL) as player-manager, and he produced the best offensive numbers up to this point in his career. He batted .322 with 16 home runs, 21 doubles, and 11 triples. In 1925, Vick stayed in the CSL, but became the Laurel Lumberjacks's non-playing manager for two seasons. However, in 1926, his tenure was short, and he joined the New Orleans Pelicans of the SA as a player only for the remaining 32 games of the season. After batting .348 in 1926, he improved his average to .350 in 1927, along with career-highs in hits with 194, doubles with 39, and triples with 16. Staying in New Orleans for the 1928 season, his offensive numbers dropped, but he still batted .302 in 109 games played. His 1929 season was split between three teams; the Pelicans, the Chattanooga Lookouts of the SA, and the Dallas Steers of the Texas League. That season, he hit a career-high 17 home runs, along with a .333 batting average. He finished his minor league career back with Memphis in 1930. According to the 1930 U.S. Census, he became a teacher at a public school in Panola County, Mississippi, following his baseball career. He was married to Lois Monteith, had three sons, and one daughter. Vick died on August 17, 1986 in Memphis, Tennessee after a long illness, and is interred at Forrest Memorial Park located in Batesville. Sammy Vick Samuel Bruce Vick (April 12, 1895 – August 17, 1986) was an American professional right fielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the New York Yankees from 1917 to 1920, and the Boston Red Sox in 1921. He stood , and weighed 163 lb., and he batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Batesville, Mississippi, and attended Millsaps College in Jackson, Mississippi. After playing one season of minor league baseball in 1917, Vick was signed by" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Rottweilers The Rottweilers were a professional wrestling stable in Ring of Honor led by Homicide. The Rottweilers were known for their disrespect towards the Code of Honor and often used cheap tactics to win matches. The Rottweilers started out as a stable to help Homicide feud with Steve Corino's stable, The Group. Initially, The Rottweilers were Homicide, Julius Smokes, Slugger, Grim Reefer, Bison, and Benny Blanco. However, this version of the stable gradually dwindled down to only Homicide and Smokes. At \"Reborn: Stage One\", Homicide challenged Samoa Joe for the ROH World Championship. During the match, the lights in the arena went out and Homicide threw a fireball at Joe, getting himself disqualified. It was revealed that Ricky Reyes was responsible, and that he and Rocky Romero (together known as the Havana Pitbulls) were the newest members of The Rottweilers. Homicide continued to feud with Joe, and at \"Reborn: Completion\" a six man tag match was held with The Rottweilers taking on Joe and The Briscoe Brothers. After the match, Low Ki returned to ROH and attacked Samoa Joe to become a member of The Rottweilers. The feuds against Samoa Joe and the Briscoe Brothers continued. Homicide would challenge Joe again for the title at \"Death before Dishonor II: Part One\", and the next night, Homicide and Low Ki won singles matches against Jay and Mark Briscoe. The Briscoes would defeat Homicide and Low Ki at \"Testing The Limit\" in a tag team match. That same night, Rocky Romero and Ricky Reyes won the ROH Tag Team Titles. In late 2004, Bryan Danielson began feuding with The Rottweilers. He defeated Homicide and Low Ki at two consecutive shows, and then began a best of five series with Homicide, with each match having a stipulation. Homicide won the first two matches (Submission match, Taped Fist match), but Danielson was able to win three in a row (Falls Count Anywhere, Lumberjack, Steel Cage), thus winning the series. At \"Trios Tournament 2005\", The Rottweilers won the Trios Tournament by defeating Generation Next in the final round, giving all three men any match they wanted. Homicide used this match to challenge ROH World Champion Austin Aries (the man Homicide pinned to win the tournament). Ricky Reyes went after the Tag Titles with Homicide against Tony Mamaluke and Sal Rinauro, and Rocky Romero challenged Bryan Danielson for the World Title. All three men lost their matches. After losing to Danielson, Romero left Ring of Honor. The Rottweilers were still feuding with Samoa Joe, and this time Joe's protégé Jay Lethal became involved. At \"Manhattan Mayhem\", Low Ki and Homicide beat Joe and Lethal. That night, Lethal was the victim of a Cop Killa / Ghetto Stomp combination that injured his neck and put him out of action. When Lethal returned, he wrestled singles matches against Homicide and Low Ki respectively, but couldn't beat either man. At \"The Homecoming\", Homicide, Low Ki, and Ricky Reyes defeated Samoa Joe, Jay Lethal, and James Gibson in a six man tag match. It looked like Lethal was going to pin Low Ki, but the Rottweilers cheated to win. Lethal finally beat Low Ki at \"Glory By Honor IV\". After the feud with Joe and Lethal, Homicide began a bitter rivalry with Colt Cabana. This rivalry saw Homicide attempt to kill Cabana by pouring Drāno down his throat. Homicide also tried to cut Cabana's tongue out. Even Homicide's enemy Steve Corino returned to help Cabana. After many months, the feud ended when Cabana beat Homicide in a Chicago Street Fight. After the match, Homicide showed a rare display of respect when he hugged Cabana. In February 2006, ROH Commissioner Jim Cornette suspended Low Ki indefinitely for knocking out his tooth (in reality, Low Ki left over a dispute about travel arrangements with ROH). After Homicide became ROH's savior in the Cage of Death match against Combat Zone Wrestling at \"Death Before Dishonor IV\", Cornette said he would grant him three requests. Homicide said he wanted a match with Steve Corino, a shot at the ROH World Championship, and the reinstatement of Low Ki. Cornette granted the first to but refused to allow Low Ki back, infuriating Homicide. Homicide spit in Cornette's face, but was then attacked by Adam Pearce. After being sprayed in the eyes with mace, Homicide was handcuffed to the ringpost, allowing Cornette to whip him with his belt. Despite being in a feud with him, Jim Cornette was true to his word. He booked a match between Homicide and Steve Corino, and he did give Homicide (who vowed to quit ROH if he didn't win the ROH World Championship by the end of the year) a title shot at \"Final Battle 2006\", but he was going to do everything he could to insure Homicide would fail. Around this time, Cornette also stopped booking Ricky Reyes in matches. Cornette sent The Briscoe Brothers and Adam Pearce after Homicide, who, along with Samoa Joe, was able to fight them off. Homicide was set to face Corino in a Fight Without Honor on November 4, but Cornette would not allow a fair match. Cornette stated that while Corino could do anything he wanted to in the match, if Homicide used any weapons he would be disqualified and lose his title shot at Final Battle. Homicide had anticipated this, and brought Konnan, his partner from The Latin American Xchange stable in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (who got booed out of Ring of Honor in 2002), to ROH to deal with Cornette. Konnan came out and, after starting in on Cornette, wanted to know why Ricky Reyes was no longer getting booked in ROH. He demanded a match between Reyes and Shane Hagadorn, one of Cornette's lackeys. Hagadorn's defeat enraged Cornette, who came out later in the show and fired Homicide from Ring of Honor. The Rottweilers and Konnan hit the ring again, and Konnan announced that the ROH promoters decided the fans would get to choose who would be fired: Homicide or Jim Cornette. In a unanimous decision, the fans fired Cornette, who was then drug out of the building by ROH security, giving Homicide a fair fight against Steve Corino. Four years and one month after their feud began at \"Glory by Honor\", Homicide defeated Steve Corino in a Fight Without Honor. After the match, Corino said that even though he still hated him, he respected Homicide. Homicide then set his sights on winning the ROH World Championship, but he had to deal with Adam Pearce (angry over Cornette's release) and ROH Champion Bryan Danielson (who didn't want to lose his title). On December 8, Homicide wrestled ROH newcomer Brent Albright in a singles match. During the match, Albright caught Homicide in a Fujiware armbar, but after Homicide reached the ropes, he refused to break the hold, causing a disqualification. Albright kept the hold on him, injuring his shoulder. After finally breaking the hold, Bryan Danielson emerged from the locker room and paid Albright for the attack. At Final Battle 2006, Homicide got his title shot for the ROH World Championship and would have to win or he would quit Ring of Honor. Earlier in the evening, Adam Pearce, still angry over Jim Cornette being fired, vowed to prevent Homicide from winning the world title. During his match, Pearce ran in and attacked Homicide in an effort to stop the match, but the referee refused to call for a disqualification. Later, Danielson caught Homicide in a submission, and after Homicide reached the ropes he refused to break the hold, but again the referee refused to call for a disqualification. Homicide then hit Danielson with a Cop-Killa, but Danielson got his foot on the rope to break the pinfall. Homicide then hit a lariat on Danielson and scored the pinfall, winning the ROH World Championship in his hometown of New York City. On May 3, 2007, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pulled Homicide from future Ring of Honor shows when ROH announced they would start to run pay-per-views, effectively disbanding the Rottweilers. The Rottweilers The Rottweilers were a professional wrestling stable in Ring of Honor led by", "in an effort to stop the match, but the referee refused to call for a disqualification. Later, Danielson caught Homicide in a submission, and after Homicide reached the ropes he refused to break the hold, but again the referee refused to call for a disqualification. Homicide then hit Danielson with a Cop-Killa, but Danielson got his foot on the rope to break the pinfall. Homicide then hit a lariat on Danielson and scored the pinfall, winning the ROH World Championship in his hometown of New York City. On May 3, 2007, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pulled Homicide from future Ring of Honor shows when ROH announced they would start to run pay-per-views, effectively disbanding the Rottweilers. The Rottweilers The Rottweilers were a professional wrestling stable in Ring of Honor led by Homicide. The Rottweilers were known for their disrespect towards the Code of Honor and often used cheap tactics to win matches. The Rottweilers started out as a stable to help Homicide feud with Steve Corino's stable, The Group. Initially, The Rottweilers were Homicide, Julius" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Quesnel Highland The Quesnel Highland is a geographic area in the Central Interior of the Canadian province of British Columbia. As defined by BC government geographer in \"Landforms of British Columbia\", an account and analysis of British Columbia geography that is often cited as authoritative, the Highland is a complex of upland hill and plateau areas forming and defined as being the buffer between the Cariboo Plateau and the Cariboo Mountains, as a sort of highland foothills along the eastern edge of the Interior Plateau running southeast from a certain point southeast of the city of Prince George to the Mahood Lake area at the southeast corner of the Cariboo. Beyond Mahood Lake lies another separately classified area dubbed by Holland the Shuswap Highland which spans similar terrain across the North Thompson and Shuswap Lake-Adams River drainage basins, forming a similar upland-area buffer between the Thompson Plateau and the Monashee Mountains. A third area, the Okanagan Highland, extends from the southern end of the Shuswap Highland in the area of Vernon and Enderby in the northern Okanagan region into Washington State, and also abuts the Monashee Mountains . The boundary of the Quesnel Highland is not precisely defined in Holland, and in some interpretations it may be considered to be part of the Interior Plateau, as Holland defines it, or as a subrange of the Cariboo Mountains. Those mountains also, in some reckonings, are classified as part of the Interior Plateau rather than their usual association as the northernmost subrange of the Columbia Mountains. Generally it is composed of the lower, westerly valleys of Horsefly Lake, Quesnel Lake, and the Bowron Lakes, most of the Cariboo goldfield towns and similar terrain northwestwards, to about where the Willow River rounds the northern end of the Cariboo Mountains to join the Fraser River. Quesnel Highland The Quesnel Highland is a geographic area in the Central Interior of the Canadian province of British Columbia. As defined by BC government geographer in \"Landforms of British Columbia\", an account and analysis of British Columbia geography that is often cited as authoritative, the Highland is a complex of upland hill and plateau areas forming and defined as being the buffer between the Cariboo Plateau and the Cariboo Mountains, as a sort of highland foothills along the eastern edge of the Interior Plateau running southeast from a certain point southeast of the city of Prince George to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Fatimah bint Asad Fatimah bint Asad ( 68 BH – 4 AH ; 555–626 CE) (, \"\") was the mother of Ali bin Abi Talib. She was the daughter of Asad ibn Hashim and Fatimah bint Qays, hence a member of the Hashim clan of the Quraysh. The maternal grandfather of Muhammad's wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid, Za'ida ibn al-Asamm ibn Rawaha, was the cousin of Fatimah's mother. She married her cousin, Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and was the mother of seven of his children. The orphaned Muhammad, who was Abu Talib's nephew and Fatimah's cousin, came to live in their house in 579 (when he was eight). Fatimah became a Muslim and is described as a \"righteous woman\". Following Abu Talib's death in 620, Fatimah emigrated to Medina with her son Ali in 622. Muhammad used to visit her and take siestas in her house there. She died in the year 625/626. According to Anas bin Malik, when Muhammad learned that Fatimah had died, he went to her house to sit beside her body and pray for her, gave his shirt to be incorporated into her shroud, and personally placed her in her grave in the Jannatul Baqee cemetery in Medina. Mahmood Ahmad Ghadanfar. \"Great Women of Islam\". Translated by Jamila Muhammad Qawi. Darussalam Publishers & Distributors, Riyadh. Online at kalamullah.com. pp. 163–167. Retrieved 2013-06-22. Fatimah bint Asad Fatimah bint Asad ( 68 BH – 4 AH ; 555–626 CE) (, \"\") was the mother of Ali bin Abi Talib. She was the daughter of Asad ibn Hashim and Fatimah bint Qays, hence a member of the Hashim clan of the Quraysh. The maternal grandfather of Muhammad's wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid, Za'ida ibn al-Asamm ibn Rawaha, was the cousin of Fatimah's mother. She married her cousin, Abu Talib ibn" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Major Trauma Centre A Major Trauma Centre (MTC) is a specialist unit within the National Health Service of the United Kingdom, set up to provide specialised trauma care and rehabilitation. They are usually found within larger hospitals in major cities which have the necessary infrastructure and staff to deal with major trauma cases. MTCs provide consultant-led expertise in the fields of anaesthetics, resuscitation, orthopaedics, neurosurgery and emergency medicine. All MTCs have an on-site CT scanner and emergency operating theatres, on standby to perform immediate, life-saving surgery. Major trauma is described as multiple and serious injuries that can lead to a strong possibility of death and/or disability. There are a total of 27 Major Trauma Centres within NHS England, divided into three categories: adult and child; adult only; and child only. The first MTC opened at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge on 2 April 2012. There are currently two Major Trauma Centres within NHS Scotland. The first one was opened at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary on 1 October 2018. A total of four are planned so far. Major Trauma Centre A Major Trauma Centre (MTC) is a specialist unit within the National Health Service of the United Kingdom, set up to provide specialised" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pickering Village, Ontario Pickering Village is a community and former municipality in the Town of Ajax, Durham Region, Ontario, Canada. Originally located in Pickering Township, a community began to grow in 1807, when Quaker Timothy Rogers purchased of land and brought a number of Quaker families to settle in the area. A post office was granted in 1829 and called Pickering. The village itself went under a number of names in the early years, including Canton and Duffins Creek, but eventually adopted the same name as the post office. In 1878, the Quakers' Canada Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends established an educational institution, Pickering College, on the outskirts of the village. It was destroyed by fire in 1905 and relocated to Newmarket. In 1953, it was incorporated as the Village of Pickering. At that time, it had a population of nearly 900. At the 1971 Census, the closest to the date of amalgamation, the municipality had a population of 2,535. When the Regional Municipality of Durham was created in 1974, the Village of Pickering was confusingly included in the Town of Ajax. It became known as \"Pickering Village\" to differentiate it from the Town of Pickering, which consisted of the remainder of the former Pickering Township. An historical plaque installed in October 1976 reads: \"The Founding of Pickering\" Between 1801 and 1807 a settlement developed here in Pickering Township where the Danforth Road crossed Duffin's Creek. Among the early settlers was Timothy Rogers, a prominent Quaker and colonizer who built a saw and grist-mill in 1809. A post-office was established in 1829 but the hamlet of Duffin's Creek developed slowly. The construction of the Grand Trunk Railway, completed in 1856, and growing agricultural prosperity stimulated the community's development as an important grist-milling and local commercial centre. Known as Pickering from the late 1870s, it became a police village in 1900 with about 1,000 inhabitants. In 1953 it was made an incorporated Village and in 1974 amalgamated with the Town of Ajax. Pickering Village, Ontario Pickering Village is a community and former municipality in the Town of Ajax, Durham Region, Ontario, Canada. Originally located in Pickering Township, a community began to grow in 1807, when Quaker Timothy Rogers purchased of land and brought a number of Quaker families to settle in the area. A post office was granted in 1829 and called Pickering. The village itself went under a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Animation Masters Summit The Animation Masters Summit (AMS) is an animation industry conference organized every year by Toonz Animation India. The event brings together animation experts from across the world to discuss latest trends in animation industry. The event venue is in Trivandrum , the capital city of Kerala in India. The speakers, known as ' masters' of the event share their expertise and experiences with passionate animation professionals and aspiring young talent. The event happens during April/May every year, from 1999. The event is a cross-section of mastery in Animation, visual effects and Media industry. The summit also includes ‘Flying Elephant competition’ which is an Animation & Short Film Competition constituted to recognize upcoming talents in film industry. The awards are given away in Animation Short Films, Animation TV Feature & Series, Live Action Short Films and Short Film-Student Categories. Some of the notable industry experts who were speakers in previous editions of the event include Ram Mohan , Olivier Jean-Marie, Shilpa Ranade, Kireet Khurana, Gitanjali Rao, Sabu Cyril, Charuvi Agrawal , Rajiv Chilaka , V. A. Shrikumar Menon and Anjum Rajabali. The summit use to have talks, interactive workshops and panel discussions which foster knowledge sharing for taking the Animation industry ahead, both from Indian and international perspective. Animation Masters Summit The Animation Masters Summit (AMS) is an animation industry conference organized every year by Toonz Animation India. The event brings together animation experts from across the world to discuss latest trends in animation industry. The event venue is in Trivandrum , the capital city of Kerala in India. The speakers, known as ' masters' of the event share their expertise and experiences with passionate animation professionals and aspiring young talent. The event happens during April/May every year, from 1999. The event is a cross-section of mastery in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Isaac Wunder order An Isaac Wunder order is an order issued by an Irish court restricting the ability of a vexatious litigant to institute legal proceedings without leave from that or another court, whether for a specified period of time or indefinitely. It is named after Isaac Wunder, an Irishman who became notorious for instituting a number of actions that were subsequently deemed by the court to be frivolous or vexatious. In the mid-1960s, the plaintiff in \"Keaveney v. Geraghty\" sought damages for libel in proceedings before the High Court. The defendant applied for a stay of proceedings on the grounds that they were, \",\" frivolous and vexatious, and an abuse of process. The court granted the stay, whereupon the plaintiff appealed. The Supreme Court varied the ruling to provide that no further proceedings on the action could be taken without leave of the court. A few years later, Isaac Wunder sued the Irish Hospitals Trust, also known as the Irish Sweepstake, for claimed sweepstakes winnings. His claims were dismissed as frivolous and vexatious. Wunder appealed. Wunder had made several claims against the defendants on the matter, and in each case the claims had been ruled groundless. In the light of this history of repeated attempts to get a more favourable ruling on the same issue, the Supreme Court issued an order similar to that issued in \"Keaveney\", directing that Wunder could take no further proceedings on the matter at the High Court. Although this was not the first order of its kind issued, it nonetheless became known as the \"Isaac Wunder order\". Isaac Wunder order An Isaac Wunder order is an order issued by an Irish court restricting the ability of a vexatious litigant to institute legal proceedings without leave from that or another court, whether for a specified" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Shut down valve A shut down valve (also referred to as SDV or Emergency Shutdown Valve, ESV, ESD, or ESDV) is an actuated valve designed to stop the flow of a hazardous fluid upon the detection of a dangerous event. This provides protection against possible harm to people, equipment or the environment. Shutdown valves form part of a Safety Instrumented System. The process of providing automated safety protection upon the detection of a hazardous event is called Functional Safety Shutdown valves are primarily associated with the petroleum industry although other industries may also require this type of protection system. ESD valves are required by law on any equipment placed on an offshore drilling rig to prevent catastrophic events like the BP Horizon explosion in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. For fluids, metal seated ball valves are used as shut-down valves (SDV's). Use of metal seated ball valves leads to overall lower costs when taking into account lost production and inventory, and valve repair costs resulting from the use of soft seated ball valves which have a lower initial cost. Straight-through flow valves, such as rotary-shaft ball valves, are typically high-recovery valves. High recovery valves are valves that lose little energy due to little flow turbulence. Flow paths are straight through. Rotary control valves, butterfly valve and ball valves are good examples. For air intake shut down, two distinct types are commonly utilized, i.e. butterfly valves and swing gate or guillotine valves. Because diesel engines ignite fuel using compression instead of an electronic ignition, shutting off the fuel source to a diesel engine will not necessarily stop the engine from running. When an external hydrocarbon, such as methane gas, is present in the atmosphere, it can be sucked into a diesel engine causing overspeed or over revving, potentially leading to a catastrophic failure and explosion. When actuated, ESD valves stop the flow of air and prevent these failures. As shutdown valves form part of a SIS it is necessary to operate the valve by means of an actuator. These actuators are normally fail safe fluid power type. Typical examples of these are: In addition to the fluid type, actuators also vary in the manner in which the energy is stored to operate the valve on demand as follows: The type of actuation required depends upon the application, site facilities and also the physical space available although the majority of actuators used for shutdown valves are of the spring return type due to the fail safe nature of spring return systems For shutdown valves used in safety instrumented systems it is essential to know that the valve is capable of providing the required level of safety performance and that the valve will operate on demand. The required level of performance is dicated by the Safety Integrity Level (SIL). In order to adhere to this level of performance it is necessary to test the valve. There are 2 types of testing methods available being Shut down valve A shut down valve (also" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Glasgow Women's Housing Association Glasgow Women's Housing Association (GWHA) was established in Glasgow, Scotland, in mid-1914 by the Independent Labour Party Housing Committee launched by Andrew McBride in 1913 and the Women's Labour League in reaction to the increasing rent prices and overcrowding exacerbated by the advent of the First World War. The Women's Labour League which included Jessie Ferguson and Mrs Nixon among its members promoted the formation of housing associations in each ward of the city affiliated to the GWHA. GWHA campaigned for subsidised housing and criticised profiteering by landlords and the lack of municipal housing provision due to speculative urban development.. The GWHA were instrumental in the organisation of the Glasgow Rent Strike of 1915. Mary Burns Laird was its first President and chaired the first meeting on 16 February 1915 in Govan's Morris Hall. Other key figures in establishing GWHA include Mary Barbour, Agnes Dollan, Helen Crawfurd, and Jessie Ferguson. The GWHA were actively involved in protests during the Red Clydeside and thus contributed to the passing of the Housing and Town Planning Act of 1919 which mandated local governments to build housing for citizens and allocated the funds to do so. The GWHA had 3,000 members by the end of 1915. The members used banners during their protests, an example of which read: \"Our Husbands Sons and Brothers are Fighting the Prussians of Germany.\" \"We are fighting the Prussians of Partick.\" \"Only Alternative: Municipal Housing.\" Glasgow Women's Housing Association Glasgow Women's Housing Association (GWHA) was established in Glasgow, Scotland, in mid-1914 by the Independent Labour Party Housing Committee launched by Andrew McBride in 1913 and the Women's Labour League in reaction to the increasing rent prices and overcrowding exacerbated by the advent of the First World War. The Women's Labour League which included Jessie Ferguson" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Shanghai United Media Group Shanghai United Media Group(Chinese: 上海报业集团) was established on October 28, 2013 through the merger of the city’s two largest newspaper groups, Jiefang Daily Press Group and Wenhui–Xinmin United Press Group, in order to accelerate media reform and capitalize on the fast growth of Internet media. The merger of Jiefang Daily Group and Wenhui-Xinmin United Press Group gave birth to the country's largest newspaper company, SUMG. The Jiefang Daily Press Group (Chinese: , is a Chinese- and English-language media company based on the Jiefang Daily, an official daily newspaper of the Shanghai Committee of Communist Party of China. Its daily circulation is about 700,000 copies.. The Wenhui–Xinmin United Press Group (Chinese: , \"Wénhuì–Xīnmín Liánhé Bàoyè Jítuán\") is a Chinese- and English-language media company. It was established on July 25, 1998, by the merger of the \"Xinmin Evening News\" ( 1929) and the \"Wenhui Daily\" ( 1938). It is the parent company of the English-language \"Shanghai Daily\" and publishes foreign editions of its newspapers and magazines in ten countries, including the United States and Australia. There are a variety of publications under the Shanghai United Press Group, including: Shanghai United Media Group Shanghai United Media Group(Chinese: 上海报业集团) was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mario Bokara Mario Bokara (born December 2, 1980) is a Croatian-American professional wrestler. He is known for his time with Impact Wrestling. Bokara started wrestling in August 2000. Using the ring name Mo Sexton, Bokara began wrestling in and around the New Jersey independent circuit for promotions such as Jersey Championship Wrestling, Jersey All Pro Wrestling, American Championship Entertainment and World Xtreme Wrestling. In the summer of 2005, Bokara wrestled two matches for WWE's \"Velocity\" and \"Sunday Night Heat\" programs losing to Simon Dean and Rob Conway. In 2006, Bokara was signed to WWE's developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling, leaving after a few months. At OVW Six Flags Summer Sizzler Series 2006, Bokara as Mo Sexton, along with Cody Runnels, Kasey James, Roadkill and Chet the Jet defeated Jack Bull, Pat Buck, Rahim, Deuce and Domino. In 2010 at Mercury Rising, Bokara, Bryan Danielson and Christopher Daniels were defeated by Dan Maff for the American Championship Entertainment heavyweight championship. In 2012, Bokara began wrestling for New Jersey's Pro Wrestling Syndicate as Mo Sexton but would eventually start wrestling there under his real name in 2013, in addition to highlighting his Croatian heritage. In April 2014, Bokara won the PWS Heavyweight Championship by defeating Bonesaw and Kevin Matthews in a triple threat match for his first reign. He would go on to lose the belt to Bonesaw at PWS's Nightmare Before Christmas in December 2014. Bokara won the belt again in March 2015 by defeating Fallah Bahh. Two months later, he would lose the championship to Dan Maff. On November 19, 2016, Bokara defeated Crowbar, Anthony Bowens and Bull James at a Wrestlepro event. At Create A Pro Wrestling Academy's Unsettled Differences, Bokara defeated Kevin Matthews. Bokara debuted for Impact Wrestling on the March 23, 2017 episode of \"Impact Wrestling\", teaming with Fallah Bahh and Idris Abraham in a losing effort to Mahabali Shera, Garza Jr. and Laredo Kid. On April 2, 2017, it was reported that Bokara officially signed a one-year deal with Impact Wrestling. On the April 27 of \"Impact!\", Bokara and Bahh lost to the Veterans of War (Mayweather and Wilcox). Bokara and Bahh were once again defeated by the Veterans of War in the first round of the GFW Tag Team Championship tournament. At One Night Only: No Surrender 2017 Bokara was defeated by Dezmond Xavier. On the August 31, 2017 edition of \"Impact\", Bokara and Bahh were defeated by oVe. On January 2, 2018, Bokara underwent a successful surgery for a torn ACL and Mensicus reconstruction. Mario Bokara Mario Bokara (born December 2, 1980) is a Croatian-American professional wrestler. He is known for his time with Impact Wrestling. Bokara started wrestling in August 2000. Using the ring name Mo Sexton, Bokara began wrestling in and around the New Jersey independent circuit for promotions such as Jersey Championship Wrestling, Jersey All Pro Wrestling, American Championship Entertainment and World Xtreme Wrestling. In the summer of 2005, Bokara wrestled two matches for WWE's \"Velocity\" and \"Sunday Night Heat\" programs" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Video game rehabilitation Video game rehabilitation, is a process of using common video game consoles and methodology to target and improve physical and mental weaknesses through therapeutic processes.Video games are becoming an integral part of occupational therapy practice in acute, rehabilitation, and community settings. The design for video games in rehabilitation is focused on a number of fundamental principles, such as reward, goals, challenge, meaningful play. ‘Meaningful play’ emerges from the relationship between player action and system outcome, apparent to the player through feedback. Platforms that feature motion control, notably the Nintendo Wii, Microsoft's Xbox Kinect, and Sony's Eye Toy, and virtual reality scenarios have all been effective in this field of research. Methodologies have been applied to all age groups, ranging from toddler to elderly aged people worldwide and have been used in a variety of cases ranging from stroke rehabilitation, cerebral palsy and other neurological impairments, to people with tendinitis and multiple sclerosis. Researchers have promoted such technology based on the personalization of gaming systems to patients which allows for further engagement and interaction. Additionally, gaming consoles have the ability to capture real-time data and provide instant feedback to the patients using the systems. Currently, several researchers have performed case studies to demonstrate the benefits of this technology, however, repeat trials and experiments have shown that outcomes are easily replicated among several groups worldwide. Additionally, the outcomes have increased interest in the field, growing experiments beyond simple case studies to experiments with larger participant basis. Since the early 1980s, there has been evidence in the literature of commercially available video games used for therapeutic purpose for different patients. The use of virtual feedback has been seen scattered throughout history for quite some time. However, though the feedback was virtual, the performances were not widely virtual until the 1990s. With the early-stage experimentation, not many positive results were found causing some doubt of the systems. Some even found that too much virtual feedback increased poor performance outside of the controlled environment. As virtual reality systems and virtual environments became more accessible and affordable, though, so too did the implementations of and research on them. The use of these systems in positive motor skill development began somewhere in the late 1990s as more researchers realized the benefit of internal, corrective feedback in such environments. Additionally, at the same time, researchers across the world began experimenting with the effect of virtual reality in therapeutic measures for anxiety disorder and phobias. With positive results, such as better motor control and lower anxiety in relation to phobias, coming from these experiments, researchers began looking into virtual reality systems as a form of rehabilitation in the early 2000s, and the research has expanded since. Now, common gaming consoles such as the Wii and Kinect allow researchers to use cheaper, more readily available systems in their labs, as well, opening up new possibilities for games and rehabilitation options. Case studies and use of systems in actual therapy offices have suggested that this field has the potential to impact therapy outside the lab setting, as well, making it a rapidly growing field of interest. Currently, several reviews of the findings have also suggested positive effects of this form of rehabilitation, garnering support for this field as well. Several studies have been conducted regarding the potential of applying virtual reality to different therapies. A systematic literature review published in 2012 analyzed 963 publications regarding virtual reality and rehabilitation from 1996 and 2010. Investigators found an increasing number of research done in the field yearly, from less than 10 articles per year in 1997 to more than 40 in 2010. More than the number of articles analyzed, this literature review found important issues to be addressed in future studies: i) the need to consider a greater number of participants in each study to best represent the target populations; ii) to improve the use of control groups; iii) to enhance the uniformity of the tests applied and iv) to execute more follow up studies in the field. These aspects would allow the comparison among different studies and the conceptualization of the results from different studies. Lastly, this investigation cites the importance of research in the field of virtual reality and rehabilitation, once the potential of this technology is recognized to support the neural and cognitive rehabilitation of different patients. Throughout its development, gaming in rehabilitation has gained a large amount of support for its differences in comparison to regular therapeutic methods. The biggest of these differences is the user engagement and enjoyment. It has been extensively shown that people feel more engaged in a gaming environment and less contained in a doctors office when interacting in a virtual reality, gaming environment. Additionally, those who are able to participate in gaming rehabilitation have also been shown to use less energy than those participating in normal therapeutic methods. While this may not be positive for all patients, this is beneficial for those patients who may be elderly or have minimal energy to expend in therapy-type settings. Saving energy while still participating in therapy has proven effective for these groups of people, since they are still able to progress in their goals towards rehabilitation, but not over-work themselves in the process. On the other hand, normal physical rehabilitation routine requires commitment to lengthy periods of difficult exercise which causes the patient to drop out of the therapy routines. Rehabilitation through gaming provides the opportunity to address two important areas: accessibility of rehabilitation and patient motivation. The ability for gaming consoles to exist anywhere and be purchased by anyone also allows this sort of therapy to be quite personalized to the patient. Patients who use gaming rehabilitation have been shown to be more engaged in the therapy efforts and more likely to continue their therapy outside of the doctor's office than those engaging in regular therapeutic efforts. Being able to bring their therapy into the comfort of their own home and at a relatively low cost contributes to these outcomes. Additionally, as a result of their increased adherence to therapy and motivation to engage in therapy, patients who engage in gaming rehabilitation have also shown improved outcomes of their efforts. Another benefit to using games for rehabilitation purposes is that they have the ability to be customized to real-life scenarios more so than typical therapy methods do. When asked about their therapy, patients have reported that they don't see the relation to their every-day life when performing the activities. Instead, they see it as an activity they do simply in their doctor's office, away from their regular life. Virtual reality-based rehabilitation has the ability to be designed to introduce real-life challenges and every-day hurdles that can be seen in the real world. They're tailored to the needs of the individuals and to the environment that they are expected to encounter on a regular basis. This consideration contributes to the \"ecological validity\" of the rehabilitation method. With gaming through rehabilitation, medical doctors have witnessed cancer patients who utilize video games during procedures have a lower pain tolerance when using an active distraction vs, a passive distraction. Typical rehabilitation methods have also been seen to present difficulties to those participating in them. At times these difficulties keep anywhere from 30%–66% of", "office, away from their regular life. Virtual reality-based rehabilitation has the ability to be designed to introduce real-life challenges and every-day hurdles that can be seen in the real world. They're tailored to the needs of the individuals and to the environment that they are expected to encounter on a regular basis. This consideration contributes to the \"ecological validity\" of the rehabilitation method. With gaming through rehabilitation, medical doctors have witnessed cancer patients who utilize video games during procedures have a lower pain tolerance when using an active distraction vs, a passive distraction. Typical rehabilitation methods have also been seen to present difficulties to those participating in them. At times these difficulties keep anywhere from 30%–66% of people from reaching their goals for their therapy. When the goals are not achieved people are generally made to participate in longer therapy sessions, more therapy sessions, or more in-depth and difficult sessions than before, such as constraint-induced movement therapy. In each of these cases, patients are generally forced to pay more than before and are also put through more work than they initially planned. It has been found through research, however, that virtual reality situations can likely increase a person's desire to participate in therapy and therefore increase their chances of reaching their therapy goals, unlike those left underachieved with regular methods. The University of Essex conducted a study to evaluate the efficacy of including the Wii in an established falls prevention training program to improve balance, mobility, and educate recovery from the instance of a fall. After a 7-week falls prevention training, the results indicated that Wii can positively support a standard rehabilitation, although the use of the game alone would not be encouraged. On the other hand, participants found the experience of Wii game as enjoyable, which can support patients engagement to training. A follow up longitudinal study would be needed to conclude if the incidence of falls can be reduced along time. Extending this study, another research conducted by the same University of Essex found that training with Wii can imply on mood and self-esteem. This behavior was observed in women who participated in this last mentioned research for fall prevention. As said by investigators, it would not be appropriate to generalize, however one participant who had the biggest improvement on the functional measures had the largest positive changes in well-being, which may indicate that the use of the Wii as an adjunct to standard falls prevention training can improve not only functional but also psychological outcomes. There are many advances in the physical rehabilitation community, advances such as technology has created a more effective and easier way for patients to approach their rehabilitation journey. Several games have been created to support stroke rehabilitation and to alleviate boredom and frustration patients can face with frequent visits to the therapeutic centers. The gaming therapy can be prescribed by physicians, physical or speech therapists to support the recovery of the damaged muscles and the brain to re-learn to control the damaged movements. As an example, 'Circus Challenge', created by Newcastle University scientists, is a Wii based game developed specifically to support hands and arms' muscles recovery. Also,Wii Sports in Video Game Rehabilitation benefit the patient’s recovery and provide motivation for alternative leisure actives. The difficulty of the game is increased as the patient recovers, and their progress can be tracked by therapists. Also to support the recovery of upper extremity muscles, ARMStrokes was recently introduced as a mobile app to help stroke survivors to complete their rehabilitation exercises. The game is a real-time application that provides a communication platform to facilitate interaction of patients with their therapists or physicians. Research to evaluate if this technology can positively impact the stroke recovery process is currently underway. Cerebral palsy has also been target of using games to support both children and adults affected by this disorder. Research has indicated that children with cerebral palsy can benefit from Wii games such as jogging, bicycling, snowboarding, and skiing to increase their physical activity levels. This physical activity can be challenging and limited to these children due to accessibility problems that financial and societal barriers impose, such as a lack of equipment or availability of exercise instructors, and even transportation issues. While there is great interest in using video game rehabilitation with children with cerebral palsy, it is difficult to compare outcomes between studies, and therefore to reach evidence-based conclusions on its effectiveness. Because video gaming is popular, it may help children's motivation to continue with the therapy. There is moderate evidence for improvements with balance and motor skills in children and teens, but it is not recommended as an effective therapy. One invention aimed towards Cerebral Palsy patients is THE ORBIT Gaming System which improves Cerebral Palsy patients with hand impairments. The orbit Gaming System contains the results of utilizing both hands to physically trains the patients strength in their hands while creating a fun environment for recovery. Expanding outside of virtual reality and gaming systems, a newer segment of video game rehabilitation focuses on games that can be played on mobile phones or tablet computers - mobile apps. While these are not necessarily the standard video gaming console, these are being seen more frequently as alternatives with the introduction of more and more smart phones in the market. As such, researchers have recently begun to experiment with how mobile phone applications can also contribute to rehabilitation measures. While still relatively new, this concept has shown to be effective in wrist and hand rehabilitation on multiple different occasions. Wrist rehabilitation through a droid-based game, for example, revealed that patients can have more flexibility in their therapy sessions by keeping track of their progress on their phone and taking exercises home with them. It was also found that they could create a more customized therapy session through use of a patient's mobile device. Increasing finger use after a stroke is another area this methodology has proven effective for. In this case, the common mobile app, Fruit Ninja, was used to track patient use of their fingers and control of their hand when making fine movements such as cutting a fruit in the game. Another app that can increase recovery is iTherapy, a mobile app designed for cognition and language rehabilitation. It allows therapeutic interaction between medical professionals and their patient that increases their recovery journey. Not only does the app keep track of stroke survivor's progress, but it also allows the patient to send personalized messages when they have meet their current recovery goal. This app is a therapist on the go. An app to improve one who has suffered from a stroke is called Dragon Dictation which converts speech into text which can help patients to work on their speaking abilities instead of writing. This helps with recovery stroke patients to recovery some of life simplest tasks. Positive results suggested that a patient's interaction with the game could determine and complement other therapy methods being used. Evidence in studies show that these types of game systems (apps and haptic devices are effective in the rehabilitation process. Timed Up and Go test (TUG) scores have been seen to improve after having engaged in gaming rehabilitation. Several studies have produced output that suggests that Wii games are able to effectively increase patients' scores after a certain period of rehabilitation through", "improve one who has suffered from a stroke is called Dragon Dictation which converts speech into text which can help patients to work on their speaking abilities instead of writing. This helps with recovery stroke patients to recovery some of life simplest tasks. Positive results suggested that a patient's interaction with the game could determine and complement other therapy methods being used. Evidence in studies show that these types of game systems (apps and haptic devices are effective in the rehabilitation process. Timed Up and Go test (TUG) scores have been seen to improve after having engaged in gaming rehabilitation. Several studies have produced output that suggests that Wii games are able to effectively increase patients' scores after a certain period of rehabilitation through them. Stroke recovery patients and patients with an Acquired brain injury are two such examples of this output. Both patient classes have been shown to display slightly better improvements when using the Wii game or Wii balance board than when engaging in regular therapeutic methodologies. Continuing past these classes, studies are continually proving that these scores can be increased in a variety of patients with a variety of physical disabilities and from a variety of backgrounds. In recent studies, professionals have proven that the therapist and patient create a positive relationship during physical rehabilitation with video games. Balance and energy expenditure are other great improvements seen amongst patients of gaming rehabilitation methods. Methods such as using the \"Wii Fit\" board and \"Wii Sports\" games have proven effective at increasing these numbers amongst a variety of patients. Elderly and cerebral palsy patients have been the focus of these outputs, as both have the ability to improve these categories of their lives. Specifically, elderly have been shown to display poor balance and mobility due to aging conditions, resulting in a need for rehabilitation intervention and cerebral palsy patients display a combination of poor posture and poor balance which result in a need for therapy, as well. Both, after a period of engaging in a variety of Wii-based games, have shown improvement comparable to, or better than, what they display during regular methodologies, gaining support for these systems. Specifically, for the elderly community, interactive video-game based system exercise on the balance can improve balance after 6 weeks of implementation Elderly patients with Parkinson's disease showed improved performance in activities of daily living after 14 sessions of balance training, with no additional advantages associated with the Wii-based motor and cognitive training. Finally, motor-skill rehabilitation has been proposed as another possible way in which games can be used for rehabilitation purposes. Stroke patients suffering upper extremity motor difficulties have been the primary focus of this subject and, in this case, a variety of gaming environments have been experimented with. Output has shown that their Fugl-Meyer UE scores and their Functional Independence Measure scale score increase after a period of engaging in virtual rehabilitation, suggesting that their mobility dysfunction decreased and their degree of independence increased due to the intervention. Additionally, output has suggested improved motor skills on a higher level, having several researchers suggesting positive improvements in their stroke patients as a result of virtual rehabilitation methods. At this higher level, researchers have suggested improved ability to walk, or ambulation, and improved use of larger motor skills after intervention. One other class of patients that has been studied less frequently in this category of rehabilitation is cerebral palsy patients. Ability to walk certain distances without the use of an assistive device was the method of measurement for this category. After a period of working with a Wii-based system, it was shown that a patient who struggled with walking large distances before, was able to walk a noticeably longer distance. This suggests an improvement in larger motor skills, whereas the stroke patients demonstrated an improvement in finer motor skills, focused strictly on their use of upper extremities during the gaming rehabilitation. If by one hand rehabilitation through gaming may be beneficial since it can improve motivation to the rehabilitation and reduce distraction from the routine of a tedious medical treatment, injuries arisen from excessive gameplay have been occasionally reported, such as tendonitis, dislocation of patella or hand laceration. A recent study proves that when incorporating video games into a patient’s therapy routine can increase their chance of developing musculoskeletal. Although these injuries might be occasional or rare, a large scale study would be needed to investigate the occurrence of these damages facing the millions of users of games worldwide. It's also been suggested that the use of gaming systems for home-based rehabilitation may promote a lack of communication between the therapist and the patient. In these cases, it is difficult to track the progress of the patient appropriately, and the effects of the therapy are unknown. It's also possible in these scenarios that a lack of tracking also increases time spent on task, since the therapist does not properly see what level the patient is performing at. Another challenge in video game rehabilitation, can result to lack of computer skills on the part of therapists, lack of support infrastructure, expensive equipment, inadequate communication infrastructure, and patient safety concerns. Additionally, common effects of virtual reality environments, such as dizziness, nausea, and disorientation, have also been found to result in the case of rehabilitation through these methodologies. As these scenarios work the same as other virtual reality scenarios, they are not exempt from the negative results that can be seen across the board from these sorts of systems, and patients have shown this to be evident. Virtual reality systems have also proven difficult to maintain and sanitize after use, which has caused some to stray away from their use and stick to regular methodologies instead. Finally, gaming technology is believed to promote physical activity on clinical populations with multiple sclerosis, although there is no consensus about training duration, intensity or outcomes used to assess the clinical effectiveness, which suggests that randomized controlled trial should be carried out comparing gaming technology to traditional exercise for this population. Similarly, the same can be said with results in the field of video game rehabilitation with elderly patients. While there are consensus's being built, there are still some results that seem insignificant in their findings and remain inconclusive either way. There is not much data available about adverse results such as falls when using video games as part of rehabilitation. In the next 100 years, researchers believe technology will be at the heart of occupational therapy as a fundamental part of human occupation and the human experience. Moving in the future, technology will grow stronger and stronger and will emerge deeply into the occupational career. Video game rehabilitation will take over the occupation career and what it use to be. Video game rehabilitation Video game rehabilitation, is a process of using common video game consoles and methodology to target and improve physical and mental weaknesses through therapeutic processes.Video games are becoming an integral part of occupational therapy practice in acute, rehabilitation, and community settings. The design for video games in rehabilitation is focused on a number of fundamental principles, such as reward, goals, challenge, meaningful play. ‘Meaningful play’ emerges from the relationship between player action and system outcome, apparent to the", "human experience. Moving in the future, technology will grow stronger and stronger and will emerge deeply into the occupational career. Video game rehabilitation will take over the occupation career and what it use to be. Video game rehabilitation Video game rehabilitation, is a process of using common video game consoles and methodology to target and improve physical and mental weaknesses through therapeutic processes.Video games are becoming an integral part of occupational therapy practice in acute, rehabilitation, and community settings. The design for video games in rehabilitation is focused on a number of fundamental principles, such as reward, goals, challenge, meaningful play. ‘Meaningful play’ emerges from the relationship between player action and system outcome, apparent to the player through feedback. Platforms that feature motion control, notably" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Algirdas Budrys Professor Algirdas Budrys (born March 3, 1939 in ) has, for several decades, been one of the most outstanding instrumentalists in Lithuania and is currently Head of the Wind department of the Lithuanian Music Academy. Primarily a clarinetist, Budrys has recorded more than 50 LPs and has made over a hundred radio recordings with a repertoire that included all the principal classical and chamber ensemble works for clarinet from Mozart to contemporary composers. Professor Budrys has given concerts in all former Soviet republics, as well as in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Finland, France, Egypt, Great Britain and the United States. For his efforts to improve Lithuanian culture and art, Budrys was awarded a fourth-degree Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas in 1999. Algirdas Budrys Professor Algirdas Budrys (born March 3, 1939 in ) has, for several decades, been one of the most outstanding instrumentalists in Lithuania and is currently Head of the Wind department of the Lithuanian Music Academy. Primarily a clarinetist, Budrys has recorded more than 50 LPs and has made over a hundred radio recordings with a repertoire that included all the principal classical and chamber ensemble works for clarinet from Mozart to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Aaron Jackson (activist) Aaron Jackson is an American human rights and environmental activist. Jackson was raised in Destin, Florida and attended Valencia College until 2002. After backpacking around the world, he interned at The Homeless Voice, an advocacy group in Davie, Florida, and became director of the COSAC Homeless Shelter. The first orphanages he opened in Haiti were established using money he made as a golf caddy while living in a homeless shelter in order to fund the orphanages. Jackson was named a CNN Hero in 2007 after leading a campaign to deworm children in Haiti. In 2004, Jackson founded Planting Peace, a nonprofit organization that advocates for LGBT issues and runs six orphanages in Haiti and India. In 2012, he purchased a home across from Westboro Baptist Church after looking at the neighborhood around Westboro on Google Earth. He painted the exterior of the house with the colors of the pride flag in 2013 and it became the \"Equality House.\" Through Planting Peace, Jackson placed a billboard in Kim Davis' hometown after she denied marriage licenses to same sex couples in 2015. In 2016, Jackson traveled to Antarctica to place a pride flag deeming it \"the world's first LGBT-friendly continent.\" Aaron Jackson (activist) Aaron Jackson is an American human rights and environmental activist. Jackson was raised in Destin, Florida and attended Valencia College until 2002. After backpacking around the world, he interned at The Homeless Voice, an advocacy group in Davie, Florida, and became director of the COSAC Homeless Shelter. The first orphanages he opened in Haiti were established using money he made as a golf caddy while living in a homeless shelter in order to fund the orphanages. Jackson was named a CNN Hero in 2007 after leading a campaign to deworm children in Haiti. In 2004, Jackson" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Barron Gorge National Park Barron Gorge National Park is a protected area in the Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It is predominantly within the locality of Barron Gorge. The park is 1,404 km northwest of Brisbane and from Kuranda. Barron Gorge is part of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area. Skyrail Rainforest Cableway is a 7.5 kilometre scenic cableway running above the Barron Gorge National Park in the Wet Tropics of Queensland's World Heritage Area north of Cairns which has won more than 25 awards. The Kuranda Scenic Railway line passes through the park with a station at Barron Falls. Two trains run from and returns to Cairns daily. The original weir, constructed in 1934 at the top of the falls, is visible from the station lookout and Skyrail's Barron Falls Station lookouts. Barron Gorge formed where the Barron River passes over the eastern escarpment of the Atherton Tablelands. Barron Falls cascade 265 m to the gorge below. Two waterfalls—Stoney Creek Falls and Surprise Creek Falls exist on tributaries of the Barron River within the park. Slopes around the gorge are steep with some at a 45° angle. This made construction of the railway hazardous. 23 lives were lost during its construction. In 1885 the explorer Archibald Meston described the Barron Falls in flood where the raging waters \"\"rush together like wild horses as they enter the straight in the dread finish of their last race ... (where) the currents of air created by the cataract waved the branches of the trees hundreds of feet overhead ... the rock shook like a mighty steamer tumbling with the vibrations of the screw.\"\" In 1935, the waters of the Barron River were harnessed in the Barron Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station to generate Queensland's first hydroelectric power. Two hundred metres from the base of the Barron Falls an underground power station was carved into the cliff face. Water was delivered through pipes to drive the turbines, two 1200 kW turbo-alternators. The substation, workshops and staff houses were built around the area now forming the Skyrail station. Ownership of the park returned to its traditional owners on 17 December 2004. Visitors to the park have not faced any changes under the new owners but Aboriginals were then able to hold traditional religious ceremonies. Bird's-nest fern and elkhorn ferns grow amongst Candlenut, Corkwood, Native olive and False Red Sandalwood trees at the bottom of the gorge. The park forms part of the Wooroonooran Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because it supports populations of a range of bird species endemic to Queensland's Wet Tropics. Noisy pittas and the orange-footed scrubfowl are two species of bird that may be commonly seen. The southern cassowary is occasionally spotted in the southern section of the park. Nocturnal animals are relatively common. These include a variety of possums and flying foxes as well as Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo and the northern quoll. Barron Gorge National Park Barron Gorge National Park is a protected area in the Cairns Region, Queensland," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jai Gurudev JaiGuruDev was the name used by Tulsidas Maharaj, a religious leader in northern India. He was imprisoned for 20 months during a period of political unrest in 1975 and led the Doordarshi political party in the 1980s and 1990s, unsuccessfully campaigning for election to the Indian national parliament. He died in 2012 at an unconfirmed age of 116. No firm information is available on Baba JaiGuruDev’s birth date or early life. A hagiography has grown around him including stories that hold special meaning to his devotees and are considered evidence of his divine nature. JaiGuruDev is said to have been born in a Yadav family in Khitora, a small village in the Etawah district in Uttar Pradesh, India. His father was a landlord. When he was a child he lost his parents. As she died his mother is said to have asked him to find Lord Krishna and avoid being ensnared in transient worldly pleasures. On 29 June 1975, during the Emergency, he was imprisoned. He was first kept in Agra central prison and later on moved to Bareilly Central Jail. Due to the crowds of followers he attracted, he was moved to Bangalore Central Jail then Tihar prison near New Delhi. He was released at 3:00pm on 23 March 1977. Every year his followers celebrate this day as \"Mukti Divas\", fasting until 3:00pm. He entered Indian national politics in the 1980s and 1990s with his Doordarshi Party. Baba JaiGuruDev led a non-profit organization named \"JaiGuruDev Dharm Pracharak Sanstha\" that operates from his ashram in Mathura, with a mission to spread the messages of the Sant Mat doctrine. JaiGuruDev died at 10:30 pm Indian Standard Time on 18 May 2012, at the unconfirmed age of 116. After death, his assets were estimated at 120 billion Indian Rupees (approximately US$2.15 billion), including 250 luxury cars. His trust owns hundreds of acres of land beside the Delhi-Agra national highway. \"Jai\" translates to \"victory\", \"Guru\" to \"teacher\" and \"Dev\" means \"always/who remains always\". He specifically said that JaiGuruDev was neither his name nor that of another object such as animal, tree or river. His followers believe the phrase \"JaiGuruDev\" to be a representation of \"Anami Purush\", the nameless supreme being, and use it when greeting each other. They maintain that a soul sent from Satya Lok (the place of truth), the perfect realm where enlightened souls dwell, can designate an indicative name for Anami Purush just as Kabir used the name \"Sahib\", Goswami Tulsidas used \"Ram\" and Guru Nanak Dev used \"Wahe Guru\". Such names are believed to have had miraculous powers during their lifetimes on this earth. Devotees proclaim that JaiGuruDev is the only name that can liberate the soul from the negative powers of kal (mortality) and maya (illusion). They believe that the soul resides between our eyebrows and its power spreads to the entire body to make it work. The soul has an eye, an ear and a nostril but all these are closed at present due to past good or bad deeds. Through meditation and mercy of the guru, these can be removed so the soul can see the divine light and hear spiritual sounds. The divine sound, the word or \"Naam\", enables the soul to see the spirit world and reach \"sat lok\", the perfect realm, true home of animal souls. JaiGuruDev's ashram and his followers have had confrontations with local farmers, landowners, with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and the Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation (UPSIDC). A report from the Sub-Divisional Magistrate indicates that the JaiGuruDev ashram is spread over 33 hectares, of which more than 13 hectares do not belong to them. Of this encroached land, 11 hectares belongs to the UPSIDC and the rest are common land owned by the local village council (gram samaj). Jai Gurudev JaiGuruDev was the name used by Tulsidas Maharaj, a religious leader in northern India. He was imprisoned for 20 months during a period of political unrest in 1975 and led the Doordarshi political party in the 1980s and 1990s, unsuccessfully campaigning for election to the Indian national parliament. He died in 2012 at an unconfirmed age of 116. No firm information is available on" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Theomatics Theomatics is a numerological study of the Hebrew/Aramaic and Greek text of the Christian Bible, based upon gematria and isopsephia, by which its proponents claim to show the direct intervention of God in the writing of Christian scripture. The term \"theomatics\" was coined by Del Washburn in 1976 as a combination of \"\" (\"God\") and \"\". Washburn wrote three books about theomatics and created a website espousing the hypothesis. Theomatics is not the same thing as Bible code; it uses an entirely different technique. The Bible code (also called ELS for Equidistant Letter Sequences) uses a letter skipping technique. Theomatics, on the other hand, is based on gematria and isopsephia, systems which assign numerical values to letters in the ancient Hebrew/Aramaic and Greek alphabets. An analysis and criticism of theomatics has been published by Tim Hayes, previously under the pseudonym \"A. B. Leever\". A German statistician, Kurt Fettelschoss, published an analysis that claims that \"The observed quantity of theomatic hits is significantly not random\". A response to the findings was posted by Tim Hayes. An analysis by Russell Glasser, entitled \"Theomatics Debunked\", shows the same phenomenon in a secular text. Washburn's website has a page entitled \"Scientific Proof\" which discusses and responds to potential arguments against theomatics. Theomatics Theomatics is a numerological study of the Hebrew/Aramaic and Greek text of the Christian Bible, based upon gematria and isopsephia, by which its proponents claim to show the direct intervention of God in the writing of Christian scripture. The term \"theomatics\" was coined by Del Washburn in 1976 as a combination of \"\" (\"God\") and \"\". Washburn wrote three books about theomatics and created a website espousing the hypothesis. Theomatics is not the same thing as Bible code; it uses an entirely different technique. The Bible code (also called ELS for" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Roy Sievers Roy Edward Sievers (November 18, 1926 – April 3, 2017) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) first baseman and left fielder with the St. Louis Browns, Washington Senators, Chicago White Sox, Philadelphia Phillies, and the new Washington Senators. Sievers debuted in the major leagues on April 21, 1949. He batted and threw right-handed. Sievers was born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1926; he was nicknamed \"Squirrel\" as a schoolboy basketball star. He won the American League (AL) Rookie of the Year and \"TSN\" Rookie of the Year awards in 1949, batting .306 with 16 home runs and 75 RBI. He struggled to .238 in 1950, and for the next three years he suffered shoulder and arm injuries that limited his playing time to 134 games. He was traded to the Washington Senators for Gil Coan before the season. In Washington, Sievers collected 95 or more RBI and played at least 144 games during five consecutive years (1954–58) and made the AL All-Star team three times (1956–57, 1959). His most productive season came in , when he led the league in home runs (42), RBI (114), extra base hits (70) and total bases (331), batting .301. He finished third in the MVP ballot with four first-place votes and 205 points –Mickey Mantle got six and 233, Ted Williams five and 209. On April 4, , Sievers went to the Chicago White Sox in the same trade that sent Earl Battey and Don Mincher to Washington. In his first year with the Sox, he hit .295 with 28 home runs and 93 RBI, and had almost an identical season in 1961, hitting .295 with 27 home runs and 92 RBI, making his fourth All-Star appearance. From 1962 to 1964, Sievers remained productive with the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League. In the 1964 midseason, his contract was sold to the AL expansion Senators, and he played his final game on May 9, 1965. At the time of his death in 2017, Sievers was the oldest living member of the expansion Senators team. At a time when achieving 300 home runs was still a rarity, he became only the 22nd ballplayer to reach the plateau. He also shares the dubious distinction with Gil Hodges of being one of the first two major leaguers to hit 300 career home runs and not make the Baseball Hall of Fame. Sievers hit his 300th home run on July 19, 1963. Hodges hit No. 300 on April 23, 1958. In a 17-season career, Sievers was a .267 hitter with 318 home runs, 1,703 hits, and 1,147 RBI, in 1,887 games. After his playing career ended, he served one season (1966) as a coach for the Cincinnati Reds and managed in the minor leagues. Sievers was one of only nine players to don the uniform of both the original and expansion Washington Senators teams, the others being Rudy Hernández, Héctor Maestri, Don Mincher, Camilo Pascual, Pedro Ramos, Johnny Schaive, Zoilo Versalles, and Hal Woodeshick. Sievers died in his home in Spanish Lake, Missouri, on April 3, 2017, aged 90. Roy Sievers Roy Edward Sievers (November 18, 1926 – April 3, 2017) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) first baseman and left fielder with the St. Louis Browns, Washington Senators, Chicago White Sox, Philadelphia Phillies, and the new Washington Senators. Sievers debuted in the major leagues on April 21, 1949. He batted and threw right-handed. Sievers was born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1926; he was nicknamed \"Squirrel\" as a schoolboy basketball star. He won the American League (AL) Rookie of the Year and \"TSN\"" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Albanian Republic The Albanian Republic () was the official name of Albania as enshrined in the Constitution of 1925. Albania became a \"de facto\" protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy after the signing of the Treaties of Tirana of 1926 and 1927. Albania was declared a constitutional monarchy in 1928. Upon its inception, Italy demanded to be allies with the republic. This was done largely to increase Italy's influence in the Balkans, and to aid Italian and Albanian security in their territorial feuds with the Second Hellenic Republic and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After defeating Fan Noli's government, Ahmet Zogu recalled parliament in order to find a solution for the uncrowned principality of Albania. Parliament quickly adopted a new constitution, proclaimed Albania a republic, and granted Zogu dictatorial powers that allowed him to appoint and dismiss ministers, veto legislation, name all major administrative personnel, and choose a third of the Senate's members. The new constitution provided for a parliamentary republic, with a powerful president serving as head of state and government. On January 31, 1925, Zogu was elected president for a term of seven years by the National Assembly, prior to his proclamation as King of Albanians. He ruled Albania using four military governors, and appointed clan chieftains as reserve army officers who were kept on call to protect the regime against domestic or foreign threats. He also maintained good relations with Benito Mussolini's fascist regime in Italy and supported Italy's foreign policy. The Zog regime was said to be responsible for the disappearance of opposition parties and civil liberties. The press was also strictly censored during the regime. In early 1925, a series of reforms focused on the economy were initiated, but results were mixed. Some of the reforms included organizing private initiatives in industry, construction, and transportation. That same year, the first Albanian coin, the Albanian Gold Franga, was minted. Foreign capital was introduced as a part of the official policy of the government of Zog I, but the aim of his regime was actually to strengthen personal power, and to enrich his supporters. The foreign capital, loans and other forms, was used as a tool to provide income for the regime, and was later used for overcoming economic crises. Fourteen new societies were created at about this time, with an initial capital of 7.6 million gold francs, about 28% more than the capital of the societies in the period 1921-1924. In 1928, the number of enterprises reached 127, and domestic capital was six times greater than in 1927, while the economy began to stabilise. In 1925, the Albanian National Bank was created, and was awarded concessions to Italian investors. The Albanian state had a 49% share of the bank, while Italy had a 51% share. Under these conditions Italy gained a stronger position in Albania. During the 1925-1928 period, the Albanian government also significantly increased its costs. In 1925, the SVEA society (Society for the Economic Development of Albania) was established, helping to facilitate a loan to Albania worth 50 million gold francs. In 1927, the loan was estimated at 65 million gold francs. Annual interest for this 40-year loan was 7.5%. Repayment amounts consisted of 30%-40% of the entire country's income. In 1925, agreements between Albanian financial agencies (such as SVEA) and Italian financial groups, financed 96.4% of the road building projects in Albania. These loans were not exclusively for the country's immediate economic needs, but to create conditions for further penetration of foreign capital into the country. Government departmental responsibilities were also shuffled to increase road-building. In 1928, fiefdoms occupied an area of 200,000 hectares (100,000 were private fiefdoms). Berat was the city with the largest number of fiefdoms, with about 36,000. Infrastructure was poorly maintained during this period. Roads could only carry lighter vehicles, while poorly maintained bridges hampered car transport. Maritime transport was primarily conducted by foreign companies. Mail air transport was operated by Italians. Trade was the largest element of the economy, and during this time circulation of goods grew. Raw materials and livestock were the main exports. Many Italian, English, French, and American companies began to do business in the Albanian market, and they were helped by trade agreements or through direct investment. Italy's position was further strengthened by the Maritime Trade Treaty, which gave the state the status of \"most favored nation\". This legalized the Italian monopoly on foreign trade. In return for aiding Zogu's invasion, Belgrade expected repayment in the form of territory and influence in Tirana. Although Zogu promised Belgrade frontier concessions before the invasion, the Albanian leader continued to press Albania's own territorial claims. On July 30, 1925, the two nations signed an agreement returning the monastery of Saint Naum on Lake Ohrid, and other disputed borderlands, to the Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia, however, never reaped the dividends it hoped for when it invested in Zogu. He shunned Belgrade and turned Albania toward Italy for protection. Italian advocates of territorial expansion in Albania gained strength in October 1922 when Benito Mussolini took power in Rome. His fascist supporters undertook an unabashed program aimed at establishing a new Roman empire in the Mediterranean region that would rival Britain and France. Mussolini saw Albania as a foothold in the Balkans, and after the war the Great Powers effectively recognized an Italian protectorate over Albania. In May 1925, Italy began a penetration into Albania's national life that would culminate fourteen years later in its occupation and annexation of Albania. The first major step in this process was an agreement between Rome and Tirana that allowed Italy to exploit Albania's mineral resources. Soon, Albania's parliament agreed to allow the Italians to found the Albanian National Bank, which acted as the Albanian treasury even though its main office was in Rome, and Italian banks effectively controlled it. The Albanians also awarded Italian shipping companies a monopoly on freight and passenger transport to and from Albania. In late 1925, the Italian-backed Society for the Economic Development of Albania began to lend the Albanian government funds at high interest rates for transportation, agriculture, and public-works projects, including Zogu's palace. In the end, the loans turned out to be subsidies. In mid-1926, Italy set out to extend its political influence in Albania, asking Tirana to recognize Rome's special interest in Albania and accept Italian instructors in the army and police. Zogu resisted until an uprising in the northern mountains pressured the Albanian leader to conclude the First Treaty of Tirana with the Italians on November 27, 1926. In the treaty, both states agreed not to conclude any agreements with any other states prejudicial to their mutual interests. The agreement, in effect, guaranteed Zogu's political position in Albania, as well as the country's territorial integrity. In November 1927, Albania and Italy entered into a defensive alliance, the Second Treaty of Tirana, which brought an Italian general and about forty officers to train the Albanian army. Italian military experts soon began instructing paramilitary youth groups. Tirana also allowed the Italian navy access to the port of Vlorë, and the Albanians received large deliveries of armaments from Italy. Albanian Republic The Albanian Republic () was the official name of Albania as enshrined in the Constitution of 1925. Albania became a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Doug Robinson (producer) Doug Robinson is an American media executive and producer. Robinson was born to a Jewish family. In 1985, he graduated with a double major in television-radio-film and marketing management from Syracuse University. After school, he moved to California and worked as an agent for Creative Artists Agency and Endeavor Talent Agency after which, leveraging his network of contacts in the industry, began producing on his own. In 2002, Robinson was appointed the head of TV at Adam Sandler's Happy Madison Productions. He produced \"Rules of Engagement\" for CBS, \"Imaginary Mary\", and \"The Goldbergs\" for ABC. In 2017, Robinson signed a four year agreement with Sony Pictures Television that will have him launch his own production company, Doug Robinson Productions (DRP). He will be joined by producer Alison Greenspan who will focus on development of dramas; and Matt Mosko who will focus on producing comedies. In September 2017, DRP sold its first family comedy series to ABC. Doug Robinson (producer) Doug Robinson is an American media executive and producer. Robinson was born to a Jewish family. In 1985, he graduated with a double major in television-radio-film and marketing management from Syracuse University. After school, he moved to California" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1928 Nicaraguan general election A general elections were held in Nicaragua to elect a President, half of the Deputies and 1/3 of the Senators on 4 November 1928. “\"The electoral mission had given three months’ training, in special schools in each province, to the marine and navy enlisted men who were to be chairmen of most of the 432 local electoral boards. The chairmen of the 13 departmental electoral boards were for the most part officers from the United States Army\"”. Two minor parties, the Conservative Republican and Liberal Republican, requested of the National Board of Elections (NBE) the right to appear on the ballot. The NBE by unanimous vote refused both of these requests. The large turnout of 88 percent of those registered resulted in an unequivocal victory for the Liberal party. More important, the defeated Conservatives professed their willingness to abide by this outcome. “\"Since the Liberal Party had discarded its extreme nationalism and anti-imperialism which it had acquired under José Santos Zelaya, the United States was able to install a Liberal president in 1928 without sacrificing even the least security for its interests in the country\"”. “\"Although the National Guard got off to a promising start, the continued rivalry between Nicaragua’s traditional political parties ultimately led to its politicization. In the elections of 1928, the Guard seemed to supervise polling effectively, and at the time there were reasons to believe that it could develop into a cohesive and professional policing force. Following his decisive electoral victory, however, José María Moncada Tapia of the Liberal Party worked to convert the institution into a political force of the Liberals\"”. 1928 Nicaraguan general election A general elections were held in Nicaragua to elect a President, half of the Deputies and 1/3 of the Senators on 4 November 1928. “\"The electoral" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "P. B. Abercrombie Patricia Abercrombie Barnes (20 July 1917 – 7 May 2003), better known by the pen name P. B. Abercrombie, was a British writer. She was born in Hambledon, Surrey. Her father, Charles Murray Abercrombie, was a stockbroker who was serving in the British Army on the Western Front at the time of her birth. Her father came from a large family and among her uncles were the writer Lascelles Abercrombie and the town planner Patrick Abercrombie. Her mother died when she was 15 and her father two years later. She learned shorthand and typing and, at the age on nineteen, moved to London, where she married Denis Barnes, a civil servant, in 1938. Denis Barnes became the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Labour in 1966 and was knighted in 1967. He died in 1994. He and Patricia Barnes are buried in Wittersham in Kent. She began writing short stories on lunch breaks while working at the Ministry of Labour during World War Two. Her first novel, \"The Rescuers\", was published in 1952. Reviewing it in the \"Daily Telegraph\", John Betjeman wrote, \"It abounds with subtle observation of psychological nuances, with illuminating remarks on human behaviour,\" and Marghanita Laski said that \"It is written with delicacy and intelligence.\" Following the publication of her third novel, \"Victor and the Vanquished\", Angus Wilson wrote that \"Miss Abercrombie is, in my opinion, the most interesting of our young novelists.\" Her most critically and commercially successful novel was \"A Little Difference\", a comedy involving an adulterous teacher in an eccentric all-girls school. The \"Tatler's\" reviewer found it \"As enjoyable as a glass of champagne in the middle of a sunny morning when you ought to be working.\" Infidelity played a role in her fifth novel, \"Fido Couchant\", about the comic but rocky progress of two marriages. Her sixth novel, \"Pity\", centered on a child kidnapping. \"The Times\"' reviewer found that \"Miss Abercrombie gets some good touches but her setting and style are not always convincing.\" Her last book, \"The Brou Ha-Ha\", was an epistolary novel and returned to a comic theme, but by the time of its publication in 1972, one writer had already asked, \"Whatever happened to P. B. Abercrombie...?\" She appears to have stopped writing after \"The Brou Ha-Ha\". P. B. Abercrombie Patricia Abercrombie Barnes (20 July 1917 – 7 May 2003), better known by the pen name P." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Rockbridge County High School Rockbridge County High School is a secondary school in Lexington, Virginia. Rockbridge County High School was built in 1992 to include all students in Rockbridge County and Lexington, Virginia in grades 9-12. This school consolidated the former Rockbridge High School, Lexington High School, and Natural Bridge High School. It is operated by Rockbridge County Public Schools. The school's mascot is the Wildcat. The demographic breakdown of the 1,018 students enrolled for the 2012-2013 school year was: In addition, 30.3% of the students were eligible for free or reduced lunch. Rockbridge County High School currently supports 13 Varsity teams including Marching Band, Cheerleading (football and competition), Wrestling, Football, Volleyball, indoor/outdoor Boys' and Girls' track and field, Girls' and Boys' Basketball, Girls' and Boys' Lacrosse, Golf, Swimming, Baseball, Softball, Girls' and Boys' Soccer, Girls' and Boys' Tennis and 8 Junior Varsity teams including Cheerleading, Football, Volleyball, Baseball, Girls' and Boys' Soccer, Softball, Girls' and Boys' Basketball as well as an Academic Team. Rockbridge County High School Rockbridge County High School is a secondary school in Lexington, Virginia. Rockbridge County High School was built in 1992 to include all students in Rockbridge County and Lexington, Virginia in grades 9-12." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "LoveJo The extended play contributed the overall elements of sounds between pop and R&B; however, the EP dips into other genres such gospel and soul music. The EP opens with a spoken intro which is a poem, written by author Aeni, while R&B singer Marsha Ambrosius produces the tracks melody. JoJo speaks in a sultry voice \"that sucks you right in\", JoJo says. \"Rest your head and close your eyes / Everything will be okay / For when you wake with the sweet sunrise / It will be a brand new day.\" The track that contains a cover was this jazzy-R&B song \"Caught Up in the Rapture\", which was recorded by American R&B singer Anita Baker that was included from her second album \"Rapture\" (1986). The song was written by Gary Glenn and Dianne Quander, while Da Internz handled the song's production. Idolator said the song \"dissolves into glitchy loops\" before transitioning into the next track, a cover of Phil Collins' song \"Take Me Home\". \"Time\" magazine called JoJo's version \"a clear standout\" on the EP, continuing calling it \"all militant stomp buried under ambient noise; her voice soars and crashes over the glitchy, stuttering beat. It's not the most obvious love song, but who cares — it's good.\" The song lyrics refer to a patient in a mental institution, and it is based on the novel \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". The EP finishes with JoJo's \"gospel-inflected\" rendition of the \"spiritual\" 1991 song \"Glory\" inspired by opera singer Kathleen Battle. Produced by JoJo's long-time friend and vocal coach Stevie Mackey, \"Glory\" sees JoJo's \"soothing vocals soar and really bring out the goosebumps teasing us of her outstanding talent and what is to come\". Following its surprise release, JoJo performed tracks from the EP for the first time live at the 2014 South by Southwest music festival on March 15. her second live performance of the tracks was on March 22, 2014, during VH1's Save the Music Foundation's \"Family Day\", and that same night at Perez Hilton's birthday party. Overall the extended play has received rave reviews from music critics. Sam Lansky from \"Time\" magazine said that the EP sees JoJo \"interpreting classic songs with inventive production and, as ever, chill-inducing vocals\". He noted that JoJo's time away from the limelight, due to her constant label drama, has given her \"the raw talent to rule 2014\". In writing for Idolator, Christina Lee said that the EP \"is respectful of R&B tradition and is tastefully modern at the same time\". Joe Hopkins of UK online magazine Hit the Floor gave the mixtape a 9/10 rating, writing, \"JoJo's voice has clearly developed from her 'Leave (Get Out)' days but still remains light and delicate.\" In the review Hopkins said, \"The shifts between falsetto and the runs are exquisite. However, not to forget the production from Da Internz which is completely ingenious.\" \"Nylon\" magazine's Liza Darwin also went on to compare the EP to JoJo's early beginnings, stating \"It's a far cry from 'Leave (Get Out),' but we're not mad about it... The bottom line? This girl is good, and we can't wait to hear what she's serving up next\". KempireRadio called the EP a \"reminder of what we have been missing from the music scene\". Credits adapted from JoJo's Soundcloud page. LoveJo The extended play contributed the overall elements of sounds between pop and R&B; however, the EP dips into other genres such gospel and soul music. The EP opens with a spoken intro which is a poem, written by author Aeni, while R&B singer Marsha Ambrosius produces the tracks melody." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Center for Civic Freedoms Center for Civic Freedoms () is a think-tank founded by Václav Klaus Jr. in January 2017, focused on civil liberties, economic issues, and education. Klaus said that his aim is for the institute to compete with the Václav Havel Library. The center is associated with the Civic Democratic Party. The Center is active in Šumava National Park, which was devastated by bark beetles. When the Czech parliament approved a new environmental protection law, local municipalities protested because they believed it ignored the local human population. The Center for Civic Freedoms supported these municipalities, with Klaus Jr. stating that people are also a part of the environment. On 16 March 2017 the think-tank organised a conference about the situation in Šumava, which was attended by around 150 people. Center for Civic Freedoms Center for Civic Freedoms () is a think-tank founded by Václav Klaus Jr. in January 2017, focused on civil liberties, economic issues, and education. Klaus said that his aim is for the institute to compete with the Václav Havel Library. The center is associated with the Civic Democratic Party. The Center is active in Šumava National Park, which was devastated by bark beetles. When the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Béja Beja ( \"\") is a city in Tunisia. It is the capital of the Béja Governorate. It is located from Tunis, between the Medjerdah River and the Mediterranean, against the foothills of the Khroumire, the town of Beja is situated on the sides of Djebel Acheb, facing the greening meadows, its white terraces and red roofs dominated by the imposing ruins of the old Roman fortress. The city endured brutal assaults by the Carthaginians, the Numidians, the Romans, and, later on, by the Vandals. The Numidian king Jugurtha made the town his governing headquarters. Originally the town was named Waga, which became Vacca and then Vaga under the Romans and eventually Baja under the Arabs and Béja under the French. The Romans destroyed the old Carthaginian citadel and replaced it with a new one; they built fortifications that are still standing today. Under the Roman domination, Béja became prosperous and was the center of a diocese. According to Sallust, who relates the details of the Jugurthine War between Jugurtha and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus to possess Béja, Béja was the wealthiest warehouse of the kingdom and the center of intense commerce. The city was taken and destroyed by the Vandals. The citadel and ramparts were demolished. The abandoned town remained in that state for a century until the arrival of the Byzantines. They renovated the fortress and took real pleasure in beautifying Béja. After the Umayyad conquest of North Africa, the city became part of the Umayyad Caliphate. In 1880 France occupied Tunisia. On April 24, 1881 Béja in its turn was occupied by the column led by Logerot who had arrived from Algeria through the Kef. On November 16, 1942 a German military delegation came to Béja to give Mayor Jean Hugon a 24-hour ultimatum to surrender the city. In response to the ultimatum the Mayor informed civil governor, Clement, who in turn sent the message to Algiers. The next day, November 17, the first British parachute battalion landed on the hills north of the city. On Thursday November 19 German planes bombed the town for the first time, as a warning. This broke the long period of peace Béja had known for many centuries. The next day, Friday November 20, Béja was heavily bombed by German airplanes for many hours, because of its key position leading to the roads of Tabarka, Mateur, Bizerte and Algeria. The town became the stage for ferocious battles between the Germans and the Allies who fiercely defended it, at the expense of severe military and civil losses. The final German assault Operation \"Ochsenkopf\" – was launched from Mateur and was halted 15 km from Béja, on the night of February 28, 1943, by British troops. Located in north-western Tunisia on the \"White Hill\" and crossed by the Medjerda River, the features made the city famous for its fertile soil, Béja drew all the masters of the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians set up important trading posts. Their presence is felt through numerous Punic necropolis which have been unearthed in 1887. The Carthaginians, recognizing the importance of maintaining their authority in this area, built a garrison and fortified the town. Béja was extremely desirable, not only because of its fertile soil but because of its geographic location. It was at the doorway of the mountains and it was the crossroad for Carthage and Tunis going toward Cirta and Hippone. Béja has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification \"Csa\"). The Béja is the chef-lieu of the Béja Governorate. The city is since July 13, 1887 a municipality, from that day to today there were built 3 town halls, the last one was built in 1933, the building is now a classified monument. Like the rest of Tunisians, most of the Béjeans are Muslims with a small minority of irreligious. In the past there was a small community of Jews and a bigger one of Christians (most of them were European colons), but after the independence of Tunisia from France, all of them quit the city to Europe, North America and Israel. The city shelters many religion buildings like mosques, churches and synagogues. The oldest mosque of the town is \"Great Mosque of Béja\" which was built in 944 by the Fatimidis on an old Christian basilica, near it there is an other mosque, \"The Bey's Mosque\", which was built in 1675 by Murad II Bey for Hanafi Muslims of the city and in 1685 Mohamed Bey El Mouradi added a Madrasa to the mosque. After the settlement of the French protectorate in Tunisia, many Europeans come to the city to exploit the rich agricultural land, so to satisfy their religious demands the colonial authorities decided a church which was completed in 1883. After the increasing in number of colons in Béja, the church become too small for them, so the authorities decided to demolish it and build instead of it a bigger one, \"The Notre-Dame-du-Rosaire Church\". After the independence of Tunisia and the migration of Christians from the country, the church become a cultural centre in Béja. There are 15 elementary schools, 7 preparatory schools, 6 secondary schools and 3 educational institutes in Béja. Kasbah of Béja : The Kasbah of Béja, is a castle built during the Roman area over the ruins of another Carthaginian castle, the Kasbah was destroyed during the Vandal invasion of Tunisia, it was lately rebuilt by the Byzantine Empire and improved and fortified through the years of the Islamic rule, the Kasbah played a major role in protecting the city from various invasion, it's located on the top of the city. Béja Bardo Palace : Is an ancient royal residence built by the heir of the Husainid thrown Ali Pecha II in 1734 then it was renovated by Ali Pecha II. The Bardo Palace of Béja is now in ruins. The Great Mosque of Béja : The Great Mosque of Béja is one of the oldest mosques of the country, built in 944 by the Fatimide Caliph Al-Mansur Billah in 944 on the ruins of an old Roman basilica. Mosque Al-Jazzar is a very old mosque built by Ahmed Al-Jazzar, a Muslim ascetic, during the Aghlabib era in the 10th century. The Hanafi Mosque : The Hanafi Mosque is a mosque built in Béja in 1675 by Murad II Bey, it's called the Hanafit mosque because it was dedicated to the Hanafi minority of the city. Sidi Boutefeha Mausoleum : Sidi Boutefeha Mausoleum is a mausoleum built in the 17th century in memory to the young Sufi Wali Sidi Sulaymeb Al-Tamimi who was known as Boutefeha (The Father of The Appel). Sidi Baba Ali Smadhi Mausoleum : Sidi Baba Ali Smadhi Mausoleum is mausoleum built 1666 by the Sufi Marabout Ali Smadhi. The Mausoleum played a major role during the Husainid-Pechist civil war, it's also an important cultural and political center of Béja. The Qadiriyya Mausoleum : The Qadiriyya Mausoleum is a mausoleum belonging to the Qadiri Sufi order who was very influential in the city, the mausoleum was built in 1816 by the Sufi poet Miled Jaweni Cherif. The Qadiriyya was also known as the Nakhla Mosque. The Khadharin Mausoleum : The Khadharin Mausoleum is another Qadiri Sufi order mausoleum built in 1780 by Ahmed Blagui. Sidi Salah Zlaoui Mausoleum : Sidi Salah Zlaoui Mausoleum is mausoleum built in the 18th century by Salah Ibn Mohamed Zlaoui who was a very famous Sufist in Béja, the mausoleum was transformed by Jilani Zlaoui, one of Sidi Salah great-grandsons, into a mosque. Hammam Bousandel : Hammam Bousandel, is a public bath built in the 10th century, the bath is still operative till today. Sabil Saheb Ettabaâ : Sabil Saheb Ettabaâ is a fountain built by Grand Vizier Youssef Saheb Ettabaâ in 1800. Béja Beja ( \"\") is a city in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Leslie Payn Leslie William Payn was a South African cricketer active from 1936 to 1953 who played for Natal and was a member of the South African team that toured the British Isles in 1947. He did not represent South Africa in Test cricket. Payn was an orthodox slow left arm spinner who was born in Umzinto, Natal, on 6 May 1915. He died on 2 May 1992 at Scottburgh, Natal. Although a left arm bowler, he batted righthanded. He made 51 first-class appearances and took 151 wickets with a best performance of eight for 89. Although he was a tailender, he scored one first-class century when he made his highest score of 103. Leslie Payn Leslie William Payn was a South African cricketer active from 1936 to 1953 who played for Natal and was a member of the South African team that toured the British Isles in 1947. He did not represent South Africa in Test cricket. Payn was an orthodox slow left arm spinner who was born in Umzinto, Natal, on 6 May 1915. He died on 2 May 1992 at Scottburgh, Natal. Although a left arm bowler, he batted righthanded. He made 51 first-class appearances and took" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "LNP (newspaper) LNP is a daily newspaper headquartered in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The newspaper is published by the LNP Media Group, a division of the family-owned Steinman Enterprises. First published under its present name on October 14, 2014, \"LNP\" traces its roots to one of the oldest newspapers in the U.S., \"The Lancaster Journal\", which dates back to 1794. The newspaper's broadsheet print edition is published in the morning, seven days per week. The paper's online counterpart in LancasterOnline.com. The online edition of the newspaper is currently blocked to European visitors as a response by LancasterOnline.com to the 2018 EEA data privacy regulations popularly known as GDPR. \"LNP\" is the third-largest daily circulation print newspaper in the state of Pennsylvania, as of December 2016. In 2009, Lancaster's two daily newspapers, the morning \"Intelligencer Journal\" and the evening \"Lancaster New Era\", which were both published by Lancaster Newspapers (present-day LNP Media Group) and headquartered in the same building, were merged to form the Intelligencer Journal-Lancaster New Era. Though the Sunday sister paper, the \"Sunday News\", joined the combined newsroom in 2012, it continued to be published under the same masthead until the rebranding in October 2014. In 2014, the Intelligencer Journal-Lancaster New Era, as well as the \"Sunday News\", were combined, rebranded, and renamed \"LNP\". The first issue of the newly renamed \"LNP\" was published on October 16, 2014. Under its current masthead, \"LNP\" adopted the tagline \"Always Lancaster\". The rebranding was \"aimed at representing and embracing the history of Lancaster County,\" the brand and the audience, according to the publisher. The slogan also alludes to the abbreviation that was used to refer to \"Lancaster Newspapers\" for much of the latter part of the 20th century. The paper was redesigned to include a more visually-appealing format and more user-friendly sections and pages. LNP's current newsroom includes journalists from the former \"The Intelligencer Journal\", \"Lancaster New Era\" and \"Sunday News\". In May 2015, \"LNP\" closed its newspaper printing facility in downtown Lancaster, citing the need to improve print quality and upgrade full color options required for every page in the newspaper. \"LNP\" newspapers are now printed at a newer facility owned by Advance Central Services Pennsylvania and the PA Media Group in Hampden Township, Pennsylvania, approximately 50 miles northwest of Lancaster. The move allowed LNP to print an additional 60,000 newspapers on weekdays, as well as 80,000 more papers for its Sunday edition. On October 18, 2016, \"LNP's\" editorial board endorsed Hillary Clinton for president in the 2016 presidential election. LNP (newspaper) LNP is a daily newspaper headquartered in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The newspaper is published by the LNP Media Group, a division of the family-owned Steinman Enterprises. First published under its present name on October 14, 2014, \"LNP\" traces its roots to one of the oldest newspapers in the U.S., \"The Lancaster Journal\", which dates back to 1794. The newspaper's broadsheet print edition is published in the morning, seven days per week. The paper's online counterpart in LancasterOnline.com. The online edition of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Stob an Eas Stob an Eas is a 2401 ft (732m) Graham in the Arrochar Alps, Argyll and Bute, Scotland. Lying above Glen Kinglass, 4 miles north of Lochgoilhead, Stob an Eas forms part of the Arrochar Alps and is the essence of remote Argyll scenery. It forms the western edge of a ridge running between the shore of Loch Fyne, south of Cairndow and Beinn an Lochain, at the head of the Rest & Be Thankful and Butterbridge at Glen Croe. Stob an Eas is usually seen from the road north of Lochgoilhead and provides an iconic view from the village. Lochgoilhead is at the heart of remote Argyll landscape. To the south of Stob an Eas lies Glen Goil, a flat area of marshland leading to Loch Goil. Glen Goil, believed to have once been the head of the loch, is surrounded by more of the Arrochar Alps, including Ben Donich. To the south-east of Stob an Eas lies Gleann Mor, leading west to the Rest & Be Thankful. Ardgartan, on the western shore of Loch Long, forms a gateway into the Arrochar Alps through Glen Croe to the picturesque landscapes of Argyll. To the east of Stob an Eas is the mountain's parent peak, Beinn an Lochain. Once classified as a Munro, it is now regarded as a 2956 ft Corbett. The Rest and Be Thankful and Butterbridge are 3 miles further east. To the south west is Hell's Glen, a passage to Loch Fyne. Loch Fyne, at over 40 miles, is Scotland's longest sea loch. Stob an Eas Stob an Eas is a 2401 ft (732m) Graham in the Arrochar Alps, Argyll and Bute, Scotland. Lying above Glen Kinglass, 4 miles north of Lochgoilhead, Stob an Eas forms part of the Arrochar Alps and is the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Starving Children \"The Starving Children\" (German: \"Die Kinder in Hungersnot\"), is a fairy tale included in the first edition of the \"Grimm's Fairy Tales\". It has been removed from the book since its second edition. It is related to the longer Gottes Speise that appeared in the Kinder-legende section from 1819. There was a mother with two daughters. They were very poor and starving. The mother was so hungry that she lost her mind and was about to kill one of her daughters for food. The daughter asked the mother not to kill her as she would go out and find them food. However, she could only find a small piece of bread. It did not last long and the mother again lost her mind and tried to kill the other daughter. This time, this daughter told her the same thing and brought home two pieces of bread. They ate the bread but it was not enough. The mother was about to try killing her daughters again. This time, the daughters suggested they sleep until the end of the world. They slept, but no one could ever wake up, the mother disappeared and no one has seen her again. The Starving Children \"The Starving Children\" (German: \"Die Kinder in Hungersnot\"), is a fairy tale included in the first edition of the \"Grimm's Fairy Tales\". It has been removed from the book since its second edition. It is related to the longer Gottes Speise that appeared in the Kinder-legende section from 1819. There was a mother with two daughters. They were very poor and starving. The mother was so hungry that she lost her mind and was about to kill one of her daughters for food. The daughter asked the mother not to kill her as she would go out" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dundee, Michigan Dundee is a village in Monroe County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,957 at the 2010 census. The village and the surrounding Dundee Township are served by Dundee Community Schools. Dundee is part of the Monroe metropolitan area. Settled in as early as 1823, the Dundee Historic District offers a collection of shops and restaurants along the River Raisin. Dundee is nicknamed the \"\" due to the intersection of major historic thoroughfares at the village's center. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which is land and is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,957 people, 1,539 households, and 1,035 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 1,742 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.5% White, 0.9% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population. There were 1,539 households of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.7% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.14. The median age in the village was 34.3 years. 27% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30.1% were from 25 to 44; 23.9% were from 45 to 64; and 11.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.1% male and 51.9% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,522 people, 1,389 households, and 913 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,091.5 per square mile (421.0/km²). There were 1,477 housing units at an average density of 457.7 per square mile (176.6/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 96.91% White, 0.65% African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.19% of the population. There were 1,389 households out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.10. In the village, the population was spread out with 28.9% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 17.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males. The median income for a household in the village was $41,563, and the median income for a family was $49,479. Males had a median income of $40,612 versus $24,908 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,389. About 5.5% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.0% of those under age 18 and 2.6% of those age 65 or over. Dundee, Michigan Dundee is a village in Monroe County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,957 at the 2010 census. The village and the surrounding Dundee Township are served by Dundee Community Schools. Dundee is part of the Monroe metropolitan area. Settled in as early as 1823, the Dundee Historic District offers a collection of shops and restaurants along the River Raisin. Dundee is nicknamed the \"\" due to the intersection of major historic thoroughfares at the village's center. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nespelem River The Nespelem River is a northern tributary of the Columbia River, in the U.S. state of Washington. It is completely contained within Okanogan County and the Colville Indian Reservation. The name \"Nespelem\" is said to come from the Indian word \"nesilim\", meaning \"flat land\". The Nespelem River originates in eastern Okanogan County and flows south. It collects several minor tributaries including Stepstone Creek, North Star Creek, and Armstrong Creek, before passing by the town of Nespelem, Washington, the headquarters of the Colville Indian Reservation. Below the town, the Nespelem River turns west. The Little Nespelem River joins just before the river empties into the Columbia River. This reach of the Columbia River is several miles below Grand Coulee Dam and many miles above Chief Joseph Dam. The impounded Columbia River behind Chief Joseph Dam, into which the Nespelem River flows, is called Rufus Woods Lake. Nespelem River The Nespelem River is a northern tributary of the Columbia River, in the U.S. state of Washington. It is completely contained within Okanogan County and the Colville Indian Reservation. The name \"Nespelem\" is said to come from the Indian word \"nesilim\", meaning \"flat land\". The Nespelem River originates in eastern Okanogan" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Suriaprakash Ganesan Suriaprakash Ganesan (born 26 March 1982) is a Malaysian cricketer. A right-handed batsman, he has played for the Malaysia national cricket team since 2002. Born in Malaysia in 1982, Ganesan made his debut for Malaysia in March 2002, playing one match in the annual Stan Nagaiah Trophy series against Singapore. He then played against Thailand and the Maldives in that year's ACC Trophy before his first appearance in the annual Saudara Cup match. The following year, he played for Malaysia against the ECB National Academy and in the Stan Nagaiah Trophy series. He played twice for a Malaysia Cricket Association President's XI against England A in 2004, making his first-class debut the same year when he played against Nepal in the ICC Intercontinental Cup. He then spent almost three years out of the Malaysian side before returning for an ACC Premier League match against the UAE in March 2007. He most recently represented his country in the 2007 Saudara Cup match. Suriaprakash Ganesan Suriaprakash Ganesan (born 26 March 1982) is a Malaysian cricketer. A right-handed batsman, he has played for the Malaysia national cricket team since 2002. Born in Malaysia in 1982, Ganesan made his debut for Malaysia" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Test suite In software development, a test suite, less commonly known as a 'validation suite', is a collection of test cases that are intended to be used to test a software program to show that it has some specified set of behaviours. A test suite often contains detailed instructions or goals for each collection of test cases and information on the system configuration to be used during testing. A group of test cases may also contain prerequisite states or steps, and descriptions of the following tests. Collections of test cases are sometimes incorrectly termed a test plan, a test script, or even a test scenario. Occasionally, test suites are used to group similar test cases together. A system might have a smoke test suite that consists only of smoke tests or a test suite for some specific functionality in the system. It may also contain all tests and signify if a test should be used as a smoke test or for some specific functionality. In model-based testing, one distinguishes between \"abstract test suites\", which are collections of abstract test cases derived from a high-level model of the system under test, and \"executable test suites\", which are derived from abstract test suites by providing the concrete, lower-level details needed to execute this suite by a program. An abstract test suite cannot be directly used on the actual system under test (SUT) because abstract test cases remain at a high abstraction level and lack concrete details about the SUT and its environment. An executable test suite works on a sufficiently detailed level to correctly communicate with the SUT and a test harness is usually present to interface the executable test suite with the SUT. A test suite for a primality testing subroutine might consist of a list of numbers and their primality (prime or composite), along with a testing subroutine. The testing subroutine would supply each number in the list to the primality tester, and verify that the result of each test is correct. Test suite In software development, a test suite, less commonly known as a 'validation suite', is a collection of test cases that are intended to be used to test a software program to show that it has some specified set of behaviours. A test suite often contains detailed instructions or goals for each collection of test cases and information on the system configuration to be used during testing." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ottavio Ottavi Ottavio Ottavi (15 August 1849 – 12 January 1893) was an Italian oenologist. Ottavi was born in Sandigliano. His father Giuseppe Antonio Ottavio was an agronomist, and his brother Edoardo, editor of the journal \"Il Coltivatore\", was also seen as a significant figure in the development of nineteenth-century Italian viticulture. He was the author of various treatises and monographs, including \"Enologia teorico-pratica\" (1898), and was the founder of the \"Giornale vinicolo italiano\". His \"Inno ai Krumiri\" (1886) is a \"hymn\" to the krumiro, a type of biscuit created in Casale Monferrato, the town where he largely lived and where he died in 1893. Ottavio Ottavi Ottavio Ottavi (15 August 1849 – 12 January 1893) was an Italian oenologist. Ottavi was born in Sandigliano. His father Giuseppe Antonio Ottavio was an agronomist, and his brother Edoardo, editor of the journal \"Il Coltivatore\", was also seen as a significant figure in the development of nineteenth-century Italian viticulture. He was the author of various treatises and monographs, including \"Enologia teorico-pratica\" (1898), and was the founder of the \"Giornale vinicolo italiano\". His \"Inno ai Krumiri\" (1886) is a \"hymn\" to the krumiro, a type of biscuit created in Casale Monferrato, the town" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Health in Canada Most health statistics in Canada in 2008 were at or above the G8 average. Direct comparisons of health statistics across nations is complex. The OECD collects comparative statistics, and has published brief country profiles. Life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy were on par with other similar countries in 2016. The leading causes of death and disability were non-communicable diseases. Cancer, cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, and mental health and substance use disorders between them made up 56% of all disability-adjusted life years. The age-standardized death rate reduced by 12% from 2006 to 2016, although for mental and substance use disorders it increased by 11%. From 2015, people over the age of 65 years outnumbered younger Canadians. A new measure of expected human capital calculated for 195 countries from 1990 to 2016 and defined for each birth cohort as the expected years lived from age 20 to 64 years and adjusted for educational attainment, learning or education quality, and functional health status was published by the Lancet in September 2018. Canada had the eleventh highest level of expected human capital with 25 health, education, and learning-adjusted expected years lived between age 20 and 64 years. Health in Canada Most" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Daviesia alata Daviesia alata is a low sprawling shrub found in eastern Australia. It may reach 40 cm tall and one metre in diameter. The habitat is heathland or dry eucalyptus woodland on poor soils. It ranges from the Budawang Range in the south to Nelson Bay on the coast of New South Wales. This species lacks leaves as such, which may be reduced to scales. The stems are triangular in cross section. The specific epithet \"alata\" is from Latin, and it refers to the winged edges of the branchlets. Flowers are somewhat darker than most of the Australian yellow and red pea flowers. They form in clusters in spring and early summer. The pea pods are around 10 mm long and 7 mm wide. This plant does not have a well known common name, though casually remarked by bushwalkers as one of the \"egg & bacon\" group of wildflowers. The original specimen was collected by Dr. John White in Sydney, and first published in 1808 by the eminent English botanist, James Edward Smith. Daviesia alata Daviesia alata is a low sprawling shrub found in eastern Australia. It may reach 40 cm tall and one metre in diameter. The habitat" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Cippi of Melqart The Cippi of Melqart is the collective name for two Phoenician marble cippi that were unearthed in Malta under undocumented circumstances and dated to the 2nd century BC. These are votive offerings to the god Melqart, and are inscribed in two languages, Ancient Greek and Phoenician, and in the two corresponding scripts, the Greek and the Phoenician alphabet. They were discovered in the late 17th century, and the identification of their inscription in a letter dated 1694 made them the first Phoenician writing to be identified and published in modern times. Because they present essentially the same text (with some minor differences), the cippi provided the key to the modern understanding of the Phoenician language. In 1764, the French scholar Jean-Jacques Barthélémy relied on their inscription, which used 17 of the 22 letters of the Phoenician alphabet, to decipher the unknown language. The tradition that the cippi were found in Marsaxlokk was only inferred by their dedication to Heracles, whose temple in Malta had long been identified with the remains at Tas-Silġ. The Grand Master of the Order of the Knights Hospitaller, Fra Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc, presented one of the cippi to Louis XVI in 1782. This cippus is currently in the Louvre Museum in Paris, while the other rests in the National Museum of Archaeology in Valletta, Malta. The importance of the cippi to Maltese archaeology is inestimable. On the international level they already played a significant role in the deciphering and study of the Phoenician language in the 18th and 19th centuries. Such was their importance to Phoenician and Punic philology, that the inscriptions on the cippi became known as the \"Inscriptio melitensis prima bilinguis\" (Latin for \"First bilingual Maltese inscription\"), or the \"Melitensis prima\" (\"First Maltese\"). \"Cippus\" is a term used to describe a small column, which is at times truncated. Cippi serve as milestones, funerary monuments, markers or votive offerings. The earliest cippi had a cubic shape, and were carved from sandstone. By the late fifth century BC, these became gabled delicate stelae in the Greek fashion. The Maltese marble cippus is about high at the highest point, and is broken at the top. The Louvre Cippus is currently high at its highest point, wide, and thick. \"\"Their form is light and gracefully executed ...\"\" with a \"\" ...Greek inscription upon the pedestal,\" [and] \"a masterpiece of Phoenician epigraphy.\"\" The artifacts are carved in white marble, a stone which is not found naturally in the Maltese islands. As it is unlikely that skilled marble-carvers were available, they were probably imported in their finished state. The inscriptions, however, were probably engraved in Malta on behalf of the two patrons, Abdosir and Osirxamar. Judging by the names on the main inscription, the patrons were of Tyrian extraction. The addition of a synopsis of the dedication in Greek, with the names of the dedicators and of Melqart given in their Hellenised versions, confirms the existence and influence of Hellenistic culture. Additionally, while Malta had been colonised by the Phoenicians since the 8th century BC, by the second century, the Maltese islands were under Roman occupation. The use of Phoenician script also confirms the survival of Phoenician culture and religion on the islands. Although it is not rare for cippi to have dedications, the Cippi of Melqart have an unusual construction, as they have two parts. The base, or pedestal, is a rectangular block with mouldings at the top and bottom. The inscriptions in Greek and Phoenician are at the front, three lines in Greek and four in Phoenician. The inscriptions are lightly incised. The bases support pillars which are interpreted as candelabra. The lower parts of the candelabra are decorated with a shallow relief of acanthus leaves. Calligraphic differences in the incised text, varying positioning of the words and differences in the depth of the relief and the mouldings, imply that the two cippi are separate offerings, carrying the same inscription because the patrons were brothers. When the Greek inscription was published in the third volume of the \"Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum\" in 1853, the cippi were described as discovered in the coastal village of Marsaxlokk. Before, their Marsaxlokk provenance had not been proposed by anyone, and it was more than a century later that the claim was discredited. The attribution to Tas-Silġ was apparently reached by inference, because the candelabra were thought, with some plausibility, to have been dedicated and set up inside the temple of Heracles. The Phoenician inscription reads (from right to left; characters inside brackets denote a filled in lacuna): Transcription of the Phoenician text (read from left to right as if reading the previous text from right to left, and also adding spaces): Translation of the Phoenician text: The Greek inscription is the following: Rendering to the later polytonic and bicameral script and adding spaces, the Greek text becomes: Transliteration of the Greek text (including accents): Translation of the Greek: In 1694, a Maltese \"canonicus\", Ignazio di Costanzo, was the first to report an inscription on the cippi which he considered to be in the Phoenician language. This identification was on the basis that \"Phoenicians\" were recorded as ancient inhabitants of Malta by Greek writers Thucydides and Diodorus Siculus. Costanzo spotted these inscriptions, which were part of two almost identical votive cippi at the entrance of \"Villa Abela\" in Marsa, the house of the celebrated Maltese historian, Gian Franġisk Abela. Di Costanzo immediately recognised the Greek inscriptions, and he thought the other parts were written in Phoenician. However, the Maltese historian Ciantar claimed that the cippi were discovered in 1732, and placed the discovery in the villa of Abela, which had become a museum entrusted to the Jesuits. The contradiction in the dates of the discovery is confusing, given di Costanzo’s 1694 letter. Ignazio Paterno, prince of Biscari, reports another story regarding their discovery. Paterno describes how two \"candelabri\" were stored at the \"Bibliotecha\", after they had been found on the island of Gozo. Paterno attributes the discovery to Fr. Anton Maria Lupi, who had found the two votive cippi with the Phoenician inscriptions abandoned in a villa owned by the Jesuit Order in Gozo, linking them with the cippi mentioned by Ciantar. Copies of the inscriptions, which had been made by Giovanni Uvit in 1687, were sent to Verona to an art historian, poet and Knight Commander in the Hospitaller order, Bartolomeo dal Pozzo. These were then handed to another Veronese noble art collector, Francesco Sparaviero who wrote a translation of the Greek section. In 1753, Abbé Guyot de Marne, also a Knight Commander of the Maltese Order, published the text again in an Italian journal, the \"Saggi di dissertazioni accademiche\" of the Etruscan Academy of Cortona, but did not hypothesise a translation. The first attempt had come in 1741, by the French scholar Michel Fourmont, who had published his assumptions in the same journal. However, neither led to a useful translation. The shorter Phoenician text was transliterated and translated more than twenty years after Fourmont's publication, by the Abbé Jean-Jacques Barthélemy. Barthélemy, who had already translated Palmyrene, published his work in 1764. He correctly identified 16 of the 17 different letters represented in the text, but still mistook the \"Shin\" and the \"He\". Barthélémy began the translation of the script by reading the first word \"\"lʾdnn\"\" as \"\"to our lord\".\" The hypothesis that Heracles corresponded with Melqart, Lord of Tyre, made Barthélemy pinpoint more letters, while the names of the patrons, being the sons of the same father in the Greek text, allowed the backward induction of the father's name in the Phoenician text. The Phoenician script, once translated read: The", "to a useful translation. The shorter Phoenician text was transliterated and translated more than twenty years after Fourmont's publication, by the Abbé Jean-Jacques Barthélemy. Barthélemy, who had already translated Palmyrene, published his work in 1764. He correctly identified 16 of the 17 different letters represented in the text, but still mistook the \"Shin\" and the \"He\". Barthélémy began the translation of the script by reading the first word \"\"lʾdnn\"\" as \"\"to our lord\".\" The hypothesis that Heracles corresponded with Melqart, Lord of Tyre, made Barthélemy pinpoint more letters, while the names of the patrons, being the sons of the same father in the Greek text, allowed the backward induction of the father's name in the Phoenician text. The Phoenician script, once translated read: The paleographic table published by Barthélémy lacked the letters \"Tet\" and \"Pe\". The study of the Phoenician inscription on the base of the Louvre cippus can be regarded as the true foundation of Phoenician and Punic studies, at a time when the Phoenicians and their civilisation were known only through Greek or Biblical texts. Work on the cippi now focused on a fuller understanding of Phoenician grammar, as well as the implications of the discovery of Phoenician texts in Malta. Johann Joachim Bellermann believed that the Maltese language was a distant descendant of Punic. This was refuted by Wilhelm Gesenius, who like Abela before him, held that Maltese was a dialect of Arabic. Further studies on the \"Melitensis prima\" text followed developments in the study of Phoenician grammar, comparing Punic specimens closely with Hebrew texts. In 1772, Francisco Pérez Bayer published a book detailing the previous attempts at understanding the text, and provided his own interpretation and translation. In 1782, Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc, Grand Master of the Order of Malta, presented one of the cippi to Louis XVI. The cippus was placed at the \"Académie des Inscriptions et des Belles Lettres\", and then moved to the Bibliothèque Mazarine between 1792 and 1796. In 1864, the orientalist Silvestre de Sacy, suggested that the French cippus should be moved to the Louvre. The term \"Rosetta stone of Malta\" has been used idiomatically to represent the role played by the cippi in decrypting the Phoenician alphabet and language. The cippi themselves became a treasured symbol of Malta. Their image has appeared on local postage stamps, and hand-crafted models of the artifacts have been presented to visiting dignitaries. Notes References Bibliography Cippi of Melqart The Cippi of Melqart is the collective name for two Phoenician marble cippi that were unearthed in Malta under undocumented circumstances and dated to the 2nd century BC. These are votive offerings to the god Melqart, and are inscribed in two languages, Ancient Greek and Phoenician, and in the two" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ryan McCourt Ryan McCourt (born February 23, 1975) is a Canadian late modernist artist best known for his \"elegant\" sculptures. His artwork has been seen in exhibitions alongside a variety of notable visual artists, from Aganetha Dyck and Barbara Astman to Jules Olitski and Walter Darby Bannard. With sculptors Andrew French, Mark Bellows, Bianca Khan, Rob Willms, Linda Maines, and Cynthia Sentara, Ryan McCourt is identified as part of the \"Next Generation\" of Edmonton Sculpture. Ryan David McCourt was born and raised in Edmonton, Alberta, the youngest of Ken and Sheelagh McCourt's five children. He attended school at Patricia Heights Elementary School, Hillcrest Junior High School, and Jasper Place High School. McCourt completed his Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1997, and his Master of Fine Arts in Sculpture in 1999, both at the University of Alberta There, McCourt was a student of Peter Hide and Edmonton's modernist tradition of welded sculpture. In 1995, while an undergraduate student, McCourt was a photographer with the Edmonton Eskimos Football Club. After completing his MFA, McCourt worked as the Artistic Coordinator for The Works Art Expo 2001, and curated \"Resolutions\", a solo exhibition of paintings by Canadian artist Tony Baker, at the Edmonton Art Gallery. In 2002, McCourt founded the North Edmonton Sculpture Workshop, \"a cooperative shared-studio project focused on facilitating the creation and promotion of contemporary sculpture,\" producing the Big Things sculpture series at the Royal Alberta Museum from 2002 to 2006. In 2003, McCourt was an instructor of Visual Fundamentals at the University of Alberta. In 2004, alongside then-Alberta Premier Ralph Klein, McCourt unveiled his 5.5-meter tall commissioned sculpture entitled \"A Modern Outlook\", at 18550-118A Avenue in Edmonton. McCourt organized the Alberta Centennial Sculpture Exhibition at the Royal Alberta Museum in 2005. In 2006, McCourt was the first artist selected to display sculpture for one year outside Edmonton's Shaw Conference Centre. McCourt's exhibition, \"Will and Representation,\" was an installation of four large sculptures based on Ganesha, a deity from Hindu mythology. Ten months into the exhibition, then-Mayor of Edmonton Stephen Mandel ordered the works removed after reportedly receiving a 700-name petition complaining of the sculptures' \"disrespectful\" nudity. When asked for comment, McCourt stated that \"Nudity seems like a rather quaint thing to get one's knickers in a bunch over, in the 21st century. Besides, there's lots of art that I don't like, I don't go around gathering signatures of people who agree with me, and try to force the art to come down. That would be truly offensive, especially in a democracy like Canada.\" Media coverage of the sculptures' removal was widespread, with articles appearing in the news as far away as India. Public reaction to Mandel's censorship decree was generally disapproving. In an interview with the Edmonton Journal's Paula Simons, David Goa, religious scholar, cultural anthropologist, and director of the University of Alberta's Chester Ronning Centre for the Study of Religion and Public Life, states \"In India, Lord Ganesha is on everything – playing cards, advertising signs, lotto tickets, even diapers, I suspect.\" Simons concludes, \"In his haste to appease a few protesters, the mayor, usually a champion of the arts, made a serious error in judgment. Instead of giving McCourt's divinely inspired statues the bum's rush, we should be celebrating this Canadian cross-pollination of cultures and aesthetic forms\". \"The Globe and Mail\"s columnist Margaret Wente agreed with Simons: \"The mayor, of course, was quite wrong. Mr. McCourt's sculptures did not insult the Hindu community. They insulted a small but vocal conservative religious group that is about as representative of Hindus as Hassidic Jews are of Jews... There's a big difference between respecting different cultures and caving in to illiberalism and superstition.\" Despite such negative responses in the media to art censorship in Canada, in 2014 the Edmonton Arts Council subsequently refused a donation of one of McCourt's sculptures, \"Destroyer of Obstacles\", evidently because the sculpture had genitalia beneath its clothes. After meeting with seven Hindu community group representatives to seek out their opinion of the donation, the Edmonton Arts Council received a response that McCourt's sculpture was \"an offense to their religion\" and that the ban enacted by Mayor Mandel should remain in place. As a result of this consultation, \"the Public Art Committee unanimously voted to decline acceptance of the gift, as the artwork did not meet 'community or civic suitability' criteria.\" In McCourt's view, \"It is not the purpose of a city's public art collection to placate special interests,\" he says. \"I want Edmonton to build the best civic art collection that we can get, never mind the politics, the religion, etc. of the artists making the work.\" McCourt's reputation as a controversial artist goes beyond the issue of censorship. Protesting the exclusivity of a local \"National Portrait Gallery\" exhibition, McCourt \"sent in an anonymous mock-up of Ingres' Napoleon as Jupiter Enthroned redone with Stephen Harper's face along with a fabricated letter from the Prime Minister of Canada. His anonymous submission was immediately accepted into the show and became the poster child of the exhibit.\" McCourt has publicly advocated for civic investment in the arts, and for the University of Alberta to move its Department of Art and Design to a downtown campus. McCourt has been a vocal critic of public art in Edmonton, dismissing \"Talus Dome,\" a much-maligned sculpture purchased by the city, as \"an embarrassment to our citizens, a symbol of the Edmonton Arts Council's continued bungling of their portfolio, and an unforgivable waste of public funds.\" In 2007, McCourt opened \"Common Sense\", a gallery space at 10546 – 115 street in downtown Edmonton, run by the North Edmonton Sculpture Workshop. With a mandate to give 100% of proceeds from art sales to exhibiting artists, Common Sense does not fit the mold of either a commercial gallery or a traditional artist run centre. According to art writer Amy Fung, \"Common Sense is not actually an artist-run centre in any official sense, but a space run by artists in the old-fashioned sense... essentially an artist's wet dream in our space-deprived city.\" McCourt has received the Lee Fund for the Arts Award; is a two-time recipient of the Edmonton Artists Trust Fund Award; and the recipient of a number of Project Grants from the Alberta Foundation for the Arts. His 2000 photograph \"After David,\" and 2003 sculpture \"Atlas\" are included in the Alberta Foundation for the Arts' collection. \"Fanfare,\" a steel sculpture by McCourt from 1999, is in the art collection of the University of Alberta. \"Honky Tonk,\" also from 1999, is in the collection of the Robert T. Webb Sculpture Garden. \"The Abduction of Liberty, from 2006, was donated to the City of Edmonton and installed in the Belgravia Art Park in 2009. McCourt was awarded First Prize in the headdress category of the 2009 Wearable Art Awards in Port Moody, British Columbia for \"The Helmet of Laocoön.\" In 2011, McCourt was named one of Edmonton's \"Top 40 Under 40\" by \"Avenue Edmonton\" for his support of local artists and his encouragement of \"critical discourse\". On August 19, 2016, McCourt's \"Edmontonian Flag\" was presented to Edmonton Mayor Don Iveson by Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations Grand Chief Randy Ermineskin, \"as a symbol of their commitment to collaboration, respectful dialogue and exploring shared opportunities\" and \"to symbolize a new dawn in Nation-to-Nation relationship building.\" Ryan McCourt Ryan McCourt (born February 23, 1975) is a Canadian late modernist artist best known for his \"elegant\" sculptures. His artwork has been seen in exhibitions alongside a variety of notable visual artists, from Aganetha", "in Port Moody, British Columbia for \"The Helmet of Laocoön.\" In 2011, McCourt was named one of Edmonton's \"Top 40 Under 40\" by \"Avenue Edmonton\" for his support of local artists and his encouragement of \"critical discourse\". On August 19, 2016, McCourt's \"Edmontonian Flag\" was presented to Edmonton Mayor Don Iveson by Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations Grand Chief Randy Ermineskin, \"as a symbol of their commitment to collaboration, respectful dialogue and exploring shared opportunities\" and \"to symbolize a new dawn in Nation-to-Nation relationship building.\" Ryan McCourt Ryan McCourt (born February 23, 1975) is a Canadian late modernist artist best known for his \"elegant\" sculptures. His artwork has been seen in exhibitions alongside a variety of notable visual artists, from Aganetha Dyck and Barbara Astman to Jules Olitski and Walter Darby Bannard. With sculptors Andrew French, Mark Bellows, Bianca Khan, Rob Willms, Linda Maines, and Cynthia Sentara, Ryan McCourt is identified as part of the \"Next Generation\" of Edmonton Sculpture. Ryan David McCourt was born and raised in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Isireli Tuvuki Isireli Tuvuki is a former Fijian politician, who served in the Cabinet from 2001 to 2006 as Assistant Minister for Agriculture, Sugar, and Land Resettlement. In these roles, he assisted Ilaitia Tuisese, who held these portfolios. Tuvuki contested the Vanua Levu-based Bua Macuata West Open Constituency for the \"Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua\" Party (SDL) in the parliamentary election of September 2001. He came in third, behind Ratu Josefa Dimuri of the Conservative Alliance (CAMV) and Evia Varani Sailo of the Fiji Labour Party (FLP), but Fiji's voting system (which combined elements of instant run-off voting and electoral fusion) resulted in enough votes cast for low-polling candidates to be transferred to Tuvuki to give him 52.3 percent of the vote on the final count. He was subsequently appointed to the Cabinet. Tuvuki effectively retired at the general election held on 6–13 May 2006. He did in fact contest the election, but made only a token bid to retain his seat, as the SDL had selected Ratu Josefa Dimuri as its main candidate. Dimuri was duly elected. An agricultural officer by profession, Tuvuki served all over Fiji before returning to serve in Nabouwalu, Bua just before his retirement. Tuvukki has been a member of the Fiji Pine Limited Board since the mid-1990s. He is originally from Namuavoivoi village, where his clan leases land to Fiji Pine Limited for the planting of pine. Tuvuki has been vocal in opposing the construction of the Tropik Wood Port in Wairiki, Bua saying that the port should be constructed at Lekutu - closer to the Fiji Pine Limited station in the province. Isireli Tuvuki Isireli Tuvuki is a former Fijian politician, who served in the Cabinet from 2001 to 2006 as Assistant Minister for Agriculture, Sugar, and Land Resettlement. In these roles, he assisted" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Live! (The Police album) Live! is a live album by The Police, released in 1995 on compact disc and cassette tape. It is the first live album of the band, and the only one covering the period when it was active. (A live album from the reunion tour, \"\", would be released in 2007). According to Andy Summers, the idea of releasing an album of live material by The Police went back as far as 1982. Up until that point, a few live tracks had only surfaced on B-sides and compilations such as \"Urgh! A Music War\" (1980). The plan was to have a new album of the band to act as a stopgap between \"Ghost in the Machine\" (1981) and \"Synchronicity\" (1983). The record was mixed and mastered in Canada but never released. Similar plans took place in 1984 at the tail of the band's Synchronicity tour, but the project was shelved again, this time in favour of a greatest hits album (\"\"). In 1995, thanks to the technical possibilities and greater running time offered by the CD format, the idea regained momentum and Summers was invited to produce. The album features the band performing at two very distinct periods of its career. Disc one contains almost the complete concert on 27 November 1979 at the Orpheum Theatre in Boston, Massachusetts. It features mostly material from the first two albums, \"Outlandos d'Amour\" and \"Reggatta de Blanc\", as well as songs only released as singles or B-sides such as \"Fall Out\" and \"Landlord\". The performance was broadcast by the WBCN (FM) radio in Boston. Disc two contains excerpts from two concerts on 2–3 November 1983 in Atlanta, Georgia at The Omni during the Synchronicity tour for the album of the same name. On this occasion the band was augmented by three backing vocalists. Both shows were widely known to fans as they have been circulating in bootleg format for many years. The 1983 shows were also featured in the 1984 Synchronicity Concert VHS and the 2005 DVD release, and a live version of \"Tea in the Sahara\" has been released as the B-side of \"King of Pain\" in 1984. \"Live!\" contributed to refresh the popularity of The Police about a decade after their break-up, at a time when all the three members were enjoying successful solo careers. It also had the merit of showcasing the band's live activity, and their propensity for rearranging and extending known songs such as \"Roxanne\" and \"Walking on the Moon\". An edited version of \"Can't Stand Losing You\" from the Boston performance was released as a single and reached number 27 in the UK charts, while the album itself reached number 25. \"Live!\" was generally well received. David Sinclair in \"Q\" magazine noted how the album added an important dimension to the band's recorded legacy by offering a reminder of why The Police were one of the great performing acts of their day. Paul Colbert from \"Encore Magazine\" wrote: \"It may have taken 10 years for a live album to materialise, but these two CDs were worth the wait, capturing two essential periods, two indispensable sets of material\". Andrew Abrahams emphasised the difference between the two performances, observing how the one in Boston \"captures a hungry rock band on its ascent\" while the one in Atlanta \"is more predictable, revealing a super-group that has settled into fame and commercial acceptability\". In an interview in \"Q\" Magazine, Sting seemed to agree with this point. \"I remember those small gigs so much better than the stadium shows. I can remember pretty well every night of the first tour: which gigs had tricky stairs to negotiate with the gear; what was said in the dressing room; which encores we did. But a stadium just looks like a stadium\". All songs written by Sting except when noted. Live! (The Police album) Live! is a live album by The Police, released in 1995 on compact disc and cassette tape. It is the first live album of the band, and the only one covering the period when it was active. (A live album from the reunion tour, \"\", would be released in 2007). According to Andy Summers, the idea of releasing" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Finch (American band) Finch was an American post-hardcore band from Temecula, California. The band released an EP \"Falling Into Place\" and two full-length albums, \"What It Is to Burn\" and \"Say Hello to Sunshine\" before declaring a hiatus in 2006. Finch reformed in 2007, playing a reunion show on November 23 at the Glasshouse in Pomona, California. They released a self-titled EP a year later, and were in the process of writing their third studio album when they disbanded in late 2010. After playing a group of shows commemorating the ten-year anniversary of \"What It Is to Burn\" in 2012, Finch signed with Razor & Tie in 2014 and revealed that they were working on a new studio album. The album was titled \"Back to Oblivion\" and released on September 30, 2014. In October 2016, Finch announced its third official break up. Finch began in the late 1990s, originally under the name Numb. It was thought that Numb was a Deftones cover band, though Finch has since denied this claim, referring to the rumor as a \"misquote that's haunted us for years.\" The band soon added guitarist Randy Strohmeyer to their lineup as the band signed to Drive-Thru Records. The group then officially changed their name to Finch and released their first EP \"Falling into Place\" in 2001. The EP sold over 6,000 copies within a few months of its release. Following the release of \"Falling Into Place\" in 2001, Finch teamed up with producer Mark Trombino to release their debut album, \"What It Is to Burn\". The album spawned three singles; title track \"What It Is to Burn\", \"Letters to You\" and \"New Beginnings\". The song \"Post Script\" was included in the first installment of the sampler. The album received mixed reviews from critics, but was generally well received. After touring parts of the world, the band went back into the studio, writing and recording new material for their second album. During the time of this recording, the band largely fell from the public eye, and the band faced some changes for the recording of their second album, \"Say Hello to Sunshine\". The group also went through major changes first by going through three different record labels, Drive-Thru Records and MCA Records, which was then purchased by Geffen Records before its release. Founding band member drummer Alex Pappas left the band due to musical differences; he was replaced by Marc Allen. Pappas would later form Redgun Radar. The band took their time recording the album and often scrapped songs in order to record new ones. Finch finally released \"Say Hello to Sunshine\" on June 7, 2005. The first single of the album was \"Bitemarks and Bloodstains\" and was also the first song the band wrote for the album. In an interview Nate Barcalow stated that \"Bitemarks makes the transition between the old and the new sound.\" After \"Say Hello to Sunshine\"'s release, some fans were left disappointed in the sharp musical change in the new album. However, the departure from the \"What It Is to Burn\" sound was also praised by many, as the band introduced a more authentic post-hardcore style to their music. On February 19, 2006, it was revealed that the group was \"officially on an 'indefinite hiatus'. Members of the band are currently jamming with other projects.\" The hiatus was confirmed shortly after with a post by the band on their official website. The posting reads as follows: Through much thought and deliberation, the five of us have decided to take an indefinite break from Finch. Amongst the many reasons for our decision, our individual priorities just lie in different places. We can't express how grateful we are to all of you for the past five years. We’ve had the opportunity to play the music we love for a living. The five of us will always feel lucky for that. Again, thank you all so much for the love and support you’ve given us. A special thanks as well, to all who have worked closely with us over the years to make things happen. A list of names would just be too long. You know who you are. During the break, the members of Finch still remained active. Marc Allen joined a band with his brother, Adam, called \"Helen Earth Band\". Randy Strohmeyer started a side project called \"Gazillionaire\", and also managed various indie rock bands. Former drummer, Alex Pappas, played drums in \"Redgun Radar\" until they disbanded in 2007, then played drums for \"The Guana Batz\". Nate Barcalow started a side project called \"Cosmonaut\", Alex Linares continued his education. Bass player Derek Doherty got involved in the real estate industry, and then eventually went on to be convicted of fraud. Doherty was sentenced to 15 months in prison and ordered to pay $98,835 restitution involving a scheme to defraud clients by taking advance fees for loan audits that he never performed. Finch reformed in late 2007, performed at a few American West Coast shows and began booking more dates for 2008. During Finch's early 2008 reunion shows, the band began debuting new songs live. These new songs would later become part of the four-song EP titled \"Finch\". The digital version of the EP was released on July 22, 2008, and a CD version exclusive to Hot Topic was released shortly thereafter due to a manufacturing delay. The EP is notable for being the band's first album that was released independently of a record label. Finch spent most of 2008 touring in support of the release, including a July/August headlining tour with Scary Kids Scaring Kids, Foxy Shazam and Tickle Me Pink. Finch announced in October 2008 that they had begun work on their third full-length album. In May 2009, Finch released a demo for the song \"Hail to the Fire\" on their Myspace page, which was presumably to be a part of their new album. Coinciding with the song release, the band posted a blog entry updating their fans with the progress on the new album. In the update, Finch stated that they had \"a bunch\" of demos written, new songs would be performed in upcoming tour dates, the new album would be recorded during mid 2009, and that they would possibly search for a label in the near future to release it. Shortly after the release of \"Hail to the Fire,\" Finch redesigned their website and gave away free digital copies of their self-titled EP. On December 17, 2010, after an extended period of inactivity and infrequent updates, Finch officially announced that they had broken up. Their third studio album failed to materialize as each member had broadened his \"musical ,\" which made it difficult for the band to collaborate on new music. On the day of their announced break, Finch also released several new items through their webstore. A digital single titled \"Epilogue\" was released that featured two mastered recordings of \"Hail to the Fire\" and \"World of Violence\", which were to appear on their third album. Also released was a free download of \"Bury White\" originally by Far, a new version of \"Finch\" with three bonus tracks, and the American release of \"A Far Cry From Home\" (previously only available in Japan). In 2012, Nate Barcalow formed a new band called Earthbound Ghost. In late 2012, Finch's old manager asked the band members if they would be interested in doing one show in celebration of the 10th anniversary of the release of their debut album, \"What It Is to Burn\". Guitarist Alex Linares recalled his initial reaction to the proposal: \"I was like, 'I don't know, it's a lot of trouble for one show. But all right, I'll do it for two shows! Let's do a California show, and let's do a London show. I want to go on vacation to England one more time!'\" In October 2012, Finch announced it would reunite and perform \"What It Is to Burn\" in its entirety for one night on February 1, 2013 in California, followed shortly by announcement of a second California date after the first one sold out along with a UK date. The lineup for the reunion shows included long-time members Nate Barcalow, Randy Strohmeyer and Alex Linares, in addition to Alex Pappas, who left Finch in 2004 before the release of \"Say Hello to", "of the release of their debut album, \"What It Is to Burn\". Guitarist Alex Linares recalled his initial reaction to the proposal: \"I was like, 'I don't know, it's a lot of trouble for one show. But all right, I'll do it for two shows! Let's do a California show, and let's do a London show. I want to go on vacation to England one more time!'\" In October 2012, Finch announced it would reunite and perform \"What It Is to Burn\" in its entirety for one night on February 1, 2013 in California, followed shortly by announcement of a second California date after the first one sold out along with a UK date. The lineup for the reunion shows included long-time members Nate Barcalow, Randy Strohmeyer and Alex Linares, in addition to Alex Pappas, who left Finch in 2004 before the release of \"Say Hello to Sunshine\", and Daniel Wonacott, who joined the band during its previous reunion. Finch continued to add individual \"What It Is to Burn\" anniversary dates until it became several North American tours, beginning with a March tour featuring The Almost and The World Is a Beautiful Place & I Am No Longer Afraid to Die and ending with an October tour with Dance Gavin Dance. Strohmeyer did not perform at some of the reunion tours because his father died in late 2013. Footage from the band's initial reunion show in California was recorded and released as a live CD/DVD titled \"What It Is to Burn X Live\" on January 7, 2014 through Tragic Hero Records. Following the anniversary tours, the future of Finch was uncertain. During its final 2013 tour dates, the band started playing a new song titled \"Back to Oblivion\" live. Linares commented on the band's 2013 writing sessions, stating: \"There's no certainty as to what's going to come of it. Maybe it'll be a full album and two years of worldwide touring, or it'll be 30 demo songs and that's it. I think positively and hope for the best, but I can't promise anything.\" In a different interview, Strohmeyer also commented on the band's uncertainty and the members' other projects, stating: \"We don't really talk about it too much. Then Nate's got another band that he fronts and he is very into that and Alex went to culinary school and works in a lot of kitchens and I think he's actually opening up a food cart. And Daniel Wonacott makes a lot of apps and Pappas is like a full-on recording engineer and he's great.\" But in March 2014, Finch announced it would join Warped Tour and release a new album through Razor & Tie later in the year. Barcalow said Finch felt out of place on Warped Tour, which primarily featured bands of a younger generation, but offered a counterpoint: \"on the other hand, a lot of kids would approach us at signings and say 'I'd never heard your band before today, and I really like you guys.' That makes it all worth it, in a way. If we're still getting new fans, we must be doing something right.\" Produced by Brian Virtue (Thirty Seconds to Mars, Jane's Addiction, Chevelle), Finch released its third studio album titled \"Back to Oblivion\" in the US on September 30 through Razor & Tie. Finch promoted the album with an online stream of \"Two Guns to the Temple\" prior to the release of the album, and toured North America in September–November 2014 with Maps & Atlases, which was originally going to feature Weatherbox, but was replaced with Helen Earth Band, which features former Finch drummer Marc Allen. On November 13, 2015, Finch released the album \"Steel, Wood and Whiskey\" for free on their website. This acoustic album features newly recorded renditions of songs from their entire back catalog. Following the tours in support of \"Back to Oblivion\", Finch began working on a follow-up and fourth studio album in mid-2015. However, according to a statement by the rest of the band, Barcalow drew distant from Finch due to creative differences, did not show up to most of the recording sessions for their next album and stopped communicating altogether by January 2016. The band received offers to play festivals throughout 2016 and showed an interest in accepting, but was unable to get a hold of Barcalow. In October 2016, Barcalow privately announced on Instagram that Finch had broken up and posted nine demo songs from the scrapped new album's recording sessions to his personal YouTube account. The following day, the other members of Finch posted a statement from their perspective, claiming that \"[Barcalow] quit again, for the third time in the bands history\" and posted two demos also from scrapped new album's recording sessions to Finch's official YouTube account: \"Monuments\" and \"These Buildings are Burning\". In early 2016, Linares, Pappas, Wonacott formed a new band with Buddy Nielsen of Senses Fail called Speak the Truth... Even If Your Voice Shakes, but mainly referred to as just Speak the Truth. Following their third split, Barcalow went on to form the electronic duo outfit Private Lives. They announced a PledgeMusic campaign to crowdfund their debut album \"No Future\" in May 2017. Finch" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Voluntary aided school A voluntary aided school (VA school) is a state-funded school in England and Wales in which a foundation or trust (usually a religious organisation), contributes to building costs and has a substantial influence in the running of the school. In most cases the foundation or trust owns the buildings. Such schools have more autonomy than voluntary controlled schools, which are entirely funded by the state. In some circumstances local authorities can help the governing body in buying a site, or can provide a site or building free of charge. Voluntary aided schools are a kind of state maintained school, meaning that they receive all their running costs from central government via the local authority. The majority are also faith schools. In contrast to other types of maintained school, only 90% of the capital costs of a voluntary aided school are met by the state. The foundation contributes the remaining 10% of the capital costs, and many VA faith schools belong to diocesan maintenance schemes or other types of funding programme to help them to manage those costs. They are not allowed to charge fees to students, although parents are usually encouraged to pay a voluntary contribution towards the schools' maintenance funds. The foundation usually owns the school's land and buildings, although there are instances where VA schools use local authority land and buildings. The foundation appoints a majority of the school governors. The governing body runs the school, employs the staff and decides the school's admission arrangements, subject to the national Schools Admissions Code. Specific exemptions from Section 85 of the Equality Act 2010 enables VA faith schools to use faith criteria in prioritising pupils for admission to the schools. Pupils at voluntary aided schools follow the National Curriculum. VA faith schools, like all faith schools, may teach religious education according to their own faith. Prior to the 19th century, there were a variety of schools in England and Wales, from charity schools providing basic education for the poor to endowed schools (often grammar schools) providing secondary or all-age education. Early in that century, the British and Foreign School Society and the National Society for Promoting Religious Education sought to provide elementary schooling for poor children, setting up non-denominational British Schools and Church of England National schools respectively. From 1833, the State began to provide grants to support these elementary schools and the less wealthy endowed schools. They were joined by the Catholic Poor School Committee, which established Roman Catholic elementary schools and received its first state grant in 1847. Secondary education also expanded at the same time, including a series of Roman Catholic secondary schools established by religious orders. The State began to provide elementary education in 1870 and secondary education in 1902, but also continued to increase funding to the schools run by other organisations (usually the churches), now known as voluntary schools. In return these schools were increasingly influenced by the state, and were subject to jointly administered inspections. In 1926, secondary voluntary schools were required to choose between being \"grant-aided\" by the local authority, or receiving a \"direct grant\" from central government. Under the Education Act 1944, most of the direct grant schools became direct grant grammar schools. The Act also imposed higher standards on school facilities, and offered the remaining voluntary schools a choice in funding the costs this would incur: The Catholic Church chose to retain control of all of its schools, while more than half of Church of England schools became voluntary controlled. The state contribution to capital works for voluntary aided schools was originally 50%. It was increased to 75% by the Education Act 1959, and is now 90%. By the 1970s, most local authorities were in the final stages of reorganising secondary education along comprehensive lines. The Roman Catholic hierarchy supported this change. Some non-Catholic voluntary aided grammar schools opposed it. Local authorities could not compel voluntary aided schools to change any aspect of their admissions, but they could submit a proposal to the Minister to cease to maintain a school. This was done in cases where the local authority and school could not agree. Some of these schools became independent schools: Direct grant status was abolished at the same time and over forty such schools, almost all Roman Catholic, converted to voluntary aided status. Many voluntary aided schools converted to grant-maintained status in the late 1980s, generally reverting to voluntary aided status when grant-maintained status was abolished in 1998. A few formerly independent faith schools that had become grant-maintained in the early 1990s also converted to voluntary aided status at that time. By 2008, within the maintained sector in England, approximately 22% of primary schools and 17% of secondary schools were voluntary aided, including all of the Roman Catholic schools and the schools of non-Christian faiths. Almost all voluntary aided primary schools and 93% of voluntary aided secondary schools were linked to a religious body, usually either the Church of England or the Catholic Church, with a minority of other faiths. In November 2012, the interpretation of the Education Act 2011, which appeared to prioritise the creation of academies over maintained schools, was tested by a judicial review, which upheld the decision of Richmond Local Authority to establish voluntary aided schools, St. Richard Reynolds Catholic College, without first seeking proposals for an academy. Voluntary aided school A voluntary aided school (VA school) is a state-funded school in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Don Taylor (Canadian sportscaster) Don Taylor (born September 25, 1959 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian radio sportscaster and former television sportscaster. He currently works for TSN Radio 1040 in Vancouver. Taylor is the youngest of four brothers and two sisters. Taylor graduated from Alpha Secondary School in 1977. Taylor was the longtime co-host of CKVU's nightly sports news show \"Sports Page\" from 1985 to 2000 and was also briefly a radio broadcaster with CKNW. He hosted Sportsnet Pacific's nightly sports news program \"Sportsnet Connected\" from 2001 up until August 8, 2014, when it was announced that Taylor would no longer work for Sportsnet. In 2003 he returned to the radio on what was then called the TEAM 1040, co-hosting the \"Pratt & Taylor Show\". When David Pratt and the station management couldn't come to an agreement for a new contract in 2011, Pratt left the station and Taylor's long-time friend and former CKVU co-worker, Barry Macdonald, became Pratt's replacement for the afternoon show. It would be known as the \"BMac & Taylor Show\" until 2015, when Bob \"The Moj\" Marjanovich was added to the show, which currently is called the \"BMac, Donnie and the Moj Show\", from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. on TSN 1040. During his nearly three decades on television, Taylor was known for his canned delivery of the nightly sports highlights, which consisted largely of a set of recurring themes including: Taylor also provided colour commentary for different hockey video games including \"NHL 2002\", \"NHL 2003\", as well as \"NHL Rock the Rink\", which all were released by EA Sports. Taylor and his wife Lisa (a high school teacher) have three children. Lisa was a former All-American heptathlete at Simon Fraser University. In March 2014, Taylor wrote an article on Sportsnet's website about his late older brother Dave Taylor who died of cancer at age 62; Taylor dedicated his moustache to his late brother. Don Taylor (Canadian sportscaster) Don Taylor (born September 25, 1959 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian radio sportscaster and former television sportscaster. He currently works for TSN Radio 1040 in Vancouver. Taylor is the youngest of four brothers and two sisters. Taylor graduated from Alpha Secondary School in 1977. Taylor was the longtime co-host of CKVU's nightly sports news show \"Sports Page\" from 1985 to 2000 and was also briefly a radio broadcaster with CKNW. He hosted Sportsnet Pacific's nightly" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nikki Kahn Nikki Kahn is a documentary photographer based in Washington, D.C. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography in 2011. Nikki Kahn was born in Georgetown, Guyana. In 1996 she graduated from American University in Washington, D.C., with degrees in visual media and art history. She received a Master’s of Science Degree in photography in 2004 from Syracuse University. During her time at Syracuse, she covered AIDS in Guyana. Kahn lived in Washington, D.C., for almost a decade with her husband, Michel du Cille, a three-time Pulitzer-Prize-winning photographer. Du Cille died from a heart attack in 2014 while covering the Ebola crisis in Liberia. Before joining \"The Washington Post\" in 2005, Kahn worked for Knight-Ridder Tribune Photo Service in Washington, D.C., as a photographer and editor. Kahn has covered stories in Afghanistan, Haiti, India, Guyana, Egypt and Tunisia. In 2011, Kahn and her colleagues at \"The Washington Post\", Carol Guzy and Ricky Carioti, won a Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography \"for their up-close portrait of grief and desperation after a catastrophic earthquake struck Haiti\". Kahn has been back to Haiti many times since having shot the photos; she likes to keep in touch with those who touched her life. Kahn states, \"I think the amazing thing was the opportunity to go back throughout the year and check up on the people I photographed on the first trip.\" Kahn's work has been featured in group exhibitions by the White House News Photographers Association at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. Nikki Kahn Nikki Kahn is a documentary photographer based in Washington, D.C. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography in 2011. Nikki Kahn was born in Georgetown, Guyana. In 1996 she graduated from American University in Washington, D.C., with degrees in visual media and art history." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Eilean Mhealasta Eilean Mhealasta (Mealista Island) is an uninhabited island off the west coast of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. It takes its name from Mealista, a nearby township on Lewis. Nearby Mealista had a shrine to St Catan, but it is not known if the island itself had a Culdee settlement. The ruins of old buildings of a previous community can still be seen. In 1823 the island was incorporated into a sheep farm. Thereafter no permanent inhabitants were recorded. A folk myth says that anyone born on Eilean Mhealasta will grow up to be an idiot. Haswell-Smith suggests that the landlords started this rumour to encourage residents to leave. In the 1861 census, it was recorded that some sailors from Rosehearty were camping there. In about 1785 a boat from Mealista carrying a cargo of timber took shelter from a gale at the southernmost point of the Pairc. Nothing more was heard of the crew and on Mealista they were given up as lost at sea. During the following summer, blankets were offered for sale at the annual market day at Stornoway. The blankets were recognised by an unusual identification mark and a confession of murder for the cargo of timber followed. The island is still used as sheep grazing. Eilean Mhealasta lies ½ mile from the west coast of Lewis, south of Brenish (Breanais) and several miles north of Scarp. It is just over a kilometre long, and indented with a bay, Camas Leirageo in the west, which contains, Sgeir na Geòdha Ruaidh. The east coast has a clean sandy beach, while the west coast is rocky. The island is a bedrock of gneiss, some of which contains a reddish quartz. There are natural arches on the east coast. Eilean Mhealasta Eilean Mhealasta (Mealista Island)" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "John Brinkerhoff John R. Brinkerhoff was the associate director for national preparedness of the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) from 1981 to 1983. Before joining FEMA, Brinkerhoff served as the Department of Defense Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Reserve Affairs. After 29 years of service in the U.S. Army, Brinkerhoff retired in 1974 at the rank of Colonel. Brinkerhoff served tours of duty in Korea, Germany, and Vietnam while in the service. He was also notable for his role in planning REX-84, along with Lieutenant-Colonel Oliver North. Brinkerhoff graduated from Santa Ana High School in Santa Ana, CA in 1946. Brinkerhoff obtained his BS in Engineering from the United States Military Academy, Class of 1950 and received his MS in Civil Engineering from the California Institute of Technology. He later obtained his MA in Geography from Columbia University, and an MSA in Operations Research from George Washington University. Brinkerhoff has written countless articles as well as two books. John Brinkerhoff John R. Brinkerhoff was the associate director for national preparedness of the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) from 1981 to 1983. Before joining FEMA, Brinkerhoff served as the Department of Defense Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Gloster B. Current Gloster B. Current (1913–1997) was deputy executive director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the National Director of Branches and Field Administration of the NAACP during the Civil Rights Movement. It was a period of major expansion and activism for the NAACP. He also wrote a book, was an accomplished Jazz musician, and was an ordained Methodist minister. His first wife was Leontine Turpeau, also a minister; they had three children but later divorced. At the time of his death, he lived in Hollis, Queens, with his wife second wife Rebecca Busch Current. Current came to New York City from Detroit in 1946 at the behest of Walter Francis White. Cecilia Suyat Marshall was his private secretary at the NAACP. Roscoe Lee Browne portrayed Current in \"\" (1983), a film about Medgar Evers. Current claimed to have been the last person to speak with Evers. Gloster B. Current Gloster B. Current (1913–1997) was deputy executive director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the National Director of Branches and Field Administration of the NAACP during the Civil Rights Movement. It was a period of major expansion" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "B-Lynch suture The B-Lynch suture or B-Lynch procedure is a form of compression suture used in obstetrics. It is used to mechanically compress an atonic uterus in the face of severe postpartum hemorrhage. It was developed by Christopher B-Lynch, a consultant obstetrician and gynaecological surgeon based at Milton Keynes General Hospital, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. B-Lynch was born in 1947 in Sierra Leone with the birth name of Christopher Balogun-Lynch. The technique was first described in 1997. It can stop postpartum hemorrhage without the need for pelvic surgery and potentially preserving fertility. It is regarded as \"the best form of surgical approach for controlling atonic PPH as it helps in preserving the anatomical integrity of the uterus.\" Absorbable suture can be left in situ, and would typically not lead to problems with future pregnancies. B-Lynch suture The B-Lynch suture or B-Lynch procedure is a form of compression suture used in obstetrics. It is used to mechanically compress an atonic uterus in the face of severe postpartum hemorrhage. It was developed by Christopher B-Lynch, a consultant obstetrician and gynaecological surgeon based at Milton Keynes General Hospital, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. B-Lynch was born in 1947 in Sierra Leone with the birth" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dimapur railway station Dimapur is a railway station on the Lumding-Dibrugarh section. It is located in Dimapur district in the Indian state of Nagaland. It serves Dimapur and the surrounding areas. The wide metre gauge railway track earlier laid by Assam Bengal Railway from Chittagong to Lumding was extended to Tinsukia on the Dibru-Sadiya line in 1903. The project for the conversion of the Lumding-Dibrugarh section from metre gauge to wide broad gauge was completed by the end of 1997. The long Dimapur-Zubza-Kohima new line project has the status of a National Project. Final location survey has been completed for the entire project. Dimapur railway station has two four-bedded retiring rooms and a four-bedded dormitory. Dimapur railway station Dimapur is a railway station on the Lumding-Dibrugarh section. It is located in Dimapur district in the Indian state of Nagaland. It serves Dimapur and the surrounding areas. The wide metre gauge railway track earlier laid by Assam Bengal Railway from Chittagong to Lumding was extended to Tinsukia on the Dibru-Sadiya line in 1903. The project for the conversion of the Lumding-Dibrugarh section from metre gauge to wide broad gauge was completed by the end of 1997. The long Dimapur-Zubza-Kohima new line" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "NBOMe-mescaline NBOMe-mescaline or mescaline-NBOMe is a synthetic substituted phenethylamine. It is a partial agonist of serotonin receptors with a 5-HT pKi originally reported as 7.3 (i.e. Ki of approximately 50nM), though more modern techniques assayed it as 140nM at 5-HT and 640nM at 5-HT, making it one of the least potent compounds among the n-benzyl phenethylamines. NBOMe-mescaline and NBOMe-escaline were first reported in 1999 resulting from research performed at Free University of Berlin concerning their activity as partial agonists at rat vascular 5-HT2A receptors. NBOMe-mescaline was first reported in September 2008 to have been self administered by humans as a psychedelic drug at some unspecified point prior. It first became available as a commodity in the research chemical market in May 2010 several months after a few 25x-NBOMes became available. Solubility of the hydrochloride salt: ~5 mg/ml in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) @ pH 7.2; ~10 mg/ml in ethanol & DMF; ~20 mg/ml in DMSO. NBOMe-mescaline can be synthesized from mescaline and 2-methoxybenzaldehyde, via reductive alkylation. That can be done stepwise by first making the imine and then reducing the formed imine with sodium borohydride, or by direct reaction with sodium triacetoxyborohydride. An alternative production method which removes the need to obtain the illegal compound mescaline as an isolated precursor can be achieved via a one-pot reaction utilizing 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetonitrile with Lithium Aluminium Hydride as a reducing agent. There have been very few reports of human use of NBOMe-mescaline. Psychedelic visual, auditory and mental effects start around 50 mg intranasally. NBOMe-mescaline is not listed in the schedules set out by the United Nations' Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs from 1961 nor their Convention on Psychotropic Substances from 1971, so the signatory countries to these international drug control treaties are not required by said treaties to control NBOMe-mescaline. NBOMe-mescaline is not listed in the list of scheduled controlled substances in the USA. It is therefore not scheduled at the federal level in the United States, but it is possible that NBOMe-mescaline could legally be considered an analog of mescaline, and therefore sales or possession could potentially be prosecuted under the Federal Analogue Act. NBOMe-mescaline NBOMe-mescaline or mescaline-NBOMe is a synthetic substituted phenethylamine. It is a partial agonist of serotonin receptors with a 5-HT pKi originally reported as 7.3 (i.e. Ki of approximately 50nM), though more modern techniques assayed it as 140nM at 5-HT and 640nM at 5-HT, making it one of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Frederick, South Dakota Frederick is a town in Brown County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 199 at the 2010 census. Home to the annual Frederick Finn Fest, the town is part of the Aberdeen Micropolitan Statistical Area. Frederick was a railway town platted and sold to pioneers by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, which completed track into it on September 12, 1881. Its grid of blocks was aligned by compass, with numbered avenues running north-south, and numbered streets running east-west. Main Street and Railway Avenue intersect at the grid's core. Incorporated on June 21, 1882, Frederick was named after the railroad's Finnish immigration agent and sales clerk—Kustaa \"Frederick\" Bergstadius. Frederick is located at (45.832812, -98.507026). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land. Frederick is drained by the Maple River. The town is connected by U.S. Route 281. Frederick has been assigned the ZIP code 57441 and the FIPS place code 22860. As of the census of 2010, there were 199 people, 101 households, and 56 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 119 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98.5% White, 0.5% Asian, and 1.0% from two or more races. There were 101 households of which 22.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.5% were married couples living together, 2.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.6% were non-families. 41.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.97 and the average family size was 2.66. The median age in the town was 51.4 years. 19.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 2.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.5% were from 25 to 44; 29.1% were from 45 to 64; and 27.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 55.3% male and 44.7% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 255 people, 119 households, and 76 families residing in the town. The population density was 699.7 people per square mile (273.5/km²). There were 140 housing units at an average density of 384.2 per square mile (150.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.65% White, 1.18% Native American, 0.39% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.39% of the population. 45.2% were of German, 22.6% Norwegian and 7.5% Finnish ancestry according to Census 2000. There were 119 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.3% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.69. In the town, the population was spread out with 22.7% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 22.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $31,500, and the median income for a family was $34,688. Males had a median income of $25,288 versus $18,214 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,881. About 11.1% of families and 11.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 18.8% of those sixty five or over. Frederick, South Dakota Frederick is a town in Brown County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 199 at the 2010 census. Home to the annual Frederick Finn Fest, the town is part of the Aberdeen Micropolitan Statistical Area." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Karen Iwata Iwata grew up in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture. She auditioned for AKB48 and was selected to join as a \"kenkyusei\" (trainee) in April 2011. In December 2011, Iwata auditioned for a role in the TV animated series \"AKB0048\" and was selected to play the main character, Nagisa Motomiya. As part of the anime project, she sang with eight other AKB48 members in the subunit No Name on the show's theme songs. In March 2012, during the Saitama Super Arena concert, Iwata was one of the trainee members who were promoted to full AKB48 members in the new Team 4. She also participated on her first A-side, on the AKB48 single \"Manatsu no Sounds Good!\". In July 2012, Iwata was selected to host a TV program on NHK as part of a series to support the areas affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, which included Sendai. She mentioned that she had lived in a shelter for a while before auditioning for AKB48. On August 24, 2012, AKB48 had a major restructuring, in which Team 4 was dissolved, and Iwata was moved to Team A. On January 5, 2016, Iwata announced she would be leaving the group. AKB48 held her graduation events for Iwata in March 2016. Karen Iwata Iwata grew up in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture. She auditioned for AKB48 and was selected to join as a \"kenkyusei\" (trainee) in April 2011. In December 2011, Iwata auditioned for a role in the TV animated series \"AKB0048\" and was selected to play the main character, Nagisa Motomiya. As part of the anime project, she sang with eight other AKB48 members in the subunit No Name on the show's theme songs. In March 2012, during the Saitama Super Arena concert, Iwata was one of the trainee members who were promoted to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Margaret Lally \"Ma\" Murray Margaret Lally \"Ma\" Murray, OC (1888 - September 25, 1982, age 94) was an American-Canadian newspaper editor, publisher, and columnist, an officer of the Order of Canada, and the wife of publisher and British Columbia MLA George Murray. The Murray's publications were \"The Chinook\" in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the \"Bridge River-Lillooet News\" in Lillooet and the \"Alaska Highway News\" in Fort St. John. A Kansas farm girl made good and known for her spicy wit, backcountry wisdom, and down-to-earth style, \"Ma\" was co-founder and editor (with her husband George) of the \"Bridge River-Lillooet News\", the \"Alaska Highway News\" and other publications. Her editorials were famously signed off with the catchphrase \"And that's fer damshur!\". Born Margaret Theresa Lally in Kansas City, Missouri to Irish immigrants, Margaret was raised on rural Kansas farmland in the United States, largely in poverty. She came to Vancouver, British Columbia en route to Calgary, Alberta, where she hoped to find herself a cowboy to wed (she had worked in a saddle factory in Kansas City, and she and her sister, Bess, had corresponded with cowboys who had written in response to the notes they had tucked into the most expensive saddles being shipped north. Finding work as a secretary and office manager for and soon after marrying Orange-Canadian establishment scion and junior publisher George Murray in spite of their religious differences (she was an ardent Catholic—and madly in love with George—her entire life). She won continent-wide fame for some of her columns - either because she had a point, or because they were downright funny, and often coarse - or at least matter-of-fact. The Murrays also launched various lesser known publications including \"Country Life In British Columbia\", a popular magazine for rural women, and \"The Chinook\", which was George's first venture upon his coming to BC from Ottawa, where he had worked as junior columnist for the \"Ottawa Citizen\" and apprenticed in politics under Sir Wilfrid Laurier. Both had a high profile in provincial politics. George, already a bright, articulate and somewhat visionary star in the BC Liberal Party, was a popular MLA from his arrival in Lillooet until his electoral demise in 1941. Both Murrays had taken a strong stand in print in favour of the miners striking in the Bridge River, and alienated not only prime advertisers but also some of George's political backers; and by the time of the election most of the striking men had gone away to war; merchants without them as customers were also unwilling to support the Murrays. George was squeezed out of office in 1945 in a narrow race with his old rival Ernest Crawford Carson, of the pioneer-stock Pavilion Carsons of the famous Diamond S. Faced with a disappeared revenue stream for their paper and George without a seat in the House - it was time to leave town, and the Murrays, always indefatigable, knew where they wanted to go, and off they went. Both she and George were vocal proponents of the Alaska Highway and excitedly moved to the instant city of Fort St. John to chronicle its birth at the launching of construction on the mammoth project and launched their \"Alaska Highway News\" upon arrival. The account of this experience in \"The Newspapering Murrays\" vividly documents the wild times and of that instant boomtown at its birth, and exposes much of the material waste that went into the U.S. military's building of the highway. The \"Alaska Highway News\" was just as spicy as its Lillooet counterpart, and it is from that paper that a much-syndicated (even to \"The New York Times\") advice about \"not flushing for no. 1, but save the flushing for no. 2\" comes from. She was one of the locals interviewed in the National Film Board of Canada short \"People of the Peace\" (1958). Despite her country background and being uneducated—though widely read—Ma had astute business and management sense, if not exactly political acuity, and her penny-trimming skills dragged both company and family (and husband) through bad times. Her sharp tongue was legendary but her office was known for having an open door to any who dropped by, and she was a relentless self-promoter and Lillooet-booster and a devoted newspaperwoman to the bitter end. Also not likely to back down from a verbal fight. In 1949 George ran successfully for Member of Parliament for the Cariboo riding, which included Lillooet, but lost in 1953 when the candidate for the rising forces of Social Credit in B.C. edged out Murray, in part thanks to the third-party split from the CCF candidate. Complicating the race was that Ma had decided to run for the legislature (in the same election, but for a different party - Social Credit, no less, and without telling him first, then switching to a fringe party, the \"Common Herd\" or People Party, in the riding of North Peace River). She's already had a high profile political career as an editorialist, and was often a social embarrassment to her husband (who still loved her deeply nonetheless). Ma withdrew from the race, but the damage was done. George was shamed out of politics and, by now an outsider in revolt from the Liberal-Conservative Coalition and unwilling to join league with Bennett's Socreds, he gave up on his political career and retired from the House of Commons, returning to being publisher and grandfather only. George died in 1961, but Ma survived him by 21 years, and continued to run and publish the paper after his death - and to raise eyebrows with her editorials, and laughter with her speeches and frank opinions. Ma but spent her last days back at the editors' desk in historic Lillooet, British Columbia, churning out her raunchy wit and lusty language until the very last, continuing to write a column now and then even after her retirement as editor. Ma Murray was survived by her daughter, Georgina. A son, Dan, died of cancer in 1981. Both children were working journalists, literally being fed the business with each meal while they were growing up, given the famously heated flavour of their parents' debates. Dan and Georgina's offspring continue with the Murray's journalistic tradition. In 1988 the village of Anmore, British Columbia donated George and \"Ma\" Murray's former home at the corner of Sunnyside and East Road, by the current owners, saving the historical structure from the wrecking ball, the printing presses used to print \"The Chinook\" remain in the converted garage. Margaret Lally \"Ma\" Murray Margaret Lally \"Ma\" Murray, OC (1888 - September 25, 1982, age 94) was an American-Canadian newspaper editor, publisher," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Porto Inglês Porto Inglês (Portuguese for \"English port\", also: \"Cidade do Maio\", \"Vila do Maio\") is a city in the southwestern part of the island of Maio in southeastern Cape Verde. It is the main urban settlement of the island, and also seat of the Maio Municipality. Its population was 2,971 in 2010. The name Porto Inglês refers to English ships that exported salt produced on the island of Maio from this town. Salt exploitation continued until the 19th century. The inconclusive Battle of Maio was fought between British and French frigate squadrons close to the town on 23 January 1814 in the last stages of the Napoleonic Wars. The port of Porto Inglês has ferry services to Praia on the island of Santiago. The domestic Maio Airport lies 1 km north of the city. Landmarks: Porto Inglês Porto Inglês (Portuguese for \"English port\", also: \"Cidade do Maio\", \"Vila do Maio\") is a city in the southwestern part of the island of Maio in southeastern Cape Verde. It is the main urban settlement of the island, and also seat of the Maio Municipality. Its population was 2,971 in 2010. The name Porto Inglês refers to English ships that exported salt" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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