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{ "retrieved": [ "Ahmedabad Education Society Ahmadabad Education Society is a premier educational trust, which has founded many schools and colleges in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. One of the largest academic trusts in Gujarat, consisting of 25 institutions providing education to more than 10,000 college and 3,000 school going children and hostel facilities to 1,000 male and 450 female students. Ahmedabad Education Society was established in 1935. The society was established under the leadership of Ganesh Mavlankar, Kasturbhai Lalbhai and Amritlal Hargovindas, who pooled in their money, resources and influence under inspiration Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who felt there was an urgent need to develop Gujarat in the education front, as an extension of freedom struggle. The society was later responsible for creation of Gujarat University in 1949, the idea for which was mooted as early as 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel, Kanhaiyalal Munshi, Ganesh Mavalankar, Kasturbhai Lalbhai, Anandshankar Dhruv, Amritlal Hargovinddas and others like Barrister, C C Gandhi. In 1937 the society started its first college named Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Arts College followed by Hargovinddas Lakshmichand College of Commerce and later went on start colleges in every field like science, commerce, pharmacy, engineering, architecture, management, etc. Later AES founded Ahmedabad University. At present the following institutions are being run by trust:- There are three trustees: It follows reservation policy for SC/ST category wherever applicable while also providing a 10% lower cut off in programs. Only small percentages are reserved for NRI students. For professional courses(MBA/MCA/Engineering) the admission is based on the Common Admission Test conducted by the state/central authority. Ahmedabad Education Society Ahmadabad Education Society is a premier educational trust, which has founded many schools and colleges in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. One of the largest academic trusts in Gujarat, consisting of 25 institutions providing education to more than 10,000 college and 3,000 school going" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Chris Tsiprailidis Christos \"Chris\" Tsiprailidis (born April 12 in Greece), nicknamed Syracuse Chris, is an American professional poker player based in Syracuse, New York. Before turning to poker as his career, Tsiprailidis he was a soccer player and worked as a chef. Tsiprailidis has been attending the World Series of Poker (WSOP) since the early 1990s. He finished runner-up to Phil Hellmuth Jr in the $1,500 no limit Texas hold 'em event in 1993, and went on to win a WSOP bracelet in 2000 in the $3,000 limit hold 'em event. Tsiprailidis has also made final tables on the World Poker Tour (WPT), Professional Poker Tour (PPT), and Ultimate Poker Challenge. As of 2009, his total live tournament winnings exceed $2,450,000. His 27 cashes as the WSOP account for $501,492 of those winnings. Tsiprailidis has four children. Chris Tsiprailidis Christos \"Chris\" Tsiprailidis (born April 12 in Greece), nicknamed Syracuse Chris, is an American professional poker player based in Syracuse, New York. Before turning to poker as his career, Tsiprailidis he was a soccer player and worked as a chef. Tsiprailidis has been attending the World Series of Poker (WSOP) since the early 1990s. He finished runner-up to Phil Hellmuth Jr" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Esna Boyd Esna Boyd Robertson (\"née\" Boyd; 21 September 1899 – 1966) was an Australian tennis player who reached seven consecutive women's singles finals at the Australian Championships from 1922 through 1928. She won one of those finals, defeating Sylvia Lance Harper in 1927. Robertson participated in the first women's singles final at the Australian Championships in 1922 against fellow Australian Margaret Molesworth. According to Wallis Myers of \"The Daily Telegraph\" and the \"Daily Mail\", Robertson was ranked World No. 10 in 1928. Boyd was born in Melbourne on 21 September 1899, the daughter of James Boyd, a politician, and Emma Flora McCormack. She had a sister, Alva who became a medical practitioner. She married Angus Robertson on March 11, 1929 and they had a son, William, in 1930 and a daughter Mary, in 1933. SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of those tournaments played. Through 1923, the French Championships were open only to French nationals. The World Hard Court Championships (WHCC), actually played on clay in Paris or Brussels, began in 1912 and were open to all nationalities. The results from the 1922 and 1923 editions of that tournament are shown here. The Olympics replaced the WHCC in 1924, as the Olympics were held in Paris. Beginning in 1925, the French Championships were open to all nationalities, with the results shown here beginning with that year. Esna Boyd Esna Boyd Robertson (\"née\" Boyd; 21 September 1899 – 1966) was an Australian tennis player who reached seven consecutive women's singles finals at the Australian Championships from 1922 through 1928. She won one of those finals, defeating Sylvia Lance Harper in 1927. Robertson participated in the first women's singles final at the Australian Championships in 1922 against fellow Australian Margaret Molesworth." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "WIPR-TV WIPR-TV is a non-commercial educational, full-power public television station located in San Juan, Puerto Rico, transmitting over virtual channel 6, digital 26. The station is owned and operated by \"Corporación de Puerto Rico para la Difusión Pública\" (English: Puerto Rico Corporation for Public Broadcasting). Most of its television shows on the main channel are local programming. Because of its audience, much of WIPR's programming is in Spanish, as with most Puerto Rico television stations. The station is branded as \"WIPR Television\". Previously, the station was branded as \"Teve 6 / Teve 3\", \"TUTV - Tu Universo Televisión\" and \"Puerto Rico TV. WIPR-TV operates a semi-satellite on the island's west coast, WIPM-TV, channel 3 in Mayagüez. WIPM-TV largely repeats WIPR, but does produce some local programming. WIPM-TV transmits its digital signal on channel 32, virtual 3. WIPR-TV was created as a result of lobbying for public broadcasting in Puerto Rico, beginning in the 1950s. The station went on the air for the first time on Three Kings Day (January 6), 1958 becoming the first educational television station in Latin America, and the facilities (the building) was dedicated to Ramón Rivero (Diplo), the most important and influential actor/comedian in the history of Puerto Rico. It was also unique among other government-controlled broadcasters in the Caribbean as it did not show commercials. All other government-controlled broadcasters (with the exception of Cuba and the US Virgin Islands) showed advertising. The station was one of the few TV stations in Puerto Rico with English-language programming, via a membership with PBS that allowed them to carry PBS Kids in English. This ended on July 1, 2011 after WIPR and PBS failed to reach an agreement to renew the station's membership, with money previously allocated to PBS membership dues being invested in the station's local programming. PBS programming remains available on Puerto Rico via WMTJ. In 1996, WIPR-TV was the first Puerto Rican television station that used streaming media to broadcast programming to the internet. General Administrators for Radio and Television Services under the Department of Education Executive Directors/Presidents (CPRDP) The channel celebrated their 50th anniversary by producing a documentary focusing on their history. On July 1, 2008, TuTv renewed 150 contracts. In 2008, Puerto Rico's Public Broadcasting Station, WIPR-TV, celebrated its 50 years of broadcasting with a documentary that relived some of the best and worst moments in its history. The documentary \"50 Años WIPR-Televisión\", (50 Years of WIPR Television) is about 70 minutes long and reviews some of the news, entertainment programming, music and sports events that the station has presented during half a century. WIPR-TV, today better known as the Puerto Rico's Public Broadcasting Corporation (CPRDP), or its branding, WIPR Television, was inaugurated on January 6, 1958 under the administration of the then-current governor, Luis Muñoz Marín. The documentary was dedicated to the actor, director and filmmaker Ángel F. Rivera Vázquez, who had worked in WIPR since its beginning. Spearheaded by Investigator Flavia García, who had been working for the previous 9 years on an investigation of the history of television, headed the production of this special along with Susanne Marte. The Corporation's President, Víctor J. Montilla, received a congratulatory resolution on behalf of the Puerto Rican Senate for the \"good music, art and television\" that have distinguished the channel for the past five decades. WIPR-TV, the island's first public television station, also became the first in the evolution to digital and high definition. .On July 7, 2008, President Víctor J. Montilla (now, Executive VP & general manager Of New Channels at WORA-TV) held a press conference at the station, where he inaugurated WIPR-TV's high definition facilities. TUTV became the first station in Puerto Rico to produce and broadcast in high definition format. The station upgraded its lighting and built new sets as part of the transition. Some artists underwent lifestyle changes, including changes in their diet, to look better in high definition. The first program to be transmitted in this format was \"Contigo\". The digital signals of WIPR and WIPM are multiplexed: Until 2011 when WIPR dropped its PBS membership, WIPR's Kids programming was English language PBS Kids programming, but their V-me channel carries some PBS and American Public Television programs, but in Spanish. WIPR Retro is a classics and historic Puerto Rico programmed subchannel, starting on April 1, 2017, replacing V-Me. On Until March 20, 2017, the WIPR 940 AM simulcast was removed from the subchannel. WIPR-TV for years has shown local programming, educational, children and human interest shows. In the 1980s the station had a highly praised newscast called \"Panorama Mundial\" (World View), hosted by Doris Torres. In 1996, WIPR launched a newscast branded as Noti-Seis or \"News Six\". The newscast was first anchored by Pedro Luis García and Gloria Soltero and only had a 6:00 PM edition. Later that year, the station premiered a 9:00 PM edition anchored by the same 6:00 PM team. In 2002, a new news format was created with a local newscast (\"TUTV Informa\") and an international newscast (\"TUTV Internacional\"); the newscasts were anchored by Gloria Soltero and David Reyes. TUTV also produced a weekly in-depth newscast on Sundays, called \"TuTV Analiza\". This year, TUTV's programming received various awards. Locally, En Todas was awarded by the American Heart Association. Five productions received Emmy Award nominations and one of TUTV's producers received an Emmy in the Entertainment Program category. In 2009, when TUTV was rebranded as \"Puerto Rico TV\", its news department was relaunched as \"Noticias 24/7\"; around this time, WIPR introduced a 24-hour news channel of the same name on channel 6.5 and 3.5. On September 26, 2018, Noticias 24/7 was rebranded as \"Notiseis 360\". WIPR-TV WIPR-TV is a non-commercial educational, full-power public television station located in San Juan, Puerto Rico, transmitting over virtual channel 6, digital 26. The station is owned and operated by \"Corporación de Puerto Rico para la Difusión Pública\" (English: Puerto Rico Corporation for Public Broadcasting). Most of its television shows on the main channel are local programming. Because of its" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Holy Week Holy Week (Latin: \"Hebdomas Sancta\" or \"Hebdomas Maior\", \"Greater Week\"; Greek: Ἁγία καὶ Μεγάλη Ἑβδομάς, \"Hagia kai Megale Hebdomas\", \"Holy and Great Week\") in Christianity is the week just before Easter. It is also the last week of Lent, in the West, – Palm Sunday, Holy Wednesday (Spy Wednesday), Maundy Thursday (Holy Thursday), Good Friday (Holy Friday), and Holy Saturday – are all included. However, Easter Sunday, which begins the season of Eastertide, is not. Although, traditions observing the Easter Triduum may overlap or displace part of Holy Week or Easter itself within that additional liturgical period. Holy week and Easter Sunday liturgies attract the biggest crowds of the year. Many cultures have different traditions like Easter eggs to echo the theme of resurrection. Holy Week in the Christian year is the week immediately before Easter. The earliest allusion to the custom of marking this week as a whole with special observances is to be found in the Apostolical Constitutions (v. 18, 19), dating from the latter half of the 3rd century and 4th century. In this text, abstinence from flesh is commanded for all the days, while for the Friday and Saturday an absolute fast is commanded. Dionysius Alexandrinus in his canonical epistle (AD 260), refers to the 91 fasting days implying that the observance of them had already become an established usage in his time. The time period memorialized occurred during the Passover celebration in the Jewish calendar. Differences in liturgical calendars over time cause these two celebration to remain near each other but not always coincide. There is some doubt about the genuineness of an ordinance attributed to Roman Emperor Constantine, in which abstinence from public business was enforced for the seven days immediately preceding Easter Sunday, and also for the seven which followed it. The \"Codex Theodosianus\", however, is explicit in ordering that all actions at law should cease, and the doors of all courts of law be closed during those 15 days (1. ii. tit. viii.). Of the particular days of the \"great week\" the earliest to emerge into special prominence was naturally Good Friday. Next came the \"Sabbatum Magnum\" (\"Great Sabbath\", i.e., Holy Saturday or Easter Eve) with its vigil, which in the early church was associated with an expectation that the second advent would occur on an Easter Sunday. Other writings that refer to related traditions of the early Church include, most notably, \"The Pilgrimage of Etheria\" (also known as \"The Pilgrimage of Egeria\"), which details the whole observance of Holy Week at that time. Today, in the Western Christian Church, among Lutherans, Anglicans, Methodists, Presbyterians and Catholics, the liturgies used for Holy Week are nearly identical. In the Moravian Church, the Holy Week services (Passion Week) are extensive, as the Congregation follows the life of Christ through His final week in daily services dedicated to readings from a harmony of the Gospel stories, responding to the actions in hymns, prayers and litanies, beginning on the eve of Palm Sunday and culminating in the Easter Morning or Easter Sunrise service begun by the Moravians in 1732. Holy Week begins with Palm Sunday, which may also be known as Passion Sunday in some denominations. Traditionally, Palm Sunday commemorates the Triumphal entry into Jerusalem described in all four canonical gospels. As described in the accounts, Jesus's entry into Jerusalem was noted by the crowds present who shouted praises and waved palm branches. In the Roman Rite, before 1955 it was known simply as Palm Sunday, and the preceding Sunday as Passion Sunday. From 1955 to 1971 it was called Second Sunday in Passiontide or Palm Sunday. Among Lutherans and Anglicans, the day is known as the Sunday of the Passion: Palm Sunday. In many liturgical denominations, to commemorate the Messiah's entry into Jerusalem to accomplish his paschal mystery, it is customary to have a blessing of palm leaves (or other branches, for example olive branches). The blessing ceremony includes the reading of a Gospel account of how Jesus rode into Jerusalem humbly on a donkey, reminiscent of a Davidic victory procession, and how people placed palms on the ground in front of him. Immediately following this great time of celebration over the entrance of Jesus into Jerusalem, he begins his journey to the cross. The blessing is thus followed by a procession or solemn entrance into the church, with the participants holding the blessed branches in their hands. The Mass or service of worship itself includes a reading of the Passion, the narrative of Jesus' capture, sufferings and death, as recounted in one of the Synoptic Gospels. (In the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite celebrated according to the Roman Missal of 1962, the Passion narrative read on this day is always that of St. Matthew.) Before the reform of the rite by Pope Pius XII, the blessing of the palms occurred inside the church within a service that followed the general outline of a Mass, with Collect, Epistle and Gospel, as far as the Sanctus. The palms were then blessed with five prayers, and a procession went out of the church and on its return included a ceremony for the reopening of the doors, which had meantime been shut. After this the normal Mass was celebrated. The days between Palm Sunday and Holy Thursday are known as Holy Monday, Holy Tuesday, and Spy Wednesday (Holy Wednesday). The Gospel accounts are not always clear or in agreement on the events which occurred on these days, though there are traditional observances held by some denominations to commemorate certain events from the last days of Jesus' life. Among them The Chrism Mass, whose texts the Roman Missal now gives under Holy Thursday, but before the Paschal Triduum, which begins that evening, may be brought forward to one of these days, to facilitate participation by as many as possible of the clergy of the diocese together with the bishop. This Mass was not included in editions of the Roman Missal before the time of Pope Pius XII. In this Mass, the bishop blesses separate oils for the sick (used in Anointing of the Sick), for catechumens (used in Baptism) and chrism (used in Baptism, but especially in Confirmation and Holy Orders, as well as in rites such as the dedication of an altar and a church). Tenebrae (Latin for \"shadows\" or \"darkness\") is celebrated within Western Christianity on the evening before or early morning of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday. Tenebrae is distinctive for its gradual extinguishing of candles while a series of readings and psalms is chanted or recited. Tenebrae services are celebrated by some parishes of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, of the Polish National Catholic Church, of Anglicanism, of other Protestant churches such as Lutheranism, and of Western Rite Orthodoxy within the Eastern Orthodox Church. In the Catholic Church, \"tenebrae\" is the name given to the celebration, with special ceremonies, of Matins and Lauds, the first two hours of the Liturgy of the Hours, of the last three days of Holy Week. Maundy Thursday (also known as Holy Thursday) commemorates the Last Supper, where Christ lays out the model for the Eucharist or Holy Communion. During the meal, Jesus predicted the events that would immediately follow, including his betrayal, the Denial of Peter, and his death and resurrection. Events of the last supper play varying roles in commemoration services depending on the denomination. In the Catholic Church, on this day the private celebration of Mass is forbidden. Thus, apart from the Chrism Mass for the blessing of the Holy Oils that the diocesan bishop may celebrate on the morning of Holy Thursday, but also on some other day close to Easter, the only Mass on this day is the evening Mass of the Lord's Supper, which inaugurates the period of three days, known as the Easter Triduum, that includes Good Friday (seen as beginning with the service of the", "where Christ lays out the model for the Eucharist or Holy Communion. During the meal, Jesus predicted the events that would immediately follow, including his betrayal, the Denial of Peter, and his death and resurrection. Events of the last supper play varying roles in commemoration services depending on the denomination. In the Catholic Church, on this day the private celebration of Mass is forbidden. Thus, apart from the Chrism Mass for the blessing of the Holy Oils that the diocesan bishop may celebrate on the morning of Holy Thursday, but also on some other day close to Easter, the only Mass on this day is the evening Mass of the Lord's Supper, which inaugurates the period of three days, known as the Easter Triduum, that includes Good Friday (seen as beginning with the service of the preceding evening), Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday up to evening prayer on that day. The Mass of the Lord's Supper commemorates the Last Supper of Jesus with his Twelve Apostles, \"the institution of the Eucharist, the institution of the priesthood, and the commandment of brotherly love that Jesus gave after washing the feet of his disciples.\" All the bells of the church, including altar bells, may be rung during the \"Gloria in Excelsis Deo\" of the Mass (the Gloria is not traditionally sung on Sundays in Lent). The bells then fall silent and the organ and other musical instruments may be used only to support the singing until the Gloria at the Easter Vigil. In some countries, children are sometimes told: \"The bells have flown to Rome.\" The Roman Missal recommends that, if considered pastorally appropriate, the priest should, immediately after the homily, celebrate the rite of washing the feet of an unspecified number of men, customarily twelve, recalling the number of the Apostles. In the Catholic Church and (optionally) in the Anglican Church, a sufficient number of hosts are consecrated for use also in the Good Friday service, and at the conclusion the Blessed Sacrament is carried in procession to a place of reposition away from the main body of the church, which, if it involves an altar, is often called an \"altar of repose\". In some places, notably the Philippines and Malta, Catholics will travel from church to church praying at each church's altar of repose in a practice called \"Visita Iglesia\" or Seven Churches Visitation. In Methodist and Lutheran churches, the altar is covered with black, if the altar cloths have not been removed. Methodist custom holds that apart from depictions of the Stations of the Cross, other images (such as the altar cross) continue the Lenten habitude of being veiled. At the conclusion of the Maundy Thursday liturgy in Lutheran Churches, the \"lectern and pulpit are [also] left bare until Easter to symbolize the humiliation and barrenness of the cross.\" In the Catholic Church, the altars of the church (except the one used for altar of repose) are later stripped quite bare and, to the extent possible, crosses are removed from the church or veiled In the pre-Vatican II rite, crucifixes and statues are covered with violet covers during Passiontide, but the crucifix covers can be white instead of violet on Maundy Thursday). Some Protestant churches practice the foot washing (Maundy) ceremony on Maundy Thursday. For others, it may be the only time in the year when Holy Communion is celebrated. Good Friday commemorates the crucifixion of Jesus and his subsequent death. Commemorations of often solemn and mournful, many denominations use Good Friday to perform the Stations of the Cross, or other commemorations of the Passion, either as a self-guided time of reflection and veneration or as a procession of statues or images of the stations. The evening liturgical celebration on Holy Thursday begins the first of the three days of the Easter Triduum, which continues in an atmosphere of liturgical mourning throughout the next day in spite of the name \"Good\" given in English to this Friday. For Catholic, Methodist, Lutheran, Reformed and Anglican Christians, Good Friday is widely observed as a fast day. \"A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent\" recommends the Lutheran guideline to \"Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day, usually without meat\". Western Catholic Church practice is to have only one full meal with, if needed, two small snacks that together do not make a full meal. The Anglican Communion defines fasting more generically as: \"The amount of food eaten is reduced.\" In some countries, such as Malta, Philippines, Italy, and Spain processions with statues representing the Passion of Christ are held. In some parishes of the Anglican Church, Catholic Church, and Lutheran Church, the \"Three Hours Devotion\" is observed. This traditionally consists of a series of sermons, interspersed with singing, one on each of the Seven Last Words from the Cross, together with an introduction and a conclusion. Another pious exercise carried out on Good Friday is that of the Stations of the Cross, either within the church or outside. The celebration at the Colosseum with participation by the Pope has become a traditional fixture widely covered by television. Holy Saturday is the day between the crucifixion of Jesus and his resurrection. As the Sabbath day, the Gospel accounts all note that Jesus was hurriedly buried in a cave tomb after his crucifixion, with the intent to finish proper embalming and burial ceremonies on Sunday, after the Sabbath had ended, as the Sabbath day prohibitions would have prevented observant Jews from completing a proper burial. While daytime services or commemorations of the day are rare in the Western tradition, after sundown on Holy Saturday is the traditional time for Easter Vigil. In the Catholic tradition, Mass is not celebrated on what is liturgically Holy Saturday. The celebration of Easter begins after sundown on what, though still Saturday in the civil calendar, is liturgically Easter Sunday. In some Anglican churches, including the Episcopal Church in the United States, there is provision for a simple liturgy of the word with readings commemorating the burial of Christ. The tabernacle is left empty and open. The lamp or candle usually situated next to the tabernacle denoting the Presence of Christ is put out, and the remaining Eucharistic Hosts consecrated on Holy Thursday are kept elsewhere, usually the sacristy, with a lamp or candle burning before it, so that, in cases of the danger of death, they may be given as \"viaticum\". The name of the Easter Vigil, even if the vigil is held on what on the civil calendar is still Saturday, indicates that liturgically it is already Easter, no longer part of Holy Week, but still part of the Easter Triduum. In the Anglican, Catholic, Methodist, and Presbyterian traditions, the Easter Vigil, one of the longest and most solemn of liturgical services, lasts up to three or four hours, consists of four parts: The Liturgy begins after sundown on Holy Saturday as the crowd gathers inside the unlit church. In the darkness (often in a side chapel of the church building or, preferably, outside the church), a new fire is kindled and blessed by the priest. This new fire symbolizes the light of salvation and hope that God brought into the world through Christ's Resurrection, dispelling the darkness of sin and death. From this fire is lit the Paschal candle, symbolizing the Light of Christ. This Paschal candle will be used throughout the season of Easter, remaining in the sanctuary of the Church or near the lectern, and throughout the coming year at baptisms and funerals, reminding all that Christ is \"light and life.\" The candles of those present are lit from the Paschal candle. As this symbolic \"Light of Christ\" spreads throughout those gathered, the darkness is decreased. A deacon, or the priest if there is no deacon, carries the Paschal Candle at the head of the entrance procession and, at three points, stops and chants the proclamation \"The Light of Christ\"", "the light of salvation and hope that God brought into the world through Christ's Resurrection, dispelling the darkness of sin and death. From this fire is lit the Paschal candle, symbolizing the Light of Christ. This Paschal candle will be used throughout the season of Easter, remaining in the sanctuary of the Church or near the lectern, and throughout the coming year at baptisms and funerals, reminding all that Christ is \"light and life.\" The candles of those present are lit from the Paschal candle. As this symbolic \"Light of Christ\" spreads throughout those gathered, the darkness is decreased. A deacon, or the priest if there is no deacon, carries the Paschal Candle at the head of the entrance procession and, at three points, stops and chants the proclamation \"The Light of Christ\" (until Easter 2011, the official English text was \"Christ our Light\"), to which the people respond \"Thanks be to God.\" Once the procession concludes with the singing of the third proclamation, the lights throughout the church are lit, except for the altar candles. Then the deacon or a cantor chants the Exultet (also called the \"Easter Proclamation\"), After that, the people put aside their candles and sit down for the Liturgy of the Word. The Liturgy of the Word includes between three and seven readings from the Old Testament, followed by two from the New (an Epistle and a Gospel). The Old Testament readings must include the account in Exodus 14 of the crossing of the Red Sea, seen as an antitype of baptism and Christian salvation. Each Old Testament reading is followed by a psalm or canticle (such as Exodus 15:1–18 and a prayer relating what has been read to the Mystery of Christ. After the Old Testament readings conclude, the Gloria in excelsis Deo, which has been suspended during Lent, is intoned and bells are rung A reading from the Epistle to the Romans is proclaimed. The Alleluia is sung for the first time since the beginning of Lent. The Gospel of the Resurrection then follows, along with a homily. After the conclusion of the Liturgy of the Word, the water of the baptismal font is blessed and any catechumens or candidates for full communion are initiated into the church, by baptism or confirmation. After the celebration of these sacraments of initiation, the congregation renews their baptismal vows and receive the sprinkling of baptismal water. The general intercessions follow. After the Liturgy of Baptism, the Liturgy of the Eucharist continues as usual. This is the first Mass of Easter Day. During the Eucharist, the newly baptised receive Holy Communion for the first time. According to the rubrics of the Missal, the Eucharist should finish before dawn. Easter Sunday, which immediately follows Holy Week and begins with the Easter Vigil, is the great feast day and apogee of the Christian liturgical year: on this day the Resurrection of Jesus Christ is celebrated. It is the first day of the new season of the Great Fifty Days, or Eastertide, which runs from Easter Sunday to Pentecost Sunday. The Resurrection of Christ on Easter Sunday is the main reason why Christians keep Sunday as the primary day of religious observance. Cities famous for their Holy Week processions include: Holy Week has developed into one of Brazil's main symbols of community identity, more specifically in the southern town of Campanha. The Campanha Holy Week begins on the Monday evening with the Procession of the Deposit. The figure of Our Lord of the Stations, representing the blood-stained Jesus carrying the cross, is brought from the church in a large black box and displayed in the main square. Then it is solemnly taken to the church following a band and a procession of people. Outside the church, a sermon is delivered on the Easter story of Jesus' death and resurrection. After the sermon, a choir inside the open doors of the church sings the Miserere by Manoel Dias de Oliveria, while the black box is brought inside the church, and people come in to kiss the human-sized figure of Christ. Processions on Tuesday and Wednesday stop at different chapels at each of which a large painting portrays episodes of the Way of the Cross and a related hymn is sung at each. On Thursday morning the Chrism Mass is celebrated, with a blessing of the oils. Good Friday afternoon ceremonies are followed by the week's main spectacle of the Taking Down from the Cross in front of the cathedral followed by the Funeral Procession of Our Dead Lord. The drama shows Christ being taken from the cross and placed in a coffin, which is then taken around to the accompaniment of the \"Song of Veronica\". On Saturday morning a drama is performed by the youth. The following night, the Paschal Vigil is celebrated, and the streets are transformed into a beautiful array of intricate, colorful carpets to prepare for the following day. Easter Sunday begins before sunrise with the singing of the choir and band performances to celebrate the resurrection of Christ. Bells and fireworks are followed by a Mass that ends with the \"Hallelujah Chorus\". Holy Week in Guatemala incorporates processions with images of saints carried on huge wooden platforms. The heavy \"andas\" are held by the locals, both men and women, who are frequently in purple robes. The procession is led by a man holding a container of incense accompanied by a small horn and flute band. Intricate carpets (\"alfombras\") line the streets during the week's celebration. Easter processions begin at sunrise and everyone comes to join the festivities. In Amatenango, the figure of Judas, who betrayed Christ has been the main point of focus during the Mayan Holy Week. The priest calls Judas the \"killer of Christ\". The figure used to be beaten after the Crucifixion performance on Good Friday, but is now treated more calmly. Holy Week is also observed in parts of Southern Italy, notably Sicily. The most famous is the Holy Week of Trapani, culminating in the Processione dei Misteri di Trapani or simply the \"Misteri di Trapani\" (in English the \"Procession of the Mysteries of Trapani\" or the \"Mysteries of Trapani\"), a day-long passion procession featuring twenty floats of lifelike wood, canvas and glue sculptures of individual scenes of the events of the Passion. The Misteri are amongst the oldest continuously running religious events in Europe, having been played every Good Friday since before the Easter of 1612, and running for at least 16 continuous hours, but occasionally well beyond the 24 hours; they are the longest religious festival in Sicily and in Italy. Similar but smaller or shorter passion processions are held in many other Sicilian cities, like Erice and Caltanissetta, but also in various Southern Italian cities, like Salerno and Taranto. The Holy Week commemorations reach their paramount on Good Friday as the Catholic Church celebrates the passion of Jesus. Solemn celebrations take place in all churches together with processions in different villages around Malta and Gozo. During the celebration, the narrative of the passion is read in some localities. The Cross follows a significant Way of Jesus. Good Friday processions take place in Birgu, Bormla, Għaxaq, Luqa, Mosta, Naxxar, Paola, Qormi, Rabat, Senglea, Valletta, Żebbuġ and Żejtun. Processions in Gozo will be in Nadur, Victoria, Xagħra Xewkija, and Żebbuġ. Yaqui Holy Week is both ritualistic and dramaturgic in its celebrations. The rituals date back to the early seventeenth century, at the time of pioneering Jesuit priest. The major event of the Yaqui Indians during Holy Week occurs on Wednesday evening in which people arrive at the church on horseback and begin to crawl and dance naked on the floor. Light begins to go out and people beguin the whipping, screaming and crying to the sound of traditional music of sacrifice. In Tucson, dancers are used to wear dark coats and black hide masks, instead of blankets. Children in white robes with blue painted faces and a dark hooded figure, symbolizing the betrayer of Christ,", "Rabat, Senglea, Valletta, Żebbuġ and Żejtun. Processions in Gozo will be in Nadur, Victoria, Xagħra Xewkija, and Żebbuġ. Yaqui Holy Week is both ritualistic and dramaturgic in its celebrations. The rituals date back to the early seventeenth century, at the time of pioneering Jesuit priest. The major event of the Yaqui Indians during Holy Week occurs on Wednesday evening in which people arrive at the church on horseback and begin to crawl and dance naked on the floor. Light begins to go out and people beguin the whipping, screaming and crying to the sound of traditional music of sacrifice. In Tucson, dancers are used to wear dark coats and black hide masks, instead of blankets. Children in white robes with blue painted faces and a dark hooded figure, symbolizing the betrayer of Christ, join the Thursday morning procession to the church. There they promise to serve God for the next three or five years, until their eyes start to bleed just like Christ's would. That night, there is a symbolic search for Jesus when the \"Pharisees\" visit various crosses in the streets and capture the \"old man\" (symbolic Jesus). On Friday a member of the church who volunteers to represent Jesus is beaten and buried for two days. On Saturday, an image of Jesus' betrayer, Judas Iscariot, and takes place an apotropaic battle destroying the evil which has been accumulated in the town during the next year. Sunday celebrates the Christ's resurrection filled with beautiful flowers and fireworks, while the volunteer rises from where he was buried. A dance drama is performed enacting evil being defeated by good. In the predominantly Catholic Philippines, Maundy Thursday and Good Friday are national holidays; work is suspended in government offices and private businesses. Most stores are closed and most people in the cities return to their home provinces to commemorate Holy Week in their home town. Holy Week is commemorated with street processions featuring wheeled \"carrozas\" or floats carrying various icons, the Way of the Cross, and a Passion play called the \"Senákulo\". In some communities (most famously in San Fernando, Pampanga), the processions include devotees who self-flagellate and sometimes even have themselves nailed to crosses as expressions of penance. After 15:00 PHT on Good Friday (the time at which Jesus is traditionally believed to have died), noise is discouraged, many radio stations and television stations close down (some broadcast religious programming, with non-Catholic owned stations continuing broadcast), and the faithful are urged to keep a solemn and prayerful disposition through to Easter Sunday. At Mass on Palm Sunday, Catholics carry \"palaspás\" or palm leaves to be blessed by the priest. Many Filipinos bring home the palm leaves after the Mass and place these above their front doors or their windows, believing that doing so can ward off evil spirits. Holy Monday marks the beginning of the \"Pabasa\" (Tagalog, \"reading\"), the marathon chanting of the Pasyón, a poem narrating Jesus' life and death. The chanting, which continues day and night without interruption, lasts as long as two straight days. One of the most important Holy Week traditions in the Philippines is the \"Visita Iglesia\" (Spanish for \"church visit\"). On Maundy Thursday, the faithful visit seven churches to pray the Stations of the Cross, and in the evenings, pray in front of each church's Altar of Repose. The last Mass before Easter is also celebrated on Maundy Thursday, usually including a reenactment of the Washing of the Feet of the Apostles. This Mass is followed by the procession of the Blessed Sacrament to be transferred to the Altar of Repose. Good Friday in the Philippines is commemorated with street processions, the Way of the Cross, the commemoration of Jesus' Seven last words (Siete Palabras) and a Passion play called the Sinakulo. Easter Sunday is marked with joyous celebration, the first being the dawn \"Salubong\" rite, wherein statues of Jesus and Mary are brought in procession together to meet, imagining the first reunion of Jesus and his mother Mary after Jesus' Resurrection. This is followed by the joyous Easter Mass. Most Catholic communities across the Philippines practice this, though it is more popularly celebrated in the provinces. The rite, originally called the \"encuentro\", was introduced by Spanish priests during the colonial era. Cartagena, Cádiz, Murcia, Málaga, Seville, Valladolid, Palencia, Jerez de la Frontera, Zamora and León hold elaborate processions for Holy Week. A tradition dating from medieval times that has spread to other cities in Andalusia, the \"\"Semana Santa en Sevilla\"\" is notable for featuring the procession of \"pasos\", lifelike wood or plaster sculptures of individual scenes of the events that happened between Jesus's arrest and his burial, or images of the Virgin Mary showing grief for the torture and killing of her son. Holy week processions in Seville include marching bands that escort the pasos. In Málaga, the lifelike wooden or plaster sculptures are called \"tronos\" and they are carried through the streets by \"costaleros\" ( Translated literally as \"sack men\", because of the \"costal\", a sack-like cloth that they wear over their neck, to soften the burden). These pasos and tronos are physically carried on their necks or \"braceros\" (this name is popular in Leon). The paso can weigh up to five metric tonnes. In front of them walk the penitentes, dressed in long purple robes, often with pointed hats, followed by women in black carrying candles for up to 11 hours. The pasos are set up and maintained by \"hermandades\" and \"cofradías\", religious brotherhoods that are common to a specific area of the city, whose precede the paso dressed in Roman military costumes or penitential robes. Those members who wish to do so wear these penitential robes with conical hats, or \"capirotes\", used to conceal the face of the wearer. These \"Nazarenos\" or \"Papones\" (this word is typical from Leon) carry processional candles, may walk the city streets barefoot, and may carry shackles and chains in their feet as penance. A brass band, marching band, a drum and bugle band, or in the cases of Cartagena and Málaga a military band (such as that of the Spanish Legion or other military units) may accompany the group, playing funeral marches, hymns or \"marchas\" written for the occasion. Music for the Holy Week includes Lamentations of Jeremiah the Prophet, Responsories for Holy Week, Passion oratorios and Easter oratorios. Tomás Luis de Victoria's \"Officium Hebdomadae Sanctae\" (1585) contains settings of 37 texts for the Catholic liturgy of the Holy Week. Carlo Gesualdo's \"Responsoria et alia ad Officium Hebdomadae Sanctae spectantia\" (1611) contains settings of all 27 Tenebrae responsories (for matins of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday), and of a few other text for use in lauds of the Holy Week. \"Leçons de ténèbres\" as composed by various French baroque composers were usually intended for performance during the evening of Holy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday and Good Friday. In the Orthodox Church, the forty days of Great Lent end on the Friday before Palm Sunday. The two days that follow, Lazarus Saturday and Palm Sunday, form a transition to Holy Week, neither in Lent nor in Holy Week themselves, but in combination with Holy Week containing the continuing observances in preparation for Pascha (Easter), during which the faithful continue to fast. Lazarus Saturday commemorates Jesus' raising of Lazarus from the dead, just before he went to Jerusalem himself. The main themes anticipate the Resurrection of Jesus, showing him as master over death. On this day wine and oil are allowed (and, in the Russian tradition, caviar), lightening the fast by one degree. Palm Sunday is considered one of the Great Feasts of the Lord, and is celebrated with fish, wine and oil, the lightest degree of fasting, in observance of the festival. Because it is a Great Feast of the Lord, the", "follow, Lazarus Saturday and Palm Sunday, form a transition to Holy Week, neither in Lent nor in Holy Week themselves, but in combination with Holy Week containing the continuing observances in preparation for Pascha (Easter), during which the faithful continue to fast. Lazarus Saturday commemorates Jesus' raising of Lazarus from the dead, just before he went to Jerusalem himself. The main themes anticipate the Resurrection of Jesus, showing him as master over death. On this day wine and oil are allowed (and, in the Russian tradition, caviar), lightening the fast by one degree. Palm Sunday is considered one of the Great Feasts of the Lord, and is celebrated with fish, wine and oil, the lightest degree of fasting, in observance of the festival. Because it is a Great Feast of the Lord, the normal resurrectional elements of the Sunday services are omitted. However, some of these resurrectional elements are found in the Lazarus Saturday service. Holy Week is referred to as \"Great and Holy Week\", or \"Passion Week\". Since the Orthodox liturgical day starts at sunset (as it has from antiquity), Holy Monday services begin Sunday evening, at the normal timing for Monday Vespers (Vespers is the first service of the day). However, during Holy Week, in most parishes, many service times are advanced from six to twelve hours in time and celebrated in anticipation, which permits more of the faithful to attend the most prominent services. Thus, it is the matins service of Great Monday that is on \"Palm Sunday\" evening in parish churches and often vespers is in the morning. Fasting during Great and Holy Week is very strict, as in Lent at a minimum: dairy products and meat products are strictly forbidden, and on most days, no alcoholic beverages are permitted and no oil is used in cooking. Holy Friday and Holy Saturday especially may exceed Lenten norms. Those who can, including monastics, observe them as days of abstention, meaning that nothing is eaten on those days. However, fasting is always adjusted to the needs of the individual, and those who are very young, ill or elderly are not expected to fast as strictly. Those who are able may receive the blessing of their spiritual father to observe an even stricter fast, whereby they eat only two meals that week: one on Wednesday night and one after Divine Liturgy on Thursday. A new liturgical day beginning at sunset, the first service of each day is vespers at which stichera are chanted elaborating the theme of the new day. These days' Orthros services (which in parishes is performed the previous night) are often referred to as the \"Bridegroom Prayer\", because of their theme of Christ as the Bridegroom of the Church, a theme expressed in the troparion that is solemnly chanted during them. On these days, an icon of the \"Bridegroom\" is placed on an analogion in the center of the temple, portraying Jesus wearing the purple robe of mockery and crowned with a crown of thorns (see Instruments of the Passion). The same theme is repeated in the exapostilarion, a hymn which occurs near the end of the service. These services follow much the same pattern as services on weekdays of Great Lent. The services are so laid out that the entire Psalter (with the exception of Kathisma XVII) is chanted on the first three days of Holy Week. The canon that is chanted on these days is a \"Triode\", i.e., composed of three odes instead of the usual nine, as is in other weekday services in the Triodion. Towards the end of the Tuesday evening Bridegroom service (Orthros for Great and Holy Wednesday), the \"Hymn of Kassiani\" is sung. The hymn, (written in the 9th century by Kassia) tells of the woman who washed Christ's feet in the house of Simon the Pharisee. Much of the hymn is written from the perspective of the sinful woman: O Lord, the woman who had fallen into many sins, sensing Your Divinity, takes upon herself the duty of a myrrh-bearer. With lamentations she brings you myrrh in anticipation of your entombment. \"Woe to me!\" she cries, \"for me night has become a frenzy of licentiousness, a dark and moonless love of sin. Receive the fountain of my tears, O You who gathers into clouds the waters of the sea. Incline unto me, unto the sighings of my heart, O You who bowed the heavens by your ineffable condescension. I will wash your immaculate feet with kisses and dry them again with the tresses of my hair; those very feet at whose sound Eve hid herself from in fear when she heard You walking in Paradise in the twilight of the day. As for the multitude of my sins and the depths of Your judgments, who can search them out, O Savior of souls, my Savior? Do not disdain me Your handmaiden, O You who are boundless in mercy.\" On vespers at the end of Monday through Wednesday is a reading from the Gospel which sets forth the new day's theme and then the Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts may be celebrated. The Byzantine musical composition expresses the poetry so strongly that it leaves many people in a state of prayerful tears. The Hymn can last upwards of 25 minutes and is liturgically and musically a highpoint of the entire year. In many churches, especially Greek Orthodox, a service of Anointing (Holy Unction) is held on Wednesday evening, following the Presanctified Liturgy. This is in commemoration of the anointing of Jesus, and a preparation of the faithful to enter with Christ into his death and Resurrection. Those who wish to receive Holy Communion on Great and Holy Thursday, are encouraged to receive the Holy Mystery of Unction. Orthros of Great and Holy Thursday does not follow the format of Great Lent (with the singular exception of chanting Alleluia in place of God is the Lord), but is celebrated as outside Lent, having a complete canon. Also, beginning at this service there will be no more reading of the psalter for the rest of Holy Week, with the exception of kathisma XVII at Orthros of Great and Holy Saturday. Divine Liturgy of the Last Supper is held on the morning of Great and Holy Thursday, combining Vespers with the Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great. There is a custom among some churches to place a simple white linen cloth over the Holy Table (altar) for this Liturgy, reminiscent of the Last Supper. In cathedrals and monasteries it is customary for the bishop or hegumen (abbot) to celebrate the Washing of Feet. When it is necessary for an autocephalous church to consecrate more chrysm the primate of that church will consecrate it at this Liturgy. Great and Holy Thursday is the only day during Holy Week when those observing the strict tradition will eat a cooked meal, though they will not do so until after the dismissal of the Liturgy. At this meal wine and oil are permitted, but the faithful still abstain from meat and dairy products. Matins of Great and Holy Friday is celebrated on the evening of Holy Thursday. During this service, twelve Matins Gospels are chanted, from which this service derives its name of \"Matins of the Twelve Gospels\". These Gospel lessons recount in chronological order the events from the Last Supper though the Crucifixion and burial of Jesus. At one point, when we reach the first Gospel which speaks of the Crucifixion, there is a custom for the priest to bring out a large cross with an icon the crucified Christ attached to it, and places it in the center of the nave for all the faithful to venerate. This cross will remain in the center of the church until the bringing out of the plashchanitza the next evening. On Great and Holy Friday morning the Royal Hours are served. These are a solemn celebration of the Little Hours with added hymns and readings. Vespers of Great and Holy Friday (Vespers of the Deposition from the Cross) is held in the morning or early afternoon of Great and Holy Friday. The figure of Christ is taken down from the Cross, and a richly embroidered cloth icon called the \"Epitaphios\" (Church Slavonic: \"Plashchanitza\") depicting Christ prepared for burial is laid in a \"Tomb\" decorated", "there is a custom for the priest to bring out a large cross with an icon the crucified Christ attached to it, and places it in the center of the nave for all the faithful to venerate. This cross will remain in the center of the church until the bringing out of the plashchanitza the next evening. On Great and Holy Friday morning the Royal Hours are served. These are a solemn celebration of the Little Hours with added hymns and readings. Vespers of Great and Holy Friday (Vespers of the Deposition from the Cross) is held in the morning or early afternoon of Great and Holy Friday. The figure of Christ is taken down from the Cross, and a richly embroidered cloth icon called the \"Epitaphios\" (Church Slavonic: \"Plashchanitza\") depicting Christ prepared for burial is laid in a \"Tomb\" decorated with flowers. At the end of the service all come forward to venerate the Epitaphios. Compline of Great and Holy Friday contains a Canon of Lamentations of the Theotokos (Mother of God). Matins of Great and Holy Saturday is, in parish practice, held on Friday evening. The service is known as the \"Orthros of Lamentations at the Tomb\", because the majority of the service is composed of the clergy and faithful gathered around the tomb, chanting the \"Lamentations\" interspersed between the verses of Kathisma XVII (Psalm 118). At a certain point the priest sprinkles the tomb with rose petals and rose water. Near the end of the service, the Epitaphios is carried in a candlelit procession around the outside of the church as the faithful sing the Trisagion. Vespers joined to the Divine Liturgy is served on Great and Holy Saturday, prescribed by the Liturgical books to be served in the afternoon but often served in the morning. This is the \"Proti Anastasi\" (First Resurrection) service, commemorating the Harrowing of Hell. Just before the reading of the Gospel, the hangings and vestments and changed from dark lenten colors to white, and the entire mood of the service changes from mourning to joy. However, the faithful do not yet greet one another with the Paschal kiss, since the Resurrection has not yet been announced to the living. If there are catechumens who are prepared for baptism they are baptized and chrismated during the Old Testament readings. On Saturday night, the Paschal Vigil begins around 11:00 pm with the chanting of the Midnight Office. Afterwards, all of the lighting in the church is extinguished and all remain in silence and darkness until the stroke of midnight. Then, the priest lights a single candle from the eternal flame on the altar (which is never extinguished). The light is spread from person to person until everyone holds a lighted candle. A procession then circles around the outside of the church, recreating the journey of the Myrrh Bearers as they journeyed to the Tomb of Jesus on the first Easter morning. The procession stops in front of the closed doors of the church. The opening of these doors symbolized the \"rolling away of the stone\" from the tomb by the angel, and all enter the church joyfully singing the Troparion of Pascha. Paschal Orthros begins with an Ektenia (litany) and the chanting of the Paschal Canon. One of the highpoints is the sharing of the paschal kiss and the reading of the \"Hieratikon\" (Catechetical Homily of John Chrysostom) by the priest. The Divine Liturgy follows, and every Orthodox Christian is encouraged to confess and receive Holy Communion on this holiest day of the year. A breakfast usually follows, sometimes lasting till dawn. Slavs bring Easter baskets filled with eggs, meat, butter, and cheese—foods from which the faithful have abstained during Great Lent—to be blessed by the priest which are then taken back home to be shared by family and friends with joy. On the afternoon of Easter Day, a joyful service called \"Agape Vespers\" is celebrated During this service the Great Prokeimenon is chanted and a lesson from the Gospel is read in as many different languages as possible, accompanied by the joyful ringing of bells. The Coptic Orthodox Christians fast the Lent for 55 days including the Holy Week which they call Holy Paschal Week. The Friday before Palm Sunday is called \"The Concluding Friday of Great Lent\". On this day a special service called \"The Unction of the Sick\" is conducted. It consists of seven prayers and at the conclusion of the prayers, the priest anoints each member of the congregation with the holy oil. The following day – the last Saturday before Holy Week – is called \"Lazarus' Saturday\". On this day the Coptic Church commemorates Lazarus, the brother of Martha and Mary of Bethany. This day is related to the events of Holy Week in that John 12 tells of a visit of Jesus to Lazarus immediately before recounting the events of Palm Sunday. Since the liturgical day starts from the evening before a calendar day, the prayers of Palm Sunday begin on the evening of Lazarus' Saturday. Throughout Holy Week, a paschal service is conducted each evening, starting on Sunday night (the eve of Monday), and every morning, up until Easter. These paschal services take place in the middle of the church, not on the altar, because Jesus suffered and was crucified on Golgotha, outside of Jerusalem. The altar is bared of all its coverings and relics. Each day service is divided into 5 \"hours\"; The First Hour, The Third Hour, The Sixth Hour, The Ninth Hour, and The Eleventh Hour. Likewise, each night service is also divided into the same five hours. However, Good Friday has an extra hour added to it, that of The Twelfth Hour. During each hour, one prophecy is read at the beginning, a hymn is chanted twelve times, a psalm is sung in a sad tune, one passage from a gospel is read, and an exposition concludes the hour. During the eve of Friday, four gospel passages are read, and more prophecies are read as well. From Tuesday night onward, the people do not greet each other nor the priests, and do not even kiss the icons of saints in the church, because it was with a kiss that Judas betrayed Jesus. On Thursday of Holy Week, also called Covenant Thursday, a liturgy is prayed and communion is given to symbolize the Last Supper of Jesus. Also, before the liturgy the priests wash the feet of the congregation in imitation of Jesus washing his disciples' feet. Late Friday night until early Saturday morning is called Apocalypse Night. During this night, another liturgy is prayed and the entire Book of the Apocalypse is read, to symbolize the Second Coming. The series concludes with the Easter liturgy on Saturday night, followed by a gathering in the church where the participants can celebrate the joy of the resurrection, eating together and ending their long fast, and at which they are permitted once again to partake of meat, fish, and dairy products. Eastern Catholic Churches' Holy Week observances and customs are generally the same as in the rites of the corresponding Eastern Orthodox or Oriental Orthodox Church or Assyrian Church of the East. The religious processions that are part of the Holy Week celebrations in many countries begin two days before Holy Week on what in those countries is called Friday of Sorrows. On the Friday before Holy Week, the Roman Rite celebrated universally from 1727 to 1969 a liturgical feast of the Seven Sorrows of Mary. Celebration of this feast began in Germany but spread to many other countries even before Pope Benedict XIII made it a universal feast, assigning it to the Friday before Palm Sunday. Another feast with the same name was and still is celebrated in September. With his Code of Rubrics of 1960, Pope John XXIII reduced the feast on the Friday of what was then called Passion Week (the week before Holy Week) to the level of a commemoration, and in 1969 the celebration was removed from the General Roman Calendar as a duplicate of the September feast. Observance of the calendar as it stood in 1962 is still permitted as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite, and even where the calendar as revised", "Roman Rite celebrated universally from 1727 to 1969 a liturgical feast of the Seven Sorrows of Mary. Celebration of this feast began in Germany but spread to many other countries even before Pope Benedict XIII made it a universal feast, assigning it to the Friday before Palm Sunday. Another feast with the same name was and still is celebrated in September. With his Code of Rubrics of 1960, Pope John XXIII reduced the feast on the Friday of what was then called Passion Week (the week before Holy Week) to the level of a commemoration, and in 1969 the celebration was removed from the General Roman Calendar as a duplicate of the September feast. Observance of the calendar as it stood in 1962 is still permitted as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite, and even where the calendar as revised in 1969 is in use, some countries, such as Malta, have kept it in their national calendars. In every country, the 2002 edition of the Roman Missal provides an alternative collect for this Friday: <poem> O God, who in this season give your Church the grace to imitate devoutly the Blessed Virgin Mary in contemplating the Passion of Christ, grant, we pray, through her intercession, that we may cling more firmly each day to your Only Begotten Son and come at last to the fullness of his grace. </poem> In many Latin American countries, such as Mexico, Brazil, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Peru, as well as in Spain and the Philippines, this Friday feast of Our Lady of Sorrows is called \"Viernes de Dolores\" (Friday of Sorrows). It is sometimes also referred to as \"Council Friday\", because of the choice of John 11:47–54 as the Gospel passage read in the Tridentine Mass on that day (which is now read in slightly expanded form on Saturday of the fifth week of Lent), which recounts the meeting of the Sanhedrin to discuss what to do with Jesus. Its date is exactly a week before Good Friday. The somber and often nocturnal commemoration with public processions directs thoughts to the desolate emotional state of the Virgin Mary on Black Saturday as prophesied by the Rabbi Simeon on the \"seven sorrows\" that as an allegorical sword pierced her heart. She is represented as worrying and grieving with Saint Mary Magdalene for Jesus; therefore the event is markedly similar to a mourning event among the people. Holy Week Holy Week (Latin: \"Hebdomas Sancta\" or \"Hebdomas Maior\", \"Greater Week\"; Greek: Ἁγία καὶ Μεγάλη Ἑβδομάς, \"Hagia kai Megale Hebdomas\", \"Holy and Great Week\") in Christianity is the week just before Easter. It is also the last week of Lent, in the West, – Palm Sunday, Holy Wednesday (Spy Wednesday), Maundy Thursday (Holy Thursday), Good Friday (Holy Friday), and Holy Saturday – are all included. However, Easter Sunday, which begins the season of Eastertide, is not. Although, traditions observing the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Battle of Knock Mary The Battle of Knockmary (or Battle of Rottenreoch) was a Scottish clan battle fought in 1511, or 1490 between the Clan Murray against the Clan Drummond and Clan Campbell, north of Crieff, Scotland. In 1511 (some sources say 1490), the Murrays of Ochtertyre took cattle from Drummond of Strathearn, the purpose of this was to pay a debt demanded by the Abbot of Inchaffray. In revenge for this William Drummond, the son of the 1st Lord Drummond attacked the Murrays. The clans met initially at Knock Mary, a hill on the south bank of the River Earn between the river and Drummond Castle. At first the Murrays were winning, but the battle was turned by the arrival of Campbells from Dunstaffnage under Duncan Campbell, McRobbies from Balloch and Faichneys from Argyllshire. Campbell had come to Strathearn to avenge the Murrays' recent murder of his two brothers-in-law and father-in-law, Drummond of Menie. Traditionally the dead from this battle were believed to be buried in the cairn of Rottenreoch, just north of Knock Mary (, but this appears to be a Neolithic long cairn. Having fled the battlefield, the Murrays crossed the River Earn and took refuge in the Kirk of Monzievaird, about a mile north of the river. Drummond was happy to let them go, but as Campbell returned home, an arrow fired from the church killed one of his men. In revenge the church was burned to the ground, killing those inside. Reports on casualties vary between 120 and 160 Murrays. This became known as the Massacre of Monzievaird. William Drummond was arrested and despite his protests that the Drummonds had nothing to do with the fire, he was executed at Stirling along with many of his friends. Battle of Knock Mary The Battle of Knockmary" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Guyandotte Valley Railroad Company The Guyandotte Valley Railroad Company was incorporated by the State of West Virginia on March 1, 1899. Under supervision of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, the GVRR constructed 50.2 miles of single track, standard gauge railroad line between Barboursville in Cabell County to Big Creek in Logan County. On October 31, 1903, the C&O acquired its franchise, rights, and property. As a result of the Guyandotte Valley Railroad Company's diligent work, the rich timber and coal regions of the Guyandotte Valley were better connected to larger markets. It led to the development or growth of such towns as West Hamlin, Branchland, Midkiff, Brady, Ranger, Gill, Sand Creek, Atenville, Eden Park, Harts, Ferrellsburg, Green Shoal, and Big Creek. Guyandotte Valley Railroad Company The Guyandotte Valley Railroad Company was incorporated by the State of West Virginia on March 1, 1899. Under supervision of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, the GVRR constructed 50.2 miles of single track, standard gauge railroad line between Barboursville in Cabell County to Big Creek in Logan County. On October 31, 1903, the C&O acquired its franchise, rights, and property. As a result of the Guyandotte Valley Railroad Company's diligent work, the rich timber and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Swinburne baronets The Swinburne Baronetcy, of Capheaton in the County of Northumberland, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 26 September 1660 for John Swinburne in honour of the loyalty to Charles I of Swinburne's father and grandfather prior to and during the English Civil War. He demolished Capheaton Castle in 1668 and built a new house on the site. The sixth Baronet was Member of Parliament for Launceston in 1788-9 and High Sheriff of Northumberland in 1799. His grandson, the seventh Baronet, was High Sheriff in 1866 and Member of Parliament for Lichfield 1885–1892. His son, the eighth Baronet was High Sheriff in 1920. The title became extinct on the death of the tenth Baronet in 1967. The Baronets were descended from the ancient Northumbrian family of Swinburne Castle which passed to the Heron family on the death of Sir Adam Swinburne. The junior line of Collerton came to Capheaton in 1264 and later in 1514 to Edlingham. , younger son of the sixth Baronet, was an Admiral in the Royal Navy. His eldest son was the poet Algernon Charles Swinburne. The family seat is at Capheaton Hall, Northumberland. Swinburne baronets The Swinburne Baronetcy," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Calybute Downing Dr. Calybute Downing (1606–1643) was an English clergyman, a member of the Westminster Assembly. Also a civil lawyer, he is now remembered for political views, which moved from an absolutist position in the 1630s to a justification of resistance to authority by 1640, within a contractarian setting. He was son of Calybute Downing of the manor of Sugarswell in Shenington, in an exclave of Gloucestershire, (between Banbury, Oxfordshire and Upper Tysoe, Warwickshire), and Elizabeth Morrison née Wingfield, who married in December 1604 at Tinwell, Rutland. Tinwell was in the sphere of Stamford and Burghley House, reflecting the fact that Elizabeth and her brothers Robert Wingfield, M.P., of Upton, Northamptonshire, and John Wingfield, M.P. (for Stamford) of Tickencote, Rutland, were the daughter and sons of Elizabeth Cecil, sister of Lord Burghley. Calybute's unusual Christian name was the maiden surname of his paternal grandmother, Susan Calybut of Castle Acre, Norfolk. He was baptised on 27 October 1605 at St. Andrews church, Northborough, Northamptonshire (now Cambridgeshire). He was admitted pensioner of Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1623 but migrated as a commoner to Oriel College, Oxford in the same year, from which he proceeded B.A. (as 'Calbutus Downam') in 1626. He left Oxford and was apparently curate at Quainton, Buckinghamshire when on 2 December 1627 he married Margaret, the daughter of the rector Richard Brett. Downing's stepmother, Anne, daughter of Edmund Hoogan of Hackney, Middlesex, died at Quainton in December 1630 and was buried there. Incorporated at Cambridge in 1629, he proceeded M.A. from Peterhouse in 1630. In 1632 he became rector of Ickford, Buckinghamshire, and about the same time of West Ilsley, Berkshire. At this time, at Oxford, he first published his \"Discourse of the State Ecclesiastical of this Kingdom in relation to the Civil\", of which a second edition appeared in 1634. Competing unsuccessfully against Gilbert Sheldon for the Wardenship of All Souls' College, Oxford in 1636, in that year he exchanged with Sheldon the rectory of Ickford for the vicarage of Hackney, Middlesex, (where George Moore was rector), and resigned the living of West Ilsley. In 1637, the year in which Richard Brett died, he gained the degree of Doctor of both laws. According to Anthony à Wood, he aimed at a chaplaincy to Thomas Wentworth, and so wrote in favour of episcopacy. The diarist Samuel Rogers called him \"our sad pastor\", and dreaded having to hear his preaching. Preaching before the Artillery Company of London on 1 September 1640, however, he stated that for defence of religion and reformation of the church it was lawful to take up arms against the king. Samuel Butler comments that Downing on this occasion was acting for Puritan leaders to test opinion, and that after preaching the sermon he went to the house of Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick at Little Lees, Essex. In the December following Downing made a petition to the House of Lords for the living of Hackney, on the grounds that the rector had received another incumbency. (Moore, who had been appointed in 1622, survived to subscribe as Rector in 1662 and died in office in 1664.) In 1641 Downing declared his views fully in committing four of his principal works to the press. Wood states that Downing became chaplain to Lord Robartes's regiment in the Earl of Essex's army. On 31 August 1642 he preached a Fast sermon before the House of Commons. On 23 October following, the Battle of Edgehill was fought at the north end of Sugarswell Lane, two miles from his father's home. In 1643 he took the Solemn League and Covenant and was appointed, with Jeremiah Burroughs, for Middlesex in the Westminster Assembly; he sided with the Independents. He resigned the vicarage of Hackney on 3 May 1643, and on 20 June 1643 was appointed by parliament one of the licensors of books of divinity. He died suddenly soon afterwards: he was deceased by 2 November 1643, when the House of Lords approved the Commons nomination of John Dury to succeed him in the Assembly of Divines. According to Wood his father died of grief for him late in 1644. The Norfolk Visitation incorrectly shows him as the son of his father's second marriage to Ann Hoogan. Anthony à Wood gave Downing a bad character, not least because he mistakenly believed that he was the father (\"father to a son of his own temper named George\") of Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet, nephew of John Winthrop, a mis-affiliation which is repeated persistently in later sources. Despite the inconsistency of the given date, Wood associates him with Thomas Edwards's remarks in the Third Part of \"Gangræna\" (1646): \"August 16. 1646. Preached at Hackney one Master Downing, a Preacher of the Army, and a \"young Peters\" (as he was called), some who were eare-witnesses told me of his Sermon, and it was to this effect; That the Country people say (that is, he meant the Sectaries in the Army say) that the Parliament would do them good, but the Lord Major, the Common-Councell and the Citizens of London would not permit them; he feared God would bring the Plague upon them, and Risings among them; and the cause of all was, the uncharitablenesse of London against the Saints; and that the opposition now was not between worldly men, but between Saints and Saints. This Downing, alias \"Peter junior\", spake in Hackney pulpit of the Common Councell of London at that time in way of aspersion of them as if they were for the Cavaliers, that when they entred Oxford, the Cavaliers told them, Tis your turn now, it may be ours hereafter, for we have the City of London and the Common-Councell for us.\" \"But behold\" (adds Wood), \"while he was in the height of these diabolicall and rebellious actions, he was suddenly, and as I may say most justly, cut off from the face of the earth and was no more seen.\" Ronald Bayne suspected that this Hackney preacher was a son of Dr Downing's, but the suggested son had died in childhood. As to Downing's character and motivations, Benjamin Brook took issue with several of Wood's statements. The will proved in P.C.C. for Calibut Downing in December 1644 is that of the father and not (as Venn supposed) of the pastor of Hackney. The children of Calybute Downing and his wife Margaret Brett included: See also: Hillary Nunn & Rebecca Laroche: Food for thought about Calybute Downing in a series of posts concerning the College of Physicians of Philadelphia MS 10a214 at The Recipes Project (Philadelphia College of Physicians). Calybute Downing Dr." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mbuyiseli Madlanga Mbuyiseli \"Russell\" Madlanga (born 27 March 1962) is a judge of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, having been appointed on 1 August 2013. Madlanga was born in 1962 in Njijini village, Mount Frere, to a family of the amaBhaca. He attended Mariazell High School in Matatiele. His father, a teacher, encouraged him to apply for a bursary to read law at the University of Transkei, where he completed a BJuris in 1981 in an atmosphere of growing unrest. During his final year he began working in a magistrate's office, though he was close friends with African National Congress activists under investigation by his colleagues. In 1985 he moved to Grahamstown, then in a state of \"complete chaos\", and completed an LLB at Rhodes University the following year. From 1987 to 1989 he worked as a law lecturer at the University of Transkei, teaching customary law, the law of delict and the law of contract. He won a scholarship to attend the University of Notre Dame and completed his LLM there in 1990. For the next six months he worked in the Washington, D.C. office of Amnesty International, where he briefly met Nelson Mandela after his release from prison. In 1991, Madlanga returned to South Africa, now a much freer place, and began practice as an advocate in Mthatha. His admission to the Bar was moved by his close friend and mentor Tholie Madala; Sandile Ngcobo, with whom Madlanga would also later work at the Constitutional Court of South Africa, was a colleague and friend of both. On 1 September 1996, Madlanga was appointed to the bench of the Transkei Division of the High Court (now the Mthatha seat of the Eastern Cape Division). He later became its acting Judge President. From 1998 to 1999, he was an acting judge on the Supreme Court of Appeal. The following year he became an acting judge of the Constitutional Court upon Arthur Chaskalson's invitation. He was on the bench in \"Mohamed v President of the Republic of South Africa\", which held that the South African government may not extradite a suspect who may face the death penalty unless it receives an assurance it will not be imposed; \"Prince v President, Cape Law Society\", which upheld a law criminalising the use of marijuana, even for religious reasons; \"Carmichele v Minister of Safety and Security\"; \"Minister of Public Works v Kyalami Ridge Environmental Association\"; and \"S v Mamabolo.\" Madlanga authored \"S v Steyn\", which declared unconstitutional provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 that removed an accused person's automatic right of appeal against a magistrate's court conviction. In 2001, Madlanga resigned from the bench, saying the salary was insufficient to support his family, and returned to private practice. He appeared for South Africa at the International Court of Justice in the case regarding the Israeli West Bank barrier. He also served as evidence leader at the commission of inquiry into the fitness of Bheki Cele to hold office as national police commissioner, and at the Farlam Commission investigating the Marikana miners' strike. On 1 August 2013, Madlanga was appointed permanently to the Constitutional Court, replacing Zak Yacoob. His appointment had been widely expected, especially after he impressed at his interview before the JSC (on which Madlanga had served since 2010), though some felt a woman ought to have been appointed. He was questioned on his 1998 judgment in \"Bangindawo v Head of the Nyanda Regional Authority\", in which he had held controversially that there was \"no reason whatsoever for the imposition of the western conception of the notions of judicial impartiality and independence in the African customary law setting\". Madlanga admitted at the interview that this judgment was wrong. Madlanga's first judgment for the Constitutional Court was \"Gaertner v Minister of Finance\", on the right to privacy and search and seizure. In March 2014, he wrote a 94-paragraph judgment dismissing Uruguayan businessman Gaston Savoi's challenge to his prosecution on charges of corruptly procuring a contract from the KwaZulu-Natal government. A year later, Madlanga delivered the controversial main judgment in \"Paulsen v SlipKnot Investments 777 (Pty) Ltd\", which removes an exception to the \"in duplum\" rule. This judgment was described as \"consumer friendly\", but marked a \"sea change\" for South African banking practice, and was strongly criticised extra-curially by Malcolm Wallis. Madlanga's next judgment for the Court was \"DE v RH\", which abrogated the action for adultery. Madlanga was one of the authors of the majority judgment in the 2015 \"My Vote Counts v Speaker, National Assembly\", which was widely condemned. The majority refused to hear an application by an NGO to compel Parliament to enact legislation requiring the disclosure of political parties' private funding. Madlanga's wife is Nkosisi Monica Madlanga (\"née\" Nkenkana). He has six children. Mbuyiseli Madlanga Mbuyiseli \"Russell\" Madlanga (born" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Gorgier Gorgier is a former municipality in the district of Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Bevaix, Saint-Aubin-Sauges, Gorgier, Vaumarcus, Montalchez and Fresens merged into the new municipality of La Grande-Béroche. Gorgier is first mentioned in 1252 as \"de Corgie\". Gorgier has an area, , of . Of this area, or 33.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 56.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 8.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and or 2.2% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.6%. Out of the forested land, 53.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 10.7% is used for growing crops and 11.3% is pastures, while 4.5% is used for orchards or vine crops and 6.9% is used for alpine pastures. Of the unproductive areas, and 1.6% is too rocky for vegetation. The municipality is located in the Boudry district, on a hill above Lake Neuchatel. It consists of the village of Gorgier, the hamlets of Chez-le-Bart and the farm houses of Les Prises on Lake Neuchatel. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \"Per pale Gules and Argent, a Rose counterchanged.\" Gorgier has a population () of . , 15.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010 ) the population has changed at a rate of 10.8%. It has changed at a rate of 10.5% due to migration and at a rate of -0.3% due to births and deaths. Most of the population () speaks French (1,530 or 86.2%) as their first language, German is the second most common (97 or 5.5%) and Italian is the third (39 or 2.2%). There is 1 person who speaks Romansh. , the population was 50.5% male and 49.5% female. The population was made up of 784 Swiss men (40.8% of the population) and 187 (9.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 824 Swiss women (42.8%) and 128 (6.7%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 389 or about 21.9% were born in Gorgier and lived there in 2000. There were 537 or 30.3% who were born in the same canton, while 458 or 25.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 339 or 19.1% were born outside of Switzerland. , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 17.6%. , there were 637 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 954 married individuals, 98 widows or widowers and 86 individuals who are divorced. , there were 716 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 198 households that consist of only one person and 42 households with five or more people. , a total of 701 apartments (85.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 91 apartments (11.1%) were seasonally occupied and 31 apartments (3.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 17.3 new units per 1000 residents. The historical population is given in the following chart: The Castle, the Gallo-Roman settlement at La Béroche and a prehistoric lake shore settlement are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. It is home to the Les Argilliez prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlement that is part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Les Argilliez site consists of two villages. One is a Classical Cortaillod village with 6 piles dated between 3841 and 3817 BC. The other is a Late Cortaillod site with 2 piles from 3531 to 3528 BC. Both villages are in a small bay about north of the Chez-le-Bart 1 site. The remains of the villages are still quite visible underwater and stretch over an area of about . Some stone axes, antler ax handles and pottery fragments have been discovered. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 25.58% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (22.61%), the LPS Party (19.06%) and the FDP (11.32%). In the federal election, a total of 711 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 55.3%. , Gorgier had an unemployment rate of 4.5%. , there were 61 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 25 businesses involved in this sector. 91 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 24 businesses in this sector. 275 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 40 businesses in this sector. There were 889 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.8% of the workforce. , there were 280 workers who commuted into the municipality and 631 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 2.5% of the workforce coming into Gorgier are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 10.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 65.9% used a private car. From the , 452 or 25.5% were Roman Catholic, while 821 or 46.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 13 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.73% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 168 individuals (or about 9.46% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.11% of the population) who were Jewish, and 24 (or about 1.35% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 5 individuals who were Buddhist. 297 (or about 16.73% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 75 individuals (or about 4.23% of the population) did not answer the question. In Gorgier about 653 or (36.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 251 or (14.1%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a \"Fachhochschule\"). Of the 251 who completed tertiary schooling, 58.2% were Swiss men, 26.7% were Swiss women, 10.0% were non-Swiss men and 5.2% were non-Swiss women. In the canton of Neuchâtel most municipalities provide two years of non-mandatory kindergarten, followed by five years of mandatory primary education. The next four years of mandatory secondary education is provided at thirteen larger secondary schools, which many students travel out of their home municipality to attend. During the 2010-11 school year, there were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 36 students in Gorgier. In the same year, there were 5 primary classes with a total of 101 students. , there were 458 students in Gorgier who came from another municipality, while 68 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Gorgier Gorgier is a former municipality in the district of Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Bevaix, Saint-Aubin-Sauges, Gorgier, Vaumarcus, Montalchez and Fresens merged into the new municipality of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Thomas Scheen Falck Thomas Scheen Falck, Jr. (19 February 1892 – 1 November 1972) was a Norwegian ship-owner. He was born at Stavanger in Rogaland as a son of ship-owner and consul Hans Lindahl Falck (1863–1937) and Karen Johanne Poulsson (1866–1952). He was an uncle of Einar Falck. He finished his secondary education at Bergen Handelsgymnasium in 1909 and took a business education in Cologne in 1911. He worked in Kronstadt and St. Petersburg from 1912 to 1918; the last three years as co-owner of the transport company Ejbøl, Falck & Co. He became director of the foreign department in Bergenske Dampskibsselskab in 1918, and was promoted to sub-director in 1929 and director in 1933. In 1943 he finally took over as chief executive officer, succeeding Einar Joys. He remained chief executive of Bergenske Dampskibsselskab until 1960, and then chaired the company until 1963. In his time, Falck was not uncontroversial after his actions during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany. He was named as \"\"Vertrauensmann Norwegischer Schiffsfahrt\"\" after the German invasion in May 1940, and was on many occasions ordered to perform services for the German occupiers. This work yielded substantial profit. On the other hand, the company lost a great deal of tonnage at sea during the war, and also lost its headquarters in the 1944 Vågen explosion. Falck was also acting vice president of the Norwegian Shipowners' Association, where he had been a board member since 1937, and refused to let the Nazi authorities take control over the organization. The Shipowners' Association was declared illegal in 1943, and Falck continued underground in its central board; hosting several meetings in his own Mjølfjell cabin. He also met with Nortraship and Norwegian authorities-in-exile. He even served as an agent for the Special Intelligence Service, with the codename \"S 19\". After the war he was scrutinized for \"economic treason\", but was acquitted. He was also given the Defence Medal 1940–1945 for resistance to the Germans. He was formally named vice president of the Shipowners' Association in 1945, and chaired the organization from 1948 to 1950. Falck was also a co-founder and board member of Det Norske Luftfartselskap from 1935. He had then survived an airplane crash outside of Haugesund in 1920. He was also a board member of Scandinavian Airlines System from 1946 to 1949; being chairman from 1947 to 1948. He was also a board member of Bergen Port Authority from 1935 to 1961 and chaired the Mjølfjell Youth Hostel (\"Mjølfjell Ungdomsherberge\") from 1940 to 1950 and the Norway Travel Association (\"Landslaget for Reiselivet i Norge\") from 1955 to 1957. He was married to Hanna Gjerde (1890–1929) from August 1916. After her death he married Ingeborg Landmark Anthonisen (1905–1955) in July 1933. After her death he married for the third time, in 1964, this time to Astrid Kolderup, née Christie (1907–2000). Thomas Scheen Falck died in November 1972 in Bergen. His son, Hans L. Falck (born 1921), was a board member of Bergenske Dampskibsselskab from 1961 to 1967. He was decorated as a Commander of the Order of St. Olav (1951), Order of the Dannebrog, Order of the Crown of Italy and the Order of Ouissam Alaouite; Commander First Class of the Order of Vasa; Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold II and Order of Orange-Nassau; and Officer of the Legion of Honour. Thomas Scheen Falck Thomas Scheen Falck, Jr. (19 February 1892 – 1 November 1972) was a Norwegian ship-owner. He was born at Stavanger in Rogaland as a son of ship-owner and consul Hans Lindahl Falck (1863–1937) and Karen Johanne Poulsson (1866–1952). He was an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Great Russell Street Great Russell Street is a street in Bloomsbury, London, best known for being the location of the British Museum. It runs between Tottenham Court Road (part of the A400 route) in the west, and Southampton Row (part of the A4200 route) in the east. It is one-way only (eastbound) between its western origin at Tottenham Court Road and Bloomsbury Street. The headquarters of the Trades Union Congress is located at Nos. 23-28 (Congress House). The street is also the home of the Contemporary Ceramics Centre, the gallery for the Craft Potters Association of Great Britain, as well as the High Commission of Barbados to the United Kingdom. Great Russell Street has had a number of notable residents, especially during the Victorian era, including: Adjoining streets: Nearby: Great Russell Street Great Russell Street is a street in Bloomsbury, London, best known for being the location of the British Museum. It runs between Tottenham Court Road (part of the A400 route) in the west, and Southampton Row (part of the A4200 route) in the east. It is one-way only (eastbound) between its western origin at Tottenham Court Road and Bloomsbury Street. The headquarters of the Trades Union Congress is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "David Lewis (Canadian actor) David Lewis (born David Fouts, 4 August 1976) is a Canadian actor. Lewis is best known for playing Kevin Mitchum on the PAX series \"Hope Island\" in the 1999 to 2000 television season. He played Walt Lawson in the 1999 film \"Lake Placid\". He also worked in \"The Butterfly Effect 2\". Lewis played Richard Allen on CBS's Harper's Island. His next movie will be the Dolph Lundgren directed Icarus in which he will play Mr. Graham. David has had a role in almost 100 movies and shows. In 2005, he appeared on \"Criminal Minds\". He won a Cannes Film Festival award in 2000 for Best short film in the movie Shoes Off. He also played Mr. Crocker in the 2011 television film \"\", the 2012 TV movie, \"A Fairly Odd Christmas\", and the 2014 TV movie, \"A Fairly Odd Summer\". Among his television appearances were roles in the series Smallville. David Lewis (Canadian actor) David Lewis (born David Fouts, 4 August 1976) is a Canadian actor. Lewis is best known for playing Kevin Mitchum on the PAX series \"Hope Island\" in the 1999 to 2000 television season. He played Walt Lawson in the 1999 film \"Lake" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Stéphane Zagdanski Stéphane Zagdanski is a French novelist, essayist, and contemporary artist born April 28, 1963 in Paris, France. Stéphane Zagdanski is the third son of a Jewish family, whose grandparents emigrated from Poland in the beginning of the 20th century. Shortly before his birth, his parents and two brothers moved to the western suburb of Paris, where Zagdanski had a childhood that, in his memoires, he describes as perfectly happy. When he was 20 years old, while pursuing philosophy studies at the Sorbonne, he read Emmanuel Levinas which introduced him to the Talmud and to Jewish Thought, with which he was immediately enthused; he perceived in it a combination of profundity and imagination of a kind typical, in his view, to Literature. When he was 23 years old, he earned his philosophy degree, inspired by the work of Emmanuel Levinas, and at the same time wrote a first—theological-erotic—novel which remains unpublished. As soon as he obtained his degree, he left the university to devote himself exclusively to writing. In December 1987, the revue \"Pardes\" (founded and edited by Shmuel Trigano) published his first study dedicated to Jewish Thought, titled “The Flesh and The Word”, which was reprinted in 2003 in the collection of his essays \"Fini de rire\". This essay is a reflection on incarnation organized around the theme of putrefaction as developed in Rabbinic literature. In October 1989, the revue \"Les Temps Modernes\" published a study—titled “Signs of Time, an essay on temporality in Rabbinic literature and in Kafka’s \"The Castle\",” in which Zagdanski combined a meditation on \"The Castle\" with reflections on Time in Jewish Thought. This essay was reprinted in 2003 in the collection \"Fini de rire\". In 1991, éditions du Félin published his first book, \"L’impureté de Dieu: La lettre et le peché dans la pensée juive\" (\"The Impurity of God: the letter and sin in Jewish Thought)\". With an hommage to Jewish Mysticism and Thought, Zagdanski returns to some aspects of his study “The Flesh and The Word” and attempts to analyze the theme of impurity in accordance with various Biblical and Rabbinic perspectives, among which are the creation of the world, original sin, the babelization of language, hermeneutics, ritual, etc. “The result,” wrote John Gelder, “is a surprising, invigorating or obsessional dialogue with words, like a casually playful God.” In 2005, éditions du Félin published a second edition with a new preface and the title \"L’Impureté de Dieu: Souillures et Scissions dans la pensée juive\" (\"The Impurity of God: Stains and Scissions in Jewish Thought\"). In 1993, Gallimard, in the collection L’infini edited by Philippe Sollers, published this book length essay in which Zagdanski seeks to resolve the complex question of Céline's anti-Semitism, and the cathartic role this pamphleteering rage and fury could play in the elaboration of his novelist genius. “Zagdanski’s method,” John Gelder wrote, “is a fascinating approach to Céline’s texts and statements: a Talmudic method—the author plainly says so, which confronts different interpretative levels with one another, and does not provide conclusions on behalf of and instead of the reader.” Zagdanski continued with the parallel he established, in \"Céline seul\", between Celine and Proust, in \"Le sexe de Proust\" (Gallimard / L’infini 1994), a book length essay in which he questions the imaginary boundaries between “normality” and “homosexuality” in \"À la recherche du temps perdu\", boundaries that Proust, according to Zagdanski, never prohibited himself from crossing in thought. “His extraordinarily captivating demonstration,” wrote Jacques Franck, “aims to establish that “the primordial revelation of the \"Recherche\" is the heterosexuality of writing, which Proust discovered only is as much he himself was heterosexual in soul, as he was circumcised of heart. Soul…body…heart…spirit, a whole—Catholic—theology, outside of which it is as ridiculous to claim to read Proust as it is to hope to make a Mormon like de Sade.” ” In 1995, Julliard published Zagdanski’s \"De l’antisémitisme\", a book on “the Jewish Question” considered in the light of midrashic exegesis of the story of Balaq and Balaam in the book of Numbers; an exegesis interwoven with dialogues with two imaginary, anagrammatic accomplice interlocutors, as well as with numerous real-life narratives. “Neither study, no thesis, nor pamphlet,” wrote Josyane Savigneau, “here is a kind of treatise, very personal, paradoxical and provocative like its author, combining private journal, novel (dialogues with characters who are kinds of the author’s doubles), essay, and ceaselessly playing on and with digression and ridicule.” Publication of Zagdanski's fourth book was occasion for Sébastien Lapaque to emphasize the unity of the author's approach pursued since \"L’impureté de Dieu\": “Zagdanski is building a coherent body of work. He does not abandon a subject once he has treated of it, but rather reintegrates it into his reflection which is continually advancing, colliding with and displacing the received ideas in his path.” Zagdanski's first novel, \"Les intérêts du temps\", published in 1996 by Gallimard in the series L’infini, explores the global ravages of computerized society through the itinerary of a learned young man named “Martin Heidegger”, who is interested in ancient Greek literature, and who is confronted with the grotesque behind the scenes machinations of a culture magazine. The novel's narrator interweaves dubious and nihilist characters in the guises of the period he describes. “Stéphane Zagdanski means to give a complete vision of the period,” wrote Eliane Tonnet-Lacroix. “His first novel, \"Les intérêts du temps\", presents itself as a kind of “agenda” of the hero, Martin Heidegger, a writer and thinker like his namesake (the reference to the philosopher of Being, who condemned the reign of Technique, is revealing). Alternating between comedic scenes, learned conversations, and acerbic and paradoxical reflections, Zagdanski produces, with brilliance and an obvious sense of provocation, a ferocious depiction of our technological, sexualized, mediatized world, in which it is simulacrum of culture as well as of love that rule.” Philippe Forest, in his analysis of the novel, wrote: “From September to September, the reader follows a year in the life of a young writer. In its course, the novel offers different definitions of itself. It presents itself as a kind of agenda, composed in the margins wherein time writes of itself, revealing the fiction of its why, the threads of its how. From this comes the eminently fluid structure of a novel that joyously lets multiply within itself the moments played on the written stage of perception and thought.” At the age of 33, Zagdanski wrote his memoires, titled \"Mes Moires\" and published by Julliard in 1997. With regard to the title, the author writes: “Don’t explain. The shimmering flashes of my memory. The coincident-accident weft and weave of my “I”, the lot and emblazon of my words, etc.” The text consists of short, untitled notations, modeled on Nietzsche’s \"Aurora\", wherein Zagdanski discloses the combative career of a young writer, and evokes the resistances to his writings that he had to outwit, before they were published—up until the publication of \"L’impureté de Dieu\". He also describes a number of erotic encounters, publishes a portion of his correspondence, and concludes the book--after reproduction of an EKG obtained in a pharmacy, with the reiteration of his joy in living, what is called, a resurrectional life. “Stéphane Zagdanski,” wrote Marlène Amar, “provokes, titillates, plays with and upon the reader, serenades him with virtuosity, taking him from pleasure to anger, from despondency to jubilation, only in the end to leave him hanging, with the haughty declaration: “The human kind is not my kind.”” Zagdanski’s second novel, \"Miroir amer\" (Gallimard / L’infini 1999), is about genetic", "of a young writer, and evokes the resistances to his writings that he had to outwit, before they were published—up until the publication of \"L’impureté de Dieu\". He also describes a number of erotic encounters, publishes a portion of his correspondence, and concludes the book--after reproduction of an EKG obtained in a pharmacy, with the reiteration of his joy in living, what is called, a resurrectional life. “Stéphane Zagdanski,” wrote Marlène Amar, “provokes, titillates, plays with and upon the reader, serenades him with virtuosity, taking him from pleasure to anger, from despondency to jubilation, only in the end to leave him hanging, with the haughty declaration: “The human kind is not my kind.”” Zagdanski’s second novel, \"Miroir amer\" (Gallimard / L’infini 1999), is about genetic experimentation with life and meditates on what connects birth and death. In the novel, we learn of the trials and travails of a man who cannot come to terms with his own conception through in vitro fertilization. This novel is also a critique of the delusions and deceptions of what it names “Technique” in the lives of human beings, and the title's double meaning evokes the blindness of a reflection that has become the sole horizon of destiny (“amer”/“bitter”, also means, in nautical terminology, the reference point by which a ship navigates). In his analysis of the novel, Philippe Forest lists the themes with which Zagdanski treats: “He touches here upon a mine of particularly dense and profound meaning (childhood and death, sexuality and technique, identity and twinhood; the reader will perhaps be surprised that these provide the subject matter for a novel as elliptical as \"Miroir amer\". With its often overwritten style, its discontinuous intrigue broken up into a series of fluffy scenes, with its characters absent to the tragedy of their own life, Zagdanski’s new novel can sound strange to the ears of a reader accustomed to a more naturalist treatment of these same themes. But it would be wrong to too quickly impute to its bizarre tone a clumsiness or confusion of purpose. In fact, \"Miroir amer\" takes us into this world according to Technique which is already our own and in which every form of interiority is as if voided and discarded.” During this same period, Zagdanski wrote a kind of appendix to \"Miroir amer\", published, in August 1999, in the revue L’infini, in the form of a critical study of the latest excesses of Technique, titled “The Idolatrous Science”. This study concludes with an exegesis of the portion from Genesis on the sterility of Rachel and Jacob's experiments to propagate the flock of sheep given to him by his uncle and father-in-law Laban. This essay was reprinted in 2003 in the collection \"Fini de rire\". In March 2000, Zagdanski published \"Pauvre de Gaulle!\" (éditions Pauvert/Fayard). This novel recounts in comic and sarcastic mode a century of French history, through the emblematic figure of General de Gaulle. The 580 page book presents itself at once as: a critical pamphlet on de Gaulle's life, work and ideological influences (from his grandmother Josephine's moralistic writings to his last visit with Franco, the year before his death); as the narrative of the writing of the book itself, describing the reactions to the project by those close to him—his Brazilian fiancée, his editor, his writer friends; and as the account of a month spent in London, in which the narrator is inspired by the exile of a few writers who preceded him in Britain's capital. The narrator also tells the story of his father's family during the Nazi Occupation of Paris. \"Pauvre de Gaulle!\" is thus a hybrid composed of novel, personal journal, pamphlet, historical essay, and travel narrative. With regard to \"Pauvre de Gaulle!\", Jean-Pierre Salgas compares Zagdanski to Gombrowicz: “In its best pages (the derisory pastiche of de Gaulle-like destiny: Zagdanski exiled in London, in the language of Shakespeare and Churchill, in the country of Freud at the end of his life), Zagdanski can remind one of Gombrowicz of the novel “Trans-Atlantic”, confronted with a polonized France in abject adoration before its totem.” It was also at the beginning of 2000 that Stéphane Zagdanski met Viviane, the young Central African women whom he married in July of the same year, and who will become the model for the main character of his novel \"Noire est la beauté\" (\"Beauty herself is black\"). In Spring 2001, Éditions du Passeur published \"Autour du désir\" defined by Zagdanski as a “theater piece”. This is a series of short intimate dialogues between a man and a woman about whom we know nothing: the woman begins by asking the man why he never tells her he loves her, the man tries to justify himself, she cries quietly. Gradually, they talk about desire and everything it entails, evoking memories, discussing paintings and texts...At the end of the play, they make love, we hear their joy, the curtain falls. Their dialogues are interspersed with brief philosophical and theological digressions on the theme of desire, primarily in the paintings of Picasso, as well as in ancient mythology and in Jewish Thought. The novel \"Noire est la beauté\" (published September 2001 by Pauvert/Fayard); a love story between a French painter and a Central African woman, aspires to treat of the spiritual combat between darkness and light, the West and Africa, insipid colorless blandness and vivacious living color. \"Noire est la beauté\" also provides a portrait of the small Central African community in Paris, through their conversations, their arguments, their customs, their music, their hopes and their language (Sango, the language spoken by a majority of Central Africans). “More than a tale of love,” wrote Aude Lancelin, “Noire est la beauté” is the account of a liaison between Stéphane Zagdanski and a different sort of romantic novel. The author, these last years, of self-fictional pamphlets effervescent with intelligence and narcissistic voluptuous delight, this time chose to dip his pen in rose water, and to orient himself in this genre “which is not my genre”, even adopted the most redoubtable of guides, Vladimir Nabokov, who is obliquely quoted on several occasions.” In 2001, Zagdanski also started \"Paroles des jours\", an on-line Literature and Philosophy site whose self-declared purpose is to serve as a revue that is independent of any editorial, academic, or media interference and censorship (http://parolesdesjours.free.fr). There are no biographies or bibliographies of the authors whom it publishes, no links to on-line book stores, just texts, audio and video recordings of talks, lectures, conversations with contemporary writers (among whom are Gérard Guest, \|\|François Meyronnis]], François Fédier, Bernard Sichère, Éric Marty, Yannick Haenel), on various themes and authors including Nietzsche, Debord, Heidegger, Homer, Jewish Thought, The Hebrew Bible, The Talmud, Kabbalah, Islam, Film, and the Global Economy. There are as well rare archive audio and video recordings of writers, artists, and musicians. The complete contents of Paroles des jours is also archived and made available on a WordPress based site \"Archives de Paroles des jours\": http://archivesparolesdesjours.wordpress.com. \"Paroles des jours\" and the \"Archive\" are complemented by and maintained in tandem with a \"Paroles des jours\" Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/parolesdesjours2013. Starting in 2007, \"Paroles des jours\" organized, and made available as audio and video recordings), the Philosophy seminar by Gérard Guest, whose overall title is “Investigations à la limite, une phénoménologie de l’extrême” (“Investigations at the limit, a phenomenology of the extreme”). The seminar concluded in 2014. The collected complete recordings of the seminar, which may be downloaded as MP3's, are available at the website \"Archives du Séminaire de Gérard Guest (2007-2014)\": https://phenomenologieextreme.wordpress.com. In 2014, Zagdanski started two other", "des jours\": http://archivesparolesdesjours.wordpress.com. \"Paroles des jours\" and the \"Archive\" are complemented by and maintained in tandem with a \"Paroles des jours\" Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/parolesdesjours2013. Starting in 2007, \"Paroles des jours\" organized, and made available as audio and video recordings), the Philosophy seminar by Gérard Guest, whose overall title is “Investigations à la limite, une phénoménologie de l’extrême” (“Investigations at the limit, a phenomenology of the extreme”). The seminar concluded in 2014. The collected complete recordings of the seminar, which may be downloaded as MP3's, are available at the website \"Archives du Séminaire de Gérard Guest (2007-2014)\": https://phenomenologieextreme.wordpress.com. In 2014, Zagdanski started two other blogs, associated and linked with \"Paroles des jours\": \"Conversations autour de la pensée juive\" (\"Conversations Around Jewish Thought\" ): http://penseejuive.tumblr.com ; and \"Sur l’antisémitisme de Martin Heidegger\" (\"On the Anti-Semitism of Martin Heidegger\"): http://heidegger2014.tumblr.com. The latter “brings together studies in several languages (French, English, German) on Martin Heidegger’s anti-Semitism from the point of view of Thinking about Being.” In April 2002, Pauvert/Fayard published \"La Vérité nue\", co-written with Alina Reyes; a “learned, merry and combative duet,” Aude Lancelin observed, “also to be read as a counter against the new “sexual correctness” channeled, according to them, by contemporary novels and the media. An ideological campaign directed against the destitution of bodies and the spiritual poverty, which they attempt in turn to resist through deciphering the diktats of the neurotic-erotic-porno market and a celebration of great artists.” In the French magazine \"VSD\", Pascale Tournier observed a consistency between the cover photograph and the purpose of \"La Vérité nue\": “A very interesting collection of conversations about their views on the evolution of morals and in which the theme of sexuality most often reoccurs. The book’s tone is set by its cover, which shows the two authors naked. They claim for themselves a healthy, positive relationship to the body. To counter the ambient sexual impoverishment, they both in their nudity reveal a personal sensuality, beauty and sexuality freed from media diktats.” In 2004, Pauvert/Fayard published two collections of Zagdanski's essays; \"Les joies de mon corps\" is subtitled an “Anthology” and \"Fini de rire\" is subtitled “Studies”. The former collection is composed of shorter texts, for the most part published in journals, magazines, or literary revues. There are also autobiographical narratives and interviews, as well as divertimenti on the classics: from the Pre-Socratics to Guy Debord including \"le Roman de Renart\" (\"The Tale of Reynard the Fox\") and Chateaubriand's \"Mémoires d’outre-tombe\" (\"Memoires from Beyond the Grave\"); on painters, from Lascaux to Picasso including Tiepolo and Piazetta; and on a few other currently living authors, such as Philip Roth and Philippe Sollers. \"Fini de rire\" is composed of full-length essays, some of which were previously unpublished. The preface, titled “Le Corps de Dieu” (“The Body of God”) returns to Zagdanski's affiliation with Jewish Mysticism and Thought. The post-face, titled “Tricherie sur la substance, Défense et illustration de la pensée juive” (“Cheating on Substance, a Defense and Illustration of Jewish Thought”), is a critique of linguist and translator Henri Meschonnic's positions on both Biblical Hebrew and Martin Heidegger's Thought. The fruit of three years work, published in September 2004 by Éditions Maren Sell, \"La Mort dans l’oeil\" is subtitled \"Critique du cinema, comme vision, domination, falsification, eradication, fascination, manipulation, devastation, usurpation\" (\"A critique of cinema as vision, domination, falsification, eradication, manipulation, devastation, and usurpation\"). Proceeding according to a line-by-line analysis of Plato's \"Timaeus\", it delivers a critical reflection with regard to metaphysical aspects or cinema and to phenomena which, according to Zagdanski, are integrally and intimately connected to it, such as daguerreotype, the “human zoos”, video games, advertising, “RealTV”, etc. The book is also a meditation on the compared origins and foundations of the Image (in the technical sense of an industrially, commercially reproducible reflection) and of the Word (which, according to Zagdanski, unveils itself in flashes in the works of the greatest geniuses of Literature). In November 2004, the filmmaker Jean-Luc Godard, after he had read \"La Mort dans l’oeil\" (and whom the book had not spared from critique), proposed to Zagdanski a dialogue, to be broadcast on radio, on the subjects of cinema and literature. An edited version of their dialogue was broadcast on France-Culture and printed in \"le Nouvel-Observateur.\" The complete video of the dialogue is available on \"Paroles des jours\" and in the \"Archive de Paroles des jours\". In 2005, Editions Fayard published Zagdanski's \"Jouissance du temps\", a collection of short stories, each of which is a variation on the theme of Eros, each written according to a different perspective and in a different style. “Stéphane Zagdanski’s twelve short stories,” wrote Hugo Marsan in the March 4, 2005 issue of \"Le Monde\", “opens phantasmagoric spaces that are rare in literature: the credible collision between the hyper-realism of our time and the myths of the origin of the world; sexual voraciousness joined with ultra hip and trendy modes of communication. In the story with the book’s title, “Jouissance du temps”, the rite of lovemaking is a slow voyeuristic exploration, likened to a mystic quest. The story “DQ2005” describes, with an unbridled humor, a Don Quixote who logs on line as dq2005@hébété.com (“hébété” is French for “dazed”) in search of a mad Dulcinea who is adept at piercing. The story “La Matrice d’art” (“The Womb of Art”) is a marvel: a man exhausts himself convincing a woman, Lise, of his artistic enthusiasms, until he discovers that the vulva of his mistress expert contains in its membranes and folds perfectly condensed, moving miniatures of masterworks...This non-conformity should not deceive us: Zagdanski's stupefying inventions sublimize human destiny.” In 2008, Gallimard published \"Debord ou la Diffraction du temps\", devoted to the subject of Guy Debord, whose name and writings Zagdanski has regularly evoked since his novel \"Les Intérêts du temps\". Zagdanski analyzes and comments on various aspects of Debord’s life, thought, and work; aspects each of which he illuminates according to Debord’s principle of the non-distinction between his theory, his practice, and his daily life. In addition, Heidegger’s thought about “the They Self” and \"Ereignis\" is an essential nexus of interpretation for Zagdanski. In his critique of \"Debord ou la Diffraction du temps\", Cécile Guilbert defines the book's style as follows: “Opus no. 15 turns out to be perfectly “Zagdanskian”...In its themes: time, strategy, play, style, poetry, eroticism, sovereignty—which contribute to the definition of genius as a “virtuoso of truth”, which is admirably fitting for Debord (1931 – 1994), the radical critic theoretician whose impeccable thought the author here x-rays in a kaleidoscopic manner; as well as in its style which, with its cascades of adjectives preceding a verb and its alliterative pulse, propels a vivacity as caustic, ironic, and satiric as it is empathetic. Attempting a fecund rapprochement with Heidegger, Zagdanski does not however avoid certain confusions, and blind spots remain. Why the silence about Debord's enormous debt to Dada and surrealism in the history of what Nietzsche diagnosed as “European nihilism”? Why refuse to see that Debord, the last “working” nihilist, remains despite everything a “metaphysician”? Why also (and retrospectively) did Zagdanski “forget”, in his", "as a “virtuoso of truth”, which is admirably fitting for Debord (1931 – 1994), the radical critic theoretician whose impeccable thought the author here x-rays in a kaleidoscopic manner; as well as in its style which, with its cascades of adjectives preceding a verb and its alliterative pulse, propels a vivacity as caustic, ironic, and satiric as it is empathetic. Attempting a fecund rapprochement with Heidegger, Zagdanski does not however avoid certain confusions, and blind spots remain. Why the silence about Debord's enormous debt to Dada and surrealism in the history of what Nietzsche diagnosed as “European nihilism”? Why refuse to see that Debord, the last “working” nihilist, remains despite everything a “metaphysician”? Why also (and retrospectively) did Zagdanski “forget”, in his virulent critique of cinema (\"La Mort dans l’oeil\", Éditions Maren Sell), Debord's own critique, whose burden of subversion he seems to so much defend today? So many “empty” silences which, far from diminishing the interest of this novel exercise of admiration, should rather stimulate its polemical readings.” Jean Zebulon compares Stéphane Zagdanski’s style to the style of jazz pianist Thelonious Monk: “A style that swings like the music of Thelonious Monk swings. A same kind of luminous, acid, fragile, syncopated, free, impromptu language, full of surprise, and just as inspired…” This novel, Zagdanski's most recent to date (2014), published by Seuil in August 2012, is an account of the Summer of 2011, the themes of which are the Dominique Strauss Kahn sex scandal and the global financial crisis. The novel's narrator is a refugee schizophrenic, named “Bag ‘O Bones” (he has a skeleton tattoo over his entire body), in the Manhattan Psychiatric Center in New York City, who claims the ability to read people's thoughts. He thus describes, from ‘the inside’, the motivations of DSK, of Nafissatou Diallo, and of all the other protagonists in this scandal that was globally covered by the media. The narrator is aided in his investigations of the apocalyptic consequences and by-products of the contemporary world by several other psychotic companions with names like “Luc Ifer”, “Franz Kafka”, “Antonin Artaud”, “Sigmund Freud”, “Karl Marx”, “Guy D.”, each of whom provides his own version of the immediate events, while commenting, in a very raw, indeed cruel manner, upon the global destiny of the modern world. In the French weekly news magazine \"Le Point\"’s website, Marion Cocquet wrote: “Civilization is only a thin film over a burning chaos.” It is Nietzsche who (with this epigraph) opens the novel, and it is he even more than its title that gives the novel its hue: its cruel lucidity, its delectable nastiness. \"Chaos brûlant\" is a monster novel, a learned beast of a novel, dizzying and disturbing.” The Blog for \"Chaos brûlant\" (http://chaosbrulant.blogspot.fr/search/label/English) includes a section of articles and interviews translated into English from the original French by Robert G. Margolis. \"Debord au Commissariat, ou l’éclairante altercation\" (\"Debord at the Commissariat, or the illuminating altercation\") In Spring 2013, Stephane Zagdanski put on line, on the site \"Paroles des jours\", a pamphleteering film, what he calls a “pamphilm”, conceived and put together by himself, titled “Debord at the Commissariat, or the illuminating altercation”. It is a detailed critique of the exposition at the National Library of France devoted to Guy Debord, and was occasioned by a virulent altercation on the radio between the writer and the organizer of the exposition. \"Zagdanski contre Sollers\" In February 2014, Zagdanski put on line, on the \"Paroles des jours\" site, a new “pamphilm”, more than four hours long, divided into twelve chapters, titled \"Zagdanski contre Sollers\". Taking as its pretext a malevolent, spiteful remark made about him by the writer Philippe Sollers in a magazine interview, Zagdanski returns to his relations with the person who had been his editor and friend since 1992, and then to their falling out starting in 2000. Zagdanski's film uses the occasion to describe the influence of nihilism on an original, intelligent and cultivated intellectual, who ends by declining into anti-Judaic and confused hypocrisy with regard to Heidegger's thought on “the last god”. From September 2014, Paul Ouazan, who made a documentary about Stéphane Zagdanski, asks him and the actress, singer and movie maker Maria de Medeiros, to exchange short videos taken with their smartphones. Twenty video letters are made by the two artists, who don't know each other, composing a long dialog about art, literature, danse, singing, music, news, philosophy, private memories and autobiographical fragments. The twenty letters are online, in French and German, on Arte Creative website, dedicated to contemporary art. In 2014, Zagdanski makes a crucial turn with his ambitious new artistic project named: \"RARE: Novel, Concept, Artwork\". It is an autobiographical novel which won't be published, since each page is handwritten as a singular work of art, either on calligraphic paintings, photos, or videos. “Zagdanski”, explains Claire Fleury in \"L'Obs\", “handwrites his new novel in english on paintings and naked bodies... \"RARE\", therefore, is the first novel he won't publish, but expose... He also writes on sand, naked women, street walls..., then he shoots or films the page and expose it on pictures or tablets.” An internet site, in English and in French, is dedicated to Zagdanski's new project, following page after page the writing of this new kind of novel which combines both worlds of literature and contemporary art. In June 2017, Zagdanski begins the complete calligraphy of the 533 paragraphs from his Memoirs, published twenty years ago by Julliard Publishing House. He names his paintings and drawings, only made of sentences became unreadable by crossing each other, his \"words mandalas\", thinking of the sand mandalas in Tibetan Buddhism, which are dissolved as soon as they are composed. He launches for this project his first Crowdfundig Campaign on Patreon. \"Café Picouly\" In 2003, Zagdanski conceived of and wrote a new cultural program for television, produced in 2005 by Catherine Barma, hosted by the writer Daniel Picouly and broadcast (apart from one year on France 2) on France 5. The program was broadcast weekly until May 2011. \"Pop-uP\" In October 2014, Zagdanski invented a new concept of social television, called Pop-Up, meant for fans of international pop stars and users of Internet TV. Stéphane Zagdanski Stéphane Zagdanski is a French novelist, essayist, and contemporary artist born April 28, 1963 in Paris, France. Stéphane Zagdanski is the third son of a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Splice (ice cream) A 'Splice' is an Australian ice cream confectionery consisting of ice cream encased in frozen fruit flavoured ice. A wooden stick is set into the ice cream for ease of consumption. The Splice is manufactured by Unilever under the Streets brand name. The Splice is available in Australia and New Zealand. Released in Australia in 1962 by Streets, the Splice remains a popular ice confectionery. It has inspired imitators including the 'Splits' marketed by Bulla and a cocktail. Australian airline Qantas began serving Pine Lime Splices in-flight in 2009. Streets currently markets two varieties of Splice: the original Pine Lime and Raspberry (introduced in the early 1990s). Mango was produced in the early 2000s. The wrapper is labelled, \"FRUIT ICE CONFECTION (63%) WITH REDUCED FAT ICE CREAM (37%)\". Splice (ice cream) A 'Splice' is an Australian ice cream confectionery consisting of ice cream encased in frozen fruit flavoured ice. A wooden stick is set into the ice cream for ease of consumption. The Splice is manufactured by Unilever under the Streets brand name. The Splice is available in Australia and New Zealand. Released in Australia in 1962 by Streets, the Splice remains a popular ice confectionery. It" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Maidstone State Park Maidstone State Park is a state park in the northeastern Vermont community of Maidstone. One of the state's most remote parks, it provides public access to the 796-acre glacial Maidstone Lake in Maidstone State Forest. Activities includes fishing, hiking, camping, boating, wildlife watching, and picnicking. The park was developed by the Civilian Conservation Corps and opened in 1938. It is open from Memorial Day weekend to Columbus Day weekend; fees are charged for day use and camping. Maidstone State Park is located in rural western Maidstone, on the south and east sides of Maidstone Lake. The park consists of two separate areas, one for day use, and other for camping and hiking, accessed by Maidstone Lake Road. The day use area, about in size, includes a beach, picnic area with large CCC-built pavilion, and a nature center also built by the CCC. The picnic area includes fourteen stone fireplaces built by the CCC. About one mile south of the day use area is the larger parcel, which includes two camping loops and extends into the hills south of the lake. Camping facilities include 34 tent/RV sites and 37 lean-tos, rest rooms with hot showers, and a sanitary dump station. Some of the leantos were built by the CCC. The park was developed in 1938, and was one of the last of the Vermont state parks to be built by the Civilian Conservation Corps, a Depression-era jobs program. The features developed by the park illustrate the rise of the automobile for vacation travel: not only is the park so remote that a car is needed to access it, but the CCC also built a parking lot at the day use area. The park underwent a major upgrade to its infrastructure in the late 1970s, but has retained the basic feel of its early appearance. Maidstone State Park Maidstone State Park is a state park in the northeastern Vermont community of Maidstone. One of the state's most remote parks, it provides public access to the 796-acre glacial Maidstone Lake in Maidstone State Forest. Activities includes fishing, hiking, camping, boating, wildlife watching, and picnicking. The park was developed by the Civilian Conservation Corps and opened in 1938. It is open from Memorial Day weekend to Columbus Day weekend; fees are charged for day use and camping. Maidstone State Park is located in rural western Maidstone, on the south and east" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hugh Lloyd Hugh Lewis Lloyd, MBE (22 April 1923 – 14 July 2008) was an English actor who made his name in television and film comedy from the 1960s to the 1980s. He was best known for appearances in \"Hugh and I\" and other sitcoms of the 1960s. Hugh Lloyd was born in Chester and attended the King's School. Upon leaving school he spent two years as a newspaper reporter on the \"Chester Chronicle\". His first professional acting appearance was with ENSA and he worked in repertory theatre until 1957, when he made the first of 25 appearances on the television series \"Hancock's Half Hour\". Many years after its first transmission, he is still remembered as the character in the episode entitled \"The Blood Donor\" in which he forgets to return Tony Hancock's wine gums. He appeared with Terry Scott in the series \"Hugh and I\" and \"The Gnomes of Dulwich\"; with Peggy Mount in \"Lollipop Loves Mr. Mole\"; in \"Jury\" and \"You Rang M'Lord?\". He created the series \"Lord Tramp\" (1977), written by Michael Pertwee, in which he also starred. The \"Comedy Playhouse\" special, \"Hughie\", in which he starred as a recently released prisoner following the ending of \"Hugh and I\", was unsuccessful. Television plays in which he appeared include \"She's Been Away\" (starring Peggy Ashcroft); \"The Dunroamin Rising\"; \"A Matter Of Will\" (with Brenda Bruce); and a number of Alan Bennett plays, notably \"A Visit From Miss Protheroe\" (with Patricia Routledge), \"Say Something Happened\" (with Julie Walters and Thora Hird), and \"Me, I'm Afraid Of Virginia Woolf\". He played Goronwy Jones in the \"Doctor Who\" episode \"Delta and the Bannermen\" and appeared in numerous television light entertainment shows, including Victoria Wood, Jimmy Cricket and \"Babble Quiz\". On the West End stage, Lloyd spent three seasons at the Windmill Theatre; a year at the Strand Theatre in \"When We Are Married\"; two years in \"No Sex Please, We're British\" at the Strand; and at the Lyric Theatre in \"\". He was part of the Royal National Theatre company under Ian McKellen, in \"The Critic\", \"The Cherry Orchard\" and \"The Duchess of Malfi\". He also performed in over twenty pantomimes. Lloyd met his fourth wife, journalist Shan Lloyd, at Allen's restaurant in London's West End, in 1978. Lloyd, who was in his fifties at the time, had been married and divorced three times before meeting Shan. In his autobiography, he described his future wife as \"a scatty, blondehaired Fleet Street tabloid journalist\". Hugh and Shan married in 1983. The couple moved to Worthing in 2003 and remained married until his death on 14 July 2008. Shan Lloyd died in December 2008, just five months after Hugh Lloyd. Lloyd was awarded an MBE in the 2005 New Year Honours List for his services to drama and charity. He died on 14 July 2008 at his home in Dolphin Court, Grand Avenue, West Worthing. Hugh Lloyd Hugh Lewis Lloyd, MBE (22 April 1923 – 14 July 2008) was an English actor who" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Robert T. Ketcham Robert Thomas Ketcham (July 22, 1889 – August 21, 1978) was a Baptist pastor, a leader of separationist fundamentalism, and a founder of the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches. Robert Ketcham was born in Tioga County, Pennsylvania, USA, to Charles O. and Sarah Bullock Ketcham, active members of the local Methodist Church. Charles was a small farmer and milkman. Sarah Ketcham died when Robert was seven, and his father married a widow, Louise Elliot. Because Louise was a Baptist, the family then joined the Baptist church. When Robert was eleven, the family moved a bit more than twenty miles west to Galeton, Pennsylvania At sixteen, Robert, a stubborn young man who disliked his parents' discipline, quit high school and left home. Nevertheless, in 1910 he was converted at the Galeton Baptist Church and, despite his lack of formal education, was called in 1912 to pastor the tiny First Baptist Church, Roulette, Pennsylvania, on the Allegheny River. (There were thirty-three members, twenty-eight of them women.) Roulette was a village, but its religious and political demographics were unusual. For instance, the town had many Seventh-day Adventists and Spiritualists, and the majority of its voters were socialists. (Eugene Debs had spoken there.) Ketcham, who was studious by inclination, read extensively to understand and refute these opposing ideologies. He also began taking a correspondence course from Crozer Theological Seminary but gave it up during his second year when he detected theological liberalism in an assigned text. Meanwhile, Ketcham's eyesight began to fail with keratoconus. Although he could read with a book pressed almost to his nose, he began to memorize scripture so as not to call attention to his loss of sight while in the pulpit. After one service, a deacon dryly told him that he had read the scripture flawlessly while holding the Bible upside down. Ketcham was virtually blind for most of his career although he continued to read printed material with a magnifying glass and in the pulpit used rudimentary notes written in very large letters on black paper with a white grease pencil. Ketcham’s pastorate in Roulette was extremely successful, and many converts were added to the church. During an evangelistic campaign in 1914, four hundred people made professions of faith, about the same number as the population of the town. In 1915, Ketcham was reluctantly ordained by a local Baptist council despite his fundamentalist beliefs and lack of formal education. The same year he accepted the call to the Baptist church of Brookeville, Pennsylvania, where he contracted influenza during the pandemic of 1918. In 1919, Ketcham became pastor of the First Baptist Church of Butler, Pennsylvania, where he became more active in defense of orthodox Christianity especially by opposing liberal tendencies in the Northern Baptist Convention. When the Convention launched a \"New World Movement\" to create a \"civilization Christian in spirit,\" Ketcham wrote a pamphlet with the unpromising title, \"A Statement of the First Baptist Church Butler, Pennsylvania, with Reference to The New World Movement and the $100,000,000 Drive (1919).\" Soon after the pamphlet was published, Ketcham received a visit from officers of the Pittsburgh Baptist Association, who made it clear that if Ketcham did not retract the pamphlet, he would never get another pastorate in the Northern Baptist Convention; one member of the committee shook Ketcham by the collar and \"roared that Ketchan owed God an apology.\" Leading fundamentalist William Bell Riley, pastor of the First Baptist Church, Minneapolis, saw the pamphlet and ordered 20,000 copies. The essay was widely distributed and it \"established the young pastor as an articulate spokesman for Fundamentalism.\" Shortly thereafter, his wife, Clara, died of tuberculosis, leaving him with the care of two young daughters. In 1922, Ketcham married Mary Smart of Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, and this marriage endured for more than fifty years. For their honeymoon, Ketcham took his new wife to the annual meeting of the National Baptist Convention, where for twelve years, he and other fundamentalists in the Northern Baptist Convention unsuccessfully attempted to wrest control of the organization from moderates and liberals. In 1923, the conservatives formed the Baptist Bible Union, an unsuccessful attempt to unite fundamentalist Baptists, and Ketcham became a member of the executive committee. The same year, Ketcham also moved to Ohio to pastor successively Baptist churches in Niles and Elyria. Although Ketcham did not attend the first meeting of the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches (GARBC) in 1932, he was elected vice-president in 1933 and president in 1934. Ketcham successfully campaigned for a looser fellowship of churches rather than a reestablishment of the boards and agencies of the Northern Baptist Convention. He also successfully insisted that membership in the GARBC be open only to churches who first severed their ties with the Convention. By this time Ketcham had assumed the pastorate of the Central Baptist Church of Gary, Indiana, and in 1934 he pulled the church out of the Northern Baptist Convention by emphasizing its ties to both religious and political liberalism. Ketcham served as president of the GARBC from 1934 to 1938 and then restructured the organization to place control in a Council of 14. Nevertheless, \"for the next 30 years, he shaped the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches.\" He served as national representative of the association from 1946 to 1960, and he edited the denominational organ, \"The Baptist Bulletin\" (1938–1945, 1946–1955) while pastoring the Walnut Street Baptist Church of Waterloo, Iowa, the largest Baptist Church in the state. In 1944, Ketcham was elected president of the fundamentalist American Council of Christian Churches, which he believed might be an effective counter to the Federal Council of Churches of Christ (later the National Council of Churches), which claimed to speak for all of Protestant Christianity in the United States. During the 1930s and '40s, Ketcham was dogged by repeated attacks from J. Frank Norris, an influential fundamentalist from Texas with a reputation for making vicious personal assaults. Norris was miffed that he had not been allowed to join the GARBC, which Ketcham and other leaders thought he might try to manipulate for the benefit of his own programs and eccentric personality. In the pages of his \"Fundamentalist\", Norris even attacked Ketcham's daughter, Lois Moffat, for having left the mission field, although she had arrived in the United States near death and remained hospitalized and gravely ill for months. Eventually Ketcham's Waterloo church offered to put all its resources at his disposal so that he could sue Norris for libel and slander. Ketcham replied, \"I cannot take a man into court whom I have been taking to the court of high Heaven now for several years.\" In 1959 Ketcham had a major heart attack and nearly died. Both his physical strength and his eyesight continued to decline. He preached less frequently through the 1960s, sometimes while sitting on a stool. One of his last messages was given in February 1974. In both 1976 and 1978, he suffered severe strokes, the latter of which left him bedridden and without the ability to speak. Ketcham died on August 20, 1978. Because of his fearlessness in defending his fundamentalist beliefs, Ketcham was sometimes called \"Fighting Bob,\" a name he \"disliked intensely.\" His personality was actually irenic, and his son later said that when Ketcham believed that he had no choice but to fight, he would literally cry himself to sleep. Although he refused to maintain any connection with religious liberals, whom he believed had deprecated Jesus Christ, Ketcham maintained friendly relations with other evangelicals with whom he had serious differences. For instance, in 1954, Alan Redpath,", "sitting on a stool. One of his last messages was given in February 1974. In both 1976 and 1978, he suffered severe strokes, the latter of which left him bedridden and without the ability to speak. Ketcham died on August 20, 1978. Because of his fearlessness in defending his fundamentalist beliefs, Ketcham was sometimes called \"Fighting Bob,\" a name he \"disliked intensely.\" His personality was actually irenic, and his son later said that when Ketcham believed that he had no choice but to fight, he would literally cry himself to sleep. Although he refused to maintain any connection with religious liberals, whom he believed had deprecated Jesus Christ, Ketcham maintained friendly relations with other evangelicals with whom he had serious differences. For instance, in 1954, Alan Redpath, pastor of Moody Memorial Church, issued a statement declaring that liberals and fundamentalists should unite \"in one great army for Christ.\" Ketcham was horrified, but he conducted a respectful written exchange with Redpath for almost five years, concluding with the statement, \"Forget me as a critic Brother Redpath, and think of me only as a brother in Christ pleading with you to pull away from these entangling alliances before you wind up with Jehoshaphat.\" Although evangelist Percy Crawford generally disliked fundamentalists who directed attacks at other believers, he and Ketcham developed a lifelong \"friendship and mutual affection,\" in part because Ketcham had \"an unassuming manner\" and a \"fun-loving spirit.\" In the 1960s Ketcham pleaded with his long-time friend Carl McIntire to \"be more gracious in his dealings with other Christians,\" although McIntire instead used his \"Christian Beacon\" to attack members of the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches. Robert T. Ketcham Robert Thomas Ketcham (July 22, 1889 – August 21, 1978) was a Baptist pastor, a leader of separationist fundamentalism, and a founder of the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches. Robert Ketcham was born in Tioga County, Pennsylvania, USA, to Charles O. and Sarah Bullock Ketcham, active members of the local Methodist Church. Charles was a small farmer and milkman. Sarah Ketcham died when Robert was seven, and his father married a widow, Louise Elliot. Because Louise was a Baptist, the family then joined the Baptist" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder is a 2009 American direct-to-video adult animated science fiction comedy-adventure film serving as the fourth and final Futurama film. The film was written by Ken Keeler, based on a story by Keeler and David X. Cohen, and directed by Peter Avanzino. Guest stars include Phil Hendrie, Penn Jillette (credited with Teller), Snoop Dogg and Seth MacFarlane, who sings the theme song. In the movie, Leela becomes an outlaw when she and a group of ecologically-minded feminists attempt to save an asteroid of primitive life forms and the Violet Dwarf star from being destroyed, while Fry joins a secret society and attempts to stop a mysterious species known as the \"Dark Ones\" from destroying all life in the universe. The title itself is a reference to the U.S. Air Force Song, the main chorus of which describes reaching \"Into the wild blue yonder\". The DVD and Blu-ray were released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on February 23, 2009, while the film itself premiered on February 6, 2009 at New York Comic Con. It made its broadcast premiere on Comedy Central on August 30, 2009. The film and its predecessors together comprise season five of \"Futurama\", with each film being separated into four episodes of the broadcast season. It won the 2009 Annie Award for Best Home Entertainment Production, and 20th Century Fox and Comedy Central cited sales of \"Into the Wild Green Yonder\" and the other \"Futurama\" direct-to-DVD movies as one reason Comedy Central decided to renew the \"Futurama\" television series in 2009. The Planet Express crew visits Amy's parents, Leo and Inez, who are destroying the \"old\" Mars Vegas and constructing a more extravagant one. A group of eco-feminists (calling themselves \"eco-feministas\") led by Frida Waterfall protest the destruction of the environment, leading to an accident that leaves Frida's necklace lodged inside Fry's brain. The destruction upsets Leela, but Leo has bribed Professor Farnsworth to rubber stamp the project as environmentally friendly. Leela saves a Martian muck leech, the last of its species, from the site. In New Mars Vegas, Fry starts to go mad when he cannot stop hearing the thoughts of everyone around him. He meets Hutch, a transient who advises Fry to wear a tin foil hat to keep others' thoughts out of his head. Hutch warns Fry never to reveal his powers and to beware the \"Dark Ones\". While golfing with the crew, Leo reveals plans to build the universe's largest miniature golf course, destroying 12% of the Milky Way in the process. Farnsworth and the crew survey the site and discover an asteroid in a violet dwarf star system teeming with primordial life. Despite this, Farnsworth approves Leo's project. Disgusted, Leela joins the eco-feminists, who begin sabotaging the project. Hutch introduces Fry to the \"Legion of Mad Fellows\", a secret society of tin-foil-hat-wearing telepaths led by the Number 9 man. No. 9 tells Fry a story of two species that worked together to survive, until one broke the cycle and caused an \"evolutionary arms race\", both species evolving to defeat the other. One became the extinct \"Encyclopods\" who evolved to preserve the DNA of endangered species so they could be restored should they become extinct. The other became the \"Dark Ones\", who want to destroy all life. Fry learns that the violet dwarf is the only surviving egg of the Encyclopods. Due to a resurgence in the life-giving force \"Chi\", the Encyclopod will soon be reborn. As Fry is immune to the Dark Ones' psionic powers he alone can save it from Leo Wong's plans to turn it into a golf course, and from the Dark Ones, who have evolved to the point that no one knows what they look like. To end the sabotage, Leo enlists Zapp Brannigan and Kif Kroker, who in turn hire Bender to track down the eco-feministas. Fry infiltrates Leo's empire as a security guard. Amy is angered by her father's sexist jokes and joins Leela, while Bender bugs Fry's phone in case he communicates with Leela. Fry runs into Frida and has her take a message of support to Leela, but an unseen Dark One murders Frida. Farnsworth prepares to close Planet Express; with their delivery team missing they cannot continue. Leo Wong hires them to put up a fence around the construction site. Farnsworth cancels the closing and goes with Zoidberg and Hermes to do the job. They are captured by the eco-feminists, who commandeer the Planet Express ship. When the eco-feministas suspect Fry of murdering Frida, Fry and Leela arrange a rendezvous. They are ambushed by the \"Nimbus\", which was tipped off by Bender. The eco-feministas are sent to prison. At a Legion meeting, No. 9 explains that Fry must stop the implosion of the violet dwarf and thwart the Dark One who is sure to be present. Though no one knows the Dark One's form, its mind cannot be read, allowing Fry to identify it. No. 9 gives Fry the Omega Device, which can temporarily disable the Dark One at close range. Bender frees the eco-feministas from prison in order to uphold his record for most crimes committed at once. Hermes, Zoidberg, Scruffy, and a repentant Farnsworth rescue them. At the ceremony, Fry cannot locate an unreadable mind; he concludes that he himself (having an unreadable mind) must be the Dark One. The eco-feministas disrupt the ceremony, but Fry convinces Leela to let him proceed. Fry activates the Omega Device, which creates a small dome around the two that appears to have no effect. Leela's leech falls to the ground and reveals itself as the final Dark One. The violet dwarf system forms a giant sperm and flies into the star, creating an Encyclopod embryo which quickly matures, taking the form of a giant manta ray-like creature. The Dark One kills Hutch, whose dying act is to pull Frida's necklace out of Fry's forehead, causing Fry to lose his telepathy. The Encyclopod kills the Dark One. No. 9 convinces the Encyclopod to preserve the Dark One's DNA, but Zoidberg eats the remains before it can. The Encyclopod preserves Hutch's DNA before leaving. Zapp attempts to apprehend the escaped prisoners, but the crew of the Planet Express ship and the Eco-feminists escape along with Kif. Fry and Leela profess their love for each other as the \"Nimbus\" chases the Planet Express ship toward a wormhole, which the Professor warns could take them trillions of light years away. Everyone agrees to go for it. Fry and Leela kiss as the ship enters the wormhole. The ending refers to the uncertain future of the show. The makers were not sure if the show would return to TV, so if it did not, it is implied that the ship was in fact taken trillions of light years away. The show was picked up by Comedy Central, and it is revealed in the next episode \"Rebirth\" that the wormhole sent the ship directly back to Earth. The film draws upon several major and minor running themes of the \"Futurama\" series. As in previous environmentally-minded episodes such as \"The Problem with Popplers\", \"A Taste of Freedom\" and \"The Birdbot of Ice-Catraz\", the Waterfall family makes an appearance, with Frida Waterfall reappearing along with a new member, Hutch (identifying himself as Frida's brother by removing her jewelry from Fry's head as Hutch dies), and in keeping with tradition both Frida and Hutch Waterfall meet an untimely end. The Encyclopod's decision to preserve Hutch's DNA defines it as Hutch's successor and serves as a warning about the fragility of the existence of the human species. With dark matter now useless as fuel the Planet Express ship has been modified to run on whale oil, an alternative introduced in \"Bendin' in the Wind\". Fry was originally frozen and brought to the future by Nibbler because a Nibblonian prophecy foresaw that he and his unique, Delta-wave-deficient mind (a consequence of him being his own grandfather) would be required to save the universe. In \"Yonder\" Fry is once again appointed for such a task (though by the Legion of Mad Fellows instead of", "by removing her jewelry from Fry's head as Hutch dies), and in keeping with tradition both Frida and Hutch Waterfall meet an untimely end. The Encyclopod's decision to preserve Hutch's DNA defines it as Hutch's successor and serves as a warning about the fragility of the existence of the human species. With dark matter now useless as fuel the Planet Express ship has been modified to run on whale oil, an alternative introduced in \"Bendin' in the Wind\". Fry was originally frozen and brought to the future by Nibbler because a Nibblonian prophecy foresaw that he and his unique, Delta-wave-deficient mind (a consequence of him being his own grandfather) would be required to save the universe. In \"Yonder\" Fry is once again appointed for such a task (though by the Legion of Mad Fellows instead of the Nibblonians), due to his immunity from the Dark Ones' psionic attacks. The No. 9 man, a recurring background character throughout the series, is given a significant role in the film, though quite different from the role in the series for which he was originally conceived. As fan service, the climactic scene of the film features a scene with up to 200 characters on screen at once; most minor characters from Futurama's history can be seen (Unit 2013 appearing twice) with the exception of the children (like Dwight and Cubert), who were removed when the production team realized that Morbo mentions that there are no children present. In the DVD commentary, producer David X. Cohen notes that Rough Draft Korea, \"Futurama\"'s overseas animation studio, charged a significant premium because of the difficulty of animating this scene. In the final scene of the film, Amy and Kif are reunited . After years of Fry trying to win her over, Leela finally returns Fry's love in full; Cohen notes that there was considerable debate among the \"Futurama\" writers about how to end the movie, and that \"Futurama\" creator Matt Groening himself pushed for the actual conclusion. The film was initially intended to end the series. After \"Futurama\" was renewed, its creators were unsure if the storylines in the film would be continued. Groening stated that he wanted to ignore the film's ending and move on with the show. Cohen felt differently, stating that the revelations at the end should be resolved, even if the resolutions were brief, which they were in the premiere of the new season. The \"Futurama\" staff began working on the film in 2006, and at two different points labor issues affected the production process. According to producer Lee Supercinski, the studio realized that they were going to receive the animatic of the film from Rough Draft Studios two weeks before the deadline for the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. As a result, the writers were forced to make revisions to the script without having completely reviewed the animatic; no writing was done during the strike. The \"Futurama\" studio then received the colored film in June 2008, weeks before a proposed Screen Actors Guild strike deadline, again forcing the writers to revise the script without completely reviewing the picture. Aware that \"Into the Wild Green Yonder\" could have been the final \"Futurama\" episode at the time of writing, the writers inserted numerous references to that fact. The title screen displays the message \"The Humans Shall Not Defeat Us\" in Alien Language 1; according to Cohen, the message is a defiant statement regarding the possible end of the series. Midway through the movie, a shot of the exterior of the Planet Express building draped with a banner reading \"Going Out Of Business Forever! Again!\" is shown, a reference to the original series' previous cancellation in 2003. The scene where Professor Farnsworth removes Zoidberg's and Hermes's career chips and the countdown scene at the violet dwarf implosion ceremony both reference events from the pilot episode, \"Space Pilot 3000\" and also \"The Cryonic Woman\". The cliffhanger nature of the final scene in the movie was devised so that it could conclude the series on an emotional note but also provide a point of departure for a series renewal, according to Cohen. The script contains several detailed scientific references, such as the Keeler Gap in the rings of Saturn, the asteroid 2261 Keeler and the Keeler crater on Mars, all named after astronomer James Edward Keeler. In the movie the violet dwarf star is located at \"galactic coordinates 167.84, -58.03, Mark 948\", and Cohen mentions in the DVD commentary that the first two coordinates refer to another astronomical object. In addition, the Martian muck leech is given the scientific name \"Cyprinodon martius\". Writer Ken Keeler adapted the name from \"Cyprinodon salinus\", the scientific name of the Death Valley pupfish, which like the Martian muck leech lives in the desert and is nearly extinct. The opening musical theme is a Frank Sinatra-style number sung by \"Family Guy\" and \"American Dad!\" creator Seth MacFarlane as the Planet Express ship flies around the casinos of Mars Vegas. Overall the film has received mixed reviews. Alynda Wheat of \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the film a grade of B, saying that it catered to established fans. Scott Collura of IGN rated the film itself 5/10, praising the use of both major and minor characters from the series and the science fiction content, but criticizing the film for being disjointed and for its \"underwhelming climax\" and concluding that it \"never fully captures the greatness of the original series.\" Collura rated the DVD 7/10, noting the high quality of the video transfer, the image detail and depth, and the use of surround sound and low-frequency effects. Martin Liebman of Blu-ray.com rated the movie 2.5/5 and the Blu-ray release 3.5/5 overall. Liebman praised the film for its development of the primary characters in a way that would appeal to longtime fans and new viewers, but criticized the messy plot and haphazard pacing of the movie. Liebman lauded the Blu-ray release for its crisp images, resolution of detail in the animation, lossless soundtrack and use of surround sound. Bruce Kirkland of Sun Media Corporation wrote that the movie was \"just as good as \"\"\", praising its send-ups of Las Vegas and science fiction themes and writing that it \"nicely handles its environmental message with trenchant wit\". Jeffrey Kauffman of DVD Talk rated the film four stars out of five, calling it \"a fun and frenetic windup to a perhaps undervalued television gem\". According to the-numbers.com, the DVD sold approximately 83,000 units for a total of $1.6 million during its initial week of release, placing it 20th in sales across the USA. As of April 19, 2009, estimated DVD sales in the USA stand at approximately 159,000 units for a total of $3.03 million. Comedy Central cited sales of the DVD as one reason it decided to renew the \"Futurama\" television series. Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder is a 2009 American direct-to-video adult animated science fiction comedy-adventure film serving as the fourth and final Futurama film. The film was written by Ken Keeler, based on a story" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mexico and the Mexicans Mexico and the Mexicans () is an 1855 monograph by , illustrated by Johann Moritz Rugendas. It is considered part of the Costumbrismo movement, because of its romanticized realist depictions of nineteenth-century Mexican country life. Sartorius' work was inspired by that of Prussian naturalist and geographer Alexander von Humboldt, whose travels and documentation of Latin America and Mexico were among the first 'scientific' European explorations of what was then known as New Spain. \"Mexico and the Mexicans\" narrates the conditions of life for different social classes in cities such as Mexico, Córdoba, Veracruz, and Jalapa. In preparation for publication, the illustrator Moritz Rugendas created nearly 1,400 detailed illustrations, paintings, and diagrams of the materials covered in the book, but Sartorius ultimately included only 18 in the final publication. Mexico and the Mexicans Mexico and the Mexicans () is an 1855 monograph by , illustrated by Johann Moritz Rugendas. It is considered part of the Costumbrismo movement, because of its romanticized realist depictions of nineteenth-century Mexican country life. Sartorius' work was inspired by that of Prussian naturalist and geographer Alexander von Humboldt, whose travels and documentation of Latin America and Mexico were among the first 'scientific' European" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kirill Pokrovsky Kirill Vladimirovich Pokrovsky (Kирилл Владимирович Покровский; 25 March 19621 June 2015) was a Russian-Belgian composer and musician. Kirill Pokrovsky learned to play and compose music from a young age, before receiving classical training at Moscow Conservatory. Between 1985 and 1989, Pokrovsky played as a keyboardist for Soviet Heavy metal music bands Aria and Master. Later he moved to Belgium and wrote his first solo album called \"BRUGGE\". Pokrovsky had a successful career as a video game score composer. He wrote the soundtrack for the \"Divinity\" series of video games produced by Larian Studios, up until \"\", which he'd finished work on prior to his death. Kirill Pokrovsky Kirill Vladimirovich Pokrovsky (Kирилл Владимирович Покровский; 25 March 19621 June 2015) was a Russian-Belgian composer and musician. Kirill Pokrovsky learned to play and compose music from a young age, before receiving classical training at Moscow Conservatory. Between 1985 and 1989, Pokrovsky played as a keyboardist for Soviet Heavy metal music bands Aria and Master. Later he moved to Belgium and wrote his first solo album called \"BRUGGE\". Pokrovsky had a successful career as a video game score composer. He wrote the soundtrack for the \"Divinity\" series of video games produced by" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2015–16 FC Petrolul Ploiești season The 2015–16 season is Petrolul Ploiești's 86th season in the Romanian football league system, and their fifth consecutive season in the Liga I. Petrolul came sixth in the 2014–15 Liga I. At the beginning of February 2015, due to president Capră still being under detention, the club faced financial problems and entered insolvency, meaning that the participation in UEFA Europa League and UEFA Champions League is denied. Due to the financial problems, the club had to terminate or not extend the contracts of seventeen players, including Pablo de Lucas, Victoraș Astafei and Jean Sony Alcénat. On 3 June, Tibor Selymes became the head coach of \"The Oilmen\". On the 11th, the club's reorganisation plan was voted, therefore bankruptcy was avoided for the time being. Nike remained the kit manufacturer, while Superbet, a gambling company, replaced Alexandrion as the main sponsor of the team. \"The Yellow Wolves\" settled their pre-season training stage at Zlatibor, in the neighbouring country Serbia. The stage started on June 21 and ended on July 4. The club tested and signed new footballers during this period, generally ones who played in the French lower divisions, like Abdellah Zoubir, Ismail Hassan or Nicolas Farina. Ex-Dynamo Moscow midfielder Adrian Ropotan returned to Romania, six years after he left Dinamo București. Petrolul also convinced Brazilian goalkeeper Peterson Peçanha to extend his contract. On 11 July, Petrolul played its first official game of the season against Steaua București, in the Liga I. The match ended goalless. Position at the end of July \"Updated as of 20 May 2016\" 2015–16 FC Petrolul Ploiești season The 2015–16 season is Petrolul Ploiești's 86th season in the Romanian football league system, and their fifth consecutive season in the Liga I. Petrolul came sixth in the 2014–15 Liga I. At the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Skäggetorp Skäggetorp is a district in Linköping, located northwest of downtown. The buildings are mostly two-story and three-story buildings, both condominiums and apartment buildings, which are built around a large center with office buildings, shops, bank, pharmacy and other services. In the area there are medical and dental offices, schools, child care, nursing home, church, playing fields and Ullevi allotment area. Construction in Skäggetorp began from the south in the 1960s, the 1970s the Ullevi area was built and 1986 more apartment buildings were added at Skäggetorps center. Skäggetorp was part of the Million Programme. The number of inhabitants in December 2008 was 8 448 persons. In 1965 only 76 people lived in the area. Most residents Skäggetorp had in 1979, with 9 901 people. In 2012, 45.1% of the inhabitants in the district were of foreign origin. The unemployment rate in Skäggetorp in March 2009 was 8%. Districts adjoining Skäggetorp are Tornby, Gottfridsberg and Ryd. In its December 2015 report, Police in Sweden placed the district in the most severe category of urban areas with high crime rates. Skäggetorp Skäggetorp is a district in Linköping, located northwest of downtown. The buildings are mostly two-story and three-story buildings, both condominiums" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Siyer-i Nebi The Siyer-i Nebi () is a Turkish epic about the life of Muhammad, completed around 1388, written by Mustafa son of Yusuf of Erzurum, known as al-Darir, a Mevlevi dervish on the commission of Sultan Berkuk, the Mamluk ruler in Cairo. The text is based on a 13th-century Arabic sira by al-Bakri of the original \"Biography of the Prophet\" by al-Waqidi (748-822). The Ottoman ruler Murad III (1574–1595) commissioned a lavish illustrated copy of the work, which has been described as \"the largest single cycle of religious painting in Islamic art\" and \"the most complete visual portrayal of the life of the prophet Muhammad\". The famous calligrapher Lutfi Abdullah (Lütfi Abdullah) was in charge of the workshop at the royal palace, and completed the work under Murad's successor Mehmed III, on 16 January 1595. The completed work contained 814 miniatures in six volumes, which include many depictions of Muhammad, who is always shown with a veiled face, as was the convention by this date; he is also surrounded by flames, in the Eastern equivalent of a halo. The style of the miniatures is distinctive, and owes nothing to earlier treatments of these subjects, as well as being \"strikingly different\" to the normal realist style of Ottoman miniatures; its origins remain unclear. There are few figures in each scene, no extensive landscapes, and a \"suppression of detail\". Volumes I, II and VI are in the Topkapı Museum (Hazine 1221-1223); Volume III is in the New York Public Library; Volume IV is (mostly) in the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin (MS T 419), and Volume V is missing, as are about 200 of the miniatures in total. About two dozen of the miniatures are in the hands of private collectors. Four were sold at the Hôtel Drouot auction house in Paris in March 1984. A 17th century copy of the fourth volume, made in the court atelier, is in the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts, Sultanahmet, Istanbul. It was donated to a mosque library in Aksaray, Istanbul, by the Sultan's mother in 1862-63. Siyer-i Nebi The Siyer-i Nebi () is a Turkish epic about the life of Muhammad, completed around 1388, written by Mustafa son of Yusuf of Erzurum, known as al-Darir, a Mevlevi dervish on the commission of Sultan Berkuk, the Mamluk ruler in Cairo. The text is based on a 13th-century Arabic sira by al-Bakri of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Prison slang Prison slang is an argot used primarily by criminals and detainees in correctional institutions. It is a form of anti-language. Many of the terms deal with criminal behavior, incarcerated life, legal cases, street life, and different types of inmates. Prison slang has existed as long as there have been crime and prisons; in Charles Dickens' time it was known as \"thieves' cant\". Words from prison slang often eventually migrate into common usage, such as \"snitch\", \"ducking\", and \"narc\". Prison slang, like other types of slang and dialects, varies by region. For that reason, the origins and the movement of prison slang across prisons are of interest to many linguists and cultural anthropologists. Some terms used in current prison slang are quite old. For example, \"to cart\", meaning to transfer to another prison, has been in use in Glasgow since 1733. A two-year study was done by Bert Little, Ph.D. on American English slang with the main focus being in the coastal plain region of the Southeast U.S. His study published by The Trustees of Indiana University on behalf of the Anthropological Linguistics journal goes on to provide an extensive glossary of common prison slang terms that he found circling through the prison systems. Below is a list of examples included in the glossary: Studies by Alicja Dziedzic-Rawska from the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Poland describe prison slang as \"extremely rich and creative\" with new words being formed on a daily basis. These are mainly used as a means of security against unauthorized parties from receiving a certain message and, in some cases, can be a way to ensure a prison inmate's survival within the cells. UK common terms Prison slang Prison slang is an argot used primarily by criminals and detainees in correctional institutions. It is a form" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pseudorhabdosynochus enitsuji Pseudorhabdosynochus enitsuji is a diplectanid monogenean parasitic on the gills of groupers. It has been described in 2007 by Lassad Neifar & Louis Euzet. The name of the species honours French parasitologist Jean-Lou Justine (\"enitsuji\" is an anagram of Justine). The species has been redescribed by Amira Chaabane, Lassad Neifar, and Jean-Lou Justine in 2017, from the type-material and additional specimens. \"Pseudorhabdosynochus enitsuji\" is a small monogenean. The species has the general characteristics of other species of \"Pseudorhabdosynochus\", with a flat body and a posterior haptor, which is the organ by which the monogenean attaches itself to the gill of is host. The haptor bears two squamodiscs, one ventral and one dorsal. The sclerotized male copulatory organ, or \"quadriloculate organ\", has the shape of a bean with four internal chambers, as in other species of \"Pseudorhabdosynochus\". The vagina includes a sclerotized part, which is a complex structure. Chaabane, Neifar, and Justine, in 2017 considered that the three species \"Pseudorhabdosynochus riouxi\", \"Pseudorhabdosynochus bouaini\", and \"Pseudorhabdosynochus enitsuji\" shared a common general structure of the sclerotized vagina with a conspicuous spherical secondary chamber and proposed to accommodate them within a ‘\"Pseudorhabdosynochus riouxi\" group’. These three species are also parasites on groupers classified within the genus \"Mycteroperca\". The Goldblotch grouper \"Mycteroperca costae\" is the type-host of \"Pseudorhabdosynochus enitsuji\". The type-locality is the Mediterranean Sea off Tunisia; Off Libya and the Atlantic Ocean off Dakar, Senegal are additional localities. Pseudorhabdosynochus enitsuji Pseudorhabdosynochus enitsuji is a diplectanid monogenean parasitic on the gills of groupers. It has been described in 2007 by Lassad Neifar & Louis Euzet. The name of the species honours French parasitologist Jean-Lou Justine (\"enitsuji\" is an anagram of Justine). The species has been redescribed by Amira Chaabane, Lassad Neifar, and Jean-Lou Justine in 2017, from the type-material and additional specimens. \"Pseudorhabdosynochus" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Carlos Contreras (baseball) Carlos Manuel Contreras (born January 8, 1991) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher for the Texas AirHogs of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds. The Cincinnati Reds added Contreras to their 40-man roster after the 2012 season. He was named to appear in the 2013 All Star Futures Game. Contreras was called up to the Reds from the Double-A Pensacola Blue Wahoos on June 21, 2014, and made his debut the same day against the Toronto Blue Jays in the ninth inning. In nine pitches he retired the side and recorded his first major league strikeout. Contreras was released by the Reds on March 15, 2016. On April 20, 2017, Contreras signed with the Laredo Lemurs of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball. When the Lemurs folded before the season started he signed on with the Texas AirHogs. On June 28, 2017, Contreras left the Texas AirHogs to sign with the Vaqueros Unión Laguna of the Mexican Baseball League. He was released on February 1, 2018. On June 17, 2018, Contreras signed with the Texas AirHogs of the American Association. Carlos Contreras (baseball)" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "John Beatty (illustrator) John R. Beatty (born May 6, 1961, in Whitesburg, Kentucky) is an American illustrator who has worked for Marvel Comics and DC Comics, primarily as an inker. Beatty was born in Letcher County, Kentucky; he lived there for less than a year when his family moved to Holly Hill, Florida, a small city located between Daytona Beach and Ormond Beach. As a child, discovered and fell in love with the comic strips \"Dennis the Menace\" and \"Peanuts\". It wasn't until later that Beatty discovered superhero comic books when a friend who lived up the street sold him a box of comics for $20.00. Beatty's goal was to become a comic book artist. By the time he was 15 years old Beatty had made his first \"professional sell,\" as he was hired by Camelot Publishing to do cartoons for computer instruction manuals. This gig turned into after-school employment during Beatty's high school years. He graduated from Mainland Senior High School in 1979. Not long after his discovery of the world of fanzines, Beatty wrote and drew a short comic story starring the hero \"Crime Smasher,\" which was printed in Tim Corrigan's \"Super Hero Comics\". Jerry Ordway had a story published in the same issue, and Ordway was also starting up his own self-published comic book, titled \"OK Comics!\" Soon Beatty and Ordway began communicating through the mail. Beatty also connected with artist Mike Zeck, through the \"pro-zine\" \"Rocket's Blast Comicollector\". Zeck encouraged Beatty, and even sent xeroxed pencils of his work to Beatty, so he could ink samples for practice and critiques. Beatty had, for a couple of years, been going to OrlandoCon, an annual comic book convention held in Orlando, Florida. Beatty and his long-time friend Craig Zablo (creator of Stallonezone, a Sylvester Stallone fansite), would go to OrlandoCon and make a weekend of it. On this particular occasion, Beatty took some art samples to show professional attendees, comics artists such as Pat Broderick and Bob McLeod (who were living on the west coast of Florida in Tampa). This was also the con where Beatty met AC Comics publisher and artist Bill Black. Beatty showed samples to Black and was offered inking work on the spot; he would get to ink Black's pencils at a rate of $7.00 per page. Beatty's career began to take shape: Bob McLeod tagged him to start doing some assistant work, such as filling in blacks and erasing pages; he also occasionally drew backgrounds for McLeod's pages. It was now 1980. Beatty went to the annual MiamiCon and showed Marvel Comics' editor-in-chief Jim Shooter new samples of his work. (Shooter had reviewed Beatty's work the previous year and said Beatty was not quite ready.) Shooter looked over Beatty's art and said: \"If you can come up to New York, I'll give you a paid tryout to work on.\" In July 1980, Beatty made the journey, and with the help of Mike Zeck got some gigs from both Marvel and DC. Beatty spent twenty years inking titles such as \"Captain America\", \"The Punisher\", \"Secret Wars\", \"The Nam\", \"The Adventures of Superman\", \"Batman\", \"JLA\", and many more. Currently, Beatty works for the DC Comics Licensing Department, where style guide art is created. This art is used for many things, including package design, clothing, and other licensed products that DC supplies its vendors. Comics work includes: John Beatty (illustrator) John R. Beatty (born May 6, 1961, in Whitesburg, Kentucky) is an American illustrator who has worked for Marvel Comics and DC Comics, primarily as an inker. Beatty was born in Letcher County, Kentucky; he lived" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1932 Northern Rhodesian general election General elections were held in Northern Rhodesia on 16 July 1932. Of the seven elected seats in the Legislative Council, four had only one candidate, who was elected unopposed; Herbert Goodhart in the Eastern constituency, John Brown in Midlands, Chad Norris in Northern and Thomas Henderson Murray in Southern. The only contested seats were the two in Livingstone and the one in Ndola. The seven elected members of the Legislative Council were elected from six constituencies; five constituencies returned a single member, whilst Livingstone and Western returned two. There were a total of 2,565 registered voters. In Ndola incumbent member Kennedy Harris, a businessman, was challenged by Herbert Walsh, a trade unionist. In the two-member Livingstone and Western constituency, incumbents Leopold Moore (owner of Northern Rhodesia's only newspaper, \"The Livingstone Mail\") and Frank Lowe (an accountant and mayor of Livingstone) were challenged by former Livingstone mayor Charles Knight and Deputy mayor F.D. Law. 1932 Northern Rhodesian general election General elections were held in Northern Rhodesia on 16 July 1932. Of the seven elected seats in the Legislative Council, four had only one candidate, who was elected unopposed; Herbert Goodhart in the Eastern constituency, John Brown" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "James Martin House (Florence, Alabama) The James Martin House (also known as the Martin-Bounds House) is a historic residence in Florence, Alabama. Martin was a leading Florence industrialist of the Antebellum era, who owned a cotton spinning mill along Cypress Creek. He had come to Florence from Jefferson County, Kentucky, and established his mill in 1839. A fire destroyed the complex in 1844, but was rebuilt and reopened in 1850. The mill was destroyed during the Civil War, but not rebuilt before Martin's death in 1869. Martin's sons operated the mill until 1873, and owned the house until 1879. It was purchased in 1886 by John Bounds, and remained in his family until 1974. The original block of the house is five bays wide, with a small pedimented porch covering the double front door, which is surrounded by a transom and sidelights. A pair of nine-over-six sash windows flank the porch on either side. An addition was built on the left side of the façade in the mid-19th century, adding a hallway and two rooms to the center-hall plan layout. A wing to the rear of the house was originally attached via an open breezeway which was later enclosed. The entire house has Federal-style woodwork with some Greek Revival details, such as fluted Doric columns and pilasters on the front porch. The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1979 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. James Martin House (Florence, Alabama) The James Martin House (also known as the Martin-Bounds House) is a historic residence in Florence, Alabama. Martin was a leading Florence industrialist of the Antebellum era, who owned a cotton spinning mill along Cypress Creek. He had come to Florence from Jefferson County, Kentucky, and established his mill in 1839." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sunshine Express Airlines Sunshine Express Airlines is an air charter company that previously operated as an airline serving many regional destinations on the East Coast of Australia; from Hervey Bay to Port Macquarie. It is one of the major employers at the airport. Its head office is in Sunshine Coast Airport, Mudjimba. Sunshine Express ceased all scheduled operations at the end of September 2006 and has decided to concentrate on charter operations. Established in October 1998, Sunshine Express Airlines was founded by one of Australias aviation leaders, Steve Padgett, to serve many regional routes, mainly out of the Sunshine Coast. It started operations on 25 October 1998. Aeromil, also founded by Steve Padgett, is Sunshine Express' parent company and also has a base at Sunshine Coast Airport. In their first year, Sunshine Express carried over 24,000 passengers between just two destinations and today carries almost 100,000 passengers. Prior to closure of its scheduled routes, Sunshine Express employed over 40 people and was a Qantas partner airline. Although based on the Sunshine Coast, the majority of its services were from/to Brisbane. The operated routes were (before 1 October 2006): Sunshine Express ceased all scheduled flights from 1 October 2006 to focus on charter operations. Hervey Bay and Biloela are now served by QantasLink. Coffs Harbour is now served by Brindabella Airlines. Port Macquarie was served by Brindabella Airlines but this service was discontinued at the end of 2010. Virgin Australia now serve this route. From May 2009 Tamworth is now served by Brindabella Airlines and from August 2011 Armidale was served by Brindabella Airlines this has been suspended. Maryborough no longer has direct air service to Brisbane. As of August 2006 the Sunshine Express Airlines fleet includes: Sunshine Express Airlines Sunshine Express Airlines is an air charter company that previously operated" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mirage (Fleetwood Mac album) Mirage is the 13th studio album by British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac, released on June 18, 1982. This studio effort's soft rock sound stood in stark contrast to its more experimental predecessor, 1979's \"Tusk\". \"Mirage\" yielded several hit singles: \"Hold Me\" (which peaked at #4 on the US \"Billboard\" Pop Chart, remaining there for seven weeks), \"Gypsy\" (#12 US Pop Chart), \"Love in Store\" (#22 US Pop Chart), \"Oh Diane\" (which reached #9 in the UK), and \"Can't Go Back\" (issued on 7\" and 12\" in the UK). Following a hiatus of over a year after the completion of the worldwide \"Tusk\" tour, the band temporarily relocated to Château d'Hérouville in France to record a new album. By this time Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham had each commenced a solo career, the former to multi-platinum #1 success with 1981's \"Bella Donna\", the latter faring not as well with his first outing \"Law and Order\" (US \"Billboard\" #32). The Stevie Nicks composition \"Gypsy\" (#12 Pop, #4 Rock, and a #16 hit in Canada) was the second single from the album and was accompanied by a lengthy video directed by Russell Mulcahy. The edited version of \"Gypsy\" that appears on the album and single releases runs for only 4:24, but a 5½-minute version had been originally recorded. The latter version was (initially) used in the video, and was not available on CD until the release of 1992's retrospective box set \"25 Years – The Chain\". Of the other two compositions from Nicks on the album, \"That's Alright\" dated back to the Buckingham/Nicks days of 1974, while \"Straight Back\" was written in the winter of 1981 and referred to her separation from (then) lover, producer Jimmy Iovine, and the huge wrench she experienced having to leave her newly established and highly successful solo career to re-join Fleetwood Mac for the 1982 project (Nicks refers to this on the DVD commentary to her 2008 retrospective \"Crystal Visions – The Very Best of Stevie Nicks\"). \"Straight Back\" was also a US rock radio hit in late 1982. Of Christine McVie's four compositions, three were written in collaboration with other writers: Love in Store with Jim Recor, ex-husband of Nicks' friend Sara Recor who would later marry Mick Fleetwood, Hold Me with singer-songwriter Robbie Patton whose second album she had recently produced and Wish You Were Here with lyrics from erstwhile John Mayall drummer Colin Allen. The other, Only Over You, was credited \"With thanks to Dennis Wilson for inspiration.\" Christine had recently ended her relationship with Wilson, a member of the Beach Boys, who would die by drowning the following year. Three of Lindsey Buckingham's five contributions were written with co-producer Richard Dashut including the UK Top 10 hit Oh Diane. The album returned the group to the top of the US \"Billboard\" charts for the first time since their 1977 album \"Rumours\", spending five weeks at #1. It spent a total of 18 weeks in the US Top Ten and was certified double platinum for shipping 2,000,000 copies there. It also reached #5 in the UK where it was certified platinum for shipping 300,000 copies, and #2 in Australia. A deluxe edition of \"Mirage\" was released on September 23, 2016. This expanded reissue features a remaster of the original album, 13 live tracks, B-sides, outtakes, plus other songs that did not make the final cut. Some of these songs include \"Goodbye Angel\" and \"Teen Beat\", which were both released on \"\", and \"Smile at You\", later released on \"Say You Will\". and \"If You Were My Love\" later released on Stevie Nicks' solo album \"\". The DVD-Audio disc contains both the 5.1 Surround and 24/96 Stereo Audio mixes of the original album. Disc Four is an Audio DVD that contains a 5.1 Surround Mix & 24/96 Stereo Audio of Original Album Fleetwood Mac Additional musician Production Two of the final shows of the \"Mirage\" tour were filmed in Los Angeles in 1982. Originally released on VHS and CED videodisc in 1983, many tracks were edited out, with the loss of \"Second Hand News\", \"Don't Stop\", \"Dreams\", \"Brown Eyes\", \"Oh Well\", \"Never Going Back Again\", \"Landslide\", \"Sara\", and \"Hold Me\", reducing the 135 minute show to just 80 minutes on cassette. The running order was also completely rearranged so that Nicks' \"Gypsy\" followed \"The Chain\", whilst \"You Make Loving Fun\" and \"Blue Letter\" were moved to the first half of the edited show. The performance also includes what is often referred to as the 'speaking in tongues' version of \"Sisters of the Moon\", in which Nicks delivers the song's coda in such intense gravelly vibratos that her words are rendered mysteriously indecipherable. The concert was not released on DVD until 2003, but this was limited to Brazil on the Studio Gaba label, and featured an unmastered soundtrack. In 2006 a good quality release was issued in Australia, with an added special feature comprising six Stevie Nicks solo promotional videos for some of her singles released between 1981 and 1986. This collection had previously been issued separately on VHS in 1986 under the title \"Stevie Nicks – I Can't Wait\", and exclusively includes a live solo version of her top ten hit \"Leather and Lace\" (a duet with Don Henley), which was recorded on the final night of Nicks' 1981 \"Bella Donna\" tour. The clip was not included in the 9-track edit of Nicks' \"White Wing Dove\" live concert VHS release in 1982, and neither was it included in the DVD supplement to her 2008 retrospective \"Crystal Visions – The Very Best of Stevie Nicks\". To date, this is therefore the only DVD availability of this live performance. In 2009, another DVD incarnation of the \"Mirage\" concert was released under the title \"Fleetwood Mac – In Performance\" by the Showline label on a region-free disc. Mirage (Fleetwood Mac album) Mirage is the 13th studio album by British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac, released on June 18, 1982. This studio effort's soft rock sound" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Phil Sgrosso Phil Sgrosso (born September 16, 1985) is an American heavy metal musician, best known rhythm guitarist of the American metalcore band As I Lay Dying, former rhythm guitarist of the band Wovenwar and touring lead guitarist for Saosin and Nails. Sgrosso is currently in a band called Saosin. Before joining the band that jumpstarted his musical career, Sgrosso was a part of a local act known as Tomra, a melodic metalcore band from San Diego, which disbanded in 2003. Joining As I Lay Dying at the age of 17, Sgrosso has honed his creative talents as one of the songwriters on 2005’s \"Shadows Are Security\". His work with the band extends from solely instrumentation, with producing credits on the bands latter releases. Throughout his tenure with As I Lay Dying, the band was named “Artist of the Year” at the San Diego Music Awards in 2005, 2007, and 2008, and was nominated for a Grammy Award for the song \"Nothing Left\" in 2008. Sgrosso received the \"Ultimate Metal God\" award from MTV2 in 2007. Through six studio albums and one split release, As I Lay Dying sold more than 1,000,000 albums worldwide, with their DVD, \"This Is Who We Are\", being Certified Gold within one month of its release. As I Lay Dying’s sixth album, \"Awakened\", was released on September 25, 2012 to high critical acclaim. Following the incarceration of As I Lay Dying vocalist Tim Lambesis in 2013, the remaining members of the band formed Wovenwar with Oh, Sleeper guitarist Shane Blay. They released their debut album, \"Wovenwar\", in 2014 via Metal Blade Records. As I Lay Dying reunited in June 2018. While touring on the Mayhem Festival in 2012, Sgrosso pulled double-duty performing with As I Lay Dying and Slipknot, filling in for Jim Root on the first leg of the run. Beginning in 2016, he became a permanent fixture to Saosin's touring lineup, taking over after Justin Shekoski's departure. Sgrosso is also a touring guitar player for American powerviolence band Nails. Sgrosso also has a band called Poison Headache with him playing guitars, bass, and vocals, Andy Kutka (formerly of Internal Affairs) on vocals and guitar and Kyle Rosa (formerly of Thieves and Liars) on drums and they are signed to Metal Blade Records. As I Lay Dying Wovenwar Poison Headache Phil Sgrosso Phil Sgrosso (born September 16, 1985) is an American heavy metal musician," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Labeobarbus intermedius Labeobarbus intermedius is an East African ray-finned fish species in the family Cyprinidae. Like the closely related yellowfish, it is hexaploid. A large species, the maximum recorded standard length is nearly . This species has a subspecies named \"Labeobarbus intermedius intermedius\". The year of its first description – as \"Barbus intermedius\" – was for some time erroneously reported as 1837. \"L. intermedius\" was still placed by most modern authors in the \"wastebin genus\" \"Barbus\" by default, and the IUCN still does so until a thorough taxonomic revision of the African \"barbs\" is published. However, the species is increasingly being restored to related yellowfish genus \"Labeobarbus\", which seems a much more appropriate placement. It is a close relative of \"Labeobarbus bynni\", another African \"barb\". No subspecies are recognized at present. The population from the Barino River basin invalidly described as \"L. i. australis\" is identical with the earlier-named \"gregorii\", but probably not sufficiently distinct from its conspecifics to consider it a separate taxon. The same holds true for the supposed subspecies \"leptosoma\" and \"microstoma\". Important junior synonyms of this species are: Its close relatives \"L. brevicauda\", \"L. gorgorensis\" and \"L. johnstonii\" (under the name \"latirostris\"), and even the rather distinct \"Barbus eurystomus\", were for some time placed in \"\"B.\" intermedius\" as subspecies too. But are considered distinct species today. \"B. procatopus\" is sometimes believed to refer to the present species, but it is actually a junior synonym of the ripon barbel (\"B. altianalis\"). This freshwater fish is found in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and southern Ethiopia. Its natural habitats are the Kerio, Suguta, Turkwel and northern Ewaso Ng'iro Rivers and their tributaries, as well as Lake Baringo, Bogoria and Turkana and their associated rivers. The records from the Tana River region are based on mislabelled specimens, while the supposed records from the Mara River and Lake Victoria appear to be based on misidentifications of the Ripon Barbel. Little is known about its population and ecology, but given its wide range and lack of readily apparent threats, it is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN. Labeobarbus intermedius Labeobarbus intermedius is an East African ray-finned fish species in the family Cyprinidae. Like the closely related yellowfish, it is hexaploid. A large species, the maximum recorded standard length is nearly . This species has a subspecies named \"Labeobarbus intermedius intermedius\". The year of its first description – as \"Barbus intermedius\" –" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tomás Bairéad Tomás Bairéad (1893–1973) was an Irish author and nationalist. Born in Galway, his father was called Michael Barrett and his mother Mary McDonough. He had two sisters and one brother. He was a member of the Moycullen group of the Irish Volunteers in 1916 and soon after became an IRA volunteer. He was also a member of the IRB and Sinn Féin. He was part of a group of Volunteers who were involved in the burning of the RIC Barracks in Rosmuc in 1920. He began his journalistic career with the Galway Express, a weekly republican paper. In 1922 he would join the \"Irish Independent\", writing on politics, and would later become the newspaper's editor in 1945. While working for the \"Independent\" he was presented the Irish Academy of Letters Award (1938). Bairéad also invented his own Irish shorthand. His close friend, Máirtín Ó Cadhain, urged him to leave the IRA to focus on his writings. Thomas Barrett (1893–1973), An Bairéadach, or Tomás Bairéad, as he was also known, was a journalist and Irish language author. He was born in on 7 July 1893 in Ballydotia, Moycullen, County Galway. He married Ellen Maher (1903–1947) from Clonard, county Westmeath in Corpus Christi Church, St Martin's (Maiden Lane), London on 25 June 1930. Ellen's father, James was also a farmer. They had two daughters, Treasa, a nurse, and Maura, a librarian. He was a fine athlete and sportsman, and as a young man played gaelic football and hurling with his native parish team. When he was barely 17 years of age, Bairéad was involved in castle rustling. The cattle, in the ownership of the landlord George Burke, were driven from Burke's land at Cnoc a' tSean Bhaile. Bairéad's involvement in this activity was in reaction to the eviction of a number of his neighbours by the landlord, and resulted in him spending some time in gaol. Bairéad was primarily self-educated. Bairéad was a member of the Moycullen group of the Irish Volunteers (Óglaigh na h-Éireann) in 1916. He was a member of the IRB and Sinn Féin, and administered the IRB oath to new members. He was friendly with Liam Mellows and Proinsias Ó hEidhin, and others who were leaders of the 1916 Rebellion in county Galway. He was one of a group of Volunteers involved in the burning of the RIC Barracks in Rosmuc in 1920. For these and other republican activities he spent sometime in Galway Gaol. Bairead commenced his journalistic career with the Galway Express, a weekly republican paper, in 1917. When paper's printing press was destroyed by the RIC, and Black and Tans in 1920, he transferred to the Connacht Tribune. During this period he had an address at 5 Nuns' Island, Galway. He was appointed to the staff of the Irish Independent on 18 September 1922. In 1945 he became responsible for the Irish language page. In 1930 he purchased the family home, 3 Beechmount Villas, Glasnevin, Dublin, where he lived until he retired to Moycullen in 1948. While with the Independent he travelled to and reported on various Celtic Congresses held in Wales, Scotland and the Isle of Man, and in 1943 he reported on Éamon de Valera's general election campaign. He wrote extensively during the 1930s and 1940s. His first collection of short-stories, Cumhacht na Cinneamhna, was published by An Gúm in 1936. The collection received very positive reviews, with the Connacht Tribune writing, 'In originality, technique and language, those stories probably surpass anything of their kind published in Irish', and 'It will not be surprising if a few of those stories find their way among the classics', while the Irish Times wrote, \"While the language is rich, idiomatic and adequate, the stories themselves could well be the authentic work of a novelist in any language'. Bairéad was awarded the O'Growney Award by the Irish Academy of Letters for this collection in 1937. His next collection An Geall a Briseadh followed shortly afterwards, again published by An Gúm. This was a collection of short stories and sketches dealing mainly with scenes and events familiar to Bairéad in his native countryside. This book also received positive reviews, such as one writing that Bairéad \"is undoubtedly a discovery and a decided addition to the ranks of Gaelic writers\". For this collection he was awarded the Douglas Hyde Literary Fund('Ciste an Chraoibhin Aoibhin'), in 1938 for the best original work in the Irish language. The book was placed on the syllabus for the Matriculation (University entrance examination) in 1940, and later the Department of Education included it on the school syllabus for 1953–1954. His next accomplishment Cruithneacht agus Ceannabháin, a collection of 13 short stories, was published by Talbot Press in 1940. In 1949, Ór na hAithinne was published. His last great work, Gan Baisteadh, which is semi-autobiographical, contained 33 chapters each telling a different story. This was published by Sáirseal agus Dill in 1969. In 1973 As an nGéibheann was published. This was a collection of the correspondence between Tomás and Máirtín Ó Cadhain, during Máirtín's time in prison. Bairéad also received awards for other short stories, such as Second Prize in Class 4, Irish, Short Story for his entry 'Ruaidhri Ruadh, an Stiléara', in the Tailteann Literary Competitions in 1931, and an Oireachtas Certificate for first prize for the short story, 'Duais an Mhaolánaigh' in 1951. Bairéad's daughter, Treasa (the donor of the collection) also has in her possession a medal inscribed as follows, 'Aonach Tailteann 1932 (an Bhainnriogain Tailte). Tomás Bairéad's main involvement in the 1916 Easter Rising was through the form of newspapers. His newspaper clippings include details of events in the Moycullen area during the Easter week of 1916, and also includes references to the 1919 local election. As well as those it also includes a transcript of the Irish Republican Brotherhood's oath. The collection is full with names associated with Irish republicanism and Irish politics, such as Liam Mellows, Seán McDermot, Éamon de Valera, and Jack Lynch. The letters from Bairéad's friend Morchadh Ó Dabhorionn, are fascinating as they reveal something resembling that of the loneliness of an Irish emigrant. The quote states \"…nearer to me than Érin go Brac with all its faults and shortcoming, it is to me the greatest and is closest to my heart. It was too bad that fate made me leave there for as you have said more than once before it was there that I did belong\" Tomás Bairéad died in Bon Secours Hospital, Galway, on 26 October 1973. His death was the result of a short illness. Newspaper obituaries for Bairéad referred to him as a \"Noted Irish Scholar,\" and reported that his funeral was said in Irish. He is referred to as \"an duine de na scríbhneorí ba clúití a tháinig chugainn as Gaeltacht na Gaillimhe san aoís seo\" (Connacht Tribune), which can be translated to \"He was one of the most famous writers to have come to us from the Gaeltacht in Galway.\" 1973 the year of Bairéad's death, was also the year 'As an nGéibheann' was published. This was a collection of the correspondence between Tomás and Máirtín Ó Cadhain, during Máirtín's time in prison. Tomás Bairéad Tomás Bairéad" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hemlock Society (film) Hemlock Society is an Indian Bengali romantic dark comedy released on 22 June 2012, directed by director Srijit Mukherji, who is also the director of Autograph & Baishe Srabon. The cast of the movie consists of Parambrata Chatterjee, Koel Mallick and Soumitra Chatterjee. The name is inspired by the erstwhile Hemlock Society, a society which was based in Santa Monica, US. The primary missions of this society included providing information to dying persons and supporting legislation permitting physician-assisted suicide. The movie is a very strong insight into psychological dilemma about the primal existence of life. It reiterates the fact that you can 'shock someone by letting her know that death is impending and inescapable.’ It is a dark comedy which successfully evokes an awareness of life. The comic element is used dexterously to bring out the fear of death. The protagonist Meghna (Koel Mallick), misses her mother, hums the songs of her favorite Sidhartha Roy numbers, blames the new lady in her father’s life, shaken by the dejection by her fiancé. Yet, as an escape route from the world of pain and suffering she goes to her father doctor to get prescribed sleeping pills. Ananda Kar (Parambrata) as the name suggests ‘make merry’ refrains her from ending her life. He comes with an unusual proposal of imparting her technical know how about committing suicide. He adds 'the training will save you from embarrassment if suicide becomes a vain attempt'. Ananda Kar is the founder of the Hemlock Society, that teaches aspirants how to successfully commit suicide. The names of the professors are also significant of the tricks they will teach to execute the end. The society is a film studio. Meghna assembles with all other suicide aspirants being addressed by the over-enthusiastic professors, \"trainlet, jhulan, dhamani, raktim, shikha\", all specialists in different suicide methods. Meghna goes with him, leaving a goodbye message for her parents at her apartment door. Dr. Basu comes in search of his daughter, finds the note and shatters in grievance. Dr. Basu and Niharika start their search for Meghna and almost leave no stone unturned. Meanwhile, at Hemlock Society, Meghna encounters with miscellaneous experiences related to humans lives and death. The three-day workshop at the society makes her understand the importance of life and what difference her loss would mean to her near and dear ones. The metamorphosis of Meghna occurs when she realizes the miseries of other inmates and considers herself lucky. On the final day, Meghna confesses to Ananda that she wants to live and a vital reason which worked behind her changing of mind is that she had fallen in love with Ananda. Ananda informs her that he is suffering from 'Lymphocytopenia' a medical condition for which he would survive only for two more years. Meghna leaves Hemlock Society, sobbing and returns to her father. The very thought that someone near the cradle of death can ‘drink life to the lees’ in spite of complain and regret, surprises her. She learns from Ananda, that Hemlock society is an institute that refrains people from ending their life by making them aware of the importance of life. Six months later, Meghna reconciles with Ananda while he is on a nursing home bed, after having a blood-transfusion. The film ends with a witty note where Meghna’s fiancé (Saheb Chatterjee), now a dejected soul and undoubtedly suicide aspirant, being taken to 'Hemlock Society'. The soundtrack is composed Anupam Roy and Indradip Dasgupta The film received generally positive reviews by critics. Parambrata Chatterjee's performance was critically applauded, as was Koel Mullik's. It has received 21 awards till now. Srijit Mukherji and Koel Mallick got the Shoilojanando Mukherjee Memorial Awards for Direction and Acting respectively. Parambrata Chatterjee received the Anandalok Award for Best Actor, while Anupam Roy got the Anandalok Award for the Best Song (Ekhon Onek Raat). At the Mirchi Music Awards 2013, it got the Best Album and Best Song (Ekhon Onek Raat) in the Listener's Choice category as well as the Best Male Playback for Rupankar Bagchi for Aamar Mawte. At the 13th Telecine Awards, it got Parambrata Chatterjee the Special Jury Award for acting, and Anupam Roy, the Best Lyricist Award. It also got the Best Movie Poster at the Srijon Shawmman 2013. At the Bengal Youth Awards 2013, Srijit Mukherji and Anupam Roy got the Best Director and the Best Music Director Awards respectively. Anupam Roy also got the Best Male Playback for Ekhon Onek Raat in the ETV Shongeet Shawmman 2013. It also got the prestigious BFJA award, the oldest film award in India, for Best Actress, Best Actor (Jury's choice), Best Male Playback, Best Female Playback (Female) and Best Art Direction. It also fetched the Zee Banglar Gourab Samman for Anupam Roy for Best Lyricist and Male Playback for Ekhon Onek Raat and Best Actress for Koel Mullick. Umesh Ghadge, who has previously worked as an associate director on films like \"Dhoom\" and \"Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai\", will be remaking the film as \"Welcome Zindagi\" in Marathi. Urmila Matondkar had been approached for Koel's role, and Atul Kulkarni, was offered Parambrata's role, however he turned down the project despite taking an immense liking to the script. The titular roles are finally being played by Amruta Khanvilkar and Swapnil Joshi. Hemlock Society (film) Hemlock Society is an Indian Bengali romantic dark comedy released on 22 June 2012, directed" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Stanley Dance Stanley Frank Dance (15 September 1910, Braintree, Essex – 23 February 1999, Vista, California) was a British jazz writer, business manager, record producer, and historian of the Swing era. He was personally close to Duke Ellington over a long period, as well as many other musicians; because of this friendship Dance was in a position to write \"official\" biographies. Over his career, his priority was advocating for the music of black ensembles performing sophisticated arrangements, based on Swing-era dance music. Dance was born in England to a successful Essex tobacco merchant in 1910. As a youth, he claims he was \"fortunate\" to have been sent to boarding-school at Framlingham College, where he first encountered American recordings of bands fronted by Jelly Roll Morton and Benny Moten, among others. After finishing his sixth-form year, he was encouraged by his father encouraged to continue his education at Oxford University. But Dance, who (while good at mathematics and an excellent French-speaker) was not a willing student, chose instead to enter the family business. While working in Essex, Dance continued to pursue his interest in music, listening to radio broadcasts and attending jazz concerts in London. He soon learned of Louis Armstrong, Fats Waller and Duke Ellington through Lawrence Wright's music newspaper \"Melody Maker\" (which had begun publication in 1926). Dance chose to focus his enthusiasm on the music of black bands. He started writing opinion pieces about the jazz scene for Hugues Panassié's French-language magazine \"Jazz Hot\" in 1935, modelling his articles on those found in \"Melody Maker\" and \"The Gramophone\" that were written by John Hammond. In 1937, Dance visited New York City's jazz scene for three weeks, going to the Savoy Ballroom or similar venues in the evenings, and listening in on recording sessions during the day. He also had an introduction from Panassié to Chicago-based Canadian writer Helen Oakley. She had been hired by Irving Mills to supervise the new Variety recordings of Cab Calloway, Red Nichols, Johnny Hodges, Chu Berry, and a number of others (many associated with the Ellington Orchestra) in whom Dance was interested. But in September 1937 Dance joined the RAF, and (due to hearing loss) was assigned to the Royal Observer Corps in East Anglia, where his business skills must have helped organize the mostly-volunteer staff. The war extended what was to be a temporary service into nine years, a period in which his opportunity to listen to black American bands was curtailed, due to both limited leave and the effects of rationing on record-production. He certainly missed the start of Bebop, which developed during the war and a recording-musicians' strike in the US. But he found Helen Oakley when the American OSS assigned her to London late in the war. Dance and Oakley married in January 1947, and resided in England until moving to Connecticut in 1959. They made a lengthy trip to the US and Canada in the fall of 1946, both to re-connect with American bands as well as to meet her family. He began writing a monthly column about the jazz milleu for Jazz Journal, beginning in its' first issue in 1948 until his death in 1999; while he often wrote for other publications, he only discussed his personal opinions in that column. He continued to run the family business (his main source of income), as well. During the 1950s he coined the term \"mainstream\" to describe those in between revivalist Dixieland and modern bebop, concentrating on black musicians. In 1958 Decca's Felsted Records commissioned Dance to produce a series of New York recordings of Coleman Hawkins, Cozy Cole/Earl Hines, Billy Strayhorn/Johnny Hodges, Buddy Tate, and several others, which were released under the collective title \"Mainstream Jazz\". Oakley, however, was unhappy tied to their home. Raising four children in a 400-year-old house in a Home Counties town, unaccustomed to the English climate, she sorely missed her friends and her active working life. In their late forties, the Dances sold their English businesses and moved overseas to a house owned by her father in the Rowayton village – the 6th District of Norwalk, Connecticut – 40 miles from Manhattan. There they would try to make a living around their interests in jazz. Dance arrived in the US with a commission from EMI's English Columbia label to make proprietary jazz recordings (they had been leasing American titles). He again used his (and Helen's) contacts with the Ellington players to produce seven albums that were quite successful in Europe. He also assembled two albums for RCA. He wrote the liner notes for all these, as well as for a number of other recordings by Ellington, Hodges, members of their orchestras, and the Basie band (which he had followed since 1937). He shared a 1963 Grammy with Leonard Feather for his liner notes to \"The Ellington Era, Vol. 1\". In 1961 he published \"Jazz Era: The Forties\", and in 1974 his oral history \"The World of Swing\". He worked for a year as the jazz critic for the \"New York Herald Tribune\", which paid poorly but taught him to \"write to deadline\". He also began writing articles on jazz regularly for the \"Saturday Review\", \"Down Beat\", and other large-circulation magazines. His connections to the Ellington organization led to travelling with the band, writing articles from the road while helping Duke write his autobiography. This experience was fundamental to developing the material Dance later used in his books. On Memorial Day, 1974, Dance gave the funeral address for Ellington at the Cathedral Church of St. John the Divine in Harlem. He also helped Ellington's son Mercer (executor of his father's estate) deal with the large number of unissued recordings, and co-wrote Mercer's biography of his father. In 1970, Ellington wrote: Stanley is well informed about my activities and those of my associates. He has been a part of our scene for a long time, maybe longer than he cares to remember. He and his wife Helen are the kind of people it is good to have in your corner, the kind of people you don't mind knowing your secrets. In other words they are friends - and you don't have to be careful with friends. Dance is also credited with helping to revive the careers of several musicians, including Helen Humes and pianist Earl Hines; in 1964 he encouraged the California-based Hines to perform in New York concerts organized by a fellow-journalist. Afterwards, Hines asked Dance to be his business-manager, and Dance produced many of the 90 albums Hines recorded from 1964 to 1981. He also wrote a biography of Hines, published in 1977. During the 1970s, as the careers of many musicians Dance favoured were winding-down, he began developing books from the articles and notes he had written. With their children grown, and to escape from recurring bouts of pneumonia, Stanley and Helen decided in 1979 to seek a smaller home in the mild climate of Southern California. Money from the sale of their large home in pricey Fairfield County – as well as from the sale of his more than 2,000-disc collection of rare recordings to reissue producer Bob Porter – would finance a retirement from travelling, producing records, and writing articles. In 1980, his \"World of Count Basie\" came out, followed in 1981 by what he considered his master-work: \"The World Of Duke Ellington\", a capstone to his writing career. He provided consultation to Jimmy Cheatham while the latter headed the jazz program at UCSD, and to Ken Burns while he was developing his documentary television series \"Jazz\". In 1995, Dance and Helen donated their journals, photographs, and recordings to the Yale Music Library's Special Collections. He served as book editor for \"Jazz Times\". Dance died of pneumonia at 88 years old on 23 February 1999, at the Rancho Bernardo Remington Rehabilitation Health Care Center. His grave is located in Mission San Luis Rey Cemetery. Dance was famously characterized as an opponent of", "travelling, producing records, and writing articles. In 1980, his \"World of Count Basie\" came out, followed in 1981 by what he considered his master-work: \"The World Of Duke Ellington\", a capstone to his writing career. He provided consultation to Jimmy Cheatham while the latter headed the jazz program at UCSD, and to Ken Burns while he was developing his documentary television series \"Jazz\". In 1995, Dance and Helen donated their journals, photographs, and recordings to the Yale Music Library's Special Collections. He served as book editor for \"Jazz Times\". Dance died of pneumonia at 88 years old on 23 February 1999, at the Rancho Bernardo Remington Rehabilitation Health Care Center. His grave is located in Mission San Luis Rey Cemetery. Dance was famously characterized as an opponent of Bebop and the later jazz of Miles Davis, John Coltrane, and Free Jazz, based largely on his columns in \"Jazz Journal\" and in \"Jazz Times\". His biographers (including Porter, Scott Yanow, and Steve Voce), view him rather as an energetic advocate of the music he loved and worked with. Dance's own perspective (from a 1995 radio interview) was: Dance's recording efforts ensured an expanded catalogue of recordings from his chosen era, and continued the careers of several notable musicians. His books and unpublished archives offer a latter-day historian documentary insight into the world of these black jazz musicians while maintaining some of the perspective of an outsider. Dance was a significant contributor to the development of critical jazz journalism and jazz history over more than 60 years. Stanley Dance Stanley Frank Dance (15 September 1910, Braintree, Essex – 23 February 1999, Vista, California) was a British jazz writer, business manager, record producer, and historian of the Swing era. He was personally close to Duke Ellington over a long period, as well as many other musicians; because of this" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Counts of Villafranca The Counts of Villafranca and later the Counts of Villafranca-Soissons are legitimate male line descendants of Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano the founder of the Carignano line of the House of Savoy. The title was created in 1778 for Prince Eugenio of Savoy (1753–1785). The third count Prince Eugenio Emanuele married in 1863 to Felicita Crosio (1844–1911) in what was a morganatic marriage. His wife was created Countess of Villafranca-Soissons in 1888 so the descendants of the marriage bear the title Count/Countess of Villafranca-Soissons. The current head of the Villafranca-Soissons line is Count Edoardo Emanuele Filiberto (born 1945) the grandson of the first count of Villafranca-Soissons via his second son Count Giuseppe Carlo (1904–1971). Counts of Villafranca The Counts of Villafranca and later the Counts of Villafranca-Soissons are legitimate male line descendants of Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano the founder of the Carignano line of the House of Savoy. The title was created in 1778 for Prince Eugenio of Savoy (1753–1785). The third count Prince Eugenio Emanuele married in 1863 to Felicita Crosio (1844–1911) in what was a morganatic marriage. His wife was created Countess of Villafranca-Soissons in 1888 so the descendants of the marriage bear the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kike (footballer, born 1988) Enrique López Delgado (born 12 January 1988 in Salamanca, Castile and León), commonly known as Kike, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for CD Atlético Baleares as a forward. A product of Real Valladolid's youth system, Kike appeared in three first-team games in 2007–08, all as a late substitute. He would finish the season loaned to Segunda División side Polideportivo Ejido and, after not being able to help prevent relegation, scoring in the last minute of a 1–1 home draw against Gimnàstic de Tarragona, he returned to Valladolid in July. Still in La Liga, Kike again appeared rarely for Valladolid in the 2008–09 campaign. Subsequently, he was sold to UD Salamanca in late July 2009, for three years, with the former club having an option to rebuy in the first two. In the following seasons, safe for the first half of 2011–12 with Villarreal CF B and the full 2012–13 with AD Alcorcón in the second level, Kike competed exclusively in Segunda División B. Kike (footballer, born 1988) Enrique López Delgado (born 12 January 1988 in Salamanca, Castile and León), commonly known as Kike, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for CD Atlético Baleares" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hammersmith Odeon (album) Hammersmith Odeon is a triple album by Frank Zappa, recorded on January 25, 26 & 27, 1978 and February 28, 1978, and released posthumously in 2010 by the Zappa Family Trust. It is the fifth installment on the Vaulternative Records label that is dedicated to the posthumous release of complete Zappa concerts, following the releases of \"\" (2002), \"Buffalo\" (2007), \"Wazoo\" (2007) and \"Philly '76\" (2009). Frank Zappa played London's Hammersmith Odeon five times in 1978: on 24, 25, 26 & 27 January 1978 and on 28 February 1978. The 25, 26 & 27 January 1978 and 28 February 1978 concerts provided the source for the basic tracks for Zappa's 1979 album \"Sheik Yerbouti\". The \"Hammersmith Odeon\" 3-CD set was designed to celebrate Frank Zappa's 70th birthday on 21 December 2010. Mixed in NYC by Frank Filipetti, none of the tracks have been previously released and the track listing mirrors and/or parallels the set lists of the concerts. Hammersmith Odeon (album) Hammersmith Odeon is a triple album by Frank Zappa, recorded on January 25, 26 & 27, 1978 and February 28, 1978, and released posthumously in 2010 by the Zappa Family Trust. It is the fifth installment" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Misiurewicz point In mathematics, a Misiurewicz point is a parameter in the Mandelbrot set (the parameter space of quadratic polynomials) for which the critical point is strictly preperiodic (i.e., it becomes periodic after finitely many iterations but is not periodic itself). By analogy, the term \"Misiurewicz point\" is also used for parameters in a Multibrot set where the unique critical point is strictly preperiodic. (This term makes less sense for maps in greater generality that have more than one (free) critical point because some critical points might be periodic and others not.) A parameter formula_1 is a Misiurewicz point formula_2 if it satisfies the equations and so : where : Misiurewicz points are named after the Polish-American mathematician Michał Misiurewicz. Note that the term \"Misiurewicz point\" is used ambiguously: Misiurewicz originally investigated maps in which all critical points were non-recurrent (that is, there is a neighborhood of every critical point that is not visited by the orbit of this critical point), and this meaning is firmly established in the context of dynamics of iterated interval maps. The case that for a quadratic polynomial the unique critical point is strictly preperiodic is only a very special case; in this restricted sense (as described above) this term is used in complex dynamics; a more appropriate term would be Misiurewicz–Thurston points (after William Thurston, who investigated postcritically finite rational maps). A complex quadratic polynomial has only one critical point. By a suitable conjugation any quadratic polynomial can be transformed into a map of the form formula_13 which has a single critical point at formula_14. The Misiurewicz points of this family of maps are roots of the equations (subject to the condition that the critical point is not periodic), where : For example, the Misiurewicz points with \"k\"=2 and \"n\"=1, denoted by \"M\", are roots of The root \"c\"=0 is not a Misiurewicz point because the critical point is a fixed point when \"c\"=0, and so is periodic rather than pre-periodic. This leaves a single Misiurewicz point \"M\" at \"c\" = −2. Misiurewicz points belong to the boundary of the Mandelbrot set. Misiurewicz points are dense in the boundary of the Mandelbrot set. If formula_1 is a Misiurewicz point, then the associated filled Julia set is equal to the Julia set, and means the filled Julia set has no interior. If formula_1 is a Misiurewicz point, then in the corresponding Julia set all periodic cycles are repelling (in particular the cycle that the critical orbit falls onto). The Mandelbrot set and Julia set formula_24 are locally asymptotically self-similar around Misiurewicz points. Misiurewicz points can be classified according to number of external rays that land on them :, points where branches meet According to the Branch Theorem of the Mandelbrot set, all branch points of the Mandelbrot set are Misiurewicz points (plus, in a combinatorial sense, hyperbolic components represented by their centers). Many (actually, most) Misiurewicz parameters in the Mandelbrot set look like `centers of spirals'. The explanation for this is the following: at a Misiurewicz parameter, the critical value jumps onto a repelling periodic cycle after finitely many iterations; at each point on the cycle, the Julia set is asymptotically self-similar by a complex multiplication by the derivative of this cycle. If the derivative is non-real, then this implies that the Julia set, near the periodic cycle, has a spiral structure. A similar spiral structure thus occurs in the Julia set near the critical value and, by Tan Lei's aforementioned theorem, also in the Mandelbrot set near any Misiurewicz parameter for which the repelling orbit has non-real multiplier. Depending on the value of the multiplier, the spiral shape can seem more or less pronounced. The number of the arms at the spiral equals the number of branches at the Misiurewicz parameter, and this equals the number of branches at the critical value in the Julia set. (Even the `principal Misiurewicz point in the 1/3-limb', at the end of the parameter rays at angles 9/56, 11/56, and 15/56, turns out to be asymptotically a spiral, with infinitely many turns, even though this is hard to see without maginification.) External arguments of Misiurewicz points, measured in turns are : where: a and b are positive integers and b is odd, subscript number shows base of numeral system. Point formula_25 : Point formula_27 Notice that it is z-plane (dynamical plane) not c-plane (parameter plane) and point formula_29 is not the same point as formula_30. Point formula_31 is landing point of only one external ray ( parameter ray) of angle 1/2 . Point formula_32 is near a Misiurewicz point formula_33. It is Point formula_39 is near a Misiurewicz point formula_40, Point formula_45 is a principal Misiurewicz point of the 1/3 limb. It has 3 external rays 9/56, 11/56 and 15/56. Misiurewicz point In mathematics, a Misiurewicz point is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Harnsberger Octagonal Barn The Harnsberger Octagonal Barn, also known the Mt. Meridian Octagonal Barn, is located near Grottoes, Virginia. Built about 1867, the barn is possibly the only example of such a barn in Virginia, as the building style was more popular in the expanding midwestern United States in the immediate post-American Civil War era than in economically-depressed Virginia. The octagonal style was popularized in 1853 by \"A Home For All, or the Gravel Wall and Octagon Mode of Building\" by Orson Squire Fowler. The barn was built for Robert Samuel Harnsberger in 1867, following the example of his brother Stephen, who had built an octagonal house nearby in 1856. The barn represents an adaptation of the octagonal concept to the site, incorporating elements of traditional bank barns. The barn's builders encountered difficulty in assembling and fitting the barn, requiring the assistance of other carpenters. The wood frame barn retains the traditional bank barn functions of a central wagon floor with hay lofts to either side, rather than a functional distinction between each of the sides as suggested by Fowler. As with a bank barn, accommodations for cattle are on the lower level, with the stalls arranged in a line rather than radially. The barn was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 8, 1982. Harnsberger Octagonal Barn The Harnsberger Octagonal Barn, also known the Mt. Meridian Octagonal Barn, is located near Grottoes, Virginia. Built about 1867, the barn is possibly the only example of such a barn in Virginia, as the building style was more popular in the expanding midwestern United States in the immediate post-American Civil War era than in economically-depressed Virginia. The octagonal style was popularized in 1853 by \"A Home For All, or the Gravel Wall and Octagon Mode of Building\" by Orson" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Geissler (crater) Geissler is a small lunar impact crater that lies on the northern floor of the much larger walled plain Gilbert, near the eastern limb of the Moon. Just to the northeast of this crater, attached to the outer rim of Gilbert, is the crater pair of Weierstrass and Van Vleck. The rim of Geissler is nearly circular, with a slight outward bulge toward the northwest. The rim is sharp-edged and not notably worn. The inner walls are simple slopes that run down gradually to the small interior floor, which has a diameter about one third that of the crater. This formation is not significantly eroded, and is otherwise undistinguished. This crater was formerly designated Gilbert D before being assigned a unique name by the IAU in 1976. Geissler (crater) Geissler is a small lunar impact crater that lies on the northern floor of the much larger walled plain Gilbert, near the eastern limb of the Moon. Just to the northeast of this crater, attached to the outer rim of Gilbert, is the crater pair of Weierstrass and Van Vleck. The rim of Geissler is nearly circular, with a slight outward bulge toward the northwest. The rim is sharp-edged" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Trevell Quinley Trevell Quinley (born January 16, 1983 in Santa Clara, California) is an American long jumper and competitor in the 2008 Summer Olympics. He won the bronze medal at the 2002 World Junior Championships. At the 2007 World Championships he reached the final, but registered three invalid jumps there and ended up without a result. His June 2007 performance in Indianapolis included a jump of 8.22 meters, his personal best until the 2008 Olympic trials in Eugene, Oregon. There, he jumped 8.36 meters (27 feet, 5.25 inches) in his third jump, setting a new lifetime personal best. He competed at the 2008 Olympic Games without reaching the final. Quinley attended Merrill F. West High School in Tracy, California and won the California State Long Jump Championships in 2001. Trevell Quinley Trevell Quinley (born January 16, 1983 in Santa Clara, California) is an American long jumper and competitor in the 2008 Summer Olympics. He won the bronze medal at the 2002 World Junior Championships. At the 2007 World Championships he reached the final, but registered three invalid jumps there and ended up without a result. His June 2007 performance in Indianapolis included a jump of 8.22 meters, his personal best" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "John C. Babcock John C. Babcock (September 6, 1836 – November 20, 1908) was a founding father of American amateur rowing and an important member of the secret service for the Union Army during the Civil War. Babcock was born in Warwick, Rhode Island, and his family moved to Chicago In 1855. Babcock worked for one of the largest architectural firms in Chicago, and he contributed to the designs of numerous Athenian mansions on the Millionaire's Row along Michigan Avenue. Babcock served the entire Civil War. Initially, Babcock volunteered for the Sturgis Rifles as an enlisted soldier in 1861, but he soon was offered a civilian position to be a principal scout for the Army of the Potomac. Babcock became a skilled interrogator of captured Confederates. In 1862, Babcock worked as a Confederate order-of-battle expert with the Topographical Department under Allan Pinkerton and made maps for General George B. McClellan. In one of his reports, Babcock's estimate of enemy forces was off by less than one percent. Early in 1863, Babcock joined the Bureau of Military Information under Colonel George H. Sharpe to gather intelligence. While in this secret service, Babcock provided detailed maps for aeronaut Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, who made frequent flights to obtain tactical intelligence. In 1863, Babcock discovered Robert E. Lee's forward movement, which helped end the Battle of Gettysburg. At the Battle of Appomattox Court House in 1865, Babcock found General Lee under an apple tree and facilitated the surrender of the Confederate States Army. Even though he was a civilian, Babcock was unofficially called \"Captain Babcock\" and then later \"Colonel Babcock\". Babcock was a rowing innovator and one of the most active people in the rowing community during his lifetime. In 1857, he and his friend William Buckingham Curtis organized the Metropolitan Rowing Club of Chicago, which was the first amateur rowing and racing club in the West. In the summer of 1857, Babcock invented the tracked sliding seat for his sculling boat and perfected it by 1870. In 1859, he and Curtis won every rowing event in the annual games at the Chicago Caledonian Club. During the winter of 1869/1870, Babcock created the first indoor rowing machine. In 1872, Babcock wrote the bylaws and helped create the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen (NAAO). He was the first President of the NAAO, which later became the United States Rowing Association (USRowing). With Harry Buermeyer and Curtis, Babcock helped found the New York Athletic Club (NYAC) in 1868. Babcock was the first elected Vice-President of the NYAC, where he encouraged the separation of amateur and professional athletics. John C. Babcock John C. Babcock (September 6, 1836 – November 20, 1908) was a founding father of American amateur rowing and an important member of the secret service for the Union Army during the Civil War. Babcock was born in Warwick, Rhode Island, and his family moved to Chicago In 1855. Babcock worked for one of the largest architectural firms in Chicago, and he contributed to the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Joseph Guo Jincai Joseph Guo Jincai (; born February 1968) is a Chinese Roman Catholic Bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Hebei, China. He is also vice-president of Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association and China Committee on Religion and Peace. He was a deputy to the 13th National People's Congress. Guo was born in Chengde, Hebei, in February 1968. He became the Roman Catholic Bishop of Chengde in 2010 and was ordained bishop by Bishop of Tangshan Fang Jianping () that year. Guo Jincai has been made a bishop of Chengde in Hebei without consent of the pope and was excommunicated latae sententiae. On December 9, 2010, he was elected vice-president of Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association. On September 22, 2018, Pope Francis lifted the excommunication of Joseph Guo Jincai and other six bishops previously appointed by the Chinese government without a pontifical mandate. Joseph Guo Jincai Joseph Guo Jincai (; born February 1968) is a Chinese Roman Catholic Bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Hebei, China. He is also vice-president of Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association and China Committee on Religion and Peace. He was a deputy to the 13th National People's Congress. Guo was born in Chengde, Hebei, in February 1968." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mel McCants Melvin Lamont McCants (born August 19, 1967) is an American retired basketball player. Along with James Farr, Derek Boyd and Chris Calloway, McCants led Chicago Mount Carmel to the 1985 Illinois state basketball championship. It is the only Illinois AA high school boys basketball championship won by a Chicago Catholic League School. He was selected to the 1982 and 1983 State Farm Holiday Classic all-tournament teams. After high school, McCants attended Purdue University, located in West Lafayette, Indiana, to play under legendary coach Gene Keady. Along with teammates Troy Lewis and Todd Mitchell, the forward helped the Boilermakers win back-to-back Big Ten Conference titles and NCAA Tournament appearances, including a Sweet Sixteen in 1988. McCants was drafted in 1989 by the Los Angeles Lakers, with whom he played during the 1989–90 season. Mel McCants Melvin Lamont McCants (born August 19, 1967) is an American retired basketball player. Along with James Farr, Derek Boyd and Chris Calloway, McCants led Chicago Mount Carmel to the 1985 Illinois state basketball championship. It is the only Illinois AA high school boys basketball championship won by a Chicago Catholic League School. He was selected to the 1982 and 1983 State Farm Holiday Classic" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Empel Empel is a town in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of 's-Hertogenbosch. Empel was part of the municipality of Empel en Meerwijk until 1971, when the entire municipality was absorbed by that of 's-Hertogenbosch. Empel was the ancient site of a temple to \"Hercules Magusanus\". This was the Latin name of the supreme god of the Batavians. Stone votives and broken weapons as symbolic offerings are at the location. Roman ruins are in the region. The Battle of Empel or Miracle of Empel (Milagro de Empel in Spanish) was a battle fought on December 7 and December 8, 1585, as part of the Eighty Years' War, in which a Spanish army miraculously escaped destruction after discovering a hidden Dutch Catholic image of the Immaculate Conception. The Spanish army was in a desperate situation, under siege by the Dutch Protestant navy and surrounded by the rivers. The night following the discovery of the image, the rivers froze and the Spanish army ran over the frozen rivers escaping from the siege, destroying or capturing all the ships in the Dutch fleet stuck in the ice, and overrunning the Dutch army camp. In Spain, the battle is still remembered as it is believed that the Spanish army was saved due to intervention of Mary of the Immaculate Conception. In memory of the battle, the Immaculate Conception is the patroness of the Spanish infantry. Empel Empel is a town in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of 's-Hertogenbosch. Empel was part of the municipality of Empel en Meerwijk until 1971, when the entire municipality was absorbed by that of 's-Hertogenbosch. Empel was the ancient site of a temple to \"Hercules Magusanus\". This was the Latin name of the supreme god" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Karen Middleton (politician) Karen Middleton (born February 24, 1966) is a former member of Colorado House of Representatives in the State of Colorado. Karen Middleton was born on February 24, 1966. After a career as a development officer and project manager in the field of education, Middleton was appointed to the Colorado State Board of Education in 2004 and in 2006 won election to a two-year term. In February 2008, Middleton was appointed as a state representative to fill the vacancy in Aurora, Colorado's District 42 left by the resignation of Rep. Michael Garcia from the Colorado House of Representatives. Middleton was elected to a full term in 2008. In the 2010 election, Middleton withdrew her candidacy to accept a position in San Francisco, CA as president of Emerge America, and was succeeded in office by Rhonda Fields. In 2013, Middleton left her Emerge America position to accept an offer to become Executive Director of NARAL Pro-Choice Colorado, and state affiliate of NARAL Pro-Choice America. Middleton earned her undergraduate degree from Mount Holyoke College in 1988, graduating with a B.A. in political science and women's studies. While in college, she served as president and vice-president of Mount Holyoke's Student Government Association and was elected baccaulaureate speaker. After graduation, she worked for a year as the coordinator of regional activities at Dana Hall School, an all-girls school in Massachusetts, where she organized alumni events and groups. Afterwards, she joined the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs in Washington DC, as manager of development programs, raising funds for international programs. In 1992, Middleton enrolled in the graduate program at the University of Colorado at Denver. There, she co-created and co-chaired the political science graduate student association and served on the campus-wide steering committee for the Auraria Women’s Network. Middleton graduated with an M.A. in political science in 1996, with a thesis titled \"An Analysis of State Campaign Finance Reform\". While in graduate school, she also worked as director of development for the Montessori School of Denver (from 1992 to 1994), and then as director of operations for alumni and development at the University of Denver College of Law (from 1994 to 1996), developing and managing capital and giving campaigns. Middleton joined the staff of the University of Denver's Graduate School of International Studies in April 1996, first as Director of Admissions and Student Affairs and rising to the post of Assistant Dean for Admissions and Student Affairs, overseeing graduate student recruitment, enrollment, and management. While working in higher education administration, Middleton co-chaired the Association of Professional Schools for International Affairs Admissions Officers, attended the National Association for Women in Education's Academy of Leadership in Higher Education, and received the Woman Leader of Excellence Award from the Colorado Women’s Leadership Coalition in 1997 and the University of Denver Excellence in Education Award in 1998. In 1997, Middleton entered the graduate program in higher education policy at the University of Denver. She spent 10 years pursuing a doctoral degree, was ABD (all but dissertation), but ultimately took a second master's and ended her graduate career. Middleton is married; her husband, Larry Beer, is a member of the Aurora, Colorado city council, and they reside in Aurora's Park East neighborhood. She has two stepdaughters, Molly and Katie. While Middleton served in her first legislative session, she was pregnant with her first child, Zoe Grace Middleton, who was born in August 2008. Middleton worked full-time while pursuing her doctorate. While a graduate student, she chaired the University of Denver's Graduate Women's Council from 2000 to 2002 and was a board member of the university's alumni association from 2003 to 2004. While in the School of Education, she received its Publication Award in 2003 and Service Award in 2006. She was also hired as manager of program consulting at eCollege in 2000, and quickly promoted to director of the Center for Internet Technology in Education. At eCollege, an online learning company specializing in online course development, she managed public affairs, online learning conferences, and consulting operations. In 2000, Middleton graduated from the Colorado Institute for Leadership Training and earned certification from the Institute for Management of Distance Education. In 2001, Middleton joined the Western Cooperative for Educational Telecommunications, a project of the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education, as a senior project coordinator, where she developed resources for online teaching and learning for use by K-12 schools and higher education institutions. While there, she helped create the North American Council for Online Learning. From 2003 to 2004, Middleton was vice president for enrollment at Up with People, managing global recruitment and instigating partnerships with the University of Colorado at Denver, as well as communications and marketing for the WorldSmart Leadership Program. In 2004, she spent several months in an interim position as policy director for the House Minority Office at the Colorado General Assembly, where she was involved in setting policy direction for the Democratic caucus. In addition to her professional activities, Middleton was a board member of Colorado Women's Agenda from 1994 to 2004, serving as its president from 1995 to 1999, and was a member of the DU International Human Rights Institute/Advocacy Center Advisory Board from 1998 to 2003. She has also served on the boards of the Aurora Education Foundation (from 2003 to 2006) and the Adams 14 Education Foundation (from 2004 to 2006), on the State of Colorado's Consumer Insurance Council (from 2001 to 2003) and on the Citizen’s Advisory Committee on Housing and Community Development (in 2003). While on the state board of education, from 2004 to 2007, Middleton ran a non-profit management firm, Karen Middleton & Associates, working with clients including the Institute of International Education, the Colorado Children’s Campaign and Up with People, focusing on education-related projects. She also taught political science part-time at Community College of Aurora, and completed a second master's degree, in higher education policy, from the University of Denver, in 2007. In March 2007, Middleton joined ScholarCentric, an educational publishing company, as Vice President of Development. In June 2007, she was promoted to Vice President of Sales and Development. Middleton first sought elected office in 2002, campaigning for an elected post on the University of Colorado Board of Regents. She lost the race to represent Colorado's 7th Congressional district to Republican Patricia Hayes, earning 49% of the popular vote. In November 2004, following the resignation of Colorado State Board of Education member Christine Baca, a Democratic Party vacancy committee appointed Middleton to the board's 7th district seat She was elected to serve for the final two years of the unexpired term in November 2006, defeating Republican Lee Kunz with 55 percent of the popular vote. After having criticized Colorado Education Commissioner William Moloney, chastising him as \"ineffective,\" and calling for his resignation, in 2006, Middleton was involved in the selection of his replacement, Fountain, Colorado School Superintendent Dwight Jones, in 2007. While on the board, she also cast votes against the use of quotas as a means of fostering diversity in charter schools, advocated for the creation of a state online education coordinator, and proposed a motion to allow state funding for \"fifth year\" high school programs designed to help students earn associate's degrees. In 2005, Middleton was appointed to the board of the Alliance for Quality Teaching, the advisory board of the", "term in November 2006, defeating Republican Lee Kunz with 55 percent of the popular vote. After having criticized Colorado Education Commissioner William Moloney, chastising him as \"ineffective,\" and calling for his resignation, in 2006, Middleton was involved in the selection of his replacement, Fountain, Colorado School Superintendent Dwight Jones, in 2007. While on the board, she also cast votes against the use of quotas as a means of fostering diversity in charter schools, advocated for the creation of a state online education coordinator, and proposed a motion to allow state funding for \"fifth year\" high school programs designed to help students earn associate's degrees. In 2005, Middleton was appointed to the board of the Alliance for Quality Teaching, the advisory board of the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools, and the Colorado General Assembly's Interim School Finance Task Force. In 2006, she was named to the State Advisory Committee for Gifted and Talented Education. Middleton also served on the Government Affairs Committee for the National Association for State Boards of Education in 2007. Increasingly prominent in Democratic Party circles, Middleton received the \"Rising Star\" Award from the Colorado Democratic Party in 2006 and was named one of \"The Colorado Statesman's\" \"Movers and Shakers\" in 2007. In October 2007, Middleton launched her campaign for the Colorado State House of Representatives seat being vacated by term-limited Representative Michael Garcia, centering her campaign on her experience in education issues. Following the resignation of Rep. Michael Garcia in February 2008, v Middleton announced her intention to seek a Democratic Party vacancy committee's nomination for the open seat, and was quickly viewed as the leading contender for the appointment. On February 10, the vacancy committee voted 24-3 to name Middleton to replace Garcia in the state house. She was sworn into the legislature on the morning of February 13, after having submitted her resignation from the Colorado State Board of Education, effective that same day. Middleton stood for a full term in November 2008; she faced opposition from Libertarian Jim Frye and Republican George Carouthers. Middleton's re-election bid was endorsed by the \"Denver Post\" and the \"Aurora Sentinel\". She ultimately won with 68% of the popular vote. After winning a full term in November 2008, Middleton was elected Majority Caucus Chair by state house Democrats. After joining the Colorado General Assembly in the midst of the 2008 legislative session, Middleton was named to seats on the House Education Committee and the House State, Veterans, & Military Affairs Committee. She has sponsored legislation to increase training standards for Colorado's Witness Protection Program and legislation signed into law to provide $5 million in funding in \"Colorado Counselor Corps\" funding for additional guidance counselors in struggling public schools. Middleton has also supported renaming the University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus to add \"in Aurora,\" reflecting the campus's physical location. After unsuccessfully lobbying the University of Colorado Board of Regents to change the name, Middleton plans to offer a bill to change the name legislatively during the 2009 session. In September 2008, following an Aurora murder, Middleton joined with other Aurora legislators in September to call for a state investigation into how the accused perpetrator, suspected of being an illegal immigrant, was allowed to remain in the United States under current law, with an eye toward revising state laws that may have contributed to the situation. In November 2008, Middleton received the Charter Friends Award from the Colorado League of Charter Schools. For the 2009 legislative session, Middleton was named to seats on the House Education Committee and the House Transportation and Energy Committee. She planned on sponsoring legislation to create a state investment fund to support services for people with developmental disabilities, a move prompted by the failure of a statewide ballot measure to raise sales taxes to fund the same services; however, Middleton later announced that she would not pursue the measure because of poor state revenue projections. In August 2010, Middleton withdrew from her campaign for reelection to accept a position in San Francisco, CA leading Emerge America, an organization whose mission is to recruit and train female Democratic political candidates. Because Colorado's 2010 Democratic primary already occurred, a Democratic vacancy committee met and nominated Rhonda Fields to take Middleton's place on the November ballot. While continuing to lead Emerge America, Middleton moved back from California to Colorado, returning to Aurora, Colorado. In January 2013, Middleton considered challenging Andrew Romanoff for the Democratic nomination for Colorado's 6th congressional district, but ultimately demurred. In May 2013, Middleton left Emerge America to accept the Executive Director position for NARAL Pro-Choice Colorado. Karen Middleton (politician) Karen Middleton (born February 24, 1966) is a former member of Colorado House of Representatives in the State of Colorado. Karen Middleton was born on February 24, 1966. After a career as a development officer and project manager" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "KRPH KRPH is a radio station in Morristown, Arizona. Broadcasting on 99.5 FM, KRPH is owned by Deportes y Música Comunicaciones, LLC and carries a grupera/Regional Mexican format known as La Raza 99.5. A second KRPH transmitter, dubbed KRPH-FM1, operates in Wittmann, Arizona. In December 2006, ACE Radio Corporation received approval to build an FM station on 99.5 in Yarnell, Arizona. It was then sold to Magnolia Radio. The station remained a construction permit until 2010, when Grupo Multimedia bought the construction permits for KRPH and KQMX in Lost Hills, California. By this time the CP specified operation in Morristown, closer to Phoenix. From August 2011 to July 2012, KRPH was silent pending a relaunch of the station by Grupo Multimedia/Deportes y Música. KRPH KRPH is a radio station in Morristown, Arizona. Broadcasting on 99.5 FM, KRPH is owned by Deportes y Música Comunicaciones, LLC and carries a grupera/Regional Mexican format known as La Raza 99.5. A second KRPH transmitter, dubbed KRPH-FM1, operates in Wittmann, Arizona. In December 2006, ACE Radio Corporation received approval to build an FM station on 99.5 in Yarnell, Arizona. It was then sold to Magnolia Radio. The station remained a construction permit until 2010, when" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "European Technology Platform for the Electricity Networks of the Future The European Technology Platform (ETP) for the Electricity Networks of the Future (SmartGrids) is a European Commission initiative that aims at boosting the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of electricity networks, especially smart power grids. The ETP represents all European stakeholders. The establishment of an ETP in this field was for the first time suggested by the industrial stakeholders and the research community at the first \"International Conference on the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources and Distributed Energy Resources\", which was held in December 2004. The SmartGrids Platform was started by the European Commission Directorate General for Research of the European Commission in 2005. SmartGrid is a new concept that will respond to the rising challenges and opportunities, bringing benefits to all network users and stakeholders. SmartGrids are based on a more customer-centric approach, on a large integration of renewable sources and distributed generation. A SmartGrid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it - generators, consumers and those that do both - in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies. The concept was developed in 2006 by the European Technology Platform SmartGrids in their document. SmartGrids deployment must include not only technology, market and commercial considerations, environmental impact, regulatory framework, standardization usage, ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and migration strategy but also societal requirements and governmental edicts. European Technology Platform for the Electricity Networks of the Future The European Technology Platform (ETP) for the Electricity Networks of the Future (SmartGrids) is a European Commission initiative that aims at boosting the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of electricity networks, especially smart power grids. The ETP represents all European stakeholders. The establishment" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "* Big Boy as Fluisa aka Jabba \n Fearing Antoine will kill him, Deuce is forced to find a way to pay for the damage. Low-rent pimp T.J. Hicks offers to help Deuce make enough money to buy a new fish tank, and convinces Deuce to take over the absent Antoine's role as a gigolo. Deuce decides to make the clients feel better about themselves, since he only desires to have sex with beautiful women. \n Deuce Bigalow, an insecure fishtank cleaner (aquarist), is fired for cleaning the tank at a public aquarium in the nude. Deuce is unsuccessful in attracting women, so he attempts to keep himself busy at work. On a house call, he meets an Argentinean male prostitute Antoine Laconte. Antoine is going on a business trip, and so asks Deuce to care for his lionfish and protect his home while he is away. Deuce accidentally sets Antoine's kitchen on fire when trying to make a grilled cheese sandwich in the toaster, and breaks an expensive fish tank. \n Deuce meets unusual clients but he still manages to get along with them, despite there being no sex involved, by helping them with certain issues in their lives. The clients include Carol, a woman who is severely narcoleptic, Ruth, who has Tourette Syndrome with coprolalia, and therefore is afraid of socializing, Fluisa, an obese woman weighing close to 750 pounds, and Tina, another woman has a pituitary gland disorder and is extremely tall. Deuce's list of clients gradually increases, with each client being satisfied by much more fulfilling measures due to his evasion of sex with them. However, Deuce falls in love with one of his clients, Kate (Arija Bareikis), who has a prosthetic leg. She later breaks up with Deuce when she finds out that he was a prostitute hired by her friends. \n \| This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---\|---\n Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one-and-a-half out of four stars, stating \"It's the kind of picture those View n' Brew theaters were made for, as long as you don't View.\" Kendall Morgan from The Dallas Morning News writes in her review, \"Deuce Bigalow:Male Gigolo makes There's Something About Mary look like Masterpiece Theatre.\" \n * Rob Schneider as Deuce Bigalow \n * William Forsythe as Detective Charles \"Chuck\" Fowler \n * Eddie Griffin as Tiberius Jefferson \"T.J.\" Hicks \n * Arija Bareikis as Kate \n * Oded Fehr as Antoine Laconte \n * Gail O'Grady as Claire \n * Richard Riehle as Robert \"Bob\" Bigalow \n * Jacqueline Obradors as Elaine Fowler \n * Big Boy as Fluisa aka Jabba \n * Amy Poehler as Ruth \n * Torsten Voges as Tina \n * Bree Turner as Allison \n * Andrew Shaifer as Neil \n * Allen Covert as Vic \n * Norm MacDonald as bartender \n * Elle King as Cookie Girl \n * Adam Sandler (voice) as Offscreen passerby \n\n\n In 2005, a sequel, Deuce Bigalow:European Gigolo, was released by Columbia Pictures instead of Touchstone Pictures. \n Deuce Bigalow:Male Gigolo \n--- \nSoundtrack album by Various Artists \nReleased \| December 14, 1999 (1999-12-14) \nRecorded \| 1999 \nGenre \| Soundtrack \nLabel \| Hollywood Records \n 1. \"Call Me\"-Blondie \n 2. \"Spill the Wine\"-Eric Burdon and War \n 3. \"You Sexy Thing\"-Hot Chocolate \n 4. \"Get Down Tonight\"-KC and the Sunshine Band \n 5. \"Let's Get It On\"-Marvin Gaye \n 6. \"I'm Not in Love\"-10cc \n 7. \"Magnet and Steel\"-Walter Egan \n 8. \"No Worries\"-Hepcat \n 9. \"Can't Smile Without You\"-Sean Beal \n 10. \"Lift Me Up\"-Jeff Lynne \n 11. \"Call Me\"-Emilia Maiello \n\n\n Using the money he made, Deuce restores Antoine's fish tank, although due to time constraints he is warned that the glass may not be installed properly. Unfortunately, Kate's blind roommate accidentally kills the prize fish in Antoine's aquarium when she starts the mixer that the fish was being kept in. Deuce buys a replacement fish and returns to Antoine's house just in time. Antoine is suspicious, but can not figure out why. He taps the new aquarium and the glass shatters. Deuce then reveals his prostituting adventures to the bemused and furious Antoine. Enraged, Antoine tries to kill Deuce, and at one point shoots a crossbow bolt at him. The aforementioned overweight client, Fluisa, shows up, comes between the two men, and saves Deuce's life (she is not killed because the bolt hits her breasts, between which she has hidden a roast chicken). Antoine is then arrested by Detective Fowler, and Deuce marries Kate. The end sequences continues to follow the epilogue, Deuce's father becomes a male prostitute, Fluisa underwent extensive liposuction and is now working as a model in Victoria's Secret known as Naomi, Ruth opens up an all girls school for Tourette's, Carol manages to fulfill her dream trip to France, T.J. starts his own reality show dedicated to his experiences as a male prostitute and an incarcerated Antoine marries Tina. \n Deuce Bigalow:Male Gigolo is a 1999 American sex comedy film directed by Mike Mitchell at his feature debut, written by Harris Goldberg and Rob Schneider, and starring Schneider as a hapless fishtank cleaner who goes into business as a male prostitute in an attempt to earn enough money to repair damage he caused while house-sitting. It was the first film released by Happy Madison Productions. \n Released on December 10, 1999, the film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $92 million worldwide on a $17 million budget. A sequel, titled Deuce Bigalow:European Gigolo, was released in 2005. \n Deuce Bigalow:Male Gigolo opened theatrically on December 10, 1999 in 2,154 venues and earned $12,224,016 in its opening weekend, ranking third in the North American box office behind Toy Story 2's fourth weekend and fellow newcomer The Green Mile. The film ended its run, having grossed $65,538,755 in the United States and Canada, and $27,400,000 overseas for a worldwide total of $92,938,755.Based on a $17 million budget, the film was a box office success. \n \| This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2014) \n---\|---\n \| (hide) This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) \| \| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2014) \n---\|--- \n\| This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---\|--- \n(Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n Deuce Bigalow:Male Gigolo is the first film released by the Happy Madison Productions film production company. Adam Sandler served as the film's executive producer. Sandler also shouted the insults \"Freak!\" and other offscreen lines. \n Meanwhile, Deuce is being stalked by Detective Chuck Fowler, who demands Antoine's \"black book\" of clients and threatens to take Deuce to jail if he does not comply. Deuce eventually helps Fowler please his wife by stripping and erotically dancing for her, and the two make amends. Deuce is still taken into custody on prostitution charges, as Fowler needs someone to bring in and Deuce's own refusal to betray his newfound friend, T.J. (whom Fowler described as another person of interest aside Deuce due to his previous acquaintance with Antoine), by turning him in. At the hearing, it is revealed that Deuce never slept with any of the clients except for Kate. Since Deuce gave back the money to Kate and was not paid for sex with her, he is cleared of all charges. \n Deuce Bigalow:Male Gigolo \n--- \nTheatrical release poster \nDirected by \| Mike Mitchell \nProduced by \| \n\n * Barry Bernandi \n * Sid Ganis \n\n \nWritten by \| \n\n * Harris Goldberg \n * Rob Schneider \n\n \nStarring \|", "* Barry Bernandi \n * Sid Ganis \n\n \nWritten by \| \n\n * Harris Goldberg \n * Rob Schneider \n\n \nStarring \| \n\n * Rob Schneider \n * William Forsythe \n * Eddie Griffin \n * Arija Bareikis \n\n \nMusic by \| Teddy Castellucci \nCinematography \| Peter Lyons Collister \nEdited by \| \n\n * George Bowers \n * Lawrence Jordan \n\n \nProduction company \| \n\n * Touchstone Pictures \n * Happy Madison \n * Out of the Blue ... Entertainment \n\n \nDistributed by \| Buena Vista Pictures \nRelease date \| \n\n * December 10, 1999 (1999-12-10) \n * * * * \n \nRunning time \| 88 minutes \nCountry \| United States \nLanguage \| English \nBudget \| $17 million \nBox office \| $92.9 million \n The film received negative reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 26% score based on 75 reviews, with an average rating of 4/10. The site's consensus states:\"According to critics, Deuce Bigalow is just too dumb and filled with old, tired gags.\" Metacritic reports a 30 out of 100 rating based on 26 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\"." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "St. John's Church, Tallinn St. John's Church () is a large Lutheran parish church in Tallinn, Estonia. It is dedicated to Saint John the Evangelist, a disciple of Jesus Christ and author of the fourth Christian Gospel. Construction began in 1862, and the church was opened in 1867. From the time of the Reformation, Estonia's primary religious tradition has been Lutheranism, with a catholic polity, and episcopal government. The national church of Estonia is the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church, of which St John's is a parish church. The motivation for construction was the large size of the existing congregation at the neighbouring Holy Spirit parish church (sometimes translated 'Holy Ghost'), which by the mid-nineteenth century numbered more than 14,000 members. Fundraising began in 1851 to provide a new parish church in the expanding suburbs of the 'new' town of Tallinn, at the lower level below the ancient hill-top city settlement (the \"Toompea\"). From September 1862 local craftsmen worked on construction, and the church was consecrated on 17 December 1867. The church is built in the neo-Gothic style, with soaring lancet arches, and is a very large building, spanning three principal aisles, with a tall tower at the west end, topped with a decorative spire. There is a choir and chancel, a small semi-circular apse, and a large vestry. The church is built on the eastern edge of Freedom Square, Tallinn, and dominates the square, architecturally. The Master Mason and building supervisor was Carl Sensenberg, and the architect of the church was Christoph August Gabler (1820–1884), a native architect of the city. Plans to demolish the church were proposed in both the 1930s and the 1950s by architects and planners who felt its style jarred with the other buildings of Freedom Square; local opposition prevented the planned demolition in both cases. The church received many gifts at its consecration, including artworks, precious metals (chalices and alms dishes) and a bell. The church still attracts gifts of contemporary artworks, which include modern style embroidered church furnishings (altar frontals, superfrontals, and pulpit falls - unusually the pulpit wears two falls, as it has two pulpit lecterns, allowing the preacher to choose the appropriate direction to face when delivering his address), and contemporary stained glass. A modern stained glass window depiction of the Blessed Virgin Mary, located in the Lady Chapel, is matched by a window on the opposite side of the church depicting the church's patron saint, St John the Evangelist. The large altarpiece which dominates the east end of the church, depicting the Crucifixion, is by Professor Karl Gottlieb Wenig, a graduate of the St. Petersburg Academy of Fine Arts, the same training institution as the church's architect, Gabler. St. John's Church, Tallinn St. John's Church () is a large Lutheran parish church in Tallinn, Estonia. It is dedicated to Saint John the Evangelist, a disciple of Jesus Christ and author of the fourth Christian Gospel. Construction began in 1862, and the church was opened in 1867. From the time of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Roman Rota The Roman Rota, formally the Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota (), and anciently the Apostolic Court of Audience, is the highest appellate tribunal of the Catholic Church, with respect to both Latin-rite members and the Eastern-rite members and is, with respect to judicial trials conducted in the Catholic Church, the highest ecclesiastical court constituted by the Holy See. An appeal may be had to the Pope himself, who is the supreme ecclesiastical judge. The Catholic Church has a complete legal system, which is the oldest in the West still in use. The court is named \"Rota\" (wheel) because the judges, called \"auditors\", originally met in a round room to hear cases. The Rota was established in the 13th century. The Pope appoints the auditors of the Rota and designates one of them the dean. On Saturday, September 22, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI accepted the resignation as Dean, for reasons of age, of Bishop Antoni Stankiewicz, and appointed in his place Msgr. Pio Vito Pinto, until then serving as a prelate Auditor of the Court of first instance. The Rota issues its decrees and sentences in Latin. The Rota adjudicates cases in a panel (called a \"Turnus\") of three auditors, or more, depending on the complexity of the matter, assigned by the Dean of the Tribunal, though sometimes a larger number of auditors are assigned to a particular case. The auditors of the Rota are selected from among recognized ecclesiastical judges serving various dioceses around the world. The Rota's official records begin in 1171. Until the Risorgimento and the loss of the Papal States in 1870, the Rota was a civil tribunal and its judgements had the status of law in the Papal States. Until the 14th century the court was formally known as the \"Apostolic Court of Audience\". The first recorded use of the term \"Rota\", which referred to the wheel-shaped arrangement of the benches used by the court in the great hall at Avignon, is in Thomas Fastolf's \"Decisiones rotae\", consisting of reports on thirty-six cases heard at the Court of Audience in Avignon between December 1336 and February 1337. Its first usage in a papal bull is in 1418. It is also possible that the term \"Rota\" comes from the porphyry wheel that was centered in the marble floor of Avignon, or even from the wheel-like cases in which parchment roll records were kept. The Rota's main function is that of an appellate tribunal, ordinarily reviewing decisions of lower courts if the initial court (first instance) and the first appellate court (second instance) do not agree on the outcome of a case; however, any party to an initial decision before a court of the Latin Church (and also some Eastern Churches) has the right to file a second-instance appeal directly to the Rota. Dominating its caseload are petitions seeking the issuance of a decree of nullity of a marriage, although it has jurisdiction to hear any other type of judicial and non-administrative case in any area of canon law. The Rota serves as a tribunal of first instance (in Anglo-American common law what would be termed exclusive original jurisdiction) in certain cases such as any contentious case in which a Bishop of the Latin Church is a defendant. If the case can still be appealed after a Rotal decision, the appeal goes to a different turnus, or panel, of the Rota. The Rota is the highest appeals court for all judicial trials in the Catholic Church. A judgment of the Rota can, however with the greatest difficulty, be vacated by the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, which is the highest administrative court in the Catholic Church. However, the legal procedure or process used by the judges of the Rota, not the merits of the case, are on trial before the Signatura: the Signatura is only able to grant the petitioner a new trial to be held before a new \"turnus\" of the Rota, if the Rota was found to have erred in procedure (\"\"de procedendo\"\"). The Roman Rota proceedings are governed by a specific set of rules, the \"Normae Romanae Rotae Tribunalis\", promulgated in 1994 by Pope John Paul II. Only advocates who are registered in a specific list are allowed to represent the parties before the Tribunal. Since Pope Benedict XVI issued the \"motu proprio\" \"Quaerit semper\" the Rota has had exclusive competence to dispense from marriages \"ratum sed non consummatum\". The active auditors of the Rota, with their dates of appointment by the pope, are: Roman Rota The Roman Rota, formally the Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota (), and anciently the Apostolic Court of Audience, is the highest appellate tribunal of the Catholic Church, with respect to both Latin-rite members and the Eastern-rite members and is, with respect to judicial trials" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "James Balfour, Lord Pittendreich James Balfour, Lord Pittendreich (c. 1525–1583) was a Scottish legal writer, judge and politician. The son of Sir Michael Balfour of Montquhanny, he was educated for the legal branch of the Church of Scotland. Balfour was involved in the murder of Cardinal Beaton and the Siege of St Andrews Castle. In June 1547, following the capture of the castle by French forces he was condemned to be a galley-slave rowing galleys together with John Knox and others captured at St Andrews, Fife. He was released in 1549, denounced Protestantism, entered the service of Mary of Guise, and was rewarded with important legal appointments. He subsequently joined the Lords of the Congregation, a group of Protestant nobles who opposed the marriage of the young Mary, Queen of Scots, to the Dauphin of France (later to become Francois II of France), but betrayed their plans. After Mary's arrival in Scotland he became one of her secretaries, in 1565 being reported as her greatest favourite after David Rizzio. He obtained the parsonage of Flisk in Fife in 1561, was nominated an Extraordinary Lord of Session, and in 1563 one of the commissaries of the court which now took the place of the former ecclesiastical tribunal. In 1565 he was made a privy councillor, and in 1566 Lord Clerk Register, and was knighted. According to Mary his murder was planned together with Rizzio's in 1566. An adherent of Bothwell, he was deeply implicated in Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley's murder, though not present at the commission of the crime. By his means Darnley was lodged at Kirk o' Field, his brothers' house. He was supposed to have drawn up the bond at Craigmillar Castle for the murder; he signed it, was made under Bothwell deputy-governor of Edinburgh Castle, and is said to have drawn up the marriage-contract between Bothwell and Mary. When, however, the fall of Bothwell was seen to be impending he rapidly changed sides and surrendered the castle to James Stewart, Earl of Moray, stipulating for his pardon for Darnley's murder, the retention of the priory of Pittenweem, and pecuniary rewards. He was appointed Lord President of the Court of Session on resigning the office of Lord Clerk Register. He was present at the battle of Langside, and was accused of having advised Mary to leave Dunbar Castle to her ruin, and of having betrayed to her enemies the Casket Letters. The same year, however, in consequence of renewed intrigues with Mary's faction, he was dismissed, and next year was imprisoned on the charge of complicity in Darnley's murder. He escaped by means of bribery, which he is said to have paid by intercepting money sent from France for Mary's aid. In August 1571, during the regency of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, an act of forfeiture was passed against him, but next year he was again playing traitor and revealed the secrets of his party to James, Douglas, Earl of Morton. He obtained a pardon from Morton in 1573 and negotiated the pacification of Perth the same year. Distrusted by all parties, he fled to France, where he seems to have remained till 1580. In 1579 his forfeiture was renewed by act of parliament. In January 1580 he wrote to Mary offering her his services, and in June made a similar offer to Queen Elizabeth I of England, in which he criticised the influence of the Jesuits, and proposed to make a journey to Dieppe to attend Protestant services. On 27 December the same year he returned to Scotland and effected the downfall and execution of Morton by producing a bond, probably that in defence of Bothwell and to promote his marriage with Mary, and giving evidence of the latter's knowledge of Bothwell's intention to murder Darnley. In July 1581 his cause was reheard; he was acquitted of murder by assize, and shortly afterwards in 1581 or 1582 he was restored to his estates and received at court. His career ended shortly before 24 January 1584. He was the greatest lawyer of his day, and part-author at least of Balfour's \"Practicks\", the earliest textbook of Scottish law, not published, however, till 1754. He wrote a major work on Scots law, called \"Practicks\". This was completed about 1579 and was widely circulated in manuscript copies. It was published in 1754, and republished in 1962: Peter G B McNeil (ed), \"The Practicks of Sir James Balfour of Pittendreich\" (1962, Stair Society). He married Margaret, daughter and heir of Michael Balfour of Burleigh, by whom, besides three daughters, he had six sons, the eldest of whom, Sir Michael Balfour, was created Lord Balfour of Burleigh in 1607. His second son, Sir James Balfour, was created Baron Balfour of Clonawley in 1619. James Balfour, Lord Pittendreich James Balfour, Lord Pittendreich (c." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jack Townend Jack Townend (1918-2005) was a British illustrator and graphic artist. He was best known for his lithographic children's books, his contemporaries include Jan Lewitt, George Him, Hans Tisdall and Barnett Freedman. Jack Townend was born on March 30, 1918 in Bingley, Yorkshire. He attended the local grammar school, obtaining a school certificate, and in 1936 enrolled in the Bradford College of Arts and Crafts, graduating in 1938. At 20, Townend moved first to Hampstead, London, and then to Watford. He studied at the Slade School of Art – under the direction of Randolph Schwabe. With the outbreak of war, Schwabe oversaw the evacuation of the Slade to the Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art, University of Oxford. He collaborated with his friend Albert Rutherston, the Ruskin Master of Drawing, to combine the two schools for the duration of the war... Townend moved to Oxford in 1940 for the final year of his diploma, living at 70 Walton Street and remaining in the city for the next 50 years. Among his Slade contemporaries were landscape painter Kyffin Williams, Picasso scholar John Richardson, interior designer and antiques dealer Geoffrey Bennison, and artist Milein Cosman. Townend graduated with a Diploma in Fine Art in June 1941, and won two first prize awards of £3 for engraving and lithography, possibly while studying under illustrator Harold Jones. During the war, Townend wrote and illustrated books for the London publishing house Faber and Faber. The first, \"A Railway ABC\", was released in 1942 and was printed at Gilmour & Dean in Glasgow. It was later published in the U.S.A. by Franklin Watts as \"Railroad ABC\", with different colour illustrations by Denison Budd In 1944, Townend published two more books with Faber and Faber: \"Jenny the Jeep\" a tale of a bullied, pink army jeep who saves the day and becomes a war hero; \"Ben\" a love story about a hardworking lonely steam roller who falls for Matilda, another steam roller. In 1945, \"A Story about Ducks\" was released; a group of ducks go on a series of adventures only to realise there is no place like home. These three books were published lithographically at the Baynard Press in London, during a period of ink and paper rationing. Around this time the press was also printing books by artists such as Enid Marx and Leslie Wood. In 1947, Townend produced one of his most celebrated books: \"The Clothes We Wear\", number 64 in the Puffin Picture Book series. It was described by Joe Pearson in \"Drawn Direct to Plate\" (2010) as being “the only title…to offer a modernist cover…one of the most striking of the series with Freedmanesque lettering.” This was also printed at the Baynard Press. Through the 1950s and 1960s, it is believed that Townend only illustrated a handful of books: Charles Dickens’ \"David Copperfield\" for Oxford University Press, Eric Baxter’s \"The Study Book of Water Supply for the Bodley Head\", Evan Owen’s \"What Happened Today: An Almanack of History\", and in 1971, Alan James’ book \"Buses and Coaches\". His children’s books form part of the Renier Collection of Children’s Literature in the Victoria and Albert Museum’s National Art Library, which includes over 100,000 children’s books. Previously out of print, \"A Railway ABC\", \"Jenny the Jeep\", \"Ben\" and \"A Story about Ducks\" were reprinted by V&A Publishing, London, in 2014 and 2015. Very little is known about Townend’s war work, although his Oxford Slade records show that he was an Acting Pilot Officer on probation. It is unknown how long this lasted, nor why the post seems to have finished before the war ended. Townend’s name is included, however, on the Slade-Ruskin’s assistant staff list for the academic year 1942–43, and in 1944–45, he stayed on as a wood-engraving tutor. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1946. This honour is granted to those who have demonstrated significant achievements in the arts. In 1949–51, he was employed by the Ruskin School of Art to teach lithography composition, design and wood-engraving. He tutored, among others, author and illustrator Shirley Hughes. In \"A Life Drawing: Recollections of an Illustrator\" (2002), Hughes recalls a lithography class taught one day a week by Townend. A “dapper, bearded and bow-tied figure with a high falsetto voice…[He was] a strict, critical and humorous teacher. He took the work we did seriously and he taught me a lot.” She credits Townend as being responsible for her career in book illustration Between 1952 and 1961 Townend taught graphic design, lithography and printmaking at the Ruskin, where Enid Marx is also listed as a teacher for the 1952–53 academic year. During the 1950s and 1960s, he taught at the New College and Greycotes schools, and later acted as an art advisor for the Oxford City Council. In the 1990s, Townend left Oxford and returned to his hometown, Bingley. He settled in a house just around the corner from where he was raised. He died on 15 May 2005, soon after his 87th birthday. Jack Townend Jack Townend (1918-2005) was a British illustrator and graphic artist. He was best known for his lithographic children's books, his contemporaries include Jan Lewitt, George Him, Hans Tisdall and Barnett Freedman. Jack Townend was born on March 30, 1918 in Bingley, Yorkshire. He attended the local grammar school, obtaining a school certificate, and in 1936 enrolled in the Bradford College of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mark Esho Mark Abayomi Esho (born 17 August 1962) is a British entrepreneur. He is the founder and co-owner of both Easy Internet Services Ltd and Easy Internet Solutions Lt. Esho was born in Leicestershire in 1962. At the age of five, he contracted polio, leaving him paralysed from the neck down. He was originally given a 10% chance of survival, but was eventually able to regain limited mobility. Esho moved to Nigeria at the age of eight to start mainstream school, before returning to Leicester at 18. He later completed an MBA at De Montfort University. Esho worked for seven years in Leicester as a Service Manager for Mosaic, a local charity. Due to chronic fatigue caused by his childhood polio, he decided to start his own business instead of continuing a nine-to-five job. Esho started Houses-Online in 1999, a property listing website. The project ended shortly afterwards, and Esho started a second business in 2000 under the name Rank4U. At the time it was one of only four search engine optimisation companies in the UK, and serviced clients including The Guardian and The Co-operative Group. In the following years, Esho developed two companies simultaneously: Easy Internet Services (search engine optimisation, now under the name 123 Ranking) and Easy Internet Solutions (later Free Virtual Servers, later FVS Hosting). Both businesses were early adopters of employing remote workers, and Esho has been a vocal supporter of remote monitoring software for employees. Esho was the winner of first ever National Diversity Award for Business Excellence in September 2012. Easy Internet went on to sponsor the National Diversity Awards in Leeds the following year. In October 2012, he presented the Young Person Award at the 11th African and African Caribbean Achievement Awards. In February 2013, Esho was interviewed on BBC Radio Leicester about his own story and government support for disabled jobseekers. In July 2013, Esho met with Prime Minister David Cameron and featured as a case study as part of the government's Disability Confident programme. Esho's continued support for disabled employees and jobseekers in the UK has also been cited by the government's Great Business initiative and the Minister of State for Disabled People at the time, Mike Penning. In November 2013, Esho was part of the judging panel for the Leicester Mercury's \"Leicestershire's Young Business Executive of the Year Award\". In 2016, Easy Internet Solutions became a patron of the Leicestershire Law Society. Later the same year, Esho was nominated at the Institute of Directors East Midlands Director of the Year Awards, which took place on 30 June 2016. He was awarded a Highly Commended certificate in the category of \"Director of the Year SME – Small\". In 2018, Mark's first book, 'I Can. I Will.' was published by Rethink Press. The book describes how he contracted polio at the age of five and the effect it had on his life. It discusses the difficulties he experienced in accessing education and the abuse he suffered at the hands of his father, before eventually becoming a successful businessman. Esho covers topics such as racial discrimination and disability and ends each chapter with a reflection on his struggles and lessons he has learned. The Leicester book launch took place on Thursday 27 September 2018 at the Queen Victoria Arts Club in the city's cultural quarter. It was attended by local business representatives, Rotarians and friends and family. This was followed by a London launch hosted at Rotary HQ and attended by the Rotary polio ambassador Konnie Huq. Esho is a keen player and supporter of wheelchair sports teams. His company Easy Internet Services has sponsored The Leicester Cobras, a local wheelchair basketball club and charity, for a number of years. Esho has also participated in several wheelchair tennis tournaments. He was involved in the first ever Loughborough Wheelchair Tennis Open at Loughborough University in 2014, and the first Grantham Tennis Club wheelchair tournament in August 2015. Mark Esho Mark Abayomi Esho (born 17 August 1962) is a British entrepreneur. He is the founder and co-owner of both Easy Internet Services Ltd and Easy Internet Solutions Lt. Esho was born in Leicestershire in 1962. At the age of five, he contracted polio, leaving" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Football Mania Football Mania (known as Soccer Mania outside Europe) is a Lego-themed sports game released on 18 June 2002 for the PlayStation 2, PC and Game Boy Advance. It was developed by Silicon Dreams and published by Electronic Arts and Lego Interactive, and was the first Lego game to be co-published by Electronic Arts, as well as the first to lack the \"Lego\" branding in the name. The game features a simplified version of association football, with six players per side and no offsides, throw-ins, or fouls. There are many different maps for the game all with music and sounds. Teams and stadia within the game are based upon existing LEGO themes. Power-ups, such as speed boosts and shields, spawn randomly on the pitch during play. The game features a number of modes, such as quick match, exhibition, a knock-out tournament, and training, which doubles as a series of minigames. \"Football Mania\" received mixed to negative reviews, with critics singling out the lack of depth to the game as its main flaw. It holds an aggregate score on GameRankings of 58% for the PlayStation 2, 51% for the PC, and 49% for the Game Boy Advance. Football Mania Football" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Instant Armadillo Blues Instant Armadillo Blues is a two-CD compilation album by the country rock band the New Riders of the Purple Sage. Subtitled \"Best of 1971 – 1975\", it contains songs selected from the first seven New Riders albums. It was released in Australia on the Raven Records label on November 21, 2011. The songs on \"Instant Armadillo Blues\" were excerpted from \"New Riders of the Purple Sage\" (1971), \"Powerglide\" (1972), \"Gypsy Cowboy\" (1972), \"The Adventures of Panama Red\" (1973), \"Home, Home on the Road\" (1974), \"Brujo\" (1974), and \"Oh, What a Mighty Time\" (1975). Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead plays pedal steel guitar on the first nine tracks of the album. Guest musicians who contribute to individual songs include Mickey Hart, Bill Kreutzmann, Donna Jean Godchaux, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Commander Cody, Nicky Hopkins, and Sly Stone. The photo on the front cover of the album is from approximately 1975, and depicts, from left to right, David Nelson, John Dawson, Skip Battin, Buddy Cage, and Spencer Dryden. On Allmusic, Thom Jurek wrote, \"Australia's excellent Raven reissue label offers a definitive double-disc anthology of the New Riders of the Purple Sage's tenure with Columbia Records... The sound on this collection is completely remastered and the set contains an excellent liner essay by Raven's own Glenn A. Baker. \"Instant Armadillo Blues\" trumps the original Columbia best-of collection, as it goes far deeper, and is right to have left off the material they later recorded for MCA and A&M, which was wildly inconsistent. This collection is the standard-bearer of essential material by this often overlooked but excellent country-rock band.\" \"Record Collector\" magazine said, \"This two-disc set collates all of their better moments. The New Riders made eight albums in the early 70s, and the compilers haven't missed any tricks by including bassist Dave Torbert's \"Groupie\" or the dope anthem \"Panama Red\" — lent a real swing time thrust thanks to Norbert Putnam at the controls. The quality drops off when gaze turns to the so-so \"Gypsy Cowboy\" album and the Bob Johnston-produced \"Oh, What a Mighty Time\" (a cover of Bob Dylan's \"Farewell, Angelina\" aside). Still, Sage lovers can find plenty here to back the view that Dawson and Nelson's troupe once gave the Flying Burrito Brothers and Poco a run for their money.\" From \"New Riders of the Purple Sage\": From \"Powerglide\": From \"Gypsy Cowboy\": From \"Gypsy Cowboy\": From \"The Adventures of Panama Red\": From \"Home, Home on the Road\": From \"Brujo\": From \"Oh, What a Mighty Time\": Instant Armadillo Blues Instant Armadillo Blues is a two-CD compilation album by the country rock band the New Riders of the Purple Sage. Subtitled \"Best of 1971 – 1975\", it contains songs selected from the first seven New Riders albums. It was released in Australia on the Raven Records label on November 21, 2011. The songs on \"Instant Armadillo Blues\" were excerpted from \"New Riders of the Purple Sage\" (1971), \"Powerglide\" (1972), \"Gypsy Cowboy\" (1972), \"The Adventures of Panama Red\" (1973), \"Home, Home" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Blue Ice (film) Blue Ice is a 1992 film directed by Russell Mulcahy that stars Michael Caine and Sean Young. It is a crime thriller involving a former spy (Caine), who is a jazz-club owner, who becomes immersed again in the world of espionage and counter-intelligence. The band in Harry's club is portrayed by a number of accomplished musicians, including Rolling Stones drummer Charlie Watts According to the credits, the character of \"Harry Anders\" is based on the Ted Allbeury character \"Tad Anders.\" The character was featured in Allbeury's novels \"Snowball\", \"Palomino Blonde\" and \"The Judas Factor.\" In the books he is described as being of Polish-British descent; in the movie he is portrayed as English. The name also refers to \"Harry Palmer\", a British spy whom Caine portrayed in a well-known series of films. Blue Ice (film) Blue Ice is a 1992 film directed by Russell Mulcahy that stars Michael Caine and Sean Young. It is a crime thriller involving a former spy (Caine), who is a jazz-club owner, who becomes immersed again in the world of espionage and counter-intelligence. The band in Harry's club is portrayed by a number of accomplished musicians, including Rolling Stones drummer Charlie Watts" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Blythswood House Blythswood House was a neoclassical mansion at Renfrew, Scotland. It was designed in 1821, by the eminent architect James Gillespie Graham for Archibald Campbell, the Member of Parliament for the Glasgow District of Burghs. On his death in 1838 it passed to his second cousin Archibald Douglas of Mains, who adopted the name of Campbell. The house contained a well-known laboratory that was used from 1892 to 1905 to experiment into many areas at the borders of physics, including the use of cathode rays, X-rays, spectroscopy and radioactivity. The house remained the seat of the Lords Blythswood until its demolition in 1935. Five years later the family title became extinct. Blythswood House Blythswood House was a neoclassical mansion at Renfrew, Scotland. It was designed in 1821, by the eminent architect James Gillespie Graham for Archibald Campbell, the Member of Parliament for the Glasgow District of Burghs. On his death in 1838 it passed to his second cousin Archibald Douglas of Mains, who adopted the name of Campbell. The house contained a well-known laboratory that was used from 1892 to 1905 to experiment into many areas at the borders of physics, including the use of cathode rays, X-rays, spectroscopy" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Evolution of Human Sexuality The Evolution of Human Sexuality is a 1979 book about human sexuality by the anthropologist Donald Symons, in which the author discusses topics such as human sexual anatomy, ovulation, orgasm, homosexuality, sexual promiscuity, and rape, attempting to show how evolutionary concepts can be applied to humans. Symons argues that the female orgasm is not an adaptive trait and that women have the capacity for it only because orgasm is adaptive for men, and that differences between the sexual behavior of male and female homosexuals help to show underlying differences between male and female sexuality. In his view, homosexual men tend to be sexually promiscuous because of the tendency of men in general to desire sex with a large number of partners, a tendency that in heterosexual men is usually restrained by women's typical lack of interest in promiscuous sex. Symons also argues that rape can be explained in evolutionary terms and feminist claims that it is not sexually motivated are incorrect. The book received several positive reviews, as well as some criticism: it was described as the most important work on human sociobiology to date, but also dismissed as an impoverished work. It has been seen as a classic work on human sexual evolution and used as a textbook, though critics have questioned Symons's explanation of the female orgasm and his suggestion that eliminating rape \"might well entail a cure worse than the disease\". The work influenced the biologist Randy Thornhill and the anthropologist Craig T. Palmer's \"A Natural History of Rape\" (2000). Symons's arguments about homosexuality have received both criticism and support from commentators, and he has been both accused of supporting genetic determinism and defended against the charge. According to Symons, the ideas that he developed in \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" were partly inspired by a conversation he had with the ethologist Richard Dawkins in 1968. Symons, who had concluded that \"men tend to want a variety of sexual partners and women tend not to because this desire always was adaptive for ancestral males and never was adaptive for ancestral females\", found that Dawkins had independently reached the same conclusion. Symons presented an early draft of his book during a 1974 seminar on primate and human sexuality he co-taught with the anthropologist Donald Brown. Symons argued in the draft that there are universal human sex differences. Brown assisted Symons in writing \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\". Symons argues that women and men have different sexual natures, apparent in their typical \"sexual behaviors, attitudes, and feelings\", but partially concealed by moral injunctions and the compromises inherent in relations between the sexes. He attributes these differences to human evolutionary history, writing that during its hunting and gathering phase, the sexual desires and dispositions that were adaptive for men obstructed reproduction for women, while those that were adaptive for women obstructed reproduction for men. He writes that his discussion of sex differences in sexuality is not intended to affect social policy. He discusses evolutionary concepts and the difficulties involved in applying them to humans, the capacity for orgasm, the loss of human estrus, sexual selection and its components intrasexual competition and sexual choice, the desire for sexual variety, and the development of human ovulation. He argues that among all peoples, sex is typically understood to be a service that females render to males. In the introduction, Symons argues that modern understandings of \"natural selection\" and \"fitness\" are value free, the latter term measuring reproductive success rather than referring to human value judgments, that is necessary to distinguish between proximate and ultimate explanations of animal behavior, the former being concerned with how animals come to develop behavior patterns, and the latter with why they develop these patterns, that while a feature of structure or behavior may benefit an animal, only features that result from natural selection should be considered functions, that the persistence of the nature-nurture controversy is partly the result of failing to distinguish between proximate and ultimate causation, that learning abilities are more often concerned with specific problems than they are the expression of general capacities, and that the secondary sex differences that exist in animals of most species are the consequences the different reproductive behaviors of males and females. According to Symons, while orgasm in the human female has been proposed to be an adaptation resulting from selective forces, the available evidence, which shows that the female orgasm is far from being a universal result of heterosexual intercourse and that its frequency varies greatly between cultures and between individuals, does not support that conclusion. Symons suggested that the female orgasm may be possible for female mammals because it is adaptive for males. He notes that in most mammalian species the only known function of the clitoris is to generate sensation during copulation, but saw no evidence that \"the female genitals of any mammalian species have been designed by natural selection for efficiency in orgasm production.\" He criticizes Elizabeth Sherfey's view that the female orgasm is an adaptation, writing that her arguments are not supported by ethnographic or biological evidence. Symons proposes that male human ancestors lost the ability to detect ovulation in females by smell because females gained a reproductive advantage by concealing ovulation, and that estrus ceased to exist in humans at the same time. Observing that estrous female chimpanzees are more successful than nonestrous females in obtaining meat from males, Symons suggests that when hunting became a dominant male economic activity during human evolution, the benefits to females of receiving meat may have outweighed the costs to them of constant sexual activity, leading to women making sexual overtures to men in order to obtain meat. In his discussion of \"the desire for sexual variety\", Symons reviews literature on the \"Coolidge effect\", the \"phenomenon of male rearousal by a new female\". Discussing rape, Symons suggests that because males can \"potentially sire offspring at almost no cost ... selection favors male attempts to copulate with fertile females whenever this potential can be realized.\" He criticizes the feminist Susan Brownmiller's argument in \"Against Our Will\" (1975) that rape is not sexually motivated, writing that she inadequately documents her thesis and that all of the reasons that she and other authors have given for concluding that rapists are not motivated by sexual desire are open to criticism. Symons writes that Brownmiller's claim that the function of rape is to keep all women in a state of fear has been \"vigorously contested\", and that it is also an example of a naïve form of functionalism, which is unacceptable since no process that might generate such \"functions\" has been shown to exist. Symons argues that socialization towards a \"more humane sexuality\" requires the inhibition of impulses that are part of human nature because they have proved adaptive over millions of years, and concluded that while under the right rearing conditions, \"males could be produced who would want only the kinds of sexual interactions that women want\" this \"might well entail a cure worse than the disease.\" He considers the major contribution of feminist investigations of rape to be to document the perspective of its victims, showing, for example, that they do not want to be raped. Symons considers two different kinds of evidence especially important in supporting his claim that there are typical differences between the sexual desires and dispositions of men and women: hormone studies and the behavior of male and female homosexuals. Because homosexuals do not have to", "the inhibition of impulses that are part of human nature because they have proved adaptive over millions of years, and concluded that while under the right rearing conditions, \"males could be produced who would want only the kinds of sexual interactions that women want\" this \"might well entail a cure worse than the disease.\" He considers the major contribution of feminist investigations of rape to be to document the perspective of its victims, showing, for example, that they do not want to be raped. Symons considers two different kinds of evidence especially important in supporting his claim that there are typical differences between the sexual desires and dispositions of men and women: hormone studies and the behavior of male and female homosexuals. Because homosexuals do not have to \"compromise sexually with members of the opposite sex\" their sex lives \"should provide dramatic insight into male sexuality and female sexuality in their undiluted states.\" According to Symons, fundamental differences between men and women are apparent from the fact that, while there is a substantial industry producing pornography for male homosexuals, no pornography is produced for lesbians, and that lesbians, as compared to male homosexuals, have much greater interest in forming stable and monogamous relationships and having sex with loving partners. He argues that the similarities between heterosexual and lesbian relationships, and the differences between both and the relations of male homosexuals, show that \"the sexual proclivities of homosexual males are very rarely manifested in behavior.\" He proposes that heterosexual men would be as promiscuous as homosexual men tend to be if most women were interested in engaging in promiscuous heterosexual sex, and that it is women's lack of interest that prevents this. He considers, but rejects, alternative explanations for the differences between male homosexual and lesbian behavior, such as the effects of socialization, finding them unsupported. He concludes that while the \"existence of large numbers of exclusive homosexuals in contemporary Western societies attests to the importance of social experience in determining the objects that humans sexually desire\", the fact that male homosexual behavior in some ways resembles an exaggerated version of male heterosexual behavior, and lesbian behavior in some ways resembles an exaggerated version of female heterosexual behavior, indicates that other aspects of human sexuality are not affected by social influences to the same extent. \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" was first published in hardcover by Oxford University Press in 1979, with a paperback edition following in 1981. \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" received a negative review from the anthropologist Clifford Geertz in \"The New York Review of Books\". Subsequent discussions include those by the anthropologist Craig Stanford in \"American Scientist\" and the evolutionary psychologist Nigel Barber in \"Psychology Today\". Geertz wrote that \"virtually none\" of Symons's claims are based on research Symons conducted himself, and that Symons \"made no direct inquiries into human sexuality\", instead basing himself on anthropological reports and other material, resulting in a book that is \"a pastiche more than a study\". He accused Symons of supporting his views through selective use of evidence, such as an \"extremely brief and fragmentary\" review of the effects of hormones on human sexuality. He considered Symons's characterizations of male and female homosexuals to be on the level of national or ethnic stereotypes, and found it questionable whether Symons's observations support his claims about differences between male and female sexuality. He questioned whether Symons was correct to believe it possible to determine what natures and dispositions men and women have prior to the influence of human culture, and criticized Symons for viewing human sexuality as a biological fact with cultural implications rather than a cultural activity sustaining a biological process. He disagreed with the favorable views of \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" expressed by the biologists E. O. Wilson and George C. Williams, and the then president of the American Anthropological Association, calling the work impoverished. He wrote that if the book was the most important work on human sociobiology to date, this was unfortunate. Stanford described the book as \"an early think piece rather than a thorough review of actual behavior.\" He noted that the biologist Randy Thornhill and the anthropologist Craig T. Palmer cited \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" extensively in their work \"A Natural History of Rape\" (2000), but criticized them for relying on Symons as an \"authority on human mating\". Barber, writing in 2011, described \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" as the \"classic rejoinder\" to Brownmiller's argument that rape is not sexually motivated, and credited Symons with a \"resounding defeat of Brownmiller\". However, he wrote that since it was published, date rape has emerged as the most common type of sexual assault and that \"College men do not fit the profile of rapists drawn by Symons because they have high social status rather than being underprivileged.\" \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" received positive reviews from the anthropologist Sarah Blaffer Hrdy in \"The Quarterly Review of Biology\" and the psychologists Martin Daly and Margo Wilson in \"The Sciences\" and a mixed review from Elmer S. Miller in \"Social Science Quarterly\". The book was also reviewed by J. Shapiro in \"Science\". Subsequent discussions include those by Lisa Sanchez in \"Gender Issues\". Hrdy credited Symons with being one of the first to apply evolutionary theory to human sexuality and described his work as \"an insightful, theoretically sophisticated, and delightfully literate examination of the sexual emotions of men and women\" and \"the best available study of human sexual emotions.\" She predicted that many social scientists, but few few zoologists, would disagree with Symons's conclusion that there are innate psychological differences between men and women. She found Symons's review of biological literature on the \"Coolidge effect\", and the sociobiological literature on adultery, valuable, and although she found his \"extrapolating from the Coolidge effect to human philandering\" open to question, considered his discussion of the relationship between nature and culture more sophisticated than that of most sociobiologists. She credited Symons with usefully drawing on both traditional anthropology and sociobiology. She found his treatment of female sexuality both more original and more controversial than his treatment of male sexuality, and argued against his view that many aspects of female sexuality, such as the female orgasm, were only accidental by-products of evolution. Daly and Wilson wrote that Symons brought an \"even-handed, critical intelligence\" to the discussion of the evolutionary basis of sex differences, and that he was willing to criticize the writings of sociobiologists where appropriate. However, they found Symons's discussion of the evolution of concealment of ovulation in humans less useful than that of several other authors, including Hrdy, and concluded that Symons was not fully successful in establishing criteria to determine whether a given feature of an animal is an adaptation. They observed that though \"seemingly bizarre\", Symons's argument that the sexual behavior of homosexuals helps to test hypotheses about sex differences in sexuality is logical. Miller described the book as well-written and fascinating, but argued that Symons, with his focus on reproductive success, did not fully answer questions about \"the relevance of nonhuman animal studies for an understanding of human social life.\" He pointed to infanticide as an example of a phenomenon that was difficult to explain in terms of reproductive success arguments, especially since \"killing is generally", "less useful than that of several other authors, including Hrdy, and concluded that Symons was not fully successful in establishing criteria to determine whether a given feature of an animal is an adaptation. They observed that though \"seemingly bizarre\", Symons's argument that the sexual behavior of homosexuals helps to test hypotheses about sex differences in sexuality is logical. Miller described the book as well-written and fascinating, but argued that Symons, with his focus on reproductive success, did not fully answer questions about \"the relevance of nonhuman animal studies for an understanding of human social life.\" He pointed to infanticide as an example of a phenomenon that was difficult to explain in terms of reproductive success arguments, especially since \"killing is generally performed by the mother.\" He also argued that \"the epistemological foundation of research that assigns culture the status of epiphenomena\" was open to debate, and that Symons limited the value of his contributions by ignoring the \"question of cultural significance\". Sanchez noted that Symons's view that rape is not an adaptation has been questioned by Thornhill and Palmer. However, she considered Symons correct to caution that the available data are insufficient to support the conclusion that rape is an adaptation. The socialist feminist Lynne Segal, writing in \"Psychology, Evolution & Gender\", argued that Symons mistakenly believed that women, by being \"continuously copulable\", cause men to desire to engage in promiscuous sexual relations with women. She saw Symons's endorsement of the \"genetic determinism\" of the biologist Randy Thornhill and the anthropologist Craig T. Palmer's \"A Natural History of Rape\" (2000) as following from the views he expressed in \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\". Palmer and Thornhill, writing in the \"Journal of Sex Research\", noted that while Symons stated that did not \"believe that available data are even close to sufficient to warrant the conclusion\" that rape is a \"facultative adaptation in the human male\" and therefore concluded instead that rape is \"a by-product of various different sexual adaptations in men and women\", he failed to specify exactly how the available data were insufficient to support the conclusion that rape is a facultative adaptation or what kind of data might potentially demonstrate that rape is a facultative adaptation. They added that given Symons's failure to explain the shortcomings of the available data or explain how it could be improved upon, it was understandable that the question of whether rape is an adaptation was more thoroughly investigated by other researchers, including Thornhill himself. Jocelyn Bosley, writing in \"Signs\" in 2010, described \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" as an influential work, but criticized Symons for accepting at face value the idea that men are \"more motivated than women to seek sex.\" Bosley wrote that Symons argued that female orgasm is a byproduct of the existence of the male orgasm through an \"infamous and widely cited\" comparison of the female orgasm to male nipples. She questioned the idea that Symons's willingness to separate \"female orgasm from female reproductive fitness\" has feminist implications, writing that while Symons \"lent scientific support to some feminists' claims for a primordial similarity between male and female sexuality\", other feminists found his account of female orgasm \"socially and politically regrettable\". She concluded that Symons \"thoroughly undercut the position of feminists who maintained that true sexual equality would be achieved only when peculiarly female sexual experiences were recognized and galvanized as the basis for a new, egalitarian sexuality.\" David Puts, Khytam Dawood, and Lisa Welling, writing in the \"Archives of Sexual Behavior\", argued that while Symons's proposal that the human female orgasm is a non-functional byproduct of orgasm in men is plausible, it is a hypothesis that \"currently lacks empirical support\", that there is some counter evidence, and that the issue remains unresolved. Dean Lee argued in \"Biology and Philosophy\" that Symons's account of the female orgasm has been misinterpreted in the scholarly literature. According to Lee, while Symons's case that the female orgasm is not an adaptation attracted controversy, little attention was given to the alternative explanation of the female orgasm Symons provided. He described this alternative explanation as \"obscure, complicated, and frankly speculative\". He maintained that Symons did not, as has been assumed, offer the same explanation of the female orgasm as that later put forward by the evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould, according to which the female orgasm is possible because of the clitoris, which is a byproduct of the embryological connection with the male penis. He identified Symons's alternative argument as being contained in the sentence in which Symons wrote that, \"The female orgasm may be a byproduct of mammalian bisexual potential: orgasm may be possible for female mammals because it is adaptive for males.\" He interpreted Symons as maintaining that orgasm is a typically male trait based on a mechanism in the brain that exists in individuals of both sexes: a woman who experiences an orgasm during heterosexual intercourse is exhibiting bisexual behavior because her mating response to a male is female behavior and her orgasm is a male behavior. He questioned whether Symons actually intended to make an analogy between the existence of the female orgasm and that of the male nipple, writing that Symons's comments on the issue had been taken out of context. Brian Easlea argued against Symons that desire for anonymous sex is actually typical only of sexist men and is not characteristic of men in general in \"Science and Sexual Oppression\" (1981). He rejected Symons's view that socializing men to \"want only the kinds of sexual interactions that women want...might well entail a cure worse than the disease\". The feminist Susan Griffin considered Symons's view that the female orgasm is only a byproduct of selection for the male orgasm an example of the ideology of the \"pornographic mind\", which conceives of female sexuality as \"an empty space which craves male presence, and which cannot exist without the male\", in \"Pornography and Silence\" (1981). Hrdy argued in \"The Woman That Never Evolved\" (1981) that for Symons, \"women have sexual feelings for much the same reason that men have nipples: nature makes the two sexes as variations on the same basic model\", a view of female sexuality she considered reminiscent of Aristotle and 19th century Victorianism. The biologists Richard Lewontin and Steven Rose, and the psychologist Leon Kamin observed in \"Not in Our Genes\" (1984) that, like some other sociobiologists, Symons maintains that \"the manifest trait is not itself coded by genes, but that a potential is coded and the trait only arises when the appropriate environmental cue is given.\" In their view, \"Despite its superficial appearance of dependence on environment, this model is completely genetically determined, independent of the environment.\" They concluded that Symons's arguments provide examples \"of how sociobiological theory can explain anything, no matter how contradictory, by a little mental gymnastics\". The biologist Anne Fausto-Sterling observed in \"Myths of Gender\" (1985) that while Symons believes that rape should be eliminated, he also states that the rearing conditions needed to eliminate rape \"might well entail a cure worse than the disease.\" Of that statement, she commented, \"Worse for whom, one might wonder.\" Daniel Rancour-Laferriere described \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" as an \"important treatise\" in \"Signs of the Flesh\" (1985). However, he argued that the evidence Symons cites about animal behavior actually suggests that the female orgasm is adaptive. The sociologist Jeffrey Weeks criticized Symons's view that differences between male", "provide examples \"of how sociobiological theory can explain anything, no matter how contradictory, by a little mental gymnastics\". The biologist Anne Fausto-Sterling observed in \"Myths of Gender\" (1985) that while Symons believes that rape should be eliminated, he also states that the rearing conditions needed to eliminate rape \"might well entail a cure worse than the disease.\" Of that statement, she commented, \"Worse for whom, one might wonder.\" Daniel Rancour-Laferriere described \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" as an \"important treatise\" in \"Signs of the Flesh\" (1985). However, he argued that the evidence Symons cites about animal behavior actually suggests that the female orgasm is adaptive. The sociologist Jeffrey Weeks criticized Symons's view that differences between male and female sexual attitudes have a biological basis in \"Sexuality and Its Discontents\" (1985), arguing that it was not supported by Symons's evidence. The gay rights activist Dennis Altman argued in \"AIDS and the New Puritanism\" (1986) that Symons wrongly maintained that gay men, due to their nature as men, are incapable of monogamy. The philosopher Michael Ruse concluded in \"\" (1988) that while Symons's explanation of male homosexual promiscuity could be correct, it depends on controversial and disputable claims. The ethologist Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt questioned Symons's argument that the absence of visible female estrus developed so that women could \"offer themselves to men\" for rewards of food in \"Human Ethology\" (1989). He noted that prey is shared in chimpanzees without sexual rewards. He rejected Symons's argument that the infrequency of the female orgasm shows that it has no function. The ecologist Jared Diamond called \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" \"outstanding\" in \"The Third Chimpanzee\" (1991). The economist Richard Posner called \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\", the \"best single book on the sociobiology of sex\" in \"Sex and Reason\" (1992). The anthropologist Helen Fisher criticized Symons's view that \"homosexual behavior illustrates essential truths about male and female sexual natures\" in \"Anatomy of Love\" (1992). The psychologists Steven Pinker and Paul Bloom wrote in \"The Adapted Mind\" (1992) that Symons's observation that \"tribal chiefs are often both gifted orators and highly polygynous\" helps to show \"how linguistic skills could make a Darwinian difference.\" The journalist Matt Ridley argued in \"\" (1993) that Symons's ideas about the evolution of gender differences had revolutionary implications, since \"the overwhelming majority of the research that social scientists had done on human sexuality was infused with the assumption that there are no mental differences\" between the sexes. He endorsed Symons's explanation of male homosexual promiscuity. The psychologist David Buss called \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" \"the most important treatise on the evolution of human sexuality in the twentieth century\" and a \"classic treatise\" in \"The Evolution of Desire\" (2003). The journalist Robert Wright called \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" \"the first comprehensive anthropological survey of human sexual behavior from the new Darwinian perspective\" in \"The Moral Animal\" (1994). He credited Symons with showing that the tendency for men to be more interested than women in having sex with multiple sexual partners holds good across many cultures and is not restricted to western society. The philosopher Maxine Sheets-Johnstone observed in \"The Roots of Power\" (1994) that while \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" is \"used as a textbook and is considered a major formulation of human sexuality\", she sees as the work \"a paradigm of the prevailing Western biological view\" of female sexuality, a view she considers \"essentially male\". The critic Joseph Carroll described \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" as \"a standard work on the subject\" in \"Evolution and Literary Theory\" (1995). However, he criticized Symons's arguments about homosexuality. The sociologist Tim Megarry dismissed \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" as, \"a projection of American dating culture onto prehistory\" in \"Society in Prehistory\" (1995). The anthropologist Meredith Small argued in \"Female Choices: Sexual Behavior of Female Primates\" (1996) that the work of sex researchers Masters and Johnson, which shows that the female clitoris is made of the same tissue as the penis and responds sexually in a similar manner, suggests that the clitoris results from an embryonic connection with the male penis and supports Symons's view that it is not an adaptation. Williams called \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" one of the classic works on \"the biology of human sexual attitudes\", alongside the work of Hrdy, in \"The Pony Fish's Glow\" (1997). Alan F. Dixson described Symons's explanation of male homosexual promiscuity as \"interesting\" in \"Primate Sexuality\" (1998). The biologist Paul R. Ehrlich described \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" as a \"classic but controversial treatise on human sexual evolution\" in \"Human Natures\" (2000). He identified Symons's study of the development of human ovulation as a landmark. Thornhill and Palmer identified Symons as the first author to propose that rape is \"a by-product of adaptations designed for attaining sexual access to consenting partners\" in \"A Natural History of Rape\" (2000). They observed that Symons has falsely been accused of basing his arguments on the assumption that behavior is genetically determined, even though he explicitly rejects that assumption and criticizes it at length. They endorsed Symons's explanation of male homosexual promiscuity, and his arguments against the idea that rape is not sexually motivated. Gould commented in \"The Structure of Evolutionary Theory\" (2002) that the argument that the clitoris is not adaptive, put forward by Symons and subsequently by Gould himself, has been widely misunderstood as a denial of the adaptive value of the female orgasm in general, or even as a claim that female orgasms lack significance. The anthropologist Melvin Konner called \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" \"the classic introduction to the evolutionary dimensions\" of sex in \"The Tangled Wing\" (2002). Pinker called \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" \"groundbreaking\" in \"The Blank Slate\" (2002). He criticized what he considered personal abuse of Symons by Lewontin \"et al.\" in their discussion of \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" in \"Not in Our Genes\". Buss called \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" the first \"watershed in the study of human mating strategies\" to follow evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers' 1972 paper \"Parental Investment and Sexual Selection\" and a \"trenchant classic\" in \"The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology\" (2005). He credited Symons with being \"the first to articulate the theoretical foundations of a fully adaptationist view of male and female mating minds\" and \"the first social scientist to take the writings of George C. Williams ... to heart, applying rigorous standards for invoking the critical but challenging concept adaptation.\" He described \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" as \"the first major treatise on evolutionary psychology proper, highlighting the centrality of psychological mechanisms as adaptations and using human sexuality as a detailed vehicle for this more general argument.\" Elizabeth Lloyd concluded in \"The Case of the Female Orgasm\" (2005) that Symons proposes \"the best available explanation for the evolution of the female orgasm\", stating that while Symons's conclusions are not beyond dispute, and have been criticized on a number of different grounds, they are consistent with existing evidence, and help to explain \"otherwise mysterious findings.\" Thornhill and Steven W. Gangestad described \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" as \"a landmark in the study of human sexuality\" and \"the first serious effort to investigate and inquire into the nature of human sexuality\" in \"The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality\"", "the centrality of psychological mechanisms as adaptations and using human sexuality as a detailed vehicle for this more general argument.\" Elizabeth Lloyd concluded in \"The Case of the Female Orgasm\" (2005) that Symons proposes \"the best available explanation for the evolution of the female orgasm\", stating that while Symons's conclusions are not beyond dispute, and have been criticized on a number of different grounds, they are consistent with existing evidence, and help to explain \"otherwise mysterious findings.\" Thornhill and Steven W. Gangestad described \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" as \"a landmark in the study of human sexuality\" and \"the first serious effort to investigate and inquire into the nature of human sexuality\" in \"The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality\" (2008). They added that many of Symons's ideas have received support, including his view that women's sexuality includes \"sexual adaptation that functions to gain access to nongenetic material benefits from males through its expression when women are not fertile within their menstrual cycles.\" The anthropologists Anne Bolin and Patricia Whelehan identified as Symons one of two major participants in the debate over the reproductive role of the female orgasm, the other being Sherfey, in \"Human Sexuality: Biological, Psychological, and Cultural Perspectives\" (2009). They wrote that Symons's view of female sexuality \"reflects western concepts of the passive female and overlooks the evidence of actual female sexual functioning, such as the capacity for multiple orgasms in women.\" They considered the female orgasm more likely to be \"an extension of the pleasurable sensations associated with coitus in primate females generally\" than a by-product of the male orgasm, as proposed by Symons. They observed that while Lloyd endorsed Symons's view, her work has been \"severely criticized\" by the psychologist David P. Barash, and the relationship between female orgasm and reproduction remains a topic of ongoing debate. Christopher Ryan and Cacilda Jethá called \"The Evolution of Human Sexuality\" a \"classic\" in \"Sex at Dawn\" (2010). However, they also accused Symons of having a \"bleak\" vision of human sexuality. The Evolution of Human Sexuality The Evolution of Human Sexuality is a 1979 book about human sexuality by the anthropologist Donald Symons, in which the author discusses topics such as human sexual anatomy, ovulation, orgasm, homosexuality, sexual promiscuity, and rape, attempting to show how evolutionary concepts can be applied to humans. Symons argues that the female orgasm is not an adaptive trait and that women have the capacity for it only" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Snake Tales \"For the Australian television series of the same name see: Snake Tales (TV series)\" \"For the missions mode of the same name see: \" Snake Tales (also known as simply Snake, after the main character) is a gag-a-day comic strip written by Australian cartoonist Allan Salisbury (aka Sols). \"Snake Tales\" was originally titled \"The Old Timer\" and was first published in \"The Daily Telegraph\" on 25 April 1974. The initial group of characters featured: The Old Timer, an elderly bloke with a long thirst and a reluctance to shout for beers; The Con Man; The Kangaroo, who constantly avoids being killed for food; the Flyin' Doc; and The Last Lost Tribesman and his Wife, who are determined to stay lost. In July 1975 \"The Sun News-Pictorial\" published the strip as a replacement for Les Dixon's \"Bluey and Curley\". Sols gradually added characters including Crazy Croc, Lillie (the Old Timer's distant admirer), a devious butcher, a group of duck hunters, the comic strip didn't make a great impression until the introduction of the character \"Snake\". Snake was first introduced in 1975 and gradually gained greater prominence to the point where the name of the strip was changed to \"Snake Tales\" in 1978. The strip has now been internationally syndicated and appears in over 450 newspapers (both daily and Sunday editions) worldwide. When it was syndicated in the United States (through the Newspaper Enterprise Association), Sols was asked to re-draw Lady Snake, as her \"two lumps\" were said to be offensive. He drew her with a bikini top instead. The strip is set in an unspecified location in the Australian outback. Occasionally a shot of a traditional outback pub by itself on a lone road is seen. The principal characters include: Snake Tales \"For the Australian television series of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Merkur Bank The Merkur Bank KGaA is a German private bank headquartered in Munich. In 1959 the company Merkur Bank Horowicz KG was founded by Zanwel Horowicz, Motek and Hela Horowicz. Back then its business was limited to the sales of medals and currencies. In 1986 a group of investors under the leadership of the Swabian company Siegfried Lingel acquired the Merkur Bank Horowicz KG and founded the Merkur Bank GmbH & Co. KG. From here on the Merkur Bank entered into the universal bank business, initially with a focus on financing building contractors. In 1989 the bank acquired sections of the Bankhaus Sinzinger KG and extended its business to Ingolstadt. The expansion into the new states of Germany started in 1991 with the opening of a branch in Auerbach. In the following years the ban opened more banches in Treuen, Weimar, Jena, Markneukirchen and Plauen, as well as a representative office for building contractors in Stuttgart. In November 1998 the bank was transformed into a KGaA (limited joint-stock partnership). Since 1999 the stock of the Merkur Bank is listed at the Bavarian stock market with the Wertpapierkennnummer (security identification number) 814820, since 2005 in the stock segment M:access. In the same year the Merkur Bank extended its business and offered leasing refinancing. Since 2009 Merkur Bank offers not only accounts for private customers in their branches but also online. After initially only instant access savings accounts and term accounts were offered online, in 2012, the online range was extended by an online portfolio for private customers. The Merkur Bank, as an owner managed private bank, is active in the business areas of financing and investments. While the bank only offers financing in its branches, private customers can open an instant access savings account, portfolio, term account or savings account online. In the financing business area the Merkur Bank focusses on residential building projects by middle-sized building contractors which are situated in Munich and Stuttgart. In addition it focusses on middle class financing for companies in Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia and as nationwide partner of middle-sized product leasing companies it also focusses on refinancing leasing. For the Merkur Bank the legal deposit guarantee of up to 100.000 Euro per person is covered by the \"Entschädigungseinrichtung deutscher Banken GmbH, EdB\" (compensatory fund of German banks). In addition to this the bank is a member of the deposit guarantee fund of the Association of German Banks. The fund secures deposits of natural persons and private charities which exceed 100.000 Euro, per person an amount of up to 20 percent of the liable equity of the respective bank. In the case of the Merkur Bank KGaA the backup line amounts to 17 million Euro per customer. The bank belongs to the corporate data center of the Fiducia IT AG in Karlsruhe and uses its software \"agree\" as core banking system. Merkur Bank The Merkur Bank KGaA is a German private bank headquartered in Munich. In 1959 the company Merkur Bank Horowicz KG was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Art Institute of Tampa The Art Institute of Tampa is a nonprofit institution owned and operated by Dream Center Education Holdings (DCEH), LLC, providing education in design, media arts, fashion and culinary arts. The Art Institute of Tampa opened in 2004. The Art Institute of Tampa was the 30th location within The Art Institutes system of schools. Located at 4401 North Himes Avenue in Tampa, Florida, The Art Institute of Tampa is a branch of Miami International University of Art & Design, which is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). The Art Institute of Tampa’s culinary program has garnered much attention over the last few years. Several articles in the \"St. Petersburg Times\" have indicated that the school has been a sponsor of the Best Teen Chef competition and that its culinary students and staff have volunteered to create the menu, make a budget, and prepare and serve the food for a Pinellas County Habitat for Humanity charity event called Building Dreams Bachelor of Fine Arts Programs Bachelor of Arts Programs Associate of Arts Programs Diploma Programs The Art Institute of Tampa The Art Institute of Tampa is a nonprofit" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hyperchloremia Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an elevated level of the chloride ions in the blood. The normal serum range for chloride is 96 to 106 mEq/L, therefore chloride levels at or above 110 mEq/L usually indicate kidney dysfunction as it is a regulator of chloride concentration. As of now there are no specific symptoms of hyperchloremia, however, it can be the influenced by multiple abnormalities that cause a loss of electrolyte-free fluid, loss of hypotonic fluid, or increased administration of sodium chloride. These abnormalities are caused by diarrhea, vomiting, increased sodium chloride intake, renal dysfunction, diuretic use, and diabetes. Hyperchloremia should not be mistaken for hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis as hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is characterized by two major changes: a decrease in blood pH and bicarbonate levels, as well as an increase in blood chloride levels. Instead those with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis are usually predisposed to hyperchloremia. Hyperchloremia prevalence in hospital settings has recently been researched in the medical field since one of the major sources of treatment at hospitals is administering saline solution. Previously, animal models with elevated chloride have displayed more inflammation markers, changes in blood pressure, increased renal vasoconstriction, and less renal blood flow as well at glomerulus filtration, all of which are prompting researchers to investigate if these changes or others may exist in patients. Some studies have reported a possible relationship between increased chloride levels and death or acute kidney injury in severely ill patients that may frequent the hospital or have prolonged visits. There are other studies that have found no relationship. As studies continue, it is important to include a large patient sample size, diverse patient population, and a diverse range of hospitals involved in these studies. Hyperchloremia does not have many noticeable symptoms and can only be confirmed with testing, yet, the causes of hyperchloremia do have symptoms. Symptoms of the above stated abnormalities may include: There are many scenarios which may results in hyperchloremia. The first instance is when there is a loss of electrolyte-free fluid. This simply means that the body is losing increased amounts of fluids that do not contain electrolytes, like chloride, resulting in high concentration of these ions in the body. This loss of fluids can be due to sweating (due to exercise or fever), skin burns, lack of adequate water intake, hyper-metabolic state, and diabetes insipidus. Losing fluids can lead to feelings of dehydration and dry mucous membrane. The second scenario that may lead to hyperchloremia is known as loss of hypotonic fluid which can be a direct result of loss of electrolyte fluid. Normally, water in the body is moving from an area of low ion concentration to an area of high ion concentration. In this case, the water is being excreted in there urine, therefore, less water is available to dilute these areas of high ion concentration. This can be due to diuretic use, diarrhea, vomiting, burns, renal disease, renal failure, and renal tubular acidosis . This may also lead to feeling of dehydration. The third scenarios that may lead to hyperchloremia is an increase in sodium chloride intake. This can be due to dietary intake or intravenous fluid administration in hospital settings. This can lead to the body experiencing hypertension, edema, and cardiovascular dysfunction. The nephrons in the kidney are responsible for regulating the level of chloride in the blood. The general mechanism is that as filtrate fluid passes through the nephrons varying concentrations of ions will be secreted into the interstitial fluid or absorbed into the lumen. All along the nephrons are blood capillaries waiting to reabsorb ions from the interstitial fluid to circulate in the body. The amount of chloride to be released in the urine is due to the receptors lining the nephrons and the glomerulus filtration. Normally, chloride reabsorption begins in the proximal tubule and nearly 60% of chloride is filtered here. In a person with hyperchloremia, the absorption of chloride into the interstitial fluid and subsequently into the blood capillaries is increased. This means the concentration of chloride in the filtrate is decreased, therefore, a decreased amount of chloride is being excreted as waste in the urine. In the proximal tubule chloride reabsorption occurs in two parts. In the 1st phase, organic solutes (such as phosphates, amino acids, glucose and anions), sodium ions, and hydronium ions are reabsorbed from the filtrate fluid into the interstitial fluid. This is an important step because this creates the concentration gradient in which chloride concentration in the lumen will increased in comparison to the chloride concentration in the interstitial fluid. In phase 2, chloride will diffuse along the concentration gradient, which means chloride ions will travel from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. One suggested mechanism leading to hyperchloremia, there is a decrease in chloride transporter proteins along the nephron. These proteins may include sodium-potassium-2 chloride co-transporter, chloride anion exchangers, and chloride channels. As a result of the reduce activity in these transporters, another suggested mechanism is a depletion in concentration gradient which would allow for the passive diffusion of chloride in and out the tubule. Elevated levels of chloride in the blood can be tested simply by requesting a serum chloride test. A doctor would request this test it there are signs their patient is experiencing an imbalance in acid-base levels for a prolonged period of time. For the test to occur a healthcare provider must draw a sample of blood from the patient. It is preferred that blood is drawn from the vein in the inner elbow or the back of the hand. The sample will then be sent to a laboratory and results will be provided to the patient's physician. As mentioned earlier a normal serum chloride range is from 96 to 106 mEq/L, and hyperchloremic patients will have levels above this range. As with most types of electrolyte imbalance, the treatment of high blood chloride levels is based on correcting the underlying cause. In patients with sepsis or septic shock they are more susceptible to experience acute kidney injury (AKI) and the factors that may contribute to AKI are still being investigated. In a study conducted by Suetrong et al., (2016) using patients admitted to St. Paul Hospital in Vancouver with sepsis or septic shock had their body concentration of chloride checked over the course of 48 hours to determine if there is a relation between hyperchloremia and AKI. This is an important relationship to study because many times a form of therapy to treat sepsis and septic shock is to administer saline solution, which is a solution containing sodium chloride. Saline has a much higher concentration of chloride than blood. In this study they defined hyperchloremia as concentration of chloride greater than 110 mmol/L. This research demonstrated that hyperchloremia will influence a patient developing AKI. In fact, even patients that had a conservative increase in serum chloride saw some association with developing AKI. This research study suggest that there still needs to be more investigation in the risk of using saline as a form of therapy and the risk of experiencing AKI. In a separate study investigating the relation of critically ill patients and hyperchloremia, researchers found that there seems to be an independent association between ill patients with hyperchloremia and mortality. This study was conducted with septic patients admitted to ICUs for 72 hours. Chloride levels were assessed at baseline and 72 hours, and confounding variables were accounted for. This study is important because this continues to", "demonstrated that hyperchloremia will influence a patient developing AKI. In fact, even patients that had a conservative increase in serum chloride saw some association with developing AKI. This research study suggest that there still needs to be more investigation in the risk of using saline as a form of therapy and the risk of experiencing AKI. In a separate study investigating the relation of critically ill patients and hyperchloremia, researchers found that there seems to be an independent association between ill patients with hyperchloremia and mortality. This study was conducted with septic patients admitted to ICUs for 72 hours. Chloride levels were assessed at baseline and 72 hours, and confounding variables were accounted for. This study is important because this continues to suggest there is increased risk associated with elevated chloride levels in vulnerable populations. Their article also states there needs to be avoidance of using solutions with chloride in specific patient subgroups Hyperchloremia Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an elevated level of the chloride ions in the blood. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Guerlichon Saint Guerlichon (or Saint Guerluchon) was a syncretic phallic saint venerated at Bourg-Dieu near Bourges, France. Before a gradual transformation into St. Guerlichon, it was an old priapic statue that was worshiped by the surrounding people during the Roman occupation of Gaul. At Bourg-Dieu, there existed, during the Roman occupation of Gaul, an old priapic statue, which was worshiped by the surrounding people. The veneration in which it was held and the miracles with which it was accredited made it impolitic as well as impossible for the early missionaries and monks to remove it. It was therefore allowed to remain, but gradually transformed into a saint, St. Guerlichon, which did not detract any from its former merit or reputation. Sterile women flocked to the shrine, and pilgrimages and a set number of days of devotion to this saint were in order. Scrapings from this statue infused in water were said to make a miraculous drink which ensured conception. Similar shrines to this same saint were erected at other places, and monks were kept busy supplying the statues with new members, as the women scraped away so industriously, either to prepare a drink for themselves or for their husbands, that a phallus did not last long. At one of these shrines, so onerous became the industry of replacing a new phallus to the saint, that the good monks placed an apron over the organ, informing the good women that thereafter a simple contemplation of the sacred organ would be sufficient; and a special monk was detailed to take special charge of this apron, which was only to be lifted in special cases of sterility. By this innovation the good monks stole a march on their brothers in like shrines in other localities, such as those of St. Gilles, in Brittany, or St. Rene, in Anjou, where the old-fashioned scraping and replacing still was in vogue. Guerlichon Saint Guerlichon (or Saint Guerluchon) was a syncretic phallic saint venerated at Bourg-Dieu near Bourges, France. Before a gradual transformation into St. Guerlichon, it was an old priapic statue that was worshiped by the surrounding people during the Roman occupation of Gaul. At Bourg-Dieu, there existed, during the Roman occupation of Gaul, an old priapic statue, which was worshiped by the surrounding people. The veneration in which it was held and the miracles with which it was accredited made it impolitic as well as" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Phlomis russeliana Phlomis russeliana, Turkish sage, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to Turkey and Syria in south west Asia. It is often confused with the closely related \"P. samia\", and wrongly marketed as \"Phlomis viscosa\". Growing to tall, it is a herbaceous perennial with hairy, erect stems. The textured, grey-green, sage-like leaves are arrow shaped, and point downwards. In summer, whorls of green buds develop in the leaf axils at regular intervals up each vertical stem, giving a distinctive tiered effect. The buds open to globose clusters of dull yellow hooded flowers. \"Phlomis russeliana\" is cultivated as an ornamental garden flower, in moist soil in full sun. It is hardy in all temperate zones down to . The flowers are long-lasting, the dried flower-heads providing architectural interest throughout the winter months, as well as multiple seeds for propagation in the early spring. It has been given the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. Phlomis russeliana Phlomis russeliana, Turkish sage, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to Turkey and Syria in south west Asia. It is often confused with the closely related \"P. samia\", and wrongly marketed" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Fantoni and Nunes cheating scandal <onlyinclude> Fulvio Fantoni and Claudio Nunes are professional bridge players originally from Italy, but since 2011 playing for Monaco. In 2015, they were ranked No. 1 and No. 2 in the world respectively. In September 2015, they were publicly accused of cheating by orienting a played card to show a missing high honour (Ace, King, Queen) in the led suit at the European Bridge Championship in 2014. Three separate investigations were conducted, one by the (FIGB), one by the European Bridge League (EBL) and one by the American Contract Bridge League. On March 19, 2016, the FIGB banned the pair for three years. The FIGB hearing also investigated cheating by Fantoni and Nunes against Italy in the finals of the Bermuda Bowl in 2013 using the same method. Fantoni and Nunes appealed this ruling to both the FIGB and the Italian Olympic Committee; the appeals were rejected. On July 18, 2016, the European Bridge League (EBL) banned each from play for five years and as a partnership for life. On July 26, 2016, the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) expelled them from their league and stripped them of all related masterpoints, titles, ranks and privileges. The players' appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport against the EBL ban resulted in a judgement in their favour in January 2018. However the FIGB and ACBL sanctions remained in force, and the EBL publicly stated that they were still barred from all EBL events at least until April 2019 However the Federal Appeal Tribunal of the FIGB subsequently lifted the players' suspension from FIGB events. </onlyinclude> In Italy, cheating allegations and hearings related to the game of contract bridge have three stages of proceedings: 1st – Italian Bridge Federation (la Federazione Italiana Giuoco Bridge, FIGB); 2nd – Federal Court of Appeals (Corte d’Appello Federale); 3rd – Italian National Olympic Committee (Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano, CONI) under its Sport Guarantor's Committee (Collegio di Garanzia dello Sport). As a member of the European Bridge League, the Monaco Bridge Federation is subject to its disciplinary procedures. On May 1, 2015, during the Italian Open Teams Championship, Nunes made a defensive play which enabled him and Fantoni to defeat opponents' slam contract by three tricks. The play, and the rapidity with which it was made, were considered sufficiently unusual for the deal to be referred by FIGB to the National Sports Judge for adjudication. The charge was transmission of unauthorized information. The judge, a lawyer by profession, heard evidence from witnesses of fact and expert evidence from bridge players. Nunes said in his defense that he had had 'un momento di \"obnubilamento\"' (English: a moment of clouding) or '\"black-out\"'. On June 12, 2015, the judge handed down a reasoned written decision in which he addressed both the facts and the law. He concluded that illegal transmission of information had not been proved and acquitted Fantoni and Nunes; no appeal was filed. The Italian proceedings have been summarised in English. Maaijke Mevius, a Dutch amateur bridge player and trained scientist, noticed a correlation between horizontal or vertical orientation of the cards played by Fulvio Fantoni and Claudio Nunes and their honor holdings in the suit. In brief, the hypothesis was that a card played vertically signaled the presence of an otherwise unknown honor card (A, K or Q) in the suit, and that a card played horizontally denied it. In September 2015, Mevius emailed the evidence to Boye Brogeland, who, after consultation with Ishmael Del'Monte, Australian bridge professional and Vice-Chair of the WBF High Level Players Commission, and American player Brad Moss, decided to issue an ultimatum to Fantoni, a personal acquaintance of his, to come forward with a confession before the findings were published. No such confession was made. On September 13, 2015, American expert Kit Woolsey published an article on the Bridge Winners website demonstrating a statistical proof of Mevius's hypothesis. The allegations were reported both by official bridge organizations and in mainstream media. Monaco was to be have been represented at the 2015 Bermuda Bowl in Chennai, India by a team consisting of Fulvio Fantoni, Claudio Nunes, Geir Helgemo, Tor Helness, Franck Multon and playing captain Pierre Zimmermann. In recognition of the controversy caused by the public allegations against Fantoni and Nunes, the Monegasque Bridge Federation decided to withdraw from the Bermuda Bowl 2015 \"in order to preserve the interests of bridge and so that the event may be played with the greatest serenity.\" On September 16, 2015, the World Bridge Federation announced that Monaco would be replaced by Denmark. FIGB Hearings: On March 19, 2016, the Italian Bridge Federation (FIGB) issued a three-year ban against each player. On June 10, 2016, the Corte d’Appello Federale upheld the decision. On July 19, 2016 Fantoni and Nunes submitted an appeal to the Italian Olympic Committee (CONI) against the FIGB ban, which the CONI eventually rejected on October 4, 2016. EBL Hearings: On July 18, 2016 Fantoni and Nunes were banned from all European Bridge League events by its Disciplinary Commission for a period of five years, and banned from playing as a partnership for life. The English Bridge Union (EBU) report of the EBL ruling of July 18, 2016 includes a link to a YouTube video made by EBU website designer Michael Clark \"showing the incidents taking place\", focusing on Fantoni's opening leads. ACBL Hearings: During the summer North American Bridge Championships held in Washington, D.C., the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) held a three-day hearing regarding the accusations made against Fantoni-Nunes. On July 26, 2016, the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) announced that the ACBL Ethical Oversight Committee had unanimously found that overwhelming evidence established that Fantoni and Nunes had engaged in collusive cheating. In consequence, the latter were expelled from the ACBL and stripped of all their ACBL masterpoints, titles, ranks and privileges. Further, their partners and teammates were subject to mandatory forfeiture of all masterpoints, titles and ranks earned during the four years preceding the final of the 2015 Spingold Trophy. On July 29, 2016, the ACBL clarified and corrected that announcement: forfeiture by partners and teammates applied only to events in which they had played with Fantoni or Nunes, and only to the four years preceding the date of the decision; namely, July 24, 2016. Partly due to the Fantoni-Nunes case, the ACBL created a permanent anti-cheating committee. Court of Arbitration for Sport and EBL and FIGB reaction: On April 26 and 27, 2017, the Court of Arbitration for Sport conducted a hearing, \"Fulvio Fantoni & Claudio Nunes v. European Bridge League (EBL).\" In January 2018 the Court of Arbitration for Sport published its judgement on the players' appeal. It found in their favour, saying that \"the majority of the Panel concludes that the exchange of information through the Code has not been proven to its comfortable satisfaction and rules that the appeal filed by the Players shall be upheld\". The EBL clarified that the pair were still barred from play at least until April 2019. It is considering making changes to its rules on eligibility for future EBL championships. In the light of the CAS verdict, the Federal Appeal Tribunal of the FIGB subsequently lifted the players' suspension. Fantoni and Nunes have said that they do not intend to play together in future. Fantoni and Nunes cheating scandal <onlyinclude> Fulvio Fantoni and Claudio Nunes are professional bridge players originally from Italy, but since 2011 playing for Monaco. In 2015, they were ranked No. 1 and No. 2 in the world respectively. In September 2015, they were publicly accused of cheating by orienting a played card to show a missing high honour (Ace, King, Queen) in the led suit", "by the Players shall be upheld\". The EBL clarified that the pair were still barred from play at least until April 2019. It is considering making changes to its rules on eligibility for future EBL championships. In the light of the CAS verdict, the Federal Appeal Tribunal of the FIGB subsequently lifted the players' suspension. Fantoni and Nunes have said that they do not intend to play together in future. Fantoni and Nunes cheating scandal <onlyinclude> Fulvio Fantoni and Claudio Nunes are professional bridge players originally from Italy, but since 2011 playing for Monaco. In 2015, they were ranked No. 1 and No. 2 in the world respectively. In September 2015, they were publicly accused of cheating by orienting a played card to show a missing high honour (Ace, King, Queen) in the led suit at the European Bridge Championship in 2014. Three separate investigations were conducted, one by the (FIGB), one" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mina Urgan Mina Urgan Irgat (14 May 1916 – 15 June 2000) was a Turkish academic, translator, author and socialist politician. Mina Urgan was born to poet Tahsin Nahit and his wife Şefika in İstanbul on 14 May 1916. To another source, she was born on 1 May 1915. Her father died as she was three years old, and her mother made a second marriage with Falih Rıfkı Atay, a renowned journalist and writer. As the Surname Law was enacted in Turkey in 1934, her stepfather's close friend, the renowned author Necip Fazıl Kısakürek, suggested her the family name \"Urgan\" (literally \"rope\"), ironically stating that \"it would match her because the socialist-minded young girl would be hanged one day anyway\". She was schooled in Lycée Notre Dame de Sion Istanbul, and finished the high school in the Arnavutköy Girls' College (Robert College). She was inspired by her stepfather Atay and enjoyed to be in his circle of people of letters and artists. She was one of the first female skiers and swimmers in Turkey. She graduated from Istanbul University studying French Philology. After doctorate studies in English literature, she continued her post-doctoral studies in the same university's School of English Philology. In 1949, she became an associate professor with her thesis \"Harlequins in the era of Elizabeth I of England theater\". She was appointed professor at the same faculty in 1960. She retired in 1977. She translated works of Thomas Malory (c. 1415–18 – 1471), Henry Fielding (1707–1754), Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850), Aldous Huxley (1894–1963), Graham Greene (1904–1991), William Golding (1911–1993), John Galsworthy (1867–1933) and Shakespeare (1564–1616) into Turkish. Urgan gained fame with her autobiography \"Bir Dinazorun Anıları\" (\"Memoirs of a Dinosaur\"). The 1998 published book remained several weeks on the best seller list. Upon this success, she wrote another autobiography \"Bir Dinazorun Gezileri\" (\"Travels of a Dinosaur\"), which was published in 1999. She was honored with the \"Golden Book Award\" in 1993. For her work \"Virginia Woolf\", she received the \"Sedat Simavi Literature Award\" in 1995, and the \"Association of People of Letters Honor Award\" in 1996. Urgan entered politics in 1960. She was one of the charter members of the Workers Party of Turkey (TİP) and the Freedom and Solidarity Party (ÖDP). In the 1999 general elections, she ran for a seat in the parliament from the ÖDP. However, she did not reach her goal because her party failed to exceed the 10 percent threshold for parliamentary representation. Urgan was married to poet and actor Cahit Irgat (1916–1971). The couple were divorced later. She was mother of a son Mustafa Irgat (1950–1995), a poet and painter, and a daughter Zeynep Irgat, an actress. She died at the age of 84 in Istanbul on 15 June 2000. She was interred at Aşiyan Asri Cemetery following a memorial ceremony at the Istanbul headquarters of ÖDP, where the anthem of the international socialism \"The Internationale\" was played, a marching through the entire İstiklal Avenue was performed, and the religious funeral at Teşvikiye Mosque attended by renowned authors and artists. She translated the following books into Turkish: The following are her own books. (Mostly biography): Mina Urgan Mina Urgan Irgat (14 May 1916 – 15 June 2000) was a Turkish academic, translator, author and socialist politician. Mina Urgan was born to poet Tahsin Nahit and his wife Şefika in İstanbul on 14 May 1916. To another source, she was born on 1 May 1915. Her father died as she was three years old, and her mother made a second marriage with Falih Rıfkı Atay, a renowned journalist and writer. As the Surname" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Stanley Peak (Ball Range) Stanley Peak is a 3,155 m high mountain located in the Ball Range, at the northeastern section of Kootenay National Park, in the Canadian Rocky Mountains (British Columbia, Canada). The mountain was named in 1901 by its first climber, the English explorer Edward Whymper, after Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, the sixth Governor-General of Canada. There are sources that date the naming in 1912 after Stanley H. Mitchell, Secretary-Treasurer of Alpine Club of Canada. The peak is visible from the Trans-Canada Highway and Highway 93. Stanley Glacier on the northeast face of the peak can be seen up close by following a hiking trail into a hanging valley between the peak and a southern outlier of Storm Mountain. Stanley Peak can be ascended from a scrambling route by late summer but involves much routefinding among the many ledges and gullies on the north face. Climbing routes (UIAA III) travel the north and northeast faces. There are another two peaks in British Columbia called Stanley Peak. One is 2,935 m high, located at the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District (), 24 km north-west from Keyhole Falls and 62 km west from Gold Bridge. The other is 2,030 m high, in the Stikine Region () (90 km north-west from Skagway, Alaska United States). Stanley Peak (Ball Range) Stanley Peak is a 3,155 m high mountain located in the Ball Range, at the northeastern section of Kootenay National Park, in the Canadian Rocky Mountains (British Columbia, Canada). The mountain was named in 1901 by its first climber, the English explorer Edward Whymper, after Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, the sixth Governor-General of Canada. There are sources that date the naming in 1912 after Stanley H. Mitchell, Secretary-Treasurer of Alpine Club of Canada. The peak is visible from the Trans-Canada" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Steyr M The Steyr M is a series of semi-automatic pistols developed by Steyr Mannlicher GmbH & Co KG of Austria for police services and the civilian shooting market. Design work on the new pistol began in the early 1990s and the final product known as the M9 (adapted to fire the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge) was officially unveiled in the spring of 1999. The M40 version chambered in .40 S&W was developed before the M9, followed later by the M357 (chambered in .357 SIG) and two smaller variants of the M9 and M40 designated the S9 and S40 respectively. These pistols were developed primarily for concealed carry and have a shortened barrel, slide, smaller frame and a reduced magazine capacity. In 2013 the Steyr M (Medium) and S (Small) form factors were complemented by the L (Large) sized series and the C (Compact) sized series both available in 9×19mm Parabellum and .40 S&W chamberings as the L9-A1, L40-A1, C9-A1 and C40-A1. The Steyr M series of pistols employs the mechanically locked Browning short recoil method of operation with a linkless, vertically dropping barrel. The cold-hammer-forged conventional rifled barrel is locked to the slide by means of a single rectangular lug around the barrel chamber that recesses into the ejection port in the slide. When fired, the recoil impulse from the ignited cartridge drives the barrel and slide back, locked together until the bullet leaves the barrel and pressures drop to a safe level. A locking block integrated into the frame then engages a lug at the base of the chamber and drives the barrel downward, separating it from the slide and terminating any further rearward movement while the slide continues back in a straight line. The Steyr M series uses a very high grip profile which holds the barrel axis close to the shooter's hand and makes the Steyr M more comfortable to shoot by reducing muzzle rise and allowing for faster aim recovery in rapid shooting sequence. Hammerless and striker-fired, the Steyr M features a double action only (DAO) pre-set trigger mechanism marketed as a \"Reset Action\" trigger. When the trigger is in the forward position, the firing pin spring remains lightly compressed (pre-cocked by the forward motion of the slide as it returns to battery). Pulling the trigger all the way to the back will compress the firing pin spring completely, draw the firing pin fully to the rear and position the trigger bar to release the firing pin and fire a round. The trigger travel is with a pull weight of . The pistol has a multi-stage safety system consisting of two automatic internal safeties, two external trigger safeties and a manual lock safety. The first external trigger safety acts as the primary fail-safe. A small, spring-loaded inner trigger is housed in a wide, outer trigger and cannot be actuated unless the inset trigger is depressed first. This keeps the trigger from being pulled by an inadvertent off-angle trigger pull. This trigger safety also activates and when released—deactivates the two internal safeties: the firing pin and drop safety. The firing pin safety is contained in the pistol’s slide and blocks the longitudinal movement of the striker. The second trigger safety is an optional, manually operated plastic bar located inside the trigger guard and projecting out from the base of the pistol’s frame when activated, revealing a small white dot. This indicates that the pistol is currently incapable of being fired. It is used as an additional safety that disables the trigger with the firing pin spring cocked (after reloading the pistol). This safety is engaged by simultaneously pushing in two buttons on both sides of the frame and then deactivated by simply lifting the trigger finger and pushing the bar up and into the pistol's frame, thus allowing the trigger to be pulled back and the weapon fired. These safeties enable safe handling of the pistol with a round present in the chamber (the so-called \"cocked and locked\" condition) and allow for rapid deployment and immediate firing; this arrangement however does not permit the firing mechanism to be re-cocked in case of a misfire after the trigger has been pulled. Other safety features include a loaded chamber indicator and an integrated limited access lock operated using a key to prevent unauthorized use. The latter key can be either a handcuff key or a special factory-supplied key. If required, the access lock can be omitted. The locking mechanism is located above the trigger area of the pistol and is characterized by a small circular plate with two holes in it (in the police version of the pistols there is a handcuff key hole instead of the two small holes). It has two positions: \"F\" and \"S\". When pushed in and rotated to the \"S\" position with the provided key, the lock disables the trigger and barrel and prevents the pistol from being disassembled. This unique system of limiting access to the weapon was patented () by Friedrich Aigner in 1999. The pistols are fed using a detachable steel magazine of the single position feed type with the cartridges arranged in a staggered column pattern. The magazine’s follower and floor plate are fabricated from polymer. The magazine catch-release is located on the left side of the frame, directly behind the trigger guard. After expending the last cartridge from the magazine, the pistol’s slide remains locked open on the metal slide stop, located on the left side of the frame and operated with the thumb. The Steyr M is equipped with fixed, low-profile iron sights. The unique sighting arrangement consists of a triangular front sight and a trapezoid rear notch that lead the eye to the target for quicker target acquisition and allow for instinctive aiming. The front sight contains a non-luminescent white triangle contrast element designed to mate with two white rectangles on the rear sight. Optional adjustable or non-adjustable tritium-illuminated three-dot low light situation sights can also be fitted to the Steyr M; these have a conventional rectangular profile. The original pistol’s frame also has proprietary mounting rails for attaching accessories, such as a tactical light or laser pointer. The pistol’s design takes advantage of modern manufacturing techniques: the slide is precision-milled from steel; the frame is an injection-molded synthetic polymer and parts of the trigger and striker mechanisms are pressed from sheet metal. For the purpose of regular maintenance, the pistol is stripped down into the following components: the barrel, slide, recoil spring, frame and magazine. While the Steyr M is frequently compared to Glock-series pistols (both are polymer-framed striker-fired pistols, with Tenifer finishes), there are several differences in the details of the design. For example, the M-series had a fully supported chamber in all chamberings from the start (Some Glock models also had this feature from the start, other Glock models evolved to having more supported chambers when compared to their original internal layout), unique triangular/trapezoid sights, a loaded chamber indicator in the form of an extractor protrusion, witness hole on the top rear of the barrel and a rod below the rear sights that sits flush in the rear of the slide when the chamber is empty and is raised slightly when the chamber is loaded for a visual and tactile indicator of the firearm’s condition (on third and later generation Glock pistols this feature is present on the extractor on the right slide side) and a different grip angle (111°). Steyr offers conversion kits to swap 'third generation' models between 9×19mm Parabellum and .40S&W. These kits consist of a slide, barrel, recoil spring assembly and magazine. In 2004, an improved version of the pistol replaced the original Steyr M in production. The new 'second generation' Steyr M-A1 and S-A1 pistols received several improvements. The grip of the pistol has been redesigned with some textured surfaces as was the magazine well (uses the same magazines), ergonomics", "in the rear of the slide when the chamber is empty and is raised slightly when the chamber is loaded for a visual and tactile indicator of the firearm’s condition (on third and later generation Glock pistols this feature is present on the extractor on the right slide side) and a different grip angle (111°). Steyr offers conversion kits to swap 'third generation' models between 9×19mm Parabellum and .40S&W. These kits consist of a slide, barrel, recoil spring assembly and magazine. In 2004, an improved version of the pistol replaced the original Steyr M in production. The new 'second generation' Steyr M-A1 and S-A1 pistols received several improvements. The grip of the pistol has been redesigned with some textured surfaces as was the magazine well (uses the same magazines), ergonomics have been slightly altered to improve grip, the manual safety button is now optional (not in models sold in the United States, all US imports lack the manual safety) and the lower forward portion of the frame now consists of a STANAG 2324 Picatinny rail for mounting accessories. Later 'second generation' also have a modified extractor for easier ejecting of casings. In 2010, Steyr Mannlicher US began reimporting Steyr M-A1 and S-A1 pistols. The newly imported 'third generation' Steyr M and S have a revised slide and grip imprinted with the Steyr Arms logo. Post 2009 'third generation' models have a roll pin in the slide just under the rear sight element, feature an improved trigger and 17-round magazines with a +2 baseplate are available for the 9×19mm Parabellum M9-A1, C9-A1 and S9-A1 models.These new 15+2 magazines, designed to compete with the classic Glock 17 rounds magazines, are fully compatible and interchangeable no matter what generation or serie the gun belongs to. In 2010 the C (Compact) sized C-A1 series was introduced in 9×19mm Parabellum and .40 S&W chamberings as the C9-A1 and C40-A1. This C (Compact) form factor mainly pairs the S (Sub-Compact/Small) barrel lengths to the M (Medium) form factor grip. For Italy only the C9-A1 is offered in the 9×21mm chambering. In 2013 the Steyr M (Medium), Steyr C (Compact) and S (Sub-Compact/Small) form factors were complemented by the L (Large) sized L-A1 series available in 9×19mm Parabellum that uses 17-round +2 baseplate magazines as the L9-A and .40 S&W chamberings 1 that uses 12-round magazines as the L40-A1. The L-A1 series feature additional serrations on the front sides of the longer slide and barrel length puts it more in line with full-size service pistols offered by other manufacturers. Steyr Arms is a wholly owned subsidiary of Steyr Mannlicher GmbH & Co KG and is its exclusive importer and distributor in the United States. Steyr Arms, Inc., 2530 Morgan Rd, Bessemer, AL 35022; (205) 417-8644; www.steyrarms.com Steyr M The Steyr M is a series of semi-automatic pistols developed by Steyr Mannlicher GmbH & Co KG of Austria for police services and the civilian shooting market. Design work on the new pistol began in the early 1990s and the final product known as the M9 (adapted to fire the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge) was officially unveiled in the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Wiener (crater) Wiener is a lunar impact crater that lies on the Moon's far side. It is located just to the southwest of the larger crater Campbell. To the southwest of Wiener is the heavily worn Kurchatov. To the east along the rim of Campbell is Von Neumann. The smaller crater Pawsey lies to the north-northwest, and is partly overlain by the outer rampart of Wiener. The northwestern half of the crater rim is well-formed, with some slumping and terraces along the inner walls. There is an outward protrusion in the rim along the northern side where the crater borders along Pawsey. The southern part of the crater is more irregular, with a wider, uneven inner wall and a poorly defined rim edge. The rim overlies about half of the heavily worn satellite crater Wiener K along the south-southeast. The smaller satellite crater Wiener Q lies along the southwestern rim, and the relatively fresh and polygon-shaped Wiener F is attached to the eastern rim. Within the crater, much of the interior floor is relatively level, with a clump of small ridges forming a central peak structure near the midpoint. There is a small craterlet to the east-northeast of these ridges, and there are several small craterlets near the southwestern inner wall. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Wiener. Wiener (crater) Wiener is a lunar impact crater that lies on the Moon's far side. It is located just to the southwest of the larger crater Campbell. To the southwest of Wiener is the heavily worn Kurchatov. To the east along the rim of Campbell is Von Neumann. The smaller crater Pawsey lies to the north-northwest, and is partly overlain by the outer rampart" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Shakotan, Hokkaido The name of the town originates from the word \"ShakKotan\" in the Ainu language. It is formed from two words, the first, \"shak\", meaning \"summer\", and the second, \"kotan\", meaning \"village\". In the Japanese language the name of the town is written with \"ateji\", or kanji characters used to phonetically represent native or borrowed words. The first, , means to \"store\" or \"accumulate\", and the second, , means \"red\" or \"red earth\". The meaning of the written form of Shakotan has no relationship to the meaning of \"Shakotan\" in the Ainu language. Shakotan was first settled by the Japanese immigrants in the Edo period (1603 – 1868). The Tokugawa shogunate, the feudal rulers of Japan of the period, granted the Matsumae Clan rights to trade with the Ainu people in the southern Hokkaido region. With the decline of the fortune of samurai families during the Edo period, many chose to give up life as a warrior and migrate to Shakotan and other coastal areas of southern Hokkaido to farm and develop the rich herring industry. The settlements on Shakotan were connected to the rest of Japan only by sea; the construction of roads across Hokkaido did not occur until the early 20th century. During the Bakumatsu (1853 – 1867), the final years of the Edo period, fishermen began using large nets to harvest herring. Shakotan developed a large population, rivaling that of nearby Otaru. A census taken in 1879 revealed that the Funama area of Shakotan consisted of 75 households, had a population of 350, 10 horses, a school, a temple, and three Shinto shrines. The census noted the catch of Pacific herring and salmon, as well as the gathering of abalone and konbu. Shakotan was connected to other areas of Hokkaido by steam ferry in 1892. By 1899 the town had a post and telegraph office, as well as a police station, a brothel, a shipping office, and a restaurant. The era of the herring industry ended due to overfishing by 1917, and the population on the Shakotan Peninsula decreased rapidly. The modern town of Shakotan was formed in 1956 by a merger of the town of Bikuni and the villages of Irika and Yobetsu. The town of Shakotan is located on the north of the Shakotan Peninsula in western Hokkaido, and occupies one fourth of the area of the peninsula. The border of the town is defined by the three great capes of the Shakotan Peninsula: Kamui, Shakotan, and Ōgon. The town faces the Japan Sea and has a long, scenic sea coast. Much of the coast of Shakotan is faced by steep sea cliffs. The population of the town is concentrated in small villages along the coast. The interior of the town is rugged with little flat land, and is made up of the mountainous areas centered on the twin peaks of Mount Shakotan () and Mount Yobetsu (). The entire coast of Shakotan is protected as part of Niseko-Shakotan-Otaru Kaigan Quasi-National Park. The park, established in 1962, covers , and is managed by the prefectural government of Hokkaido. Shakotan's capes and dramatic Shimamui Coast are important parts of the park. The marine park of Niseko-Shakotan-Otaru Kaigan Quasi-National Park, located off the shore of Shakotan and Otaru, is the only designated marine sanctuary in the national parks system of Japan. Fishing is prohibited along the length of the marine sanctuary. The three major capes of the Shakotan Peninsula, Cape Kamui, Cape Shakotan, and Cape Ōgon, define the coast of the Shakotan Peninsula. All are located in the town of Shakotan, and numerous smaller capes dot the coastline of the town. Shakotan is home to four natural harbors and several small ports. Bikuni, Irika, and Yobetsu are active fishing ports. Smaller ports in the town include Kōzaki, Iwanai, and Furubira. All the fishing ports of Shakotan were once thriving centers of Pacific herring production, but now remain as general fishing ports. The heavily forested Takara Island, with a coastline of , sits just beyond Cape Ōgon in the Bikuni area of Shakotan. Takara, meaning \"treasure\" in Japanese, was possibly given its name by fishermen who found rich shoals of herring around the island in the early 19th century. The smaller Gome Island sits near Takara Island, and takes its name from its similarity in shape to the Gome seagull. Three short rivers cut through the town. The Uendo, the Isanai, and the Ōtaki flow north from Mount Shakotan and form the Shakotan River, which flows into the Japan Sea. Smaller rivers includes the Bikuni and the Yobetsu. Shakotan has large tracts of unspoiled natural areas. Gyōja garlic, taranome, and udo, all parts of traditional Japanese cuisine, are gathered in the wild during spring in Shakotan. A lily species, the \"ezokanzō\", blooms on the Shimamui Coast in summer. Shakotan is noted for its population of brown bears, which live in the mountainous areas of the town. The Ezo deer and Hokkaido squirrel, both native to Hokkaido, are also found in Shakotan. Populations of seals and sea lions both inhabit the coastal areas of Shakotan. The climate of Shakotan is similar to that of other Japanese coastal areas along the Sea of Japan. The town, however, receives more precipitation than other coastal areas of Hokkaido. From spring to summer Shakotan town is warm with numerous sunny days. Winters are severe, with strong winds and heavy snowfall. The coast of Shakotan is battered by strong waves throughout the winter. Level areas of the Shakotan are generally covered with snow from mid-November to mid-April. Shakotan is in a period of significant, ongoing population decline which mirrors that of other areas of rural Japan. The fishing industry remains an important part of the economy of Shakotan. Shakotan is noted for its catch of sea urchin (\"uni\"), squid, Olive flounder, cod, and Alaska pollock. Pork, beef, and dairy farms are located on the highland areas of the town, notably northwest of the Bikuni area of Shakotan. Small-scale farm products of the town include potatoes and \"kabocha\", a Japanese winter squash. Tourism is an important part of the economy of Shakotan, with most tourists visiting in the summer. There is a single bank branch in Shakotan, the Bikuni Branch of the Hokkai Shinkin Bank. The Sakura-masu Salmon Sanctuary Center, located near Cape Kamui on the Yobetsu River, is an information center built to explain the ecology of the \"Oncorhynchus masou\", cherry salmon. The center features aquariums of sakuramasu at various stages of its development. The Misaki-no-Ichiba is a traditional open-air Japanese market near Cape Shakotan. Fresh seafood and local vegetables are sold at the market from April through November. Shakotan is noted for its catch of \"uni\", or sea urchins. The town of Shakotan is home to several annual festivals. The Shakotan Soran Mikaku Festival is held in June in Bikuni. An enormous vat of a local hotpot is prepared throughout the day, followed by fireworks at night. The Fire Festival is held at Bikuni Shrine from July 5 to 6. A massive statue of a tengu is passed through fire as part of a Shinto cleansing ritual. Shakotan is a popular tourist destination. The three capes, Kamui, Ōgon, and Shakotan, are popular hiking destinations. The peak of Mount Shakotan can be reached via numerous hiking trails, all beginning at Japan National Route 229. The reef areas off the coast of Shakotan, noted for the deep blue color of the water, can be viewed via glass-bottomed boats from Bikuni Harbor. Shakotan has a single primitive campground, the Hokkaido Notsuka Campsite, which is free and maintained by the town of Shakotan. The campsite is open from June through September. Recreational fishing is popular in the town, and a swimming beach is open in the town briefly during the summer from June through August. Shakotan is administered from the town hall in Bikuni. The Shakotan Board of Education oversees the middle school, elementary schools, and community education centers of the town. The Shakotan Town Assembly, by law, can consist of 15 members; there are currently nine", "numerous hiking trails, all beginning at Japan National Route 229. The reef areas off the coast of Shakotan, noted for the deep blue color of the water, can be viewed via glass-bottomed boats from Bikuni Harbor. Shakotan has a single primitive campground, the Hokkaido Notsuka Campsite, which is free and maintained by the town of Shakotan. The campsite is open from June through September. Recreational fishing is popular in the town, and a swimming beach is open in the town briefly during the summer from June through August. Shakotan is administered from the town hall in Bikuni. The Shakotan Board of Education oversees the middle school, elementary schools, and community education centers of the town. The Shakotan Town Assembly, by law, can consist of 15 members; there are currently nine members of the assembly. Assembly members serve a four-year term. None are affiliated with a political party. Shakotan has four post offices: one each in Bikuni, Nozuka, Irika, and Yobetsu. The town does not maintain a municipal police force. The regional police office, located in Yoichi, has branches serving the town of Shakotan in Bikuni, Irika, and Yobetsu. There are no high schools or institutions of higher education in Shakotan. Two high schools are accessible by public transportation from Shakotan: the prefectural Hokkaidō Yoichi Kōshi High School and the private Hokuseigakuen Yoichi High School, both in the nearby city of Yoichi. The Town of Shakotan Board of Education maintains one middle school: Bikuni Middle School (58 students), and four elementary schools: Bikuni Elementary School (80 students), Hizuka Elementary School (10 students), Nozuka Elementary School (3 students), and Yobetsu Elementary School (6 students). The town maintains two nursery schools: Bikuni Nursery School and Minato Nursery School. Shakotan is not connected by rail to other areas of Hokkaido. The town is connected to nearby Otaru and the prefectural capitol Sapporo by Hokkaidō Chūō Bus Company. The Bikuni area of Shakotan can be reached by bus in 75 minutes from the JR Hokkaido Otaru Station. Japan National Route 229, a national highway of Japan, runs through the east of Shakotan and connects the town to Otaru and Esashi. Japan National Route 229 was completed in 1971. Hokkaidō Prefectural Route 568 connects Funama and Mikuni, both within the town of Shakotan. Hokkaidō Prefectural Route 913 runs along the coastline of the Shakotan Peninsula between Nozuka and Fumi, and provides access to many sightseeing locations in the town, notably Cape Kamui. The Bikuni Shrine was founded in 1725 as Inari Shrine in the Kodomari area of Shakotan, and renamed Bikuni Shrine in 1892. In 1911, numerous other small Inari shrines in the Shakotan area were absorbed into Bikuni Shrine. In 1914 the shrine structures were moved in their entirety to their present-day location in the central Bikuni area of Shakotan. The festival of Bikuni Shrine is held annually from July 5 to 6. Kamui Shrine, located in the hilly forested areas of Raikishi west of the port of Yobetsu, was established in the 19th century. The shrine, after absorbing several smaller Inari shrines around Yobetsu, was rebuilt in 1931 using hinoki cypress from Aomori Prefecture. The festival of Kamui Shrine is held annually on July 17. The town of Shakotan has a sister city relationship with the city of Seaside, Oregon, in the United States. Shakotan, Hokkaido The name of the town originates from the word \"ShakKotan\" in the Ainu language. It is formed from two words, the first, \"shak\", meaning \"summer\", and the second, \"kotan\", meaning \"village\". In the Japanese language the name" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Christmas stamp A Christmas stamp is a postage stamp with a Christmas theme, intended for use on seasonal mail such as Christmas cards. Many countries of the world issue such stamps, which are regular postage stamps (in contrast to Christmas seals) and are usually valid for postage year-round (in some countries they have a discounted value and are for use exclusively on Christmas cards). They usually go on sale some time between early October and early December, and are printed in considerable quantities. It is a matter of some debate as to which is the first Christmas stamp. The Canadian map stamp of 1898 bears an inscription \"XMAS 1898\", but it was actually issued to mark the inauguration of the Imperial Penny Postage rate. The Christmas connection has long been reported to have been the result of quick thinking; William Mulock was proposing that it be issued on 9 November, to \"honor the Prince\" (meaning the Prince of Wales), but when Queen Victoria asked \"what Prince?\" in a displeased manner, Mulock realized the danger, and answered \"Why, madam, the Prince of Peace.\" In 1935, British Forces troops stationed in Egypt were issued with a Christmas stamp for their mail home. For many years these were not included in the Stanley Gibbons catalogues, as they classified them as a “seal” rather than a postage stamp, but they have been properly included since the mid-1960s as they prepaid postage and so, despite the inscription \"Letter stamp\", are normal stamps, and should therefore be counted as the first stamp issued expressly to mark Christmas. Like the slightly earlier Silver Jubilee overprints on the “sphinx” stamp, the Christmas stamps were issued in booklet form in panes of 20. In 1937, Austria issued two \"Christmas greeting stamps\" featuring a rose and zodiac signs. In 1939, Brazil issued four semi-postal stamps with designs featuring the three kings and a star, an angel and child, the Southern Cross and a child, and a mother and child. In 1941 Hungary also issued a semi-postal whose additional fees were to pay for \"soldiers' Christmas\". The first stamps to depict the Nativity were the Hungary issue of 1943. These were all one-time issues, more like commemorative stamps than regular issues. The next Christmas stamps did not appear until 1951, when Cuba issued designs with poinsettias and bells, followed by Haiti (1954), Luxembourg and Spain (1955), then Australia, Korea, and Liechtenstein (1957). In cases such as Australia, the issuance marked the first of what became an annual tradition. Many more nations took up the practice during the 1960s, including the United States (1962) and United Kingdom (1966). By the 1990s, approximately 160 postal administrations were issuing Christmas stamps, mostly on an annual basis. Islamic countries constitute the largest group of non-participants, although the Palestinian Authority has issued Christmas stamps since 1995. Although some tropical islands produce large-format Christmas stamps primarily intended for sale to stamp collectors, for the rest of the world, Christmas stamps are \"working stamps\" that will be used in large numbers to send greeting cards and postcards. Accordingly, the stamps tend to be normal-sized, and offered in one or a few denominations, for instance to cover differing domestic and international rates. The choice of designs is highly variable, ranging from an overtly religious image of the Nativity, to secular images of Christmas trees, wreaths, Santa Claus, and so forth. A country may maintain a unified theme for several years, then change it drastically, in some cases seemingly to follow \"fashion moves\" by other countries. For instance, during the 1970s many countries issued Christmas stamps featuring children's drawings, with the young artist identified by name and age. The choice of secular or religious designs is frequently a bone of contention in some countries; church leaders often see secular designs as diluting the meaning of the holiday, while postal officials fear that overly religious designs could lead their secular or minority-religious customers to avoid the stamps, leaving millions unsold, and even expose the postal administration to charges that they are violating laws prohibiting the promotion of a particular religion. In the United States, annual discord over \"secular\" versus \"religious\" designs was eventually resolved by the Postal Service issuing some of each per year; typically a group of 4-6 related secular designs, plus a religious design (usually depicting the Madonna and Child). To avoid difficulties attendant upon contracting for original designs with a religious theme, the latter have typically been adapted from Old Master paintings hanging in U.S. galleries, thus qualifying as depictions of art. (In 2012, 2014, and 2016, however, religious-themed stamps were issued featuring original designs depicting the flight into Egypt, the journey of the Magi, and the Nativity of Jesus, respectively.) In the United Kingdom, the Royal Mail resolves the difficulty by issuing \"religious\" and \"secular\" themed designs in alternate years. The usual usage of Christmas stamps is to quickly apply them to a stack of Christmas cards to go out. In the age of email, Christmas stamps may represent some individuals' largest remaining use of stamps in a year, and it is not unusual to see \"leftovers\" appear on regular mail during the first months of the new year. In Australia and the Netherlands, Christmas stamps are sold at a discount, but can be used after Christmas with additional stamps to make up the correct rate. Christmas is a popular theme for topical collecting. Because of the quantities printed, almost all Christmas stamps are easy to come by and of negligible cost. Collecting challenges would therefore be to get covers with apropos postal markings, such as a postmark on Christmas Day (not all post offices get the day off), or from a particular location (such as Christmas Island; Christmas, Florida; North Pole, Alaska; North Pole, New York; or Santa Claus, Indiana), or bearing a specific Christmas theme or slogan. The Christmas Philatelic Club was formed in 1969 by Christmas stamp collectors and issues a quarterly journal, the \"Yule Log\". A number of collectors treat Christmas collecting as a subcategory of religion on stamps. In Japan, there is a longstanding tradition of a New Years stamp. A number of Easter stamps have been issued, but these are clearly aimed at collectors. The United States has occasionally issued stamps for other holidays, such as Thanksgiving and New Year's Day. During the 1990s, stamps for Kwanzaa, Hanukkah, Eid, and Chinese New Year have become a regular part of the holiday program, although the designs tend to be used for several years, distinguishable only by a different denomination or year date. Valentine's Day stamps are a more recent tradition in some countries. Christmas stamp A Christmas stamp is a postage stamp with a Christmas theme, intended for use on seasonal mail such as Christmas cards. Many countries of the world issue such stamps, which are regular postage stamps (in contrast to Christmas seals) and are usually valid for postage year-round (in some countries they have a discounted value and are for use exclusively on Christmas cards). They usually go on sale some time between early October and early December, and are printed in considerable quantities. It is a matter of some debate as to which is the first Christmas stamp. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Precision 23 The Precision 23 is an American trailerable sailboat, that was designed by Jim Taylor. The boat was first built by Precision Boat Works in the United States in 1986 and remained in production 31 years later, in 2017. Over 500 examples have been completed. The Precision 23 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with teak wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig, a transom-hung rudder and a fixed stub keel with a retractable centerboard that is raised and lowered by a Dacron line, plus a \"kick-up\" rudder. It displaces and carries of lead ballast. The cockpit is long. The boat is constructed using a hand-laid fiberglassing method and sleeps four adults. The galley includes a stainless steel sink, an alcohol-fired stove and a self-contained fresh water system, with a manual pump. A Igloo Coolers ice chest with a teak wood step is also standard equipment. The boat has a draft of with the fiberglass centerboard extended and with it retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer. The boat is normally fitted with a small outboard motor for docking and maneuvering. The Precision 23 has a hull speed of . Similar sailboats Precision" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Alexis LaTour House The Alexis LaTour House also known as, Old Homeplace and Guillory Homeplace was an historic house in Ville Platte, Louisiana. The oldest portion of the house was built in 1835 by Alexis LaTour. The house was expanded in 1837. The original house was a -story Creole cottage of bousillage construction that was one room wide and two rooms deep and had a front gallery. The 1837 expansion added two rooms and a central hall. Details of the house, including an exterior staircase, bousillage construction, and beaded clapboarding, ceiling beams, and ceiling boards were common in traditional Creole architecture. Both the older and the newer part of the house had unusual mantels. The older mantel featured cove moldings, panels, and a large central lozenge. The other mantels in the house were more traditional but were still unusual. In 1900 several modifications were made including the addition of Queen Anne style dormer windows and a large rear wing. Over time, other, smaller modifications have been made including the replacement of windows and doors, the replacement of the original gallery columns, and the replacement of front, exterior staircase. Despite the modifications, the house still retained significant integrity, including the basic Creole form of the house, the bousillage construction, the copious beading, and the original mantels at the time of its enlistment in the National Register of Historic Places. The house was the best detailed and largest surviving early structure in Evangeline Parish. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 14, 1987 for its architectural significance. It was delisted in 2015 since the house was moved by the owners about to the southeast in 1998. The house is still standing in Saint Landry Parish at 890 Chretien Point Road, Sunset (). Alexis LaTour House The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Democratic Freedom Party The Democratic Freedom Party (DFP) was a political party in Ghana. It was formed in 2006 and eventually merged with the National Democratic Congress in 2011. It came in fourth place in the Ghanaian general election of 2008 with 0.33% of the total vote. The formation of the Democratic Freedom Party was announced in February, 2006 by Dr. Obed Asamoah, former chairman of the National Democratic Congress, as a viable third party alternative to the National Democratic Congress and the New Patriotic Party. This follows a split between a Rawlings faction and an Asamoah faction within the NDC. The founding members include former leading members of the NDC such as Dr. Obed Asamoah, immediate past chairman of the NDC and also a former Attorney General and Foreign minister in the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) and NDC governments among others. There are other founding members from the Nkrumahist tradition as well. On June 29, 2006, Dr. Obed Asamoah stated that the party was aware of the expectations of the Ghanaian people to see the launch of the party and added that they had completed all of the necessary formalities to register the new party. The party received its final electoral certificate on October 20, 2006 allowing it to function as a political party in Ghana. As of 2007, the Interim Chairman of the party is Alhaji Abdul Rahaman Issah. In 2011, the DFP merged with the National Democratic Congress. It was put under pressure when Aba Folson, the National Treasurer of the party, claimed that the merger was not based on a consensus by the party. The DFP was formed to provide Ghanaians with an alternative to the NPP and NDC. The party aimed to swallow the floating votes in the country based on the idea that current policies in the country are not beneficial to the majority of the Ghanaian people. Dr. Obed Asamoah stated in an interview on June 5, 2008 that it was of utmost importance to the DFP for Ghanaian politics to shift from the use of insults to garner votes to a more policy and development focused political campaign. In the 2008 elections, the DFP centered its campaigning around promoting agricultural development in Ghana to reduce poverty and hunger in the country. Given the presidential seat in Ghana, it planned to subsidize agriculture and to place taxes that promoted the purchasing of local commodities over foreign goods. As said at a DFP press conference in April 2008: “the DFP believes that if agriculture is well developed, it is capable of moving this country faster than any other sector, probably except oil which is yet to be drilled.” Other specific political systems in Ghana that the DFP planned to change included civil service structures, public education, and the public administration. The 2008 DFP presidential candidate, Mr. Emmanuel Ansah-Antwi told reporters in an interview in April, 2008 that a government of the DFP would continue with the good policies of the previous NPP administration. However, a government under the DFP would focus on implementing and executing the policies of the previous NPP administration better than its predecessors. Specifically, Mr. Ansah-Antwi mentioned the importance of creating jobs to employ the Ghanaian youth: “my interest is in the youth and I want to lead this country so that each and everyone could meet their physiological needs — food, shelter and clothing.” Mr. Ansah Antwi was also critical of the socio-economic system placed on the country by previous colonial rulers. He argued that Ghana was a developing country and it needed to discard old systems if they had outlived their usefulness. The party is scheduled to hold its first congress in March 2008 in the lead up to Presidential and Parliamentary elections due in December 2008. The DFP candidate, Emmanuel Ansah-Antwi came fourth with 0.33% of the total votes in the Ghanaian presidential election in December 2008. In late 2011, the DFP appeared to be backing the New Patriotic Party in preparation for the December 2012 general elections. In October 2011 however, it was announced that the DFP was merging with the National Democratic Congress, the party from which it was originally formed. The leader, Obed Asamoah, said the NDC internal processes were more democratic and this is what encouraged the reunion. This was formerly confirmed in a joint statement signed by the general secretaries of both parties on 22 May 2012. It therefore only contested one general election during its existence. Democratic Freedom Party The Democratic Freedom Party (DFP) was a political party in Ghana. It was formed in 2006 and eventually merged with the National Democratic Congress in 2011. It came in fourth place in the Ghanaian general election of 2008 with 0.33% of the total vote. The formation of the Democratic Freedom Party was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "XIV Corps (German Empire) The XIV Army Corps / XIV AK () was a corps level command of the German Army before and during World War I. It was, effectively, also the army of the Grand Duchy of Baden, which, in 1871, had been integrated into the Prussian Army command structure, as had the armies of most German states. Both divisions and the bulk of the corps' support units were from the grand duchy. The corps was established in 1870, after the Siege of Strasbourg. It was assigned to the V Army Inspectorate, which became the 7th Army at the start of the First World War. It was still in existence at the end of the war as part of the 18th Army, \"Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz\" on the Western Front. A siege corps was formed to besiege Strasbourg during the Franco-Prussian War under the command of General der Infanterie August von Werder. After the fall of Strasbourg, these troops were formed into a new XIV Corps by the All-highest Cabinet Order (\"Allerhöchste Kabinettsorder\", AKO) of 30 September 1870. Werder defeated the French at Dijon and at Nuits and proceeded to besiege Belfort. General Charles Denis Bourbaki assembled an army intending to relieve Belfort, leading to the Battle of Villersexel. On 15 January 1871, Bourbaki attacked Werder along the Lisaine River; however, after a three-day battle, he was repelled and his army retreated into Switzerland. XIV Corps was disbanded in March 1871. After the peace treaty, the XIV Corps was re-established on 1 July 1871 almost exclusively with troops from the Grand Duchy of Baden. It was assigned to the V Army Inspectorate, but joined the 7th Army at the start of the First World War. The 25 peacetime Corps of the German Army (Guards, I - XXI, I - III Bavarian) had a reasonably standardised organisation. Each consisted of two divisions with usually two infantry brigades, one field artillery brigade and a cavalry brigade each. Each brigade normally consisted of two regiments of the appropriate type, so each Corps normally commanded 8 infantry, 4 field artillery and 4 cavalry regiments. There were exceptions to this rule: Each Corps also directly controlled a number of other units. This could include one or more 14th (Baden) Foot Artillery was partially garrisoned in Straßburg (as part of XV Corps) and Müllheim (as part of XIV Corps). In addition, the 66th (4th Baden) Field Artillery was stationed in Lahr and Neubreisach as part of XV Corps. On mobilization on 2 August 1914, the Corps was restructured. The 28th Cavalry Brigade was withdrawn to form part of the 6th Cavalry Division and the 29th Cavalry Brigade was broken up and its regiments assigned to the divisions as reconnaissance units. The divisions received engineer companies and other support units from the Corps headquarters. Unusually, the Corps retained its 5th Infantry brigade, making it the strongest active corps on mobilisation. In summary, XIV Corps mobilised with 30 infantry battalions, 10 machine gun companies (60 machine guns), 8 cavalry squadrons, 24 field artillery batteries (144 guns), 4 heavy artillery batteries (16 guns), 3 pioneer companies and an aviation detachment. At the outbreak of World War I, the Corps was assigned to the 7th Army on the left of the forces that executed the Schlieffen Plan and fought in the Battle of the Frontiers. In September, it was transferred to the 6th Army. From November 1916 to March 1917, the corps took command of Group Hardaumont of the 5th Army. In March 1917, it was transferred to the 3rd Army and took command of Group Prosnes. In May, it was transferred to the 4th Army's control and took command of Group Dixmude. During this period, it fought in the Battle of Passchendaele.<ref name=\"XIV. Armeekorps Chronik 1914/1918\">XIV. Armeekorps (Chronik 1914/1918)</ref> Taking over from the XIX Corps at Wijtschate in November 1917, the XIV Corps formed a new \"Group Wytschaete\", which it commanded until December 1917, after which it took over Group Busigny in the 6th Army. It remained in command of this group into 1918. It was still in existence at the end of the war as part of the 18th Army, \"Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz\" on the Western Front. The XIV Corps had the following commanders during its existence: XIV Corps (German Empire) The XIV Army Corps / XIV AK () was a corps level command of the German Army before and during World War I. It was, effectively, also the army of the Grand Duchy of Baden, which, in 1871, had been integrated into the Prussian Army command structure, as had the armies of most German states. Both divisions and the bulk of the corps' support units were from the grand duchy. The corps was established in 1870, after the Siege of Strasbourg. It was assigned to the V" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Paolo Riani Paolo Riani (born 8 September 1937) is an Italian architect and urban planner of award-winning projects worldwide spanning a professional career of over 40 years. Riani was born in Barga, Tuscany, Italy, in 1937 and maintains a home and office in Viareggio, on the Tuscan coast. Son of Maria Assunta Pieroni and Albano Riani, aviator in the Italian Air Force, he grew up in Barga and later in Montecatini Terme. He attended the School of Architecture in the University of Florence, where he was a disciple and collaborator of the urban planner Edoardo Detti. He graduated in 1965, with a thesis in Urban planning. From 1965 to 1971 he lived and worked in Tokyo, Japan, where he collaborated in the offices of architect Kenzo Tange together with Arata Isozaki and Kisho Kurokawa. He also taught Master Planning at the University of Tokyo Todai. During this period his most important projects were Caesar's Palace nightclub (1969), Mitsubishi Estate Co. in Tokyo (1971) and the City of Kyoto Master Plan. Between 1994 and 1998 he abandoned architecture and dedicated himself entirely to politics. He was elected senator of the Republic of Italy in the XII Legislature and took part in numerous work commissions not only on a national scale but also for the European Community, NATO and United Nations. After this period dedicated to politics, he went back to his profession as an architect and designed projects like the sustainable development plan for Massaciuccoli lake, multi-use complexes for the historic centres of Massa, Viareggio and Lucca, an industrial complex in Monsagrati, a residential estate in Pieve a Nievole, the Resistance Museum in Genoa and he worked on the restoration of Alta Valdera and the Comune of Peccioli. From 2000 to 2002, Riani was the Director of the Italian Cultural Institute in New York City. As of 2002, he is the Executive Director of the Italian Cultural Foundation of America (ICFA), a non-profit organization founded with his wife Elizabeth. He has since gone back to his profession and in 2004 he was appointed Architecture professor at the Engineering Faculty of Pisa University and the following year was appointed an honorary member of the Academic Senate of the International Academy of Modern Art (AIAM) in Rome. Paolo Riani Paolo Riani (born 8 September 1937) is an Italian architect and urban planner of award-winning projects worldwide spanning a professional career of over 40" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Stone, Carpenter & Willson Stone, Carpenter & Willson was a Providence, Rhode Island based architectural firm in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. It was named for the partners Alfred E. Stone (1834–1908), Charles E. Carpenter (1845–1923). and Edmund R. Willson (1856–1906). The firm was one of the state's most prominent. It was established about 1885 when Willson became a full partner in the Providence architectural firm of Stone & Carpenter. Alfred Stone was born in East Machias, Maine, in 1834. He attended the Washington Academy in that town. His family later moved to Salem, Massachusetts. After graduating high school, he began his architectural training. He worked for Towle & Foster, Shepard S. Woodcock, Washburn & Brown, and Arthur Gilman. In 1859 he began working for Providence architect Alpheus C. Morse. He studied there until the outbreak of the Civil War. He went to enlist, but a knee injury prevented him from doing so. He then worked for various business interests, also traveling in the British Isles. He opened an architural office in Providence in 1864. From 1866 to 1871 William H. Emmerton, another Salem man, was Stone's partner. Emmerton was killed in the Great Revere Train Wreck of 1871. He practiced alone until 1873, when Charles E. Carpenter became partner. This association remained unchanged for a decade, when Willson was added. Stone died December 4th, 1908 in Peterborough, New Hampshire. Charles Edmund Carpenter was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island on May 1st, 1845. He attended the public schools until the age of 17, when he enlisted in the Union Army. He was discharged three months later, and returned to school. He began to work under Providence civil engineer William S. Haines, learning the business. He became interested in architecture, deciding to study it instead. He entered the office of Alfred Stone in 1867, and was made a partner in 1873. He retired from the firm's affairs in 1908, after the death of Stone. He died in 1923. In 1894 he married Eudora C. Sheldon, sister of Walter G. Sheldon. Edmund Russell Willson was born in 1856 in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, now part of Boston. He was the son of Edmund B. Willson, a pastor, and Martha Anne (Buttrick) Willson. In 1859 Willson removed his family to Salem, where he took charge of the North Church, now the First Church in Salem. Edmund R. Willson attended Salem High School, graduating at the young age of 15 in 1871. He then entered Harvard University. He was there four years, graduating in 1875. After his graduation, he found a position in the office of Peabody & Stearns, Boston's leading architects. He also took an additional 9-month course in architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After a year he left Peabody & Stearns and moved to Sturgis & Brigham. After a year and a half there he left Boston and relocated to New York City, where he worked under Charles F. McKim in McKim, Mead & Bigelow. McKim, recognizing Willson's talent and potential, convinced him to study abroad. He departed in May 1879, with a friend, William E. Chamberlin. Not long after his arrival in Paris, Willson gained admission to the École des Beaux-Arts, as would Chamberlin. He returned to the United States in December 1881. In early 1882 he secured a position in the Providence firm of Stone & Carpenter. He was soon given a position of high responsibility, taking the firm's designs in a new direction. Recognizing this, in 1883 Alfred Stone and Charles E. Carpenter decided to admit him as a junior partner. He was given a full partnership in about 1885, and the firm officially became Stone, Carpenter & Willson. He remained with them until his death. On December 14 of 1882 Willson married Anne Lemoine (Frost) Willson, whom he had known in Salem. He died September 9th, 1906, in Petersham, Massachusetts. In 1901, a fourth partner, Walter G. Sheldon, was added. Sheldon had worked at the firm for at least a decade. Despite the new partner, Sheldon's was not added to the firm's name. After Willson's death, however, the firm was renamed Stone, Carpenter & Sheldon, which it retained until its end in the 1920s. Other, later, partners included Sheldon's son, Gilbert Sheldon, and William C. Mustard. Sheldon was born in 1855, and died in 1931. His son was born in 1882, dying in 1972. Stone, Carpenter & Willson Stone, Carpenter & Willson was a Providence, Rhode Island based architectural firm in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. It was named for the partners Alfred E. Stone (1834–1908), Charles E. Carpenter (1845–1923). and Edmund R. Willson (1856–1906). The firm was one of the state's most prominent. It was established about 1885 when Willson became a full partner in the Providence architectural firm of Stone &" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Knox Township, Jefferson County, Pennsylvania Knox Township is a township in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 1,042. It was named for John C. Knox, then President Judge of the judicial district. Knox Township is in central Jefferson County, southeast of Brookville, the county seat. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which are land and , or 0.41%, are water. The northeast border of the township is Sandy Lick Creek, a northwest-flowing tributary of Redbank Creek, while much of the western border is Fivemile Run, which flows north to Sandy Lick Creek. The entire township is part of the Allegheny River watershed. The township contains the unincorporated communities of Knox Dale, Ramsaytown, Barnes, Norman, and Green Valley. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,056 people, 415 households, and 300 families residing in the township. The population density was 33.8 people per square mile (13.1/km²). There were 501 housing units at an average density of 16.0/sq mi (6.2/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 99.62% White, 0.09% African American, 0.09% Asian, and 0.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.09% of the population. There were 415 households, out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. 22.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.99. In the township the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males. The median income for a household in the township was $31,484, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $29,922 versus $17,031 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,040. About 5.9% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over. Knox Township, Jefferson County, Pennsylvania Knox Township is a township in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 1,042. It was named for John C. Knox, then President Judge of the judicial district. Knox Township is in central Jefferson County, southeast of Brookville, the county seat. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which are land and , or 0.41%, are water. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Charity Shoal Crater The Charity Shoal Crater is a in diameter circular feature that lies submerged beneath the northeast end of Lake Ontario about southwest of Wolfe Island, and south of Kingston, Ontario at about latitude 44° 02′ N and longitude 76° 29′ W. It is hypothesized to be a Middle Ordovician impact crater. On December 5, 1897, the (Steamship) Rosedale grounded upon the rocks of East Charity Shoal in the eastern end of Lake Ontario during a northwest gale. During the summer of 1900, John C. Churchill, Jr. visited Charity Shoal to survey and chart the outlying spur known as East Charity Shoal. It was first mapped in detail as part of a bathymetric map of Lake Ontario that was compiled from historic data sets by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Geophysical Data Center, the NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, and the Canadian Hydrographic Service. Based on this bathymetric map and field investigations, it was first proposed that Charity Creek Crater is an impact crater in 2001. In November 2010 and May 2011, high-resolution bathymetric and acoustic backscatter data were collected from the area of Charity Shoal and a 1 by 1 m grid model of its bathymetry was assembled by the Canadian Hydrographic Service. In July 2012, detailed magnetic and bathymetric surveys were conducted across a area over Charity Shoal. The Charity Shoal Crater is a small oval basin with a circular rim that is approximately in diameter. A continuous rim encircles the crater floor, ranging in water depth from less than 1 m at the Charity Shoal Lighthouse on the eastern rim, to just over at the southernmost juncture of the rim. The exterior slopes of its rim are less steep than its interior slopes. Northeast-southwest trending erosional valleys cut across the southwestern sector of the crater rim. The crater floor is slightly ovoid, with a northwest–southeast-oriented long axis diameter of about and a short axis diameter of about . At its deepest point, this basin is . A low, high, central rise high, ridge divides the interior basin into two separate, small depressions. From the Charity Shoal Crater, a prominent, elongated, and tapering ridge extends about southwestward away from its rim and gives it the appearance of a frying pan. At its shallowest, ridges lies less than below the surface of Lake Ontario. Northwest and southeast of and parallel to this ridge, smaller northwest-southeast-trending ridges lie at depths of . In addition, numerous smaller northeast-southwest trending linear features cut Charity Shoal Crater and cover the entire northeastern end of Lake Ontario. The Charity Shoal Crater and associated ridge both lie upon a broader and larger flat-topped ridge. This larger ridge is one of a series of several N23E-trending ridge segments that lie between Main Duck and Wolfe Islands and just northwest of the Saint Lawrence Channel. The Simcoe Island Channel lies on the opposite side of this ridge. This ridge, the Charity Shoal Crater, and the entire northeast end of Lake Ontario are all crosscut N53E-trending lineations. These lineations, which were likely created by subglacial erosion, form a well-defined en echelon topography that characterize the bottom of Lake Ontario. The surface of the Charity Shoal Crater consists of a mixture of bedrock, broken bedrock, and lacustrine sediments. The rim of this feature consists of eroded bedrock and patches of broken bedrock. Broken bedrock covers the interior and exterior slopes of the feature. Loose rocks recovered from the inner slope of the west–central portion of the crater rim consisted mainly of sandstone, quartzite, and gneiss that are glacial erratics derived from exposures of Precambrian, Cambrian, and Ordovician strata to the northeast. Of these rocks, two specimens consist of fossiliferous limestone and are thought to be representative of local bedrock. Neither shatter cones nor breccia were reported as having been observed among these rocks. The interior basin of this feature is stiff, varved clay covered with a layer of coarse brown sand about Sub-bottom seismic profiles found that at most a maximum of of crudely stratified unconsolidated sediments overlie Ordovician limestones of the Trenton Group. Planar parallel reflections, which are interpreted as laminated (post-glacial-Holocene?) muds and silt, comprise the upper of the crater fill. These sediments overlie an acoustically transparent unit that is largely devoid of reflections. This units represents poorly-stratified unconsolidated sediment that likely consist of sand and gravel. The base of the crater fill is a low relief, symmetric, parabolic-shaped bedrock surface that lies only below the crest of the crater's rim. The ridge that extends southwestward form the crater consists of bedrock that is capped by unstratified gravelly and sandy sediment that resembles a medial moraine. The orientations of this ridge parallels other northwest-southeast-trending ridges, lineations, and features that cut through the rim of the Charity Shoal Crater and the bedrock bottom of Lake Ontario. The bottom of Lake Ontario within the area of the Charity Shoal Crater consists of Middle Ordovician limestone belonging to the Trenton Group. They are hard erosion resistant strata that dip very gently to the southwest. As a result, the Trenton Group forms the lake bottom over a wide area although it is only 100s of meters thick. These Middle Ordovician strata overlie thin Cambrian sandstones which in turn rest unconformably on Late Proterozoic basement rocks. The basement rocks are part of the Frontenac Terrane of the Grenville Province. Thus, they most likely consists of high-grade gneisses, marble and quartzite. High-resolution multibeam sonar data collected in November 2010 and May 2011 revealed that the rim of the crater consists of undisturbed and unbrecciated bedrock that has been al most completely stripped of sediments and debris by erosion. The sonar data demonstrates that the rim consists of severely eroded bedrock exhibits micro-ridges that are generally less than in relief and spaced generally less than apart, depending on the thicknesses, attitudes, and erosional resistances of the strata. Furthermore, these micro-ridges both parallel the rim itself, and dip away from the rim axis in both directions, revealing a continuous ring anticline with a diameter of . This ring anticline coincides with the crater rim, with rock strata dipping gently in both directions away from the rim axis. The ring anticline is more nearly circular, in contrast to the ovoid shape of the Charity Shoal topographic crater floor. The dips of exposed rock strata are generally gentle and lack any evidence of beds being overturned or even vertical. No evidence of shock metamorphism has been reported from the Charity Shoal Crater. This is likely because, in situ samples from the sedimentary strata underlying the layers Middle Ordovician limestone that still cover the rim of this feature have not been collected from it. Drilling and coring of this feature will be required to recover any evidence of shock metamorphism and verify the impact origin of the Charity Shoal Crater. The ring anticline that forms the bulk of the rim of the Charity Shoal Crater is interpreted to consist of layers of Middle Ordovician limestone that are draped over the still buried rim of an underlying crater. The microridges are argued to be edges of these limestone beds that have been truncated by erosion, which are presumed to be glacial in nature. Based upon its circular nature, lack of local and regional volcanism, and geophysical anomalies, the Charity Shoal Crater is hypothesized to be an extraterrestrial impact crater. As a result of modelling of data collected during a magnetic survey of this feature, Philip Suttak concluded that Charity Shoal Crater is neither a shallow glacial erosional, nor karst sinkhole. As modelled, the data proved to be most consistent with", "Shoal Crater. The ring anticline that forms the bulk of the rim of the Charity Shoal Crater is interpreted to consist of layers of Middle Ordovician limestone that are draped over the still buried rim of an underlying crater. The microridges are argued to be edges of these limestone beds that have been truncated by erosion, which are presumed to be glacial in nature. Based upon its circular nature, lack of local and regional volcanism, and geophysical anomalies, the Charity Shoal Crater is hypothesized to be an extraterrestrial impact crater. As a result of modelling of data collected during a magnetic survey of this feature, Philip Suttak concluded that Charity Shoal Crater is neither a shallow glacial erosional, nor karst sinkhole. As modelled, the data proved to be most consistent with an impact crater that is in the range of deep and possibly consistent with a diatreme. The ridge that extends southwestward from the crater is judged to represent a till ridge or bedrock fluting (Crag-and-tail feature). Crag-and-tail features are a common occurrence in some drumlin fields. It likely formed below the southwestward flowing Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last glaciation. Other streamlined erosional features, e.g. oriented bedrock ridges and troughs, Flat-topped ridges, and bedrock lineations indicate that the bottom of this part of Lake Ontario, including Charity Shoal, have been significantly modified by glacial erosion. Currently, the age of the Charity Shoal Crater is argued to Middle Ordovician. The presence of continuous and well-defined northeast-trending lineations that cut across both the Charity Shoal Crater and adjacent bedrock indicates that this landform has been significantly eroded by glacial processes and predates the last glacial advance of the Laurentide ice sheet. As the existing research indicates that the rim of this crater is draped by layers of Middle Ordovician limestone, the Charity Shoal Crater must be at least as old as the Middle Ordovician. That its rim height is 80 to 90 percent lower than predicted by cratering models indicates that the relief has been diminished by the filling of the central basin with sediments after its formation. Charity Shoal Crater The Charity Shoal Crater is a in diameter circular feature that lies submerged beneath" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sándor Farkas de Boldogfa Vitéz Sándor Farkas de Boldogfa (16 September 1880 – 11 January 1946) was a Hungarian nobleman, colonel of the Kingdom of Hungary, captain of the Order of Vitéz of the county of Zala. He was knight of the Order of the Austrian Iron Crown. Born in Andráshida, county of Zala, in the former Kingdom of Hungary, Sándor József, was a member of the ancient Roman Catholic Hungarian noble family Farkas de Boldogfa (in Hungarian: \"boldogfai Farkas\" család) that originally hailed from the land of Zalaboldogfa. He was son of Ferenc Farkas de Boldogfa (1838–1908), landowner, Zala county auditor and monetary comptroller of the county, and Zsófia Marton de Nemesnép (1842–1900). His paternal grandparents were Ferenc Farkas de Boldogfa (1779-1844), judge, landowner, and Borbála Joó (1817-1881). His great grandfather was János Farkas de Boldogfa (1741-1788), jurist, lawyer, landowner, Prothonotary of the county of Zala. Sándor's brother was dr. István Farkas de Boldogfa (1875–1921), jurist, supreme chief magistrate of the district of Sümeg in county of Zala. Their second cousin was József Farkas de Boldogfa (1857–1951), landowner, politician, Member of the Hungarian Parliament. He finished his highschool in Sopron and then decided to study for a military career. He finished the military school in Székesfehérvár in 1903. In 1905 he finished the equestrian course in Pécs. In 1914 he was the company commander when they fought in the Polish front at Kostkowra and showed great wisdom and behaved as a fearless officer. Between 1914 and 1919 he was the lieutenant of the 20th infantery regiment of Nagykanizsa. After World War I, he had received about 6 honors including the Signum Laudis, the Karl Troop Cross, Military Merit Cross, the Militär-Jubiläumskreuz, and was knight of the Order of the Iron Crown, and member of the Order of Vitéz. On 22 September 1920 he married the noble lady Katalin Csomasz de Adorjánháza (1897–1964), who played also an important social role during the World War II in the county of Zala, as she was the president of the Hungarian Red Cross of the county. She gave birth two boys to him: Lóránd and Tamás. He officially retired in 1935 as a 55 years old Senior military officer, and then he was appointed as captain of the Order of Vitéz of the county of Zala. He occupied the office until 1939, when he resigned because of serious health problems. He was a close friend of the Count Béla Teleki de Szék (1896–1969), who was the lord-lieutenant of Zala county (\"zalai főispán\"). Sándor Farkas de Boldogfa Vitéz Sándor Farkas de Boldogfa (16 September 1880 – 11 January 1946) was a Hungarian nobleman, colonel of the Kingdom of Hungary, captain of the Order of Vitéz of the county of Zala. He was knight of the Order of the Austrian Iron Crown. Born in Andráshida, county of Zala, in the former Kingdom of Hungary, Sándor József, was a member of the ancient Roman Catholic Hungarian noble family Farkas de Boldogfa (in Hungarian: \"boldogfai Farkas\" család)" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Butterfly graph In the mathematical field of graph theory, the butterfly graph (also called the bowtie graph and the hourglass graph) is a planar undirected graph with 5 vertices and 6 edges. It can be constructed by joining 2 copies of the cycle graph \"C\" with a common vertex and is therefore isomorphic to the friendship graph \"F\". The butterfly graph has diameter 2 and girth 3, radius 1, chromatic number 3, chromatic index 4 and is both Eulerian and unit distance. It is also a 1-vertex-connected graph and a 2-edge-connected graph. There are only 3 non-graceful simple graphs with five vertices. One of them is the butterfly graph. The two others are cycle graph \"C\" and the complete graph \"K\". A graph is bowtie-free if it has no butterfly as an induced subgraph. The triangle-free graphs are bowtie-free graphs, since every butterfly contains a triangle. In a \"k\"-vertex-connected graph, and edge is said \"k\"-contractible if the contraction of the edge results in a \"k\"-connected graph. Ando, Kaneko, Kawarabayashi and Yoshimoto proved that every \"k\"-vertex-connected bowtie-free graph has a \"k\"-contractible edge. The full automorphism group of the butterfly graph is a group of order 8 isomorphic to the Dihedral group \"D\", the group of symmetries of a square, including both rotations and reflections. The characteristic polynomial of the butterfly graph is formula_1. Butterfly graph In the mathematical field of graph theory, the butterfly graph (also called the bowtie graph and the hourglass graph) is a planar undirected graph with 5 vertices and 6 edges. It can be constructed by joining 2 copies of the cycle graph \"C\" with a common vertex and is therefore isomorphic to the friendship graph \"F\". The butterfly graph has diameter 2 and girth 3, radius 1, chromatic number 3, chromatic index 4 and is both" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Max Brick Max Brick (born 5 July 1992) is an English diver who represents Southampton Diving Academy and specialises in the 10 metre platform event. At the 2009 British Championships Brick won gold in the synchronised platform event in partnership with Jack Clewlow, and came 4th in the individual event. Subsequently he was selected by the national coaches as the new synchro partner for British and European champion Tom Daley, who had not been able to compete in the synchro at the national championships after his previous partner Blake Aldridge was beaten up in a nightclub. Brick is only two years older than Daley, compared with the twelve-year age gap between Daley and Aldridge. Daley and Brick came fifth on their debut as the 2009 FINA World Series event in Sheffield, and picked up a silver medal at the FINA Diving Grand Prix in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in their second outing. In 2010, Brick also dived with Peter Waterfield, as the national selectors experimented to find the best pair. After Waterfield pulled out of the 2010 Commonwealth Games due to his concerns about conditions in the athletes village, Brick and Daley reunited to win gold medals in the 10 metre synchro event. Max Brick Max Brick (born 5 July 1992) is an English diver who represents Southampton Diving Academy and specialises in the 10 metre platform event. At the 2009 British Championships Brick won gold in the synchronised platform event in partnership with Jack Clewlow, and came 4th in the individual event. Subsequently he was selected by the national coaches as the new synchro partner for British and European champion Tom Daley, who had not been able to compete in the synchro at the national championships after his previous partner Blake Aldridge was beaten up in a nightclub. Brick is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nathalie Boltt Nathalie Boltt (born 19 July 1973) is a South African actress, known in that country for her role as Joey Ortlepp in the SABC 3 soap opera \"Isidingo\" from 2001 to 2004. She is a graduate of Rhodes University, and currently lives in Wellington, New Zealand. Internationally, she has been seen in the film \"District 9\" and the 2005 television remake \"The Poseidon Adventure\". She also voices the character of DottyWot in the New Zealand children's series \"The WotWots\". The actress is a advocate for many charities. Nathalie was also featured as a female screen writer. Boltt currently portrays Penelope Blossom in the CW television series \"Riverdale\". Nathalie Boltt Nathalie Boltt (born 19 July 1973) is a South African actress, known in that country for her role as Joey Ortlepp in the SABC 3 soap opera \"Isidingo\" from 2001 to 2004. She is a graduate of Rhodes University, and currently lives in Wellington, New Zealand. Internationally, she has been seen in the film \"District 9\" and the 2005 television remake \"The Poseidon Adventure\". She also voices the character of DottyWot in the New Zealand children's series \"The WotWots\". The actress is a advocate for many charities. Nathalie was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sunday football in Northern Ireland Sunday football in Northern Ireland has been a controversial issue. Until 2008, the Irish Football Association (IFA) under IFA Article 27, prohibited any clubs affiliated with them from playing association football matches on Sunday. The ban initially came from various government legislation, both local and national. Northern Ireland's Protestant Christian majority's observance of Sunday as the Sabbath (a day of rest), was also a major factor which amounted to a continuance of the observance of tradition for a lot longer than in the rest of the UK. It was also a way to combat a perceived encroachment on their culture by Catholics. Since the abolition of the ban, teams can play matches on Sunday if they have mutual agreement, although some teams such as Linfield have club rules against such games. The Northern Ireland national team also had a policy of not playing on Sundays. This policy was later amended to allow Northern Ireland to play on Sundays away from home before being unofficially suspended due to changes in UEFA rules regarding playing dates for international competition qualifiers. On 29 March 2015, the national team played their first home match on a Sunday against Finland. Discouragement of recreation on Sunday, the Christian Sabbath, was a feature of the Puritan Sabbatarianism of the 17th century, which influenced the Sunday Observance Act 1695 passed by the Parliament of Ireland, which made it illegal to take part in sports, stating, \"by reason of tumultuous and disorderly meetings, which have been, and frequently are used on the Lord's-day, commonly called Sunday, under pretence of hurling, commoning, football-playing, cudgels, wrestling, or other sports\". In the 19th century in the United Kingdom, Protestants and urban areas tended to favour stricter observance of the Sabbath than rural areas and Roman Catholics. The Factory Acts facilitated working-class recreation on Saturday afternoons, whereas farm labourers work all day Saturday. The IFA for decades after its 1880 foundation was strongest around industrial Belfast, and many clubs were of Protestant workmen. In its early decades, the IFA's rules had no explicit prohibition on Sunday play, but requests for explicit permission were routinely refused. (When the prohibition was removed in 2006, media said the rule was 60 years old.) Sabbatarian members sometimes advocated use of the 1695 act to enforce this, but the Royal Irish Constabulary from 1872 only used invoked the act if a game was likely to cause a breach of the peace. In 1898, the Leinster Football Association requested permission for matches on Sunday, which was unanimously rejected by the IFA as \"very detrimental to the interests of the game\". In 1901, the Munster Football Association made a similar request which was also turned down. In 1898, Belfast Celtic rented Celtic Park for a Sunday hurling match and was suspended by the IFA until it promised not to do so in future. In 1906 the IFA passed a rule prohibiting clubs from renting grounds to any sports club which played on Sundays. While the IFA maintained a ban on Sunday football for all senior and junior men's football, matches outside IFA auspices were sometimes played on Sundays. The independent Northern Ireland Women's Football Association (NIWFA) played their matches on Sundays. The Gaelic Athletic Association opposed association football and its matches were on Sunday, reducing the Catholic/nationalist constituency within the IFA. The Football Association of Ireland (FAI) was formed in 1921 by Leinster clubs splitting from the IFA due to its alleged bias in favour of Belfast; one of the FAI's first actions was to permit Sunday matches under its jurisdiction. The IFA ban on football on Sundays was strictly enforced so that no club affiliated with the IFA could play football in Northern Ireland on Sundays. This included the Northern Ireland national team who also refused to play international matches on Sunday. Before the 1958 FIFA World Cup, it was noted that Northern Ireland would play Czechoslovakia on a Sunday. As a result, the IFA relaxed its Sunday football ban to permit the Northern Ireland national team to play football on Sundays outside of Northern Ireland. In 2001, Cliftonville attempted to play a friendly match against Derry City, who are based in County Londonderry but are affiliated with the FAI, on a Sunday. The IFA initially permitted this, but the match was cancelled after complaints from the North West of Ireland Football Association despite Cliftonville arguing that since Derry City organized it, it was outside of the IFA's jurisdiction. The ban was also identified as causing problems for ethnic minority players; the Chinese Football Association Northern Ireland, whose players mostly work in the catering industry, noted that its members often had \"no choice\" but to play on Sundays and pointed out the ban interfered with outreach efforts. Towards the start of the 21st century, several clubs made moves to abolish the ban on Sunday football in Northern Ireland. In 2000 Newry Town put forward a motion to play football on Sunday on commercial grounds. However, it was rejected by the IFA overwhelmingly on moral grounds despite Newry Town stating they \"do not wish to impinge on anyone's Christian or moral ethics.\" In 2003, Cliftonville started a campaign to permit Sunday football if both clubs consented. In 2005, Armagh City and Ballynure Old Boys made a similar request to play on Sundays. Again the IFA rejected it on the grounds that it would interfere with the NIWFA's fixtures. A year later, the request was made again and members of the IFA voted in favour of it 69-28 however they failed to reach a 75% majority needed due to the NIWFA's clubs voting against it and thus the Sunday football ban remained in place. Maintaining the ban meant that Northern Ireland was the only country in UEFA which had a ban on Sunday football. This decision was criticized in the media who viewed the ban as outdated. Howard Wells, the IFA chief executive, took legal advice after it was suggested that the ban on Sunday football might not be supported in the European Court of Human Rights if a lawsuit was brought against them. After the failure of the 2006 motion, the predicted legal challenge, supported by the Equality Commission, emerged on the grounds of religious discrimination. In 2007, despite opposition from the Democratic Unionist Party, the IFA voted 91-14 to remove IFA Article 27 from their constitution. It was replaced by IFA Article 36.b, which stated that no football would be scheduled on Sunday, but matches on Sunday could be played if both teams and the organizing competition agreed. It also stated that no player or club could be punished if they refused to play on Sunday. The ban on Sunday football in Northern Ireland was lifted on 1 June 2008. The first match held on Sunday since the ban was lifted was an Irish Premiership match between Glentoran and Bangor at The Oval. Before the match there was a protest against it by members of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster led by Reverend David McIlveen. Despite the lifting of the ban on Sunday football, Article 36.b has been used very rarely. Some clubs maintain a club ban on Sunday football. Linfield, the owners of Windsor Park, used as the home ground of the Northern Ireland national team, had it written in their club rules in Article 24 that no games would be permitted on their grounds on Sundays. Since this could have prevented Windsor Park hosting cup finals or international matches, Linfield members voted to change Article 24 to state that no games involving Linfield could take place at Windsor Park on Sundays. Ballymena United decided to play a friendly tournament in the Republic of Ireland on a Sunday. As a result, one of their sponsors pulled out of the club. Despite the scrapping of the ban on Sunday football, the Northern Ireland national team continued to", "on Sunday football, Article 36.b has been used very rarely. Some clubs maintain a club ban on Sunday football. Linfield, the owners of Windsor Park, used as the home ground of the Northern Ireland national team, had it written in their club rules in Article 24 that no games would be permitted on their grounds on Sundays. Since this could have prevented Windsor Park hosting cup finals or international matches, Linfield members voted to change Article 24 to state that no games involving Linfield could take place at Windsor Park on Sundays. Ballymena United decided to play a friendly tournament in the Republic of Ireland on a Sunday. As a result, one of their sponsors pulled out of the club. Despite the scrapping of the ban on Sunday football, the Northern Ireland national team continued to negotiate the fixture dates of friendlies and international competition qualifiers so that they were not on Sundays. In 2014, UEFA changed the match date allocation for qualifying competitions from mutual agreement between associations to randomly selected dates from a computer. The IFA were informed this might mean matches on Sunday and they signed in agreement prior to the draw for UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying. When the draw was made, it was determined that Northern Ireland would play Finland at home on 29 March 2015 in Northern Ireland's first international match at home on Sunday. Jim Allister, leader of the Traditional Unionist Voice party, questioned the choice of date; the IFA replied that they had no control over it but accepted that some fans might boycott the match because it was on a Sunday. Sunday football in Northern Ireland Sunday football in Northern Ireland has been a controversial issue. Until 2008, the Irish Football Association (IFA) under IFA Article 27, prohibited any clubs affiliated with them from playing association football matches on Sunday. The ban initially came from various government legislation, both local and national. Northern Ireland's" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ritu Rani Ritu Rani (born 29 December 1991) is an Indian field hockey player and former captain of the national team. She plays as a halfback. Rani has led the team to medal winning performances most notably the bronze at the 2014 Asian Games. Also under her captaincy the team qualified for the Olympics after 36 years after finishing fifth in the 2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals. Ritu Rani was born on 29 December 1991, in Haryana. She did her schooling at the Sri Guru Nanak Dev Sr. Higher Secondary School in Shahabad Markanda, Haryana. She took to hockey at the age of 09 and trained with the Shahbad Hockey Academy in Shahabad Markanda. Rani was employed with the Indian Railways until 2014, when she quit to join the Haryana Police. Rani trained at the Shahbad Hockey Academy at Shahabad. Rani made her debut in the senior team in 2006, at the Asian Games in Doha. She was a part of the Indian team that played the 2006 World Cup in Madrid, and aged 14 at the time, she was the youngest in the squad. At the 2009 Champions Challenge II in Kazan, Russia, India won the tournament, with Rani finishing as the top scorer with eight goals to her name. She was appointed the captain of the team in 2011. Led by her, the team finished third at the 2013 Asia Cup in Kuala Lumpur and the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, South Korea. During the summer of 2015 when India hosted the Round 2 of the 2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Rani led the team to finish on top to qualify for the next stage. She also led the side at the World League Semifinals held in Antwerp and the team finished in the fifth place beating higher ranked Japan in classification match. The Indian woman's national field hockey team thus qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics for the first time since the 1980 Summer Olympics under her captaincy. On qualifying for the 2016 Summer Olympics Rani said: Ritu Rani Ritu Rani (born 29 December 1991) is an Indian field hockey player and former captain of the national team. She plays as a halfback. Rani has led the team to medal winning performances most notably the bronze at the 2014 Asian Games. Also under her captaincy the team qualified for the Olympics after 36 years" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Muzahim al-Pachachi Muzahim Ameen al-Pachachi (;22 September 189123 September 1982) was an Iraqi politician who served as Prime Minister of Iraq during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Born to a prominent family and graduated from the Baghdad School of Law he organized the Arab nationalist Cultural Club in Baghdad in 1912; its members included Hamdi al-Pachachi, Talib al-Naqib and Muhammad Ridha. In 1924, al-Pachachi was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly, charged with drafting the Constitution of Iraq. He held a number of cabinet and diplomatic positions. He served as Minister of Works (1924–25) before becoming a member of parliament (1925–27). He was appointed ambassador to Britain (1927–28) and was briefly Minister of the Interior (1930). Al-Pachachi opposed the 1930 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty because it failed to meet nationalist demands. He held a succession of ambassadorial posts: ambassador to the League of Nations (1933–35), to Italy (1935-39), and to France (1939–42). During the 1930s he was under the surveillance of British intelligence services, declassified MI6 documents reveal that much to their chagrin he had close ties with the USSR and the personal letters they have archived in his file show he was organising with the League Against Imperialism and Virendranath Chattopadhyaya. During the occupation of France in World War II, al-Pachachi stayed in Switzerland. He became active in the 1930s and 1940s in pro-Palestinian activities and opposed the 1948 United Nations truce in Palestine. The prime ministers of Iraq in 1948 were Sayyid Muhammad as-Sadr (January–June) and Muzahim al-Pachachi (June 1948-January 1949), both were distinguished personalities who were not part of the pro-British political circle and whose governments included ministers who identified with the anti-British elements. It was under the leadership of Pachachi that Iraq sent 18,000 troops to Palestine in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, making them the largest Arab force there. It was also during this time that Iraq led the Arab Liberation Army. On July 14, Zionist activity in Iraq was made a crime punishable by death or life imprisonment by the Pachachi government. On August 31, 1948, Jamal al-Husayni the Foreign Minister of the All-Palestine Government and brother of Hajj Amin al-Husayni stated \"Fortunately el Pachachi happens to be Prime Minister. He is straightforward and good-hearted. He is now in the Lebanon and Syria to bring about the unification of their two armies.\" Pachachi argued for the forming of a united military command for all of the Arab forces engaged in the Arab-Israeli war, he expressed bitter disappointment when the other Arab states turned down his proposal on November 8. He stated on December 29, 1948 that \"war was the only means to save Palestine.\" The Pachachi government also cut off the oil pipeline from northern Iraq to Haifa in protest against the Israeli declaration of independence, despite pressure from Britain, France and the United States. Stopping the oil pipeline cost Iraq £1,000,000 a year in lost revenue. Henry Mack, the British ambassador to Iraq was troubled by this, stating that the Pachachi cabinet had an \"intransigent attitude on Palestine.\" The eventual Iraqi defeats in Palestine brought down al-Pachachi’s government and his cabinet fell in January 1949. The new Prime Minister Nuri as-Said chose to withdraw the Iraqi troops from Palestine in March 1949. Pachachi was later appointed deputy Prime Minister (1949–50) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1949-50), he strongly opposed the 1949 Armistice Agreements signed by Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt and Syria with Israel. Declassified documents from the period reveal Al-Pachachi was being very closely monitored by the CIA. The documents also reveal the extent of his opposition to Hashemite policies, his close relationship with Haj Amin al-Husseini, his absolute opposition to a ceasefire with Israel and his deep inner turmoil over Palestine. The Nakba was known to have effected Al-Pachachi to such a large extent that the legendary Iraqi poet Muhammad Mahdi Al-Jawahiri dedicated a poem to him entitled 'To Al-Pachachi in his Nakba'. He also opposed the 1951 law that allowed Iraqi Jews to leave the country, although he himself left Iraq that year, returning after the 14 July Revolution in 1958. Although Al-Pachachi was no longer active in Iraqi politics at the time, he was a close supporter of Gamal Abd al-Nasser and was present alongside him and Shukri al-Quwatli in Cairo at the signing of the unity pact between Syria and Egypt thus forming the United Arab Republic in February 1958. His son Adnan later served as a cabinet minister and diplomat. Muzahim al-Pachachi Muzahim Ameen al-Pachachi (;22 September 189123 September 1982) was an Iraqi politician who served as Prime Minister of Iraq during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Born to a prominent family and graduated from the Baghdad School of Law he organized the Arab nationalist Cultural Club in Baghdad in 1912; its members included Hamdi al-Pachachi, Talib al-Naqib and Muhammad Ridha. In 1924," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Frederick William Spring Colonel Frederick William Mackenzie Spring (16 October 1841 – 1925) was a British Army officer and military historian. Spring was born in Bombay, India in 1841. His father, Captain Francis Spring, was killed in 1857 during the Indian Mutiny whilst serving with the 24th Regiment of Foot. Spring was commissioned into the Bombay Artillery in 1865, which later amalgamated with the Royal Regiment of Artillery. He served in the British Expedition to Abyssinia from 1867 to 1868. In 1870, he was promoted to second captain, and two years later was elevated to the rank of full captain. He became a major in 1878. On 18 June 1884, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. He saw service in the Third Anglo-Burmese War and was Inspector General of Ordnance in Bombay between 1886 and 1893. Spring was promoted to colonel on 18 June 1888. After leaving service in 1894, Spring was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He wrote a book regarding the officers of the Bengal Army and the Royal Artillery, and contributed to several other military history publications. In retirement he lived in Midhurst, West Sussex. Spring's son, Frederick, became a brigadier-general and served in the First World War. Frederick William Spring Colonel Frederick William Mackenzie Spring (16 October 1841 – 1925) was a British Army officer and military historian. Spring was born in Bombay, India in 1841. His father, Captain Francis Spring, was killed in 1857 during the Indian Mutiny whilst serving with the 24th Regiment of Foot. Spring was commissioned into the Bombay Artillery in 1865, which later amalgamated with the Royal Regiment of Artillery. He served in the British Expedition to Abyssinia from 1867 to 1868. In 1870, he was promoted to second captain, and two years later was elevated to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Juguemos a Cantar Juguemos a Cantar (\"Let's play singing\"), was a children's competition festival that was held yearly in Mexico City beginning in 1982. Televisa produced this show, and it was transmitted on the program, \"Siempre En Domingo\", which was hosted by Raúl Velasco. This competition was developed to seek out young talent, and was open to all Mexican resident children up to the age of 13. Juguemos a Cantar was first and foremost a \"Festival De La Canción\" (Festival of the Song), meaning that the songwriter and the song itself is celebrated along with the performer. All songs performed in the competition were required to be original, and the song writing is judged, as well as the artist performance. The popularity of its first transmission in 1982 made it one of the most important talent Festivals in all of Latin America. In the years it aired, it served to propel an impressive number of artists, such as: Lucero, Thalía, Edith Márquez, Eduardo Capetillo, and Lorenzo Antonio, as well as many songwriters, such as Omar Alfanno, Tirzo Paiz, Lorenzo Antonio, and Sergio Andrade. In 1981, Raúl Velasco, Alberto Del Bosque, and \"Siempre En Domingo\" teamed up with record company Discos Musart, to produce a show that would seek out young talent, and the idea of Jugemos a Cantar was born. At that time, \"Siempre En Domingo\" was one of the most popular programs in television history, and its main focus became this children's Festival. Discos Musart would also focus entirely on this project. In late 1981, Raúl Velasco announced on \"Siempre En Domingo\" that they, along with Discos Musart, would be holding a children's talent competition. \"Convocatorias\" (entry forms), were distributed all across Mexico so that any child up to the age of 13 could enter by submitting a photo, and a cassette recording of themselves to Discos Musart. A committee then chose the 40 acts that were to compete in the televised portion of the festival. Over 3000 convocatorias were sent into Discos Musart. The competition was held over the course of 5 weeks. The first 4 weeks were the “eliminatorias” (elimination rounds) and they were held at Televisa San Angel's Foro 2, and the 5th week was the grand final, which took place at Televisa Chapultepec on April 25, 1982. One of the most misunderstood concepts about this 1er Festival Juguemos A Cantar is that it was first and foremost a \"Festival De La Canción\" (Festival of the Song), with a secondary (yet still very important) emphasis on how the performer interpreted the song as well. This can be seen in the way the prizes were distributed - the performer's prize was dependent on the winning song: Prizes For The Composers (1982 Mexican pesos): Prizes For The Performers Of The Winning Songs: There were 10 acts that passed the elimination rounds and made it to the finals. Here are the standings for the 1er Festival Juguemos A Cantar competition, as well as the composers and songwriters as published on the original commemorative album of the Festival: The impact of the 1er Festival Juguemos a Cantar was so great that in many ways, it was a moment that defined a generation of children. Most of the people that were children in 1982 remember this Festival very well with great happiness, as do the parents of those children. They remember where they were when the winners were announced. They remember many of the songs. The famous yellow album with two children holding balloons could be seen throughout Mexico in all the store fronts. Schools across Mexico held their own versions of a Juguemos A Cantar contest where the children would imitate their favorite participants of the Festival. Due mostly to the success of this Festival, that year (1982), particularly in Mexico, the whole of the entertainment industry would become all about children and youth. Songs, radio, TV, and other entertainment media were all aimed at the children’s market. This \"phenomenon\" was so great that even the mainstream adult artists of that time had difficulty finding a spot in any and all forms of media. The tremendous success of this first Festival was immense, but no one, including everyone involved, expected it to be as popular as it was. One obvious reason for its success was that it was heavily backed by Televisa, and by Discos Musart, but there were other factors as well: After the results were announced, a great controversy ensued: Many people believed that Juanito Farias was robbed of first place, while others believed that Lorenzo Antonio Y Su Grupo won fair and square. The people on the side of Lorenzo Antonio Y Su Grupo felt that the decision was fair because: The people on the side of Juanito Farias argued that he should have won because: Had the Festival been more about vocal talent alone, Juanito Farias might have won. But this Festival was not solely about vocal talent. It was about the Song, the interpretation of the Song, and about happiness and children. The fact that Lorenzo Antonio wrote \"Vamos A Jugar\" gave Lorenzo Antonio Y Su Grupo a considerable edge over Juanito Farias, and all the other participants. Also, all the songs in the top 10 were happy and positive, as was the general ambience and theme of the Festival. Juanito's song, \"Caballo De Palo,\" was the only song that was slow and sad. That made it an uphill climb for Juanito's song, and in the end, it was probably the biggest factor as to why he came in last place. Regardless of these reasons, the people who viewed the festival, especially the Mexican \"pueblo,\" felt that an injustice had occurred: Juanto Farias' performance was incredibly strong and for him to have come in last place was viewed as very unfair. This sentiment was instantly felt in the \"Siempre En Domingo\" studios, and around the country as soon as it became apparent that Juanito Farias didn't even place in the top 3. In an unplanned event, Raúl Velasco reacted by awarding Juanito Farias a \"Mejor Interprete Del Festival\" award, even though that \"award\" was not formally part of the Festival's rules and regulations. Because of this, Juanito became known as, \"El Campeon Sin Corona,\" and the general consensus back then as well as today, is that Juanito Farias should have at least placed in the top 3, and possibly even 1st place. There are other arguments about this, such as Raúl Velasco favored Lorenzo Antonio Y Su Grupo, and was more disparaging towards Juanito Farias due to the color of their skin (Lorenzo Antonio and his sisters being more “white” and Juanito Farias being more “brown”). This however, is an unfounded argument. At the time, Raúl Velasco’s opinion of Juantio was quite the opposite. After the finals, Juanito was one of the artists that was most heavily backed by “Siempre En Domingo” and Raúl Velasco. Ultimately, all this controversy boosted the Festival’s popularity, as well as the popularity of all involved, even more. The children judges were: Jorgito Cordero (a participant in the festival that didn’t make it to the finals), Sandra Lopez, (a participant in the festival that didn’t make it to the finals), Ginny Hoffman, (an invited guest judge from the show, Chiquilladas), and Lucerito. The radio programmer judges were: Enrique Ortiz (Director Artistico XEOY, Radio Mil), Elias Cervantes (Director Artistico Radio Variedades), Eduardo Olinares (Director Artistico XECMQ, Radio Sensacion), Gutavo Paez (Director Artistico Radio Felicidad), Don Juan Calderon (Director Artistico XEX, Televisa Radio), and Javier Frias (Director Artistico Radio Centro). Because of the tremendous success of the 1st Festival, it was an easy decision for those involved to do a 2nd. This 2o Festival Juguemos A Cantar, which was held in 1983, provided a platform to stardom to the likes of, Eduardo Capetillo, Alan, Kennya Kay of the group Colibri, Chuchito and Marichelo (Chiquilladas TV Show members), Priscila (know today as Priscila y sus Balas De Plata), and the group Chikis (known today as Sparx). A spooky, halloween-ish theme was chosen for", "(Director Artistico XEOY, Radio Mil), Elias Cervantes (Director Artistico Radio Variedades), Eduardo Olinares (Director Artistico XECMQ, Radio Sensacion), Gutavo Paez (Director Artistico Radio Felicidad), Don Juan Calderon (Director Artistico XEX, Televisa Radio), and Javier Frias (Director Artistico Radio Centro). Because of the tremendous success of the 1st Festival, it was an easy decision for those involved to do a 2nd. This 2o Festival Juguemos A Cantar, which was held in 1983, provided a platform to stardom to the likes of, Eduardo Capetillo, Alan, Kennya Kay of the group Colibri, Chuchito and Marichelo (Chiquilladas TV Show members), Priscila (know today as Priscila y sus Balas De Plata), and the group Chikis (known today as Sparx). A spooky, halloween-ish theme was chosen for this 2nd Festival. At this time, the children phenomenon had begun to slightly decline. This 2nd Festival was still very popular, but not as popular as the 1st. There were also several fundamental changes that occurred with this 2nd Festival. The most significant was that it was opened up to include talent from other record companies, not just Musart Records. This changed the dynamics of the festival considerably. Where the 1st festival was more of a talent search, the 2nd became more similar to – but not exactly like – the Festival OTI, where the artists competing are already signed with a record company. Here are the standings for the 2nd Juguemos A Cantar competition: In 1984, a 3rd Festival was held. By this time, the novelty of the contest and of children entertainers had waned considerably. Regardless of this, it still provided a platform to stardom to some major acts like Thalía, Edith Márquez (Heidi), and Flavio César. Also the singers Cristian Castro, and Pilar Montenegro participated in the festival, but they did not make it to the finals. In 1995, the festival was revived under the same name, it was also hosted by Raul Velasco. The album from the first Festival is composed of 15 songs. All of them were directed and produced by different songwriters. This first festival discovered great artists like Lucero, Lolita Cortes, Lorenzo Antonio and Patricia Manterola in the Grupo Plum-Kiss, singers who are still in force. The 2nd Festival provided a platform to stardom for the likes of, Eduardo Capetillo, Alan, Kennya Kay of the group Colibri, Chuchito and Marichelo (Chiquilladas TV Show members), Priscila, and the group Chikis (known today as Sparx). In this 3rd and final Festival, several new artist emerged like Thalía, Edith Márquez (Heidi) and Flavio César. Also the singer Cristian Castro participated in the Festival, but he did not make to the finals. Juguemos a Cantar Juguemos a Cantar (\"Let's play singing\"), was a children's competition festival that was held yearly in Mexico City beginning in 1982. Televisa produced this show, and it was transmitted on the program, \"Siempre En Domingo\", which was hosted by Raúl Velasco. This" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Megan Follows was nominated for an ACE Award in 1988 by the National Academy of Cable Programing in the Ninth Annual System Awards for Cable Excellence for Disney's \"Anne of Avonlea.\" \n * 2 Cable Ace Awards:Best Costume, Best Supporting Actress (Colleen Dewhurst), 1987 \n * 6 Gemini Awards:Best Dramatic Miniseries, Best Photography, Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design, Best Performance by Lead Actress (Megan Follows), Best Performance by a Supporting Actress (Colleen Dewhurst), 1988 \n * Silver Award–International Film and Television Festival, New York, 1987 \n * Best Family Series–TV Guide, 1987 \n * CFTA Award–Best New TV Production, 1987 \n * Chris Award–Columbus International Film Festival, 1987 \n * Honourable Mention–International San Francisco Film Festival, 1988 \n * Crystal Apple Award–National Education Film and Video Festival, 1988 \n * ACT Award–Achievement in Children's TV, 1988 \n * Golden Hugo Award–Chicago International Film Festival, 1987 \n * Gold Award–Houston International Film Festival, 1987 \n\n\n * Megan Follows–Anne Shirley \n * Colleen Dewhurst–Marilla Cuthbert \n * Patricia Hamilton–Rachel Lynde \n * Wendy Hiller–Mrs. Harris \n * Frank Converse–Morgan Harris \n * Jonathan Crombie–Gilbert Blythe \n * Schuyler Grant–Diana Barry \n * Marilyn Lightstone–Miss Stacey \n * Rosemary Dunsmore–Katherine Brooke \n * Kate Lynch–Pauline Harris \n * Genevieve Appleton–Emmeline Harris \n * Susannah Hoffman–Jen Pringle \n * Mag Ruffman–Alice Lawson \n * Bruce McCulloch–Fred Wright \n * Dave Foley–Lewis Allen", "At Diana's wedding, Anne sees Gilbert with a young woman named Christine Stuart. Gilbert tells Anne that he and Christine are just friends, then offers to wait for her if there is any hope of them getting together. Anne rejects him again, and Gilbert suspects that there is someone else, despite Anne's assertion there is no person she cares about more than him. Anne returns to Green Gables and decides to look into the job her former teacher Miss Muriel Stacey offered her. Eventually, Anne decides to take this job as an English teacher at Kingsport, Nova Scotia Ladies' College in the hope that it will inspire her and give her something to write about. \n Road to Avonlea is a television series which was first broadcast in Canada and the United States between 1990 and 1996. It was inspired by a series of short stories and two novels by Lucy Maud Montgomery, author of Anne of Green Gables, which Sullivan had previously adapted as Anne of Green Gables in 1985 and Anne of Green Gables:The Sequel in 1987. Many of the actors in the Anne of Green Gables movies also appear in storylines crossing over into the long-running Emmy award-winning series. \n In Canada, the film became the highest rated drama to air on network television in Canadian broadcasting history. This Sequel became known as Anne of Green Gables–The Sequel when shown around the world and as Anne of Avonlea–the Continuing Story of Anne of Green Gables when it premiered on The Disney Channel. \n The miniseries aired in four hour-long installments, in May and June 1987, on the Disney Channel as Anne of Avonlea:The Continuing Story of Anne of Green Gables, and in two 150-minute installments, in December 1987 on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and in March 1988 on PBS, as Anne of Green Gables:The Sequel. The film was also shown theatrically in Israel, Japan and Europe as Anne of Green Gables:The Sequel and has been released on DVD under that title. \n When Kevin Sullivan was commissioned by CBC, PBS and The Disney Channel to create a sequel he started by combining many different elements of Montgomery's three later books:Anne of Avonlea (1909), Anne of the Island (1915), and Anne of Windy Poplars (1936) into a cohesive screen story. Sullivan invented his own plotline relying on several of Montgomery's episodic storylines spread across the three sequels, He also looked at numerous other nineteenth century female authors for inspiration in fleshing out the screen story. \n Initially, Anne finds her new job to be difficult. A member of the local community–and member of the powerful Pringle family–had also tried for Anne's post and was rejected, causing resentment. However, Anne gradually earns the respect of her students, their families and her colleagues, including the severe and critical Katherine Brooke and the Pringle family. Anne organizes a play to raise money for the college, which is greatly appreciated. While teaching at the Ladies' College, Anne grows close to one student, Emmeline Harris, at whose house she is boarding along with the stern, controlling grandmother Harris and her repressed daughter Pauline who is a virtual prisoner in the house. Anne is able to convince the grandmother, a hypochondriac, to leave the house and go to a community picnic, and to let Pauline attend a friend's wedding overnight in another town, where she strikes up a romance. Her dream of being published is also finally achieved after she writes a series of short stories based on Avonlea inspired by a suggestion from Gilbert. Anne also succeeds in getting the spinster teacher Katherine Brooke to spend a badly-needed summer vacation at Avonlea, where she opens up her feelings to Anne. \n Home Box Office led with 112 nominations for the ACE Award, or Award for Cable Excellence. Showtime got 48, Arts & Entertainment 33, and the Disney Channel and Cable News Network 10 each. 30 categories of the 174 ACE Awards were presented on a live broadcast on HBO on January 24, 1988. The other categories were presented at a non-televised dinner in Las Vegas on Jan. 22, 1988. The ACE awards were established after cable programs and performers were excluded from the Emmy Awards. The National Academy of Cable Programming was established in March 1985 to promote excellence in cable television programming. \n Emmeline's widowed father Morgan Harris, a well-to-do traveling businessman, also proposes marriage to Anne, after Anne and Emmeline had visited his spacious house in Boston. Anne declines Morgan Harris' proposal and returns to Green Gables, where she learns that Gilbert is ill nearby with scarlet fever, having returned home from Halifax Medical School. Anne finally realizes her true feelings for Gilbert, and goes to visit him. After Gilbert regains his health, he proposes once more, and Anne accepts him with a kiss, declaring, \"I don't want diamond sunbursts, or marble halls. I just want you.\" \n Several actors from the first two Anne films can be seen in both Road to Avonlea and the Anne of Green Gables, including Rosemary Dunsmore, Patricia Hamilton, Colleen Dewhurst, Jonathan Crombie, Jackie Burroughs, Cedric Smith, Mag Ruffman, Marilyn Lightstone, James O'Regan and David Fox. \n At the clambake celebrating Fred and Diana's engagement, Anne and Gilbert wander off to a bridge, where Gilbert proposes. Anne rejects his offer, convinced that their marriage would be unhappy and unsuccessful. She runs off. \n Anne of Green Gables:The Continuing Story was released in 2000 and followed Anne Shirley as she embarked on a new journey, taking her from her home in Prince Edward Island to New York City, London and into war-ravaged Europe. \n The film succeeded in re-popularizing Megan Follows and Colleen Dewhurst in their original roles. Sullivan also cast British veteran actress and Oscar winner, Wendy Hiller, in the role of the impossible Mrs. Harris, a character Sullivan specifically invented for the storyline, based on a composite of several matriarchs found in the series of novels. \n Anne of Green Gables:The Sequel \n--- \nDVD cover \nCreated by \| Lucy Maud Montgomery \nBased on \| Anne of Avonlea by Lucy Maud Montgomery \nWritten by \| Kevin Sullivan \nDirected by \| Kevin Sullivan \nStarring \| Megan Follows Colleen Dewhurst Wendy Hiller Frank Converse Jonathan Crombie Marilyn Lightstone Schuyler Grant Rosemary Dunsmore Kate Lynch Geneviève Appleton James O'Regan \nTheme music composer \| Hagood Hardy \nCountry of origin \| Canada \nOriginal language (s) \| English \nProduction \nProducer (s) \| Kevin Sullivan \nRunning time \| 230 minutes (approx.) \nRelease \nOriginal release \| May 19, 1987 on Disney and CBC March 5 & 12, 1988 (PBS) \nChronology \nPreceded by \| Anne of Green Gables \nFollowed by \| Anne of Green Gables:The Continuing Story \n \| (hide) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) \| \| This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---\|--- \n\| A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---\|--- \n(Learn how and when to remove this template message)", "---\|--- \n\| A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n---\|--- \n(Learn how and when to remove this template message) \n Anne begins to teach at Avonlea School and has dreams of becoming a writer, but her story \"Averil's Atonement\" is rejected by a magazine. Leaving the post office one day, Anne runs into Gilbert Blythe, who tells her that her best friend Diana Barry is engaged to Fred Wright. Anne is initially bewildered by Diana's decision, calling it impulsive. Meanwhile, in the last two years, Marilla's eyesight has greatly improved. Having regained her independence, Marilla encourages Anne to resume her old ambition of attending college. \n The film resumes the story of Anne Shirley, who at 16 had chosen to study for her college degree by correspondence in order to remain at Green Gables to help an aging Marilla, who has eyesight problems, look after the house and farm. Anne now holds a Teacher's License after completing the two-year post-secondary course at Charlottetown's Queens Academy in only one year. \n Anne of Green Gables:The Sequel is a 1987 Canadian television miniseries film. It is a sequel to Anne of Green Gables, and the second of a tetralogy of films. The miniseries dramatizes material from several books in the eight-novel \"Anne\" series by Lucy Maud Montgomery; they are Anne of Avonlea (Book Two), Anne of the Island (Book Three) and Anne of Windy Poplars (Book Four). As well, the TV film introduces several characters and issues not present in the books. \n Anne of Green Gables:A New Beginning was released in fall 2008 serves as a prequel to the previous films in the Anne movie trilogy. Set between two different time periods, Anne Shirley, now in her fifties looks back on her early childhood before arriving at Green Gables only to uncover answers to questions that have plagued her throughout her life. \n * Wendy Hiller–Mrs. Harris" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Anita Bitri Anita Bitri-Prapaniku (8 January 1968 – 19 October 2004) was a pop singer and violinist from Albania. She was found dead in her Staten Island home along with her 8-year-old daughter Sibora Nini and 66-year-old mother Azbije. The three died due to an accidental carbon monoxide poisoning after boiler ventilators in the basement were stuffed with plastic bags to keep out concrete from construction work. Her husband, Luan Prapaniku, had recently died from cancer. Bitri started singing at the age of sixteen, and she became popular in Albania with her song \"First Love\". She emigrated to the United States in 1996. At the time of her death, she was in the process of recording two albums, one in Albanian and one in English. Anita Bitri Anita Bitri-Prapaniku (8 January 1968 – 19 October 2004) was a pop singer and violinist from Albania. She was found dead in her Staten Island home along with her 8-year-old daughter Sibora Nini and 66-year-old mother Azbije. The three died due to an accidental carbon monoxide poisoning after boiler ventilators in the basement were stuffed with plastic bags to keep out concrete from construction work. Her husband, Luan Prapaniku, had recently died from" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Battle of Banquan The Battle of Banquan () is the first battle in Chinese history as recorded by Sima Qian's \"Records of the Grand Historian\". It was fought by \"Huangdi\", the Yellow Emperor, and \"Yandi\", the Flame Emperor. The \"Battle of Banquan\" may actually only refer to the third of a series of three battles. The Yellow Emperor shortly afterwards fought Chiyou at the Battle of Zhuolu. Both battles were fought not long apart, and on nearby plains, and both involved the Yellow Emperor. The Battle of Banquan is credited for the formation of the Huaxia tribe, the basis of the Han Chinese civilization. Not much is known about this battle since it, along with other events of the era, are clouded by mythology. Thus, the historical accuracy of accounts of this battle is disputed. Chinese historiographical tradition places it in the 26th century BC. The Shennong tribes originally were a branch of the late neolithic agricultural people from the Guanzhong Plain in the west, who expanded across the Loess Plateau before eventually venturing east beyond the Taihang Mountains. Generations later, the tribe was in conflict with other expanding tribes at the time, such as the Jiuli tribes led by Chiyou, and the Youxiong tribes led by the Yellow Emperor. The Flame Emperor first went to war with Chiyou but was defeated, and in retreating came to territorial conflict against the Yellow Emperor, who raised armies against Shennong. The armies of Yellow Emperor, under the totems of the black bear (熊), the brown bear (羆), the pixiu (貔貅), the leopard (貙) and the tiger (虎), met the armies of Shennong in Banquan in the first large-scale battle in Chinese history. After three major engagements, the Flame Emperor lost the battle and surrendered the leadership to the Yellow Emperor. The Youxiong and the Shennong tribes then made an alliance, forming the Yanhuang tribes, incorporating the small tribes around them. The ever-expanding Yanhuang tribe soon drew the envy of Chiyou, who attacked Shennong's territories again. The Yanghuang tribe then reacted by facing Chiyou in the Battle of Zhuolu, and emerged victorious. The Yanhuang tribe then could expand eastwards without hindrance and soon formed what came to be known as the Huaxia civilization, the precursor of the Han Chinese civilization. To this day, Chinese people still call themselves \"the Descendants of Yan and Huang\". The actual location of Banquan, where this battle was fought, is in dispute. There are three likely locations: Of these three, the third one is seen to be the most probable since the other two would imply that the two forces would both have to travel north to meet each other, which would be impractical. Another possibility is that all three are correct, as both Confucius and Sima Qian appear to agree what took place was a series of three battles between Huangdi and Yandi (followed by the Battle of Zhuolu between Chiyou and an alliance of Huangdi, some princes and some lords on a nearby plain). Battle of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Wrinkle-resistant fabric Wrinkle-resistant fabrics are textiles that have been treated to resist external stress and hold their shape. Wrinkle-resistant finishes were developed in the early 20th century, as to deal with fabrics derived from cotton, rayon, and linen which were found to wrinkle easily and retain them. Synthetics like polyester, nylon, acrylic and olefin, have a natural resistance to wrinkles and a greater stability since they do not absorb water as efficiently. Wrinkle resistant treatments have been used since 1929, when cotton fabrics were treated with a solution of urea and formaldehyde. The chemical treatment stiffened the fabric, thus making it wrinkle-resistant. By 1950s fabrics made from synthetics and treated cotton were described as “wash-and-wear” to point out that there was no need to iron them.The claim was though somewhat dubious in the sense that they did require some touch-up ironing. In the 1960´s and 1970´s, the developments in the chemistry of textile-treatments led to the discovery of DMDHEU, a chemical agent that made possible a low-cost but superior-quality production of \"permanent-pressed fabrics\", which are now known as durable-pressed finishes. However, these processes weakened clothes; as a result, they wore out faster. Cross-linking is the chemical process to produce textiles with wrinkle resistance. Wrinkle resistance is achieved by the crosslinking of cellulose chains to stop the molecules from moving when in contact with water or other environmental stress. Cotton cellulose polymer comprises three different regions: the crystalline region, the amorphous region, and an intermediate region between them. Although in the crystalline region the cellulose chains are closely arranged, limiting their mobility, chains in the amorphous and intermediate regions are bonded together by weaker bonds making them more susceptible to breaking. There are two types of crosslinkers, which are the chemicals that bond together cellulose chains, the first ones only bond cellulose chains, while the second self-polymerize resins as well. N-methylol and DMDHEU are reagents commonly used for the treatments because of their relatively low costs; however, they produce free formaldehyde, which has been identified as a potential human carcinogen, and it can also cause harmful dermatological effects. The use of titanium dioxide (TiO) (as a catalyst/ co-catalyst for these reactions) has become an alternative way to minimize the formation of free formaldehyde and fabric strength loss. Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) is the most commonly used durable-press finish. In this process, the chemical is first applied to the fabric. Then the fabric is heated to allow the chemicals to react with the cellulose molecules. In the reaction, the molecules of the fabric are bonded together to keep them from moving and causing wrinkles. For this reason, durable-press treated garments behave as synthetics. However, almost all the wrinkle resistant garments are made with poly/cotton blends fabrics. There are problems with the post-curing process, the final step of the treatment, because if the process is not done perfectly the garment gets damaged and can even turn yellow. Companies have overcome the post-curing issues by producing wrinkle-resistant clothes using pre-cured fabrics. In the 2000´s, fabric softeners were launched to provide more resistance to external stress and wrinkle recovery, which can be improved by spraying fabrics with aqueous emulsions made with vegetable oils. The sprays allow the fibers to slide closer to each other, helping them hold their shapes. Moreover, this process is cheaper and simpler, minimizing chemical waste and water/energy consumption. The more effective anti-wrinkle sprays have higher concentrations of vegetable oils that are low in unsaturated fatty acids. Wrinkle-resistant fabric Wrinkle-resistant fabrics are textiles that have been treated to resist external stress and hold their shape. Wrinkle-resistant finishes were developed in the early 20th century," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Duchy of Opole and Racibórz The Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (, ) was one of the numerous Duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian branch of the royal Polish Piast dynasty. It was formed in 1202 from the union of the Upper Silesian duchies of Opole and the Racibórz, in a rare exception to the continuing feudal fragmentation of the original Duchy of Silesia. In 1281 it was split again. In 1521 it was recreated by the last Silesian Piast, Duke Jan II the Good. After his heirless death the duchy fell to the Kingdom of Bohemia. It was briefly part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century; eventually like most of Silesia it was annexed by Prussia after the First Silesian War in 1742. The Duchy of Racibórz under Duke Mieszko Tanglefoot had been established in 1173 upon the partition of Silesia among the sons of Duke Władysław II the Exile. The bulk of the Silesian lands around Wrocław had passed to Mieszko's elder brother Duke Bolesław I the Tall, leaving the younger dissatisfied. After Bolesław had died in 1201, Mieszko occupied the Duchy of Opole, that had been created for his deceased nephew Jarosław, forming the united duchy of Opole and Racibórz. Bolesław's heir, Duke Henry I the Bearded, had to renounce his claims, whereby the centuries-long division of Upper and Lower Silesia was fixed. The dukes took their residence at the castellany of Opole. Mieszko's son Casimir I of Opole, Duke from 1211, invited German settlers immigrating to his duchy in the course of the Ostsiedlung, and granted German town law to settlements like Leśnica, Ujazd, Gościęcin, Biała and Olesno. As Casimir's successor Duke Mieszko II the Fat was still a minor upon his father's death in 1230, the regency over his duchy was assumed by his uncle Henry I the Bearded, who thereby once again ruled over all Silesia. In 1233 Henry, then High Duke of Poland, granted Mieszko's younger brother Władysław the Greater Polish lands of Kalisz, which he had seized from Duke Władysław Odonic. However, Henry's plans to push off his nephews ultimately failed: when Mieszko II came of age he took over the rule of Opole-Racibórz, defying the claims raised by Henry's heir, High Duke Henry II the Pious. The Greater Polish territories were finally lost to Duke Przemysł I until 1249. In 1246 Mieszko II was succeeded by his brother Władysław, who began to interfere in European politics: at first he supported King Béla IV of Hungary in his conflict with King Ottokar II of Bohemia around the possession of the Imperial Duchy of Austria, not least to attack the neighbouring Moravian lands of Troppau. Nevertheless, King Ottokar prevailed and Władysław switched sides, fighting with his Silesian cousin Duke Henry III the White against King Béla at the 1260 Battle of Kressenbrunn. He also conspired with local nobles in the Polish Seniorate Province of Kraków against High Duke Bolesław V the Chaste resulting in a 1273 rebellion. Władysław failed to gain the Polish throne, nevertheless he could seize large Lesser Polish territories. He helped to free the young Silesian Duke Henry IV Probus from custody, whom his daughter (Constance?) married in 1280. Władysław further encouraged the Ostsiedlung establishing numerous towns like Bytom, Lędziny, Cieszyn, Pszów, Żory, Gliwice and Wodzisław, named after him. He also had to rebuild his residence Opole that had been devastated during the Mongol invasion in 1241. Upon Władysław's death in 1281, his four sons again divided the duchy among themselves. In 1282 both the Duchies of Opole and Racibórz were recreated, with Opole assigned to Bolko, and Racibórz to Przemysław. Those entities which were further split in 1284 and 1290 created the Duchy of Bytom (assigned to Casimir) and Duchy of Cieszyn (assigned to Mieszko). In 1521 the Duchy was recreated due to actions of the last Silesian Piast, Jan II the Good. Jan however died without issue in 1532 and the Opole line of the Piasts became extinct, whereafter Opole and Racibórz as reverted fiefs were fully under the sovereignty of the Bohemian Crown. It would then fall to Margrave George of Brandenburg-Ansbach from the House of Hohenzollern, who had signed an inheritance treaty with Jan in 1522 and finally reached the consent of the Bohemian king Ferdinand I of Habsburg. From 1645 until 1666 Opole was held in pawn by the Polish House of Vasa, as it was a dowry of the Polish queen Cecylia Renata, afterward fell back to the Habsburg kings of Bohemia and finally in 1742 it would be annexed and incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia. Duchy of Opole and Racibórz The Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (, ) was one of the numerous Duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian branch of the royal Polish Piast dynasty. It was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ray Kelly (sportswriter) Raymond Kelly (January 24, 1914 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States – November 22, 1988 in Philadelphia) was a sportswriter who worked 50 years for the \"Philadelphia Bulletin\". He covered the Philadelphia Athletics from 1948 to 1955 and the Philadelphia Phillies from 1956 until he retired in 1979. A president of both the Philadelphia and national chapters of the Baseball Writers Association of America, Kelly was a posthumous recipient of the J. G. Taylor Spink Award at the 1989 induction ceremonies at the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. The Philadelphia Old Timers' Soccer Association inducted Kelly into its Hall of Fame in 1985. He died at age 74 at Nazareth Hospital in Philadelphia and was cremated. Ray Kelly (sportswriter) Raymond Kelly (January 24, 1914 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States – November 22, 1988 in Philadelphia) was a sportswriter who worked 50 years for the \"Philadelphia Bulletin\". He covered the Philadelphia Athletics from 1948 to 1955 and the Philadelphia Phillies from 1956 until he retired in 1979. A president of both the Philadelphia and national chapters of the Baseball Writers Association of America, Kelly was a posthumous recipient of the J. G. Taylor Spink Award" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Władysław Kawula Władysław Kazimierz Kawula (September 27, 1937 – February 1, 2008) was a Polish footballer. Kawula played for Prądniczanka Kraków, Wisła Kraków, White Eagles Chicago, Victoria Jaworzno and Kalwarianka Kalwaria over the course of his career. He died February 1, 2008, aged 70. Kawula joined Wisła Kraków in 1951, at the young age of 20 years and went on to score 26 goals in 329 appearances, which is still a club record to date. During his time as a White Star player, Kawula was part of the 1967 Polish Cup winning team. He also captained the team on many occasions. Kawula left Wisła Kraków to join White Eagles Chicago in 1971. He returned to Poland two years later and played in the lower leagues for Victoria Jaworzno and Kalwarianka Kalwaria. On September 28, 1960, Kawula played his first game for Poland in a game against France. He went on to make another four appearances for his country. Władysław Kawula Władysław Kazimierz Kawula (September 27, 1937 – February 1, 2008) was a Polish footballer. Kawula played for Prądniczanka Kraków, Wisła Kraków, White Eagles Chicago, Victoria Jaworzno and Kalwarianka Kalwaria over the course of his career. He died February 1, 2008," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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