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"retrieved": [
"Cecil Hechanova Cecil G. Hechanova (1932/1933 – March 22, 2016) was the founding chairman of the Philippine Sports Commission from the creation of the government's sports agency in 1990 up until 1992. He was the non-playing captain of the Philippine national team who participated in the Putra Golf Cup from 1970 to 1972. From 1988 to 1993, Hechanova was the executive director of the Philippine Golf Foundation. He was also the man behind the Philippine Corporate Cup in 1989. He became prominent after he appointed by then president Corazon Aquino as the first chairman of the Philippine Sports Commission, the government's body that focused on sports development. Under his leadership, he continuously developed and enhanced the national training pool of athletes and establish a monitoring team that will track the athlete's performance. During Hechanova's term as chairman, the Philippines has achieved the first-runner up finish in the 1991 Southeast Asian Games hosted by Manila, after they lost the overall title to Indonesia, by 1 gold, 92-91. It was known as the \"Miracle of '91\". Among his achievements during the term are the hosting of the 30th Chess Olympiad in Manila, called as the biggest major chess tournament in the world. Russia won the men's championship title. He is also responsible for the revival of the Private Schools Athletic Association meet in 1990, and the formation of the National Institute of Sports and the Philippine Center for Sports Medicine. In 1992, Hechanova ended his two-year term as PSC chairman, and succeeded by Aparicio Mequi who at that time, the head of Bureau of School Sports of the former Department of Education, Culture and Sports. He was accorded in the Ateneo Sports Hall of Fame in 2009. Cecil is the brother of Rafael Hechanova, a Filipino basketball player who participated in the 1952 Summer Olympics. His son, Jeric, currently played at the Luisita Golf and Country Club. In his last years, his health condition was deteriorating. Hechanova died in his sleep on March 22, 2016. Cecil Hechanova Cecil G. Hechanova (1932/1933 – March 22, 2016) was the founding chairman of the Philippine Sports Commission from the creation of the government's sports agency in 1990 up until 1992. He was the non-playing captain of the Philippine national team who participated in the Putra Golf Cup from 1970 to 1972. From 1988 to 1993, Hechanova was the executive director of the Philippine Golf Foundation."
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"Chongjin concentration camp Chongjin concentration camp (Chosŏn'gŭl: , also spelled Ch'ŏngjin) is a labour camp in North Korea for political prisoners. The official name is Kwan-li-so (Penal-labour colony) No. 25. Satellite images show a major expansion of the camp after 2010. The camp is located in the city of Chongjin in the North Hamgyong province of North Korea. It is situated in Suseong district (Susŏng-dong) of Songpyong-guyok, around northwest of the city center and west of Susŏng River (Susŏngch'on). Chongjin camp is a lifetime prison. Like the other political prison camps it is controlled by the state security agency. But while the other camps include many vast prison-labour colonies in remote mountain valleys, Chongjin camp is only one big prison building complex similar to the reeducation camps. The camp is around 500 m (1500 ft) long and 500 m (1500 ft) wide, surrounded by high walls and fences and equipped with guard towers. The number of prisoners is estimated to be between 3000 and 5000. The main purpose of the camp is to isolate political prisoners from society. The prisoners are exploited for hard labour to be performed in the prison factories. Popular North Korean consumer products like Kalmaegi bicycles are manufactured by prisoners using hand tools. Ahn Myung-chul (a former prison guard in Hoeryong concentration camp) described Chongjin camp as a top-level political prisoner camp, therefore harsh conditions can be assumed. Detailed analysis of satellite images shows a major expansion of the camp perimeter in 2010. The size of the camp increased 72 percent, from to now . Along the new fence line 17 additional guard posts were erected. In the eastern part of the new perimeter several new buildings were erected from 2011 to 2013, possibly to be used as prisoner housing. There are no first-hand witness accounts on the camp; however, there are some reports by North Korean defectors on prisoners in Chongjin camp. Lim Kook-jae, a South Korean abducted to North Korea in 1987 aboard the Dong Jin 27, died in Chongjin camp, according to a human rights organization. Many pastors and presbyters, dissident Korean-Japanese and people expelled from Pyongyang with their families are detained in Chongjin camp, according to the 9th International Conference on North Korean Human Rights and Refugees. Chongjin concentration camp Chongjin concentration camp (Chosŏn'gŭl: , also spelled Ch'ŏngjin) is a labour camp in North Korea for political prisoners. The official name is"
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"retrieved": [
"Timeline (novel) Timeline is a science fiction novel by American writer Michael Crichton, published in November 1999. It tells the story of a group of history students who travel to 14th-century France to rescue their professor. The book follows in Crichton's long history of combining technical details and action in his books, addressing quantum and multiverse theory. The novel spawned Timeline Computer Entertainment, a computer game developer that created the \"Timeline\" PC game published by Eidos Interactive in 2000. A film based on the book was released in 2003. In the New Mexico desert, a vacationing couple finds a wandering, ill man and brings him to a hospital. Doctors discover he has bizarre deformities in his blood vessels and is an employee of the company ITC. In the Dordogne region of France, Professor Edward Johnston heads a team of historians and archaeologists studying the medieval towns of Castelgard and La Roque. Suspicious of the knowledge of the site shown by their financier ITC, Johnston flies to ITC's headquarters in New Mexico to investigate. While he is gone, the students make disturbing discoveries in the ruins, among them the lens of Johnston's eyeglasses and a message in modern English. Graduate researchers Chris Hughes, Kate Erickson, André Marek, and David Stern follow Johnston to ITC and meet its founder Robert Doniger, who tells them Johnston has used their quantum technology to travel to the year 1357. Chris, Kate, and Marek agree to travel back themselves to recover him. When they arrive, though, they are immediately attacked by horsemen who kill the ITC military escorts. A grenade returns through the machine and explodes, damaging the present-day transit pad. Unable to return, Kate and Marek eventually find Johnston held by the men of Lord Oliver of Castelgard. Separated from the others, Chris inadvertently declares himself as nobility to a boy who leads him to Castelgard. The boy is revealed to be the disguised Lady Claire, trying to escape from the leader of the horsemen, Sir Guy de Malegant. In the castle, Chris and André are challenged to a joust by Guy, which Chris survives only thanks to Marek's knowledge of the era. Oliver orders their deaths, but Kate helps them escape Castelgard, and they are pursued by Guy and his knight Robert de Kere. Oliver believes that Johnston knows a secret passageway into the otherwise impenetrable castle of La Roque; Oliver's enemy Arnaut de Cervole is approaching the Dordogne to lay siege and Oliver wants the secret to defend it. After Lady Claire helps them elude Arnaut, Chris and Kate search for the passage while André enters La Roque as Johnston's assistant. Johnston helps Oliver develop a weapon, knowing that historically Oliver loses the siege. Chris deduces that someone else from the future is in the past with them, and Robert de Kere reveals that he is Rob Deckard, an ITC employee and former Marine driven insane from the accumulation of \"transcription errors,\" deformities that build up over multiple quantum trips. De Kere intends to take their trip home for himself. As Arnaut's siege begins, Kate fights and kills Guy in a chase on the rafters of La Roque, while André and Chris are able to rescue Johnston from the dungeon when Arnaut himself appears and defeats Oliver in a duel. As the battle rages, de Kere attacks Chris to get his machine marker, but Chris manages to set him on fire with Johnston's gunpowder. ITC and Stern repair the transit pad just in time for the travelers' return. André—who realizes he has longed for this life—decides to remain in the past while Chris, Kate, and Johnston return to 1999. When it becomes clear that Doniger had little regard for the lives of the travelers, the researchers and engineers send him to 1348—the outbreak of the Black Death. In the epilogue, Chris and Kate are expecting a child together. The researchers find André and Lady Claire's graves and discover that André lived out a happy and satisfying life. The novel is written in the third person omniscient point of view. In this novel, the author uses many voices to tell his story, including main characters Marek, Kate, and Chris. The author uses the voices of minor characters as well, such as the couple who finds a confused man wandering in the desert, and a cop who cannot accept the story of an old man who simply wandered away from his own car in the desert. Andre Marek is a researcher who works with Professor Johnston in Dordogne. Marek has always had a fascination with medieval times that is so intense that he has taught himself to joust, to fight with a sword, and to shoot a longbow. Therefore, when Marek gets the chance to go to that era through ITC’s invention, he jumps at it. Marek proves himself very brave in the medieval world. Marek fights multiple soldiers, not hesitating to take their lives. Marek bravely stands up to medieval warlords and Archpriests. He is very convincing in the role of a knight, and no one - not even knights who oppose him - have a doubt about his being one, fully entitled to be called \"Sir Andre\". Ultimately Marek realizes that he was meant to live in this period. For this reason, he makes the choice to remain behind. When Professor Johnston, Kate, and Chris return to their own world, they find Marek’s grave and discover that he lived a long, happy life in that alternate universe. Kate Erickson began her college career as an architecture student, but she found it boring. For this reason, Kate switched to a major in history. Kate now works the Dordogne site from the perspective of architecture, examining the ruins to see how they were built and to make recommendations of restoration. Kate is part of Marek’s team that travels to the 14th century to save Professor Johnston. Kate proves herself brave over and over again by using her climbing skills to outwit the soldiers of the period. Kate is also something of a romantic, falling in love with Chris during the adventure. Chris Hughes is a student of Professor Johnston. Chris’s specialty at the archeological site at Dordogne is the mill. Chris is trying to figure out if the mill was fortified or not, something that was fairly new at the time. When Johnston disappears and Marek asks Chris to be part of the team that rescues him, Chris jumps at the chance. Chris is something of a weakling who often finds himself getting in difficult situations, usually over women. When he goes to the past, he finds himself lying to a pretty girl to impress her, a lie that causes him to end up having to joust with her potential husband. As time passes, however, Chris proves himself to be much braver than he appears. In fact, Chris single-handedly kills de Kere, the one man crazy enough to kill them all. Professor Edward Johnston is a college professor who is in charge of the archeological site at Dordogne in France. Johnston is a great inspiration to his students and for this reason they greatly admire him. When Johnston goes missing after traveling to New Mexico to confront the CEO of ITC, his team quickly rallies to find a way to save him. Johnston has traveled to the past through a separate universe. Johnston has been found by the local people and for this reason has created a new persona for himself as a Magister who has come to help the Abbot of the local monastery look for important information in their archives. In this capacity, Johnston quickly becomes something of a fable among the people of the area and this causes Sir Oliver to ask for his help in defeating Arnaut. Johnston plays along until the moment comes when he can return home. David Stern is a computer geek who takes a job with the Dordogne River Valley archeological site just to be close to where his girlfriend is going to school. When Doniger calls Marek and asks him to pick his three best people to return to New Mexico, Marek chooses Stern to be part of the team. When the science behind the ability to transmit people to other universes is discussed, Stern",
"and for this reason has created a new persona for himself as a Magister who has come to help the Abbot of the local monastery look for important information in their archives. In this capacity, Johnston quickly becomes something of a fable among the people of the area and this causes Sir Oliver to ask for his help in defeating Arnaut. Johnston plays along until the moment comes when he can return home. David Stern is a computer geek who takes a job with the Dordogne River Valley archeological site just to be close to where his girlfriend is going to school. When Doniger calls Marek and asks him to pick his three best people to return to New Mexico, Marek chooses Stern to be part of the team. When the science behind the ability to transmit people to other universes is discussed, Stern probably understands it better than anyone else. Stern is also the only one who recognizes that it is dangerous and chooses not to go. However, by not going, Stern becomes a key part of the team by assuring their survival in his innovations to rebuild the water walls that provide buffer for the re-building team. Stern saves their lives. Cahners Business Information says the book will \"grab teens' attention from the very first page.\" Entertainment Weekly calls \"Timeline\" \"exhilarating entertainment.\" The novel has also grasped the attention of scholars of medievalism since Crichton praises Norman Cantor's 1999 \"Inventing the Middle Ages\" as a central influence on how he characterized academic research on the medieval past. Crichton's narrative seems to support Cantor's notion that the work of academic medievalists amounts to little more than subjective reinventions of the medieval era. A feature film adaptation was produced by Paramount Pictures, with a budget of $80 million, and was released on November 26, 2003. The adaptation was written by Jeff Maguire and George Nolfi and directed by Richard Donner. The movie stars Paul Walker as Chris, Gerard Butler as Marek, Billy Connolly as Professor Johnston and Frances O'Connor as Kate. The film was poorly received by critics and audiences alike. Timeline (novel) Timeline is a science fiction novel by American writer Michael Crichton, published"
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"retrieved": [
"LUARM LUARM (Logging User Actions in Relational Mode) is an Open Source experimental live digital forensics engine that produces audit data that facilitate insider threat specification as well as user action computer forensic functionality for the Linux operating system. It is designed to log in detail user activities into a simple Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) schema. MySQL is used for the relational backend although the schema could be easily converted to PostgreSQL and other popular relational databases. LUARM is written in Perl and provides a near real-time snapshot of file access, process/program execution and network endpoint user activities organized in well-defined relational table formats. The purposes are: LUARM is being developed by Georgios Magklaras at Steelcyber Scientific, an IT consultancy specializing in information security and scientific computing. It is part of a wider Insider Misuse research effort targeting insider misuse threat specification. LUARM LUARM (Logging User Actions in Relational Mode) is an Open Source experimental live digital forensics engine that produces audit data that facilitate insider threat specification as well as user action computer forensic functionality for the Linux operating system. It is designed to log in detail user activities into a simple Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) schema."
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"retrieved": [
"Matt Riddle (musician) Matt Riddle (born April 5, 1966 ) is an American punk rock bassist. He was the original bass player for Face to Face, which was founded in Victorville, California in the early 1990s. After the band's 2nd album \"Big Choice\" was released in 1995, Riddle parted ways with Face to Face due to personal conflicts with singer/guitarist Trever Keith. He then joined No Use for a Name in 1996 after the band's fourth full-length, \"Leche Con Carne\" (1995), and made his recording debut on the band's \"Making Friends\" record in 1997. He also played briefly for the punk bands Pulley and 22 Jacks. Riddle and Keith have reportedly reconciled their differences, and Riddle provided liner notes for a Face to Face collection entitled \"Shoot the Moon\" in 2005. Riddle was not, however, part of the Face to Face reunion in 2008. On December 3, 2010 No Use for a Name notified fans through their Myspace page that Riddle had been hospitalized with severe pancreatitis. He had his gallbladder removed and was eventually released from the hospital. On August 1, 2012, No Use for a Name frontman Tony Sly was reported dead at age 41, putting an end to the band's career. Riddle currently resides in the Victorville area with his family. On February 20, 2015, Implants announced on Facebook that Matt Riddle had joined the band. Matt Riddle (musician) Matt Riddle (born April 5, 1966 ) is an American punk rock bassist. He was the original bass player for Face to Face, which was founded in Victorville, California in the early 1990s. After the band's 2nd album \"Big Choice\" was released in 1995, Riddle parted ways with Face to Face due to personal conflicts with singer/guitarist Trever Keith. He then joined No Use for a Name in"
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"retrieved": [
"Reading electric multiple units The Reading electric multiple units were a fleet of electric multiple units operated by the Reading Company on its Philadelphia commuter rail lines. The majority were constructed by Bethlehem Steel in 1931–1933; American Car and Foundry delivered additional cars in 1949. Some cars, rebuilt in 1964–1965 and christened \"Blueliners\", remained in service with Conrail and later the Southeast Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) until 1990. Several have been preserved. Bethlehem Steel produced a total of 100 cars composed of three types: coaches, baggage-coaches, and baggage-coach-RPO. Each car carried the same dimensions: long, wide, and high. The coaches weighed between ; the various baggage-coach combines between . Power was supplied via overhead lines to two traction motors built by either Westinghouse or General Electric (GE). Maximum power output (over one hour) ranged from . In normal operation speed was limited to , although a maximum of was possible. The coaches, designated EPA (Nos. 800–860) and EPB (Nos. 861–888), carried a total of 86 passengers. The nine coach-baggage cars, designated ECA (Nos. 300–306) and ECB (Nos. 307–308) seated 62 each, while the two baggage-coach-RPOs, designated ECC, seated 38. A single restroom was located at the vestibule end. Externally the eight motor cars that American Car and Foundry (ACF) built were similar to the older Bethlehem Steel cars. The primary difference was that they carried four traction motors instead of two and could develop . Another important difference was the use of an oil-cooled transformer. As was common for the period the coolant contained polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs); it was not until the 1960s that PCBs were phased out because of their toxicity. The presence of PCBs in the transformers led to the premature retirement of the ACF cars in lieu of a rebuild. At the cars were significantly heavier than the Bethlehem-built cars. The Reading undertook the electrification of its Philadelphia commuter lines in the late 1920s. The first lines electrified were the Ninth Street Branch, New Hope Branch, the Bethlehem Branch as far as Lansdale, the Doylestown Branch, and the New York Branch to West Trenton. To protect this service the Reading ordered 89 electric multiple units from Bethlehem Steel: 61 coaches, seven baggage-coaches, and two baggage-coach-RPOs. These were supplemented by twenty unpowered coach trailers converted from existing coaches. The new electrified services began operation on July 26, 1931. The Reading extended electrification to the Norristown Branch and Chestnut Hill Branch in 1933. For this service the Reading ordered 30 additional cars from Bethlehem Steel, identical to the first batch: 28 coaches and two baggage-coaches. Following World War II Reading bought eight more coaches, this time from American Car and Foundry. They were paired with eight unpowered coach trailers converted from existing coaches. The new equipment arrived in 1949. Between 1963–1965 the Reading completely rebuilt 38 of the cars. These were designated RER and popularly known as \"Blueliners\" from their distinctive white-and-blue livery. The rebuilt cars were renumbered into the 9101–9138 range. Un-rebuilt cars were known colloquially as \"Reading 'green' cars\" as they remained in their original livery. Both the green cars and the Blueliners continued running under Conrail and SEPTA; a set of Blueliner cars formed the final train to leave Reading Terminal in 1984. Blueliners were also the last cars to operate to West Chester in 1986 when service on the West Chester Branch was cut back to Elwyn. SEPTA retired the last of its Blueliners from revenue service in 1990. Reading electric multiple units The Reading electric multiple units were a fleet of electric multiple units operated by the Reading Company on its Philadelphia commuter rail"
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"retrieved": [
"Rex Johns Rex Harold Johns (21 May 1935 – 16 December 2009) was an Australian rules footballer for the Port Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). During an era of dour defence, Johns' ability to score goals at an average 3.37 per game was exceptional. During his time at the club he won the club's leading goalkicker award six times and the competition's award four times. He was a member of four premiership teams for Port Adelaide. Rex Johns died after a long battle with cancer on the 16 December 2009 at the age of 74. Rex Johns was the childhood idol of Malcolm Blight. Rex Johns Rex Harold Johns (21 May 1935 – 16 December 2009) was an Australian rules footballer for the Port Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). During an era of dour defence, Johns' ability to score goals at an average 3.37 per game was exceptional. During his time at the club he won the club's leading goalkicker award six times and the competition's award four times. He was a member of four premiership teams for Port Adelaide. Rex Johns died after a long battle with"
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"retrieved": [
"Jan Flinterman Johannes Leonardus \"Jan\" Flinterman (2 October 1919 – 26 December 1992) was a distinguished Dutch air force pilot during World War II and a racing driver. Together with Dries van der Lof, he was the first driver from the Netherlands to compete in Formula One. Flinterman participated in one World Championship Grand Prix, the 1952 Dutch Grand Prix on 17 August 1952. When he had to retire his Maserati with a failure of the rear axle, he was able to take over the similar car of his team mate, Chico Landi. Flinterman finished the race in ninth place, scoring no championship points. Flinterman died in Leiden in December 1992. Jan Flinterman Johannes Leonardus \"Jan\" Flinterman (2 October 1919 – 26 December 1992) was a distinguished Dutch air force pilot during World War II and a racing driver. Together with Dries van der Lof, he was the first driver from the Netherlands to compete in Formula One. Flinterman participated in one World Championship Grand Prix, the 1952 Dutch Grand Prix on 17 August 1952. When he had to retire his Maserati with a failure of the rear axle, he was able to take over the similar car of his"
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"retrieved": [
"Battle of Gallipoli (1416) The Battle of Gallipoli occurred on 29 May 1416 between a squadron of the Venetian navy and the fleet of the Ottoman Empire off the Ottoman naval base of Gallipoli. The battle was the main episode of a brief conflict between the two powers, resulting from Ottoman attacks against Venetian possessions and shipping in the Aegean Sea in late 1415. The Venetian fleet, under Pietro Loredan, was charged with transporting Venetian envoys to the Sultan, but was authorized to attack if the Ottomans refused to negotiate. The subsequent events are known chiefly from a letter written by Loredan after the battle. The Ottomans exchanged fire with the Venetian ships as soon as the Venetian fleet approached Gallipoli, forcing the Venetians to withdraw. On the next day, the two fleets manoeuvred and fought off Gallipoli, but during the evening, Loredan managed to contact the Ottoman authorities and inform them of his diplomatic mission. Despite assurances that the Ottomans would welcome the envoys, when the Venetian fleet approached the city on the next day, the Ottoman fleet sailed to meet the Venetians and the two sides quickly became embroiled in battle. The Venetians scored a crushing victory, killing the Ottoman admiral, capturing a large part of the Ottoman fleet, and taking large numbers prisoner, of whom many—particularly the Christians serving voluntarily in the Ottoman fleet—were executed. The Venetians then retired to Tenedos to replenish their supplies and rest. Although a crushing Venetian victory, which confirmed Venetian naval superiority in the Aegean Sea for the next few decades, the settlement of the conflict was delayed until a peace treaty was signed in 1419. In 1413, the Ottoman prince Mehmed I ended the civil war of the Ottoman Interregnum and established himself as Sultan and the sole master of the Ottoman realm. The Republic of Venice, as the premier maritime and commercial power in the area, endeavoured to renew the treaties it had concluded with Mehmed's predecessors during the civil war, and in May 1414, its \"bailo\" in the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, Francesco Foscarini, was instructed to proceed to the Sultan's court to that effect. Foscarini failed, however, as Mehmed campaigned in Anatolia, and Venetian envoys were traditionally instructed not to move too far from the shore (and the Republic's reach); Foscarini had yet to meet the Sultan by July 1415, when Mehmed's displeasure at this delay was conveyed to the Venetian authorities. In the meantime, tensions between the two powers mounted, as the Ottomans moved to re-establish a sizeable navy and launched several raids that challenged Venetian naval hegemony in the Aegean Sea. During his 1414 campaign in Anatolia, Mehmed came to Smyrna, where several of the most important Latin rulers of the Aegean—the Genoese lords of Chios, Phokaia, and Lesbos, and even the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller—came to do him obeisance. According to the contemporary Byzantine historian Doukas (after 1462), the absence of the Duke of Naxos from this assembly provoked the ire of the Sultan, who in retaliation equipped a fleet of 30 vessels, under the command of Çali Bey, and in late 1415 sent it to raid the Duke's domains in the Cyclades. The Ottoman fleet ravaged the islands, and carried off a large part of the inhabitants of Andros, Paros, and Melos. On the other hand, the Venetian historian Marino Sanuto the Younger (1466–1536) indicates that the Ottoman attack was in retaliation for the raids against Ottoman shipping undertaken by Pietro Zeno, the lord of Andros. Like the Duke of Naxos, Zeno was a Venetian citizen and vassal of the Republic of Venice, but he had not been included in the previous treaties between the Republic and the Ottomans, and had continued raiding Ottoman shipping on his own account. In June 1414, Turkish ships raided the Venetian colony of Negroponte, carrying off 1,500–2,000 captives, many of whom were sold as slaves. The local inhabitants even petitioned the Signoria of Venice for permission to become tributaries of the Turks—a demand categorically rejected by the Signoria. Furthermore, in the autumn of 1415, the Ottoman fleet tried to intercept Venetian merchant galleys coming from the Black Sea at the Dardanelles. The Venetian vessels were delayed at Constantinople by bad weather, but managed to pass through the Ottoman fleet and outrun its pursuit to the safety of Negroponte. In mid-October, an Ottoman fleet of 42 ships—six galleys, 16 galleots, and the rest smaller brigantines—then arrived before the city of Negroponte and bombarded the fortress, but without much success; the local commander, the \"bailo\" Niccolo Giorgi, had been informed in time and had taken adequate preparations. In response to the Ottoman raids, the Great Council of Venice appointed Pietro Loredan as commander-in-chief and charged him with equipping a fleet of fifteen galleys; five were equipped in Venice, four at Candia, and one each at Negroponte, Napoli di Romania (Nauplia), Andros, and Corfu. Loredan's brother Giorgio, Jacopo Barbarigo, Cristoforo Dandolo, and Pietro Contarini were appointed as galley captains (\"sopracomiti\"), while Andrea Foscolo and Delfino Venier were designated as \"provveditori\" of the fleet and envoys to the Sultan. While Foscolo was charged with a mission to the Principality of Achaea, Venier was tasked with reaching a new agreement with the Sultan on the basis of the treaty concluded between Musa Çelebi and the Venetian envoy Giacomo Trevisan in 1411, and with securing the release of the Venetian prisoners taken in 1414. Loredan's appointment was unusual, as he had served recently as Captain of the Gulf, and law forbade anyone who had held the position from holding the same for three years after; however, the Great Council overrode this rule due to the \"de facto\" state of war with the Ottomans. In a further move calculated to bolster Loredan's authority (and appeal to his vanity), an old rule that had fallen into disuse was revived, whereby only the captain-general had the right to carry the Banner of Saint Mark on his flagship, rather than every \"sopracomito\". In a rare display of determination on behalf of the Venetian government, the Council voted almost unanimously to authorize Loredan to attack if the Ottomans were unwilling to negotiate a cessation of hostilities. The events before and during the battle are described in detail in a letter sent by Loredan to the Signoria on 2 June 1416, which was included by Sanudo in his (posthumously published) \"History of the Doges of Venice\", while Doukas provides a brief and somewhat different account. According to Loredan's letter, his fleet was delayed by contrary winds and reached Tenedos on 24 May, and did not enter the Dardanelles until the 27th, when they arrived near Gallipoli. Loredan reports that the Venetians took care to avoid projecting any hostile intentions, but the Ottomans, who had assembled a large force of infantry and 200 cavalry on the shore, began firing on them with arrows. Loredan dispersed his ships to avoid casualties, but the tide was drawing them closer to the shore. Loredan tried to signal the Ottomans that they had no hostile intentions, but the latter kept firing poisoned arrows at them, until Loredan ordered a few cannon shots that killed a few soldiers and forced the rest to retire from the shore. At dawn on the next day, Loredan sent two galleys, bearing the Banner of Saint Mark, to the entry of the port of Gallipoli to open negotiations. In response the Turks sent 32 ships to attack them. Loredan withdrew his two galleys, and began to withdraw, while shooting at the Turkish ships, in order to lure them away from Gallipoli. As the Ottoman ships could not keep up with their oars, they set sail as well; on the Venetian side, the galley from Napoli di Romania tarried during the manoeuvre and was in danger of being caught by the pursuing Ottoman ships, so that Loredan",
"the Ottomans that they had no hostile intentions, but the latter kept firing poisoned arrows at them, until Loredan ordered a few cannon shots that killed a few soldiers and forced the rest to retire from the shore. At dawn on the next day, Loredan sent two galleys, bearing the Banner of Saint Mark, to the entry of the port of Gallipoli to open negotiations. In response the Turks sent 32 ships to attack them. Loredan withdrew his two galleys, and began to withdraw, while shooting at the Turkish ships, in order to lure them away from Gallipoli. As the Ottoman ships could not keep up with their oars, they set sail as well; on the Venetian side, the galley from Napoli di Romania tarried during the manoeuvre and was in danger of being caught by the pursuing Ottoman ships, so that Loredan likewise ordered his ships to set sail. Once they were had made ready for combat, Loredan ordered his ten galleys to lower sails, turn about, and face the Ottoman fleet. At that point, however, the eastern wind rose suddenly, and the Ottomans decided to break off the pursuit and head back to Gallipoli. Loredan in turn tried to catch up with the Ottomans, firing at them with his guns and crossbows and launching grappling hooks at the Turkish ships, but the wind and the current allowed the Ottomans to retreat speedily behind the fortifications of Gallipoli. According to Loredan, the engagement lasted until the 22nd hour. Loredan then sent a messenger to the Ottoman fleet commander to complain about the attack, insisting that his intentions were pacific, and that his sole purpose was to convey the two ambassadors to the Sultan. The Ottoman commander replied that he was ignorant of that fact, and that the fleet was meant to sail to the Danube and stop Mehmed's brother and rival for the Ottoman throne, Mustafa Çelebi, from crossing from Wallachia into Ottoman Rumelia. The Ottoman commander informed Loredan that he and his crews could land and provision themselves without fear, and that the members of the embassy would be conveyed with the appropriate honours and safety to their destination. Loredan sent a notary, Thomas, with an interpreter to the Ottoman commander and the captain of the garrison of Gallipoli to express his regrets, but also to gauge the number, equipment, and dispositions of the Ottoman galleys. The Ottoman dignitaries reassured Thomas of their good will, and proposed to provide an armed escort for the ambassadors to bring them to the court of Sultan Mehmed. After the envoy returned, the Venetian fleet, sailing with difficulty against the eastern wind, departed and sailed to a nearby bay to spend the night. On the next day, in accordance to the messages exchanged, Loredan led his ships towards Gallipoli to replenish his supplies of water, while leaving three galleys—those of his brother, of Dandolo, and of Capello of Candia—as a reserve. As soon as the Venetians approached the town, the Ottoman fleet sailed out of the harbour, and one of their galleys approached and fired a few cannon shots at the Venetian vessels. According to the account by Doukas, the Venetians were pursuing a merchant vessel of Lesbos thought to be Turkish origin, coming from Constantinople. The Ottomans likewise thought the merchant vessel was one of their own, and one of their galleys moved to defend the vessel. The galley from Napoli, which sailed to his left, was again showing signs of disorder, so he ordered it moved to the right, away from the approaching Turks. Loredan had his ships withdraw a while, in order to draw the Turks further from Gallipoli and have the sun in the Venetians' back. Once ready, Loredan led his own flagship to attack the leading Ottoman galley. Its crew offered determined resistance, and the other Ottoman galleys came astern of Loredan's ship to his left, and launched volleys of arrows against him and his men. Loredan himself was wounded by an arrow below the eye and the nose, and by another that passed through his left hand, as well as other arrows that struck him with lesser effect. Nevertheless, the galley was captured after most of its crew was killed, and Loredan, after leaving a few men of his crew to guard it, turned against a galleot, which he captured as well. Again leaving a few of his men and his flag on it, he turned on the other Ottoman ships. The fight lasted from morning to the second hour of the night. The Venetians defeated the Ottoman fleet, killing its commander and many of the captains and crews, and capturing six great galleys and nine galleots, according to Loredan's account, but 27 vessels in total according to Doukas. Loredan gives a detailed breakdown of the ships captured by his men: his own ship captured a galley and a galleot of 20 banks of oars; the Contarini galley captured a galley; the galley of Giorgio Loredan captured two galleots of 22 banks and two galleots of 20 banks; the Grimani galley of Negroponte captured a galley; the galley of Jiacopo Barbarini captured a galleot of 23 banks and another of 19 banks; the same for the Capello galley; the galley of Girolamo Minotto from Napoli captured the Ottoman flagship galley, which had been defeated and pursued before by the Capello galley; the Venieri and Barbarigo galleys of Candia took a galley. Venetian casualties were light, twelve killed—mostly by drowning—and 340 wounded, most of them lightly. The Venetian fleet then approached Gallipoli and bombarded the port, without response from the Ottomans within the walls. The Venetians then retired about a mile from Gallipoli to recover their strength and tend to their wounded. Among the captive Ottoman crews were found to be many Christians—Genoese, Catalans, Cretans, Provencals, and Sicilians—who were all executed by hanging from the yardarms, while a certain Giorgio Calergi, who had participated in a revolt against Venice, was quartered at the deck of Loredan's flagship. Many of the Christian galley slaves also perished in combat, but about 1,100 were taken prisoner by the Venetians. Doukas places these events later, at Tenedos, where the Turkish prisoners were executed, while the Christian prisoners were divided into those who had been pressed into service as galley slaves, who were liberated, and those who had entered Ottoman service as mercenaries, who were impaled. After burning five galleots in sight of Gallipoli, Loredan made ready to retire with his ships to Tenedos to take on water, repair his ships, tend to his wounded and make new plans. The Venetian commander sent a new letter to the Ottoman commander in the city complaining of breach of faith and explaining that he would return from Tenedos to carry out his mission of escorting the ambassadors, but the Ottoman commander did not reply. One of the Turkish captains that had been taken prisoner also composed a letter to the Sultan, stating that the Venetians had been attacked without cause. He also informed Loredan that the remnants of the Ottoman fleet were such that they posed no threat to him: a single galley and a few galleots and smaller vessels were seaworthy, while the rest of the galleys in Gallipoli were out of commission. At Tenedos, Loredan held a council of war, where the opinion was to return to Negroponte for provisions, for offloading the wounded, and for selling three of the galleys for prize money for the crews. Loredan disagreed, believing that they should keep up the pressure on the Turks, and resolved to return to Gallipoli to press for the passage of the ambassadors to the Sultan's court. He sent his brother with his ship to bring the more heavily wounded to Negroponte, and burned three of the captured galleys since they were too much of a burden—in his letter to the Signoria, he expressed the hope that his men would still be recompensed for them, his shipwrights estimating their value at 600 gold ducats. Between 24 and 26 July, Dolfino Venier managed to reach a first agreement with the Sultan, including the mutual return of prisoners. However,",
"opinion was to return to Negroponte for provisions, for offloading the wounded, and for selling three of the galleys for prize money for the crews. Loredan disagreed, believing that they should keep up the pressure on the Turks, and resolved to return to Gallipoli to press for the passage of the ambassadors to the Sultan's court. He sent his brother with his ship to bring the more heavily wounded to Negroponte, and burned three of the captured galleys since they were too much of a burden—in his letter to the Signoria, he expressed the hope that his men would still be recompensed for them, his shipwrights estimating their value at 600 gold ducats. Between 24 and 26 July, Dolfino Venier managed to reach a first agreement with the Sultan, including the mutual return of prisoners. However, the latter term exceeded his original brief and was ill received in Venice, since the Ottoman naval prisoners were valuable as potential galley slaves and their release would strengthen the Ottoman fleet. Consequently, on his return to Venice on 31 October, Venier found himself under trial; he was eventually acquitted. On 24 February 1417, an envoy of the Sultan, a \"\"gran baron\"\" named \"Chamitzi\" (probably Hamza) arrived in Venice, and demanded the release of the Ottoman prisoners, especially since the Sultan had already released 200 of the prisoners taken at Negroponte. To this the Venetians, who regarded Venier's agreement as void, objected that only the old and infirm were released, while the rest had been sold to slavery; and that no comparison could be made between people captured during a raid with prisoners taken \"in a just war\". According to Doukas, in the same spring Loredan led his fleet into the Dardanelles once more, and attempted to destroy the fort erected by the Turks at Lampsakos. The Venetians did not attempt a landing, however, due to the presence of Hamza Bey, the brother of the Grand Vizier Bayezid Pasha, with 10,000 men. As a result, the Venetians left the fort half-destroyed and sailed on to Constantinople, but in their wake, Hamza Bey had the fort razed. In May 1417, the Venetians instructed their \"bailo\" in Constantinople, Giovanni Diedo, to seek a peace agreement with the Sultan, but during the next two years Diedo was unable to achieve anything, partly due to the restrictions placed on his movements—he was not to proceed more than four days' march inland from the shore—and partly due to the Sultan's own stance, which was expected to be negative to Venice's proposals. The conflict was finally ended in November 1419, when a peace treaty was signed between the Sultan and the new Venetian \"bailo\" in Constantinople, Bertuccio Diedo, in which the Ottomans recognized by name Venice's overseas possessions, and agreed to an exchange of prisoners—those taken by the Ottomans from Euboea, and by Venice at Gallipoli. The victory at Gallipoli ensured Venetian naval superiority for decades to come, but also led the Venetians to complacency and over-confidence, as, according to historian Seth Parry, the \"seemingly effortless trouncing of the Ottoman fleet confirmed the Venetians in their beliefs that they were vastly superior to the Turks in naval warfare\". During the long Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430) and subsequent conflicts over the course of the century, however, \"the Venetians would learn to their discomfiture that naval superiority alone could not guarantee an everlasting position of strength in the eastern Mediterranean\". Battle of Gallipoli (1416) The Battle of Gallipoli occurred on 29 May 1416 between a squadron of the Venetian navy and the fleet of the Ottoman Empire off the Ottoman naval base of Gallipoli. The battle was the main episode of a brief conflict between the two powers,"
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"Plautdietsch-Freunde Plautdietsch-Freunde is a Detmold-based non-profit organization with the goal of documenting, nurturing, and promoting the Plautdietsch language. Mennonite speakers of Plautdietsch who emigrated from West Prussia through Southern Russia (present-day Ukraine), and who now live in Germany, Canada, Paraguay, and other parts of the world, are also known as Russian Mennonites and have been united by religious practices. Through its web resources and its journal \"Plautdietsch FRIND\", Plautdietsch-Freunde offers an international forum for all those who speak, read, write, or simply have an interest in the language. The organization was founded by Peter Wiens in 1999, acting president is Heinrich Siemens. Plautdietsch-Freunde Plautdietsch-Freunde is a Detmold-based non-profit organization with the goal of documenting, nurturing, and promoting the Plautdietsch language. Mennonite speakers of Plautdietsch who emigrated from West Prussia through Southern Russia (present-day Ukraine), and who now live in Germany, Canada, Paraguay, and other parts of the world, are also known as Russian Mennonites and have been united by religious practices. Through its web resources and its journal \"Plautdietsch FRIND\", Plautdietsch-Freunde offers an international forum for all those who speak, read, write, or simply have an interest in the language. The organization was founded by Peter Wiens in 1999, acting"
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"Winds Code The \"Winds Code\" is a confused military intelligence episode relating to the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, especially the advance-knowledge debate claiming that the attack was expected. The Winds Code was an instruction from Tokyo to Japanese legations worldwide that diplomatic relations were in danger of being ruptured. While the code was set up, the problem is whether the code was ever transmitted or not. Amid all the other indicators of approaching conflict, it seems likely that the message was never sent, or at least never recorded at a high level in the US command structure. In any case a code message in a news or weather programs was not needed, as ordinary commercial communication facilities were available to Japan right up to the December 7 attack. Pearl Harbour historians Gordon Prange and Roberta Wholstetter sidestep the issue by saying that the intercepted codes-destruct messages of 2 December were a more accurate indication of war breaking out. Both Henry Clausen and John Costello see the \"Winds Code\" controversy as a red herring and coming close to disinformation (Clausen) or only as an alert to legations (Costello). The code was set up, so that in case of an emergency leading to the interruption of regular communication channels, a coded message would be inserted into the daily Japanese international news broadcast. Concealed within the meteorological reports, and repeated twice, would be either \"East wind rain\" (\"\"Higashi no kaze ame\"\"), \"West wind clear\" (\"\"Nishi no kaze hare\"\") or \"North wind cloudy\" (\"\"Kitano kaze kumori\"\"), the first indicating an imminent major breach with the United States, the second a break with the British (including the invasion of Thailand); the third indicating a break with the Soviet Union was not needed. The signal setting up the code was intercepted and broken by USN cryptographer Commander Laurance Safford at OP-20-G in Washington. Consequently, a close monitoring of the Japanese daily shortwave broadcasts was instituted for the codes, dubbed the \"Winds Code\" by the Americans. USN Chief Warrant Officer Ralph T. Briggs, an operator at Station M, the Navy's East Coast intercept installation at Cheltenham in Maryland, stated he logged \"\"Higashi no kaze ame\"\" (\"East wind rain\") on the morning of December 4; this was transmitted to the Fleet Intelligence Office at Pearl through the secure TWX line. Briggs was subsequently given a four-day pass as a reward (and was away in Cleveland on the 7th). At the FIO, Commander Laurance Safford states he reported this message to his superiors in Washington. At this point there is no further record of the message. Some eight other Army and Navy officers testified that they, too, had seen a winds execute message. But two of the men completely reversed their original testimony and the others turned out to have only vague recollections. None of the official inquiries took Safford's statement as fact; the most generous reporting that he was \"misled\" and that his memory was faulty. His case was not helped by his uncertainty over the date, although Lt Alwin Kramer also agreed in 1944 that he had seen Safford's yellow teletype sheet. It has been claimed that in the week after the attack there was significant document 'loss' at the Office of Naval Intelligence in Washington. In 2008 historians from the National Security Agency went back and analyzed all American and foreign intelligence sources and decrypted cables. They came to the conclusion that \"winds execute\" message never reached Washington. If there was a message then the blame would fall on the military for not passing it on. The Japanese were very skilled in deceiving people which is why many believe that the Americans missed signs leading up to the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the end of the war, Japanese officials advised General MacArthur that no Winds signal was ever sent relating to the United States. This is supported by the testimony of Commander Joseph Rochefort (based in Naval HQ in Pearl Harbor). However an American intelligence team in Japan led by Colonel Abraham Sinkov of Central Bureau in September and October 1945 found they were told \"half-truths or outright lies\" by Japanese intelligence specialists, partly as there were rumours that the Americans would execute those involved in intelligence. The team was not allowed to reveal American intelligence successes. However some Japanese (Arisue and Nishimura) were more forthcoming when they saw that the Americans were interested in Japanese help against the Soviets. The coded \"Winds message\" was reported from Hong Kong, late on Sunday 7 December local time. The signal was \"\"higashi no kaze, ame; nishi no kaze, hare\"\" (\"Easterly wind, rain; Westerly wind, fine\"); meaning that Japan was about to declare war on Britain and America (and attacked British Malaya before Hawaii). A skeleton staff had been left behind in Hong Kong when the British Far East Combined Bureau (FECB) moved to Singapore in August 1939. Winds Code The \"Winds Code\" is a confused military intelligence episode relating to the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, especially the advance-knowledge debate claiming that the attack was expected. The Winds Code was an instruction from Tokyo to Japanese legations worldwide that diplomatic relations were in danger of being ruptured. While the code was set up, the problem is whether the code was ever transmitted or not. Amid all the other indicators of approaching conflict, it seems likely that the message was never sent, or at least never recorded at"
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"Moissaye Boguslawski Moissaye Boguslawski (November 1, 1887 – August 30, 1944) was an American pianist, composer, editor and teacher. Sometimes known as Bogie. He was born in Chicago in 1887 to Russian immigrants with significant musical background. Despite the family's poverty, Boguslawski began piano lessons at age 4 and began playing in public at weddings at the age of 10. By age 15 he was performing at a dance hall in Chicago. He also studied briefly with Rudolph Ganz. Boguslawski was named head of the piano department at the Kansas City Conservatory of Music when he was twenty years old. Recitals given during this time established him as a well-known pianist, and in 1916 a trip to the East Coast earned him good reviews in New York and Boston. Soon he was a sought-after performer both in concert and as a recorded radio performer. He performed with various orchestras and performers, including Emma Calvé and Antonio Scotti. For Chicago's WJJD radio station (now WYLL), Boguslawski played all of Bach's piano music and all of the sonatas of Beethoven, taking a total of 21 weeks to accomplish. He was a professor of piano at Chicago Musical College and at the Bush Conservatory of Music; later he was head of the Boguslawski College of Music., where students included Cecilia Clare Bocard. Later in his career, Boguslawski composed pieces of his own, including a comprehensive set of children's teaching pieces with publisher M. M. Cole. Compositions include \"Hungarian Rhapsodie No. 1\", \"Valse Russe\", \"Frog's Frolic\", and \"Overture to a Carnival\". Boguslawski was known for skillfully attracting media attention. A 1936 piece in \"TIME\" magazine said of him, \"When straight news about himself is scarce, 'Bogie' is likely to come forth with such a project as his proposal to promote world peace through voice culture, since animosity arises when unpleasant tones are heard.\" Whatever his motivation, Boguslawski did influence the fields of music psychology and music therapy, contributing his theories about curing antisocial behavior and memory loss. Moissaye Boguslawski Moissaye Boguslawski (November 1, 1887 – August 30, 1944) was an American pianist, composer, editor and teacher. Sometimes known as Bogie. He was born in Chicago in 1887 to Russian immigrants with significant musical background. Despite the family's poverty, Boguslawski began piano lessons at age 4 and began playing in public at weddings at the age of 10. By age 15 he was performing at"
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"Endingidi The endingidi is a type of bowed string instrument native to Uganda. The endingidi has one string, extending from the neck to a cylindrical sound-box or resonator made of wood or cow horn. A piece of hide is stretched over the top of the cylinder and is fixed to the sound-box with wooden pegs, thorny spines or nowadays also with metal nails. The hide used is usually that of the monitor lizard (varanus exanthematicus) but also of young goats and sheep or even of the python. The hide is soaked in water for a whole day before being stretched over the sound-box. The neck consists of a straight wooden stick inserted through the walls of the sound-box at about 2 to 3 cm from the top. At the top of the neck a hole is bored at 4 to 6 cm from the end into which a tuning pin is inserted vertically. The string is secured to this pin in such a way that the string can be wound round the pin in a similar way as with a violin. This allows the string to be tightened, so tuning the instrument. The string runs across the sound-box via a bridge and is fixed to the other end of the neck. The string is made of fibre or animal sinew, but nowadays it is more often of nylon. The arched bow consists of a thin flexible twig, to which a string is attached, usually of the same material as the string of the instrument itself. To give the bow more grip on the string of the instrument, resin is rubbed into the bow string. The resin is often attached to the side of the sound-box so the player can easily rub resin on the bow as he plays. The instrument is rarely decorated; this is usually due to regional traditions. The sound-box is sometimes decorated with pyrographed designs, the neck with white and blue beads and the end of the neck with a brush of hair from the tail of a goat or a cow. The meat and bones are then removed from the tail, which is then stretched over the neck. As the skin dries, it shrinks and tightens around the neck. The instrument is tuned in accordance with the range of the singing voices, either by turning the tuning pin or moving the bridge. The player holds the neck of the instrument in the palm of his left hand as he plays and so can damp the string with the second segment of his index finger, middle finger or ring finger. The hollow sound-box of the endingidi is held against the body and the bow is held in the right hand and is moved very quickly backwards and forwards across the string. According to ancient sources, the endingidi is not a traditional Ankole instrument but was introduced from Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom Bunyoro around 1910 while it was still the conglomerate kingdom holding most or all of the Bantu speaking tribes of East Africa. Endingidi is however believed to have been invented by the Busoga people of Eastern Uganda which explains why they are the tribe most known to play the instrument and work with it creatively, you are most likely to encounter the endingidi while in Busoga than in any other part of Uganda. This is coupled with the Bigwala also invented by the Basoga , The endingidi player sings or rather rhythmically speaks as he plays. Among the Basoga people of Busoga Kingdom, the endingidi was usually played solo, but nowadays it is increasingly combined with the engoma(drum) and rattles. Among the Kooki and the Ziba, two endingidi mostly play together with a drum and rattles and in combination with clapping. Among the Kiga and the Hororo, this ensemble is melodically enriched with the omubanda flute. The endingidi is played by men when they play music for relaxation and the common thread in the lyrics of the songs is social life. The endingidi also used to be played in ritual music and at weddings. https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1333991/bigwala-busoga-royal-music-dancehttp://www.singingwells.org/instrument-ethnicities/busoga/*Digitalisatie van het Etnomusicologisch Klankarchief van het Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika / Digitization of the Ethnomusicological Sound Archive of the Royal Museum for Central Africa Endingidi The endingidi is a type of bowed string instrument native to Uganda. The endingidi has one string, extending from the neck to a cylindrical sound-box or resonator made of wood or cow horn. A piece of hide is stretched over the top of the cylinder and is fixed to the sound-box with wooden pegs, thorny spines or nowadays also with metal nails. The hide used is usually that of the monitor lizard (varanus exanthematicus) but also of young goats and sheep or even of the python. The hide is soaked in water for a whole day before"
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"Ram Madhav Ram Madhav (born 22 August 1964) is an Indian politician, writer and journalist. He serves as the National General Secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was a member of the National Executive of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and has authored several books. His latest is \"Uneasy Neighbours: India and China after Fifty Years of the War\". Madhav was born to Janaki Devi in Amalapuram in the East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh on 22 August 1964. Primarily a student of engineering, he earned his Diploma in Electrical Engineering from Andhra Pradesh. He has a post-graduate degree in Political Science from the University of Mysore, Karnataka. Madhav's association with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh began as a teenager. He volunteered to be a full-time worker for RSS in 1981. He was assigned to several key positions in the organization. He was the editor of \"Bharatiya Pragna\", a monthly magazine in English published by Pragna Bharati, and associate editor of \"Jagriti\", a Telugu weekly. He worked as a journalist for over 20 years with RSS sponsored publications and authored more than twelve books. He serves as the Director of the India Foundation, an RSS-aligned think-tank focused on the issues, challenges and opportunities of the Indian polity. He served as the national spokesperson of the RSS from 2003-2014. Madhav was seconded to the BJP and appointed as one of its national general secretaries in 2014., He has called for India to take a more \"proactive role in the region” in order to check China's One Belt One Road Initiative. Ram Madhav Ram Madhav (born 22 August 1964) is an Indian politician, writer and journalist. He serves as the National General Secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was a member of the National Executive of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and has"
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"retrieved": [
"SmartForm A SmartForm is a dynamic electronic form with capabilities beyond a traditional paper or PDF form, allowing electronic completion, dynamic sections, database calls and electronic submission. The Australian government established a specialist unit called the SmartForms Developer Center to encourage and assist Government Agencies to transform their current paper forms to SmartForms. The aim of this is to improve both their own internal processing as well the service they are providing to their constituents. In 2008, the use of SmartForms was named a best practice initiative by the Australian Government Information Management Office in the Review of the Australian Government's Use of ICT. The Federal Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science coordinates SmartForms initiatives across Australian government agencies. Departments currently using SmartForms include NSW Local Government Agencies, Victorian State Government, NT State Government and the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. The Australian Department of Finance and Deregulation is promoting a Whole of Government SmartForms solution under a $42M Australian Government Online Service Point program. This SmartForm solution is based on Avoka Transact. There are a number technologies that can deliver SmartForm benefits with varying levels of capability. These include: Avoka Transact Avoka Transact replace paper and PDF submissions with a highly tailored digital process for both agencies and citizens, and includes data capture, signatures, and identity validation. Avoka Transact allows department staff to create mobile responsive applications which adapt to the size of a phone, tablet or PC without creating separate versions for each, and Australian Citizens can complete government transactions from mobile and desktop at home. FormHero FormHero is a paperwork automation platform used to turn internal paper-based processes into online smart forms that automatically find and fill in existing paperwork. Intelledox Infiniti Intelledox Infiniti is a business process digitalisation platform that combines the power of intelligent document generation, adaptive interviews (SmartForms), and line-of-business integration. Infiniti leverages existing investments in document management and information assets to deliver Adaptive Engagement and On Demand Communication solutions that help organisations digitally transform manual business processes into intuitive, guided, user experiences based on the customer's personal preferences, device, and location. 13. Avoka Transact www.avoka.com SmartForm A SmartForm is a dynamic electronic form with capabilities beyond a traditional paper or PDF form, allowing electronic completion, dynamic sections, database calls and electronic submission. The Australian government established a specialist unit called the SmartForms Developer Center to encourage and assist Government Agencies"
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"Arthur Lindsay Sadler Arthur Lindsay Sadler (1882–1970) was Professor of Oriental Studies at the University of Sydney. Sadler was born in Hackney, London. He was educated at Dulwich College, Merchant Taylors' School, London, and St John's College, Oxford (B.A., 1908; M.A., 1911). He was Pusey-Ellerton Hebrew scholar (1903), junior Kennicott Hebrew scholar (1907), won the junior Septuagint prize (1907) and graduated with second-class honours in Oriental languages (Hebrew and Assyrian). Sadler was the Professor of Oriental Studies at the University of Sydney from 1922–48. He also taught at the Royal Military College of Australia. His publications include \"A Short History of Japanese Architecture\", \"Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu\", and \"Cha-No-Yu: The Japanese Tea Ceremony\". He translated \"The Ten Foot Square Hut\" (the Hōjōki), excerpts from the Heike Monogatari, and \"The Code of The Samurai: Budo Shoshinshu\" into English. After retirement from the University of Sydney he returned to England and settled in the Essex village of Great Bardfield. At Bardfield he became friendly with several of the Great Bardfield Artists. He spent his final years living in Great Bardfield at Stubbards Croft and later at Buck's House. Arthur Lindsay Sadler Arthur Lindsay Sadler (1882–1970) was Professor"
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"Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company The Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company was a limited liability corporation founded in Pennsylvania on September 29, 1791. The company was founded for the purpose of improving river navigation which in the post-colonial United States era of the 1790s meant improving river systems, not canals. In this Pennsylvania scheme, however, two rivers, a large river, the Susquehanna and a smaller one, the Schuylkill were to be improved by clearing channels through obstructions and building dams where needed. To connect the two watersheds, the company proposed a four-mile summit level crossing at Lebanon Pennsylvania, a length of almost eighty miles between the two rivers. The completed project was intended to be part of a navigable water route from Philadelphia to Lake Erie and the Ohio valley. The original engineering concept developed by the Society as well as the navigation company’s charter had been to build a canal up to the Schuylkill valley to Norristown, improving the Schuylkill river from there to Reading; while from Reading a canal was to extend to the Susquehanna, via Lebanon. This would have required a four-mile summit crossing between Tulpehocken and the Quitipahilla with an artificial waterway connecting two separate river valleys; namely the Susquehanna and the Schuylkill watersheds. Its successful completion would have made the middle reach, the first summit-level canal in the United States. The term refers to a canal that rises then falls, as opposed to a lateral canal, which has a continuous fall only. In this case, the proposed canal at 80 miles in length would rise 192 feet over 42 miles from the west at the Susquehanna river to the summit and then fall 311 feet over 34 miles to the Schuylkill river to the east. It was to be the \"golden link\" between Philadelphia and the vast interior of Pennsylvania and beyond. This proposed summit crossing offered a severe test of 18th-century engineering skills, materials and construction techniques. For both designing and operating a water-conveyance transportation system through an area where sinkholes are common, and surface water is scarce. Ultimately, the 1794 engineering concept was flawed as the water supply for the summit crossing was inadequate and the technology for minimizing supply losses was still another century away. While the 1794 construction was never completed, the company's successor, the Union canal was faced with the same challenges of sealing the canal bed to conserve water. The summit crossing never was able to handle the canal traffic. Even with two reservoirs constructed at the summit as feeders to the canal, the Union canal still required pumped water from a waterworks at the junction of Swatara Creek and Clarke's run and later from a second waterworks on Furnace Creek on the Quitipahilla. At the first works, there were four pumps necessary to provide summit water but only two could be powered by river water, the other two had to be powered by Cornish steam engines, a technology available in 1828 when the canal opened but not in 1791. By 1885, the successor company, the Union canal was sold at a sheriff sale, being unable to cope with railroad competition, poor planning, and the technical challenges posed by a summit crossing underlain by the carbonate bedrock of Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. Had the Schuylkill and Susquehanna navigation company been successful in completing the canal in 1794-95, it probably would have succumbed to same poor planning and summit geology as its successor did. Much like the Potomac canal (1785-1828), between the beginning of the Navigation company in 1791 and its merger and completion by its successor company in 1828, the Union canal of Pennsylvania (1811-1885), \"...civil engineering had come to America and Americans had become civil engineers.\" Despite all of these problems, in 1791, the enthusiasm for this venture was such that it didn't seem at all impossible that Pennsylvania would have succeeded in securing the commercial prestige which the (Erie) canal captured for New York State. By 1795 however, the navigation company's project was a commercial failure. The result was that with the onset of the Erie canal still some thirty years into the future, Philadelphia lost the early initiative in water transportation. Despite Philadelphia and Pennsylvania's \"heroic efforts\" to hold their share of the internal trade which in 1796 was forty percent more than New York; by 1825 with the opening of the Erie canal, Philadelphia's trade was forty-five percent less than New York. New York’s rise to pre-eminence among American cities was an important development but was not a foregone conclusion. At the time the Schuylkill and Susquehanna navigation company was chartered, Philadelphia was the leading American city; its residents, as well as others, generally expected it to take on more of a metropolitan role as the nation became independent, and prepared the city for that role. Instead, Philadelphia slid into second place. By 1807, New York was the acknowledged commercial capital of the nation; by 1837, it was the American metropolis. Philadelphia's dismal failure to build the \"golden link\" thirty years before New York opened the Erie canal was a major factor of that slide into second place. The idea of uniting the Schuylkill and Susquehanna rivers by a canal was first proposed and discussed by William Penn in 1690. Penn's plan, conceived a few years after he had founded Philadelphia was to make \"a second settlement\" on the Susquehanna river, similar in size to that of Philadelphia itself. He made this plan, titled \"Some Proposals for a Second Settlement in the Province of Pennsylvania\" public in England in 1690. The route envisioned by Penn was a road up the west bank of the Schuylkill to the mouth of French Creek near present-day Phoenixville heading west to the Susquehanna via present day Lancaster and a Susquehanna tributary, Conestoga Creek. Although Penn first proposed the project of continuous water transportation from the Delaware to the Susquehanna, he did not call for the building of a canal. In 1762, Philadelphia merchants petitioned the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly to commission a project for the passage by water up the west branch of the Susquehanna River with an intervening portage to a navigable branch of the Ohio River. In 1769, another petition to the Assembly requested that then Province make the Juniata River navigable down to the Susquehanna River. Both petitions were unsuccessful but neither mentioned canals as an essential element for the proposed improvement. In 1769, the American Philosophical Society with Benjamin Franklin as its first president was organized with six standing committees, one of which was on \"Husbandry and American Improvements\". One of the first projects the committee looked in February, 1769 was a canal between the Chesapeake and Delaware bays using the Chester River in Maryland and Duck creek, near Smyrna, Delaware some fifteen miles south of the present location of the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal (C&D Canal). In March, the committee was tasked with preparing a \"scheme of application\" for the Philadelphia merchants for defraying the expenses of conducting a route location (\"proper levels\") for the canal as well as construction costs. In April, the committee discussed a more northerly route using the Bohemia River, a tributary of the Elk river with headwaters extending into Delaware using Drawyers Creek . In June, this route was reported being feasible only with locks as the cost of constructing a clear passage from river to river was to great. That same month, Thomas Gilpin, a member of the merchant committee submitted an alternative \"plan of a canal and elevation\" using the original southerly route along the Chester river and Duck creek. In April 1770, W. T. Fisher produced a map of the several canal routes proposed for connecting the Chesapeake and",
"of application\" for the Philadelphia merchants for defraying the expenses of conducting a route location (\"proper levels\") for the canal as well as construction costs. In April, the committee discussed a more northerly route using the Bohemia River, a tributary of the Elk river with headwaters extending into Delaware using Drawyers Creek . In June, this route was reported being feasible only with locks as the cost of constructing a clear passage from river to river was to great. That same month, Thomas Gilpin, a member of the merchant committee submitted an alternative \"plan of a canal and elevation\" using the original southerly route along the Chester river and Duck creek. In April 1770, W. T. Fisher produced a map of the several canal routes proposed for connecting the Chesapeake and Delaware bays. In August 1771, the committee then became aware of the prospect of joining the Susquehanna and Schuylkill rivers by means of a canal. One of the key features of that survey was its emphasis on the middle ground or summit level, roughly four and a half miles between the headwaters of the Quitapahilla, near Lebanon, and those of Tulpehocken, near Myerstown. The survey was conducted by Dr. William Smith, Provost of the College of Philadelphia, John Lukens, Esquire, Surveyor General of the then Province (now State) of Pennsylvania, and John Sellers. Samuel Rhoads, a Philadelphia architect, vice-president of the Society and colonial mayor of Philadelphia had also been on the survey with Rittenhouse and company. Rhoads had been impressed with the \"... apparent practicality of a canal on the Tulpehocken-Swatara route. But, he asked Franklin, whether it was better to dig a canal, or just to dam up the rivers and creeks to provide for navigation?\" That same year the Society recommended the third route for a canal. The Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly then appointed a committee of its own to survey the Susquehanna, Schuylkill, and Lehigh Rivers and in 1773, David Rittenhouse delivered its report. Nothing became of this work due to the coming of the Revolution. In total, the Society sponsored studies of three routes to the connect Philadelphia with the Susquehanna Valley, one by canal across the Delmarva peninsula(1769-1771), the second was a paved road from the Susquehanna Valley to a river port south of Philadelphia and the third (1773) was a canal using the Schuylkill and Susquehanna rivers and their tributaries, the Tulpehocken and Swatara creeks. The project became the goal of the Society for the Improvement of Roads and Inland Navigation organized in 1789 with preeminent, wartime financier Robert Morris as president, David Rittenhouse, William Smith and John Nicolson. The Society petitioned the General Assembly to again survey the river routes, only this time the State acted upon the recommendations. In the spring of 1790, the General Assembly passed a resolution on Mar. 31, 1790 that authorized river surveys. Governor Thomas Mifflin commissioned Timothy Matlack (1736–1829), Samuel Maclay (1741–1811) and John Adlum (1759–1836) to survey the Swatara, West Branch of the Susquehanna River, Allegheny River, French Creek with a portage to Lake Erie; the Kiskiminetas/Conemaugh to Stony Creek, the future site of Johnstown, with a second portage to the Frankstown branch of the Juniata and then down the Juniata to the Susquehanna River and onto Harrisburg. Mifflin also appointed other survey teams: In April 1790, Maclay surveyed \"...the Swatara Creek and Quitapahilla Creek to Old’s Iron Works, then by to Lebanon; (noting that) the Quitapahilla can be made navigable for boats of 5 tons.\" On Dec. 14, 1790, Maclay and the other commissioners reported on their recommendations for rivers west of the Allegheny front or barrier range. They recommend three routes; one via the Juniata and two using the West branch. The first uses the Juniata to go over the barrier range at Poplar Run gap to the Kiskiminetas, a tributary of the Allegheny River. The two West branch of the Susquehanna river routes, one via the north branch of Sinnemahoning creek, a tributary of the West branch and thence over the barrier range to the Allegheny river, and one via west branch of the Sinnemahoning creek and thence also over the barrier range to the Allegheny river. They also recommended the Allegheny and French Creek with portage to Lake Erie. Maclay and the other commissioners found that most of the waterways could be constructed but several portages were recommended to reduce costs such as the Lebanon summit crossing of four miles, a road from French creek to Presque isle on Lake Erie and an eighteen mile portage over the Allegheny mountains at Poplar run. The latter crossing was south of the route eventually selected in 1831 for the Portage railroad which when built was thirty-six miles in length. Both the 1791 and 1831 routes converged on the Little Conemaugh River as the route into Pittsburgh. On Feb. 10, 1791, reports were given on the second round of river surveys regarding improvements to the Delaware River from the bay to the New York state line. Improvements were also recommended for the Schuylkill river with a portage road or canal from Reading to the Susquehanna River as well as improvements for the North and West Branches of the Susquehanna and a second Allegheny portage to reach Lake Erie. The Society proposed in its 1791 report to use the Schuylkill river itself from Philadelphia up to \"...Tulpehocken Creek, near Reading, continuing on the Tulpehocken as far as practicable.\" Critically, the Society had yet to recommend or devise way over the summit near Lebanon joining the \"...Quitapahilla and Swatara creeks, the latter leading to the Susquehanna...\" river. The proposed mileages were: The concept of navigation in the context of the post-colonial United States and 1790 timeframe was predominately focused on improving river systems. A contemporary project, the Western Inland Lock Navigation Company in New York which later became a part of the Erie Canal was also \"... primarily a river system.\" In the Pennsylvania scheme, large rivers such as the Susquehanna and to a lesser extent, the Schuylkill were to be improved by clearing channels through obstructions and building dams where needed. Most importantly, these larger segments of the scheme were to be connected by short sections of slackwater canals and in some instances such as the allegheny range crossing, portages. One author noted that ... The Society in its report estimated the total cost of the Schuylkill river improvements and canal connection with the Susquehanna river at £55,540 (1791£s) or $8.6 million (2018$US). The Schuylkill Navigation Company and the Union canal ultimately completed this Society scheme by 1830 for a total reported cost of $2.8 million (1830$sUS) or $73 million in (2018$US) roughly nine times the original estimate. James Brindley (1745-1820) a well-known canal engineer and nephew of the famous British canal engineer James Brindley (1716-1772) was in Delaware in 1791. Brindley had been originally recruited in 1774 by the Potomac Company for the Little Falls Bypass Canal on the Potomac River. Subsequently, Brindley worked on the Susquehanna Canal (1783-) in Maryland, Santee Canal in South Carolina (1786) and the James River Canal, Virginia (1787). In 1791, He was introduced to the Society for the purpose of resurveying the 1771 summit route for the canal between the Tulpehocken and Quittapahilla Creeks. The Society engaged Brindley to resurvey the 1771 summit route along with Timothy Matlack (1736-1829) and John Adlum (1759-1836). Later that year in the summer, they presented a final report and Brindley's map for the summit canal between the creeks. Crucially, they find that there is sufficient water at the summit to feed the canal within a four-mile radius. The society would later in February 1792 ask the newly incorporated Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation company to pay for the expense of this",
"on the Susquehanna Canal (1783-) in Maryland, Santee Canal in South Carolina (1786) and the James River Canal, Virginia (1787). In 1791, He was introduced to the Society for the purpose of resurveying the 1771 summit route for the canal between the Tulpehocken and Quittapahilla Creeks. The Society engaged Brindley to resurvey the 1771 summit route along with Timothy Matlack (1736-1829) and John Adlum (1759-1836). Later that year in the summer, they presented a final report and Brindley's map for the summit canal between the creeks. Crucially, they find that there is sufficient water at the summit to feed the canal within a four-mile radius. The society would later in February 1792 ask the newly incorporated Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation company to pay for the expense of this survey. In that same year of 1791, the Society presented proposals to the State proposing to connect the Atlantic seaboard with Lake Erie. This Pennsylvania plan was before the creation of New York's Western and Northern Inland Lock Navigation Companies in 1792. The New York plan took the first steps to improve navigation on the Mohawk river by constructing a canal between the Mohawk and Lake Ontario but that effort with private financing was insufficient. In the Pennsylvania plan, the Society proposed a canal route, 426 miles in length connecting Philadelphia with Pittsburgh by a canal. One part of this project was a canal segment up to the Schuylkill River to Tulpehocken Creek to a summit-level canal near Lebanon and thence by way of the Quitapahilla and Swatara creeks to the Susquehanna River. This action resulted in the formation of two companies The first was the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company incorporated on September 29, 1791, to open a communication between the Schuylkill and Susquehanna rivers from Reading on the Schuylkill to Middletown on the Susquehanna. The second was the Delaware and Schuylkill Navigation Company incorporated in 1792 to open a canal between the Schuylkill river and the Delaware river. Robert Morris was the president of both companies. The 1791 Pennsylvania act incorporating the company contained an \"elaborate\" process for using Sheriff's juries to assess damages for taking of lands and waters becoming \"...the model for subsequent Pennsylvania canal statutes. \". Up to that point in time, the policy had been to only allow damages to improved lands. This 1791 act required the company to pay all damages resulting from its use of eminent domain authority to take all lands (improved or unimproved), water, and materials necessary for construction and operating the canal including mills, mill ponds, water and water courses. This caused many canal companies such as the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company great concern over the amount of damages awarded in these procedures. Charles G. Paleske, an officer of the company stated in 1807 that \"...the company could not complete the largest branch of its canal because, among other reasons, of \"the enormous sums paid for land and water rights.\" In early 1792, the company was organized in Philadelphia with noted financier and land speculator Robert Morris as president,Tench Francis as Treasurer and noted engrosser of the declaration of independence Timothy Matlack as Secretary. The company's directors were also notable Philadelphians such as Morris' partner and former comptroller general of the State of Pennsylvania and president of the Pennsylvania Population Company, John Nicholson (1757-1800), Samuel Powel (1738-1793) and University of Pennsylvania provost William Smith (1727-1803). Junior founding partner of the notable Philadelphia shipping company James and Drinker and the Philadelphia tea party incident, Henry Drinker (1734-1809), a \"substantial provider of credit\" in those times also was a director. Other notable directors included Brevet generals Walter Stewart and Samuel Miles, the latter, a former mayor of the city of Philadelphia. Philadelphia politician and brewer Robert Hare (1752-1811) father of chemist Robert Hare (1781-1858) was a director as well as the then treasurer of the United States, Samuel Meredith (1741-1817) and his brother in law, a signatory to both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, George Clymer (1739-1813). Pennsylvania State Attorney General and future Attorney General for the United States, William Bradford (1755-1795), future Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, George Lattimer and light horse cavalry member and quartermaster John Donaldson (1754-1831); Nicholson eventually has 270 shares on which $64,300 is paid; Robert Morris, 52 shares and $14,300. George Washington received one share of stock in the company, issued by Morris in 1792 worth one pound. In recruiting stock subscriptions, the Commissioners were required to advertise in three newspapers for a month with one being in the German language. They were authorized to sell one thousand shares and if the stock was oversubscribed, a lottery was to be used to apportion the sales, no one person was to initially own more than ten shares. At the time that Robert Morris and the others were organizing the company \"(p)oor harvests in Europe brought unprecedented agricultural and commercial prosperity to the Delaware Valley.\" One of the administration's first official acts as part of Hamilton's economic plan was to \"...pour thousands of dollars into the pockets of prescient speculators by funding depreciated American bonds at 100 percent of their face value. The resulting ebullience in the investment markets facilitated the flotation of a series of new companies...\" such as Morris' Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation company. While post-revolutionary grain exports from Philadelphia had stagnated through 1788, the Continental subsistence crisis created a demand for American grain that Philadelphia rushed to fill. Beyond the Delaware valley lay the vast Susquehanna river valley, this increase for Philadelphia exports had occurred despite the gains made by Baltimore in shifting trade to its ports. \"...the essential economic function of Philadelphia's merchant community was to link the city's hinterland with its overseas markets. It was the merchants who shipped flour to Lisbon, lumber to London, flaxseed to Belfast; and it was they who imported vast amounts of cloth and hardware from London and the outports.\" The Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation company would provide the \"golden link\" between the two. On December 1, 1791, the company's book was opened for stock subscriptions, and by one o'clock more than the five hundred shares ($200,000) required as a minimum were subscribed, and when the books had been open the required fifteen days no less than forty-six thousand shares were subscribed. This was acclaimed \"another instance of the public spirit of the inhabitants of this state,\" though in reality it testifies chiefly to the speculative spirit then running riot. The subscriptions were reduced by lottery to one thousand shares, and canal scrip was soon selling at an advance. Several months later, the first financial panic in the new United States occurred, the panic of 1792. This impacted the availability of cash for subscribers to fulfill their obligations from the previous December and the Company agreed to take notes in lieu of cash. This process of financing the navigation company was managed by Morris in the same time period as large swaths of Northern Pennsylvania were being developed by the managers of the company. The fundamental problem was that speculators such as Robert Morris had too much credit. Often using the land to which \"...they had only preliminary claim, either selling, encumbering them with mortgages or using them as collateral for loans.\" The Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation company prospectus promised greater trade and settlement, thus raising the value of the lands. In addition to the two navigation companies, Robert Morris, and",
"This impacted the availability of cash for subscribers to fulfill their obligations from the previous December and the Company agreed to take notes in lieu of cash. This process of financing the navigation company was managed by Morris in the same time period as large swaths of Northern Pennsylvania were being developed by the managers of the company. The fundamental problem was that speculators such as Robert Morris had too much credit. Often using the land to which \"...they had only preliminary claim, either selling, encumbering them with mortgages or using them as collateral for loans.\" The Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation company prospectus promised greater trade and settlement, thus raising the value of the lands. In addition to the two navigation companies, Robert Morris, and other managers \"...established no less than six companies of this type between 1793 and 1797.\" These were the Pennsylvania Population Company, Asylum Land Company, North American Land Company, Territorial Land Company, Pennsylvania Land Company, Pennsylvania Property Company. This speculative bubble burst in 1796 just when the navigation company was trying to mobilize the financing for its operations. There were very few trained civil engineers in the new United States when the company was chartered. The earlier planning for locating the canal commissioned by the Society up through 1791 had been performed by members such as John Lukens, surveyor general of Pennsylvania and the eminent American astronomer and surveyor, David Rittenhouse . Other than Brindley (1745-1820), no one had any experience with canal location or lockage. The original engineering concept developed by the Society as well as the navigation company’s charter had been to build a canal up the \"...Schuylkill valley to Norristown, and improving the river from there to Reading; while from Reading a canal was to extend to the Susquehanna, via Lebanon.\" This would have made the Schuylkill and Susquehanna canal the first summit-level canal in the United States. A four-mile summit crossing between Tulpehocken and the Quitipahilla would be an artificial waterway connecting two separate river valleys; namely the Susquehanna and the Schuylkill watersheds. The term refers to a canal that rises then falls, as opposed to a lateral canal, which has a continuous fall only. In this case, the proposed canal at 80 miles in length would rise 192 feet over 42 miles from the west at the Susquehanna river to the summit and then fall 311 feet over 34 miles to the Schuylkill river to the east. Unfortunately, most of the four-mile summit crossing was underlain by the Ontelaunee Formation, a \"...dark grayish-brown weathering dolomite...\" or carbonate bedrock. Other equally important parts of the summit crossing were constructed through the Annville Formation, a \"...very thick bedded, finely crystalline, light blue-gray to light pinkish-gray, high-calcium limestone.\" Crucially, that meant the summit traversed highly soluble bedrock with poor surface drainage and where sinkholes were common. Ultimately, the 1794 engineering concept was flawed. The water supply for the summit crossing was inadequate. While the 1794 construction was never \"watered\", its successor, the Union canal was faced with the choice of either \"puddling\" (packing low-permeability clay on the bottom and sides), or \"planking\" (lining the sides and bottom of the canal with wood planks) for the summit crossing in order to conserve water supplies. In the end, \"planking\" was chosen which required \"...close to 2,000,000 board-feet of lumber...\" to seal the crossing. Even with two reservoirs constructed at the summit as feeders to the canal, the Union canal required pumped water from a waterworks at the junction of Swatara Creek and Clarke's run and later from a second waterworks on Furnace Creek on the Quitipahilla. At the first works, there were four pumps with the capacity to lift about \"...15,000 gallons per minute through 3.3 miles of wooden and brick pipes to the summit level, 95 feet above the pumps...\" Of the four pumps only two could be powered by water, the other two had to be powered by Cornish steam engines, a technology available in 1828 when the canal opened but not in 1791. by 1885, the Union canal was sold at a sheriff sale, \"unable to cope with ...(competition from)...the railroads, poor planning, and the carbonate bedrock of Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. Had the Schuylkill and Susquehanna navigation company been successful in completing the canal in 1794-95, it probably would have succumbed to same poor planning and summit geology as its successor did. While the navigation company was being organized in 1791, the Society asked Brindley to re-evaluate the summit level crossing Between Lebanon, Pennsylvania and Myerstown. Brindley was to reexamine the topography of the summit and produce a detailed location for the canal. He was also to ensure that the local supply of water was adequate to supply the amount of water necessary to operate the locks on both sides of the summit; critical for the success of the project, as well as to make an estimate of the \"...lands and waters necessary...\" for the work. Brindley completed the work that summer,yet, Morris still agreed with George Washington's earlier assessment that although Brindley had \"more practical knowledge of cuts and locks for the improvement of inland navigation than any man among us...\" in Morris' mind, Brindley's skills remained unproven. Nonetheless, the Navigation company hired Brindley in April 1792 for the construction season work as canal engineer along with Col. Thomas Bull (1744-1837) as Superintendent. In May, the Board of Directors with Brindley tour the summit crossing between the Quitapahilla and Tulpehocken Creeks as well as the waters to the north, including the Deep Run Branch of the Little Swatara. From west to east, the route was to follow Swatara Creek upstream from Middletown to Quittapahilla Creek, which it then followed upstream through Lebanon and towards Myerstown. It then crossed overland to the headwaters of Tulpehocken Creek, following Tulpehocken Creek downstream to Reading on the Schuylkill River. It was to follow the Schuylkill downriver to the Delaware River at Philadelphia. The summit route was fixed by the Board between Kuchner’s dam on the Quittapahilla and Loy’s springs on the Tulpehocken west of Myerstown. In August of that year,1792, the company approves Brindley's engineering concept for crossing the summit. It was to be a twenty-five deep cut, thirty-feet wide at the bottom and watered to a depth of four feet. Based solely upon Brindley's work and before their new British engineer, Weston could review the scheme, in October 1792, the Board authorized Superintendent Bull to purchase a strip of land 100 feet wide for the canal route to the Swatara. In November,1792 the company purchases the mill of Baltzer Orth on the head of the Quittapahilla Creek for £4,250 and two tracts of Abraham Crow for £2,600. Superintendent Bull and Timothy Matlack begin construction staking for the summit canal using Brindley’s route. The work is met with resistance from the local residents who \"resent the intrusion of rich Philadelphians into their entirely German community and having their farms cut up...\" The local residents protested the exercise of eminent domain by the company in cutting up farms to build a straight and regular, rather than a traditional meandering and undulating road or canal. During the time that Brindley acting as canal engineer, the company approached Patrick Colquhoun in London to recruit what the company considered to be a more qualified British engineer for the canal. In January 1792, Colquhoun initially tried to recruit John Dadford but he was unavailable. Colquhoun then approached the eminent British civil engineer William Jessop to select \"...a properly qualified engineer for North America, he recommended Weston.\" Colquhoun was finally able to",
"\"resent the intrusion of rich Philadelphians into their entirely German community and having their farms cut up...\" The local residents protested the exercise of eminent domain by the company in cutting up farms to build a straight and regular, rather than a traditional meandering and undulating road or canal. During the time that Brindley acting as canal engineer, the company approached Patrick Colquhoun in London to recruit what the company considered to be a more qualified British engineer for the canal. In January 1792, Colquhoun initially tried to recruit John Dadford but he was unavailable. Colquhoun then approached the eminent British civil engineer William Jessop to select \"...a properly qualified engineer for North America, he recommended Weston.\" Colquhoun was finally able to secure the services William Weston twenty-nine years old at the time building at that time canals in Ireland. Weston signed a contract drafted by Colquhoun for his services to the company as its \"engineer\" with the annual salary of £800 in 1792 for no more than seven months in any one year worth $120,000 US in 2018. At the time that Weston traveled over to the new country of the United States, ... Almost immediately upon his arrival in Pennsylvania, the company attempted to renegotiate Weston's compensation to cover twelve months instead of seven, offering to raise it to £1,500 ($225,000 US in 2018) and increasing the geographical scope of his services to include the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Delaware.. Although the Board had authorized work for the summit crossing, there still was a question in their minds as of September 1792 over staying with their original concept of river navigation for improving the Tulpehocken and Quitapahilla and Swatara or to go for lock system navigation. The Board had also been faced with two routes across the summit and onto the Swatara using either the Quitapahilla to the south or Clark's run to the north. The company was pursuing several construction projects during a time in which skilled labor was in short supply and very costly. The presence of several projects could easily drive up labor and material costs. Much as in the twentieth century where project labor agreements are used to predetermine wages and working conditions, these eighteenth-century project managers sought to negotiate cooperative agreements with other projects to constrain the growth in wages and control working conditions. In October 1792, the Board of Directors appointed a committee to “...confer with the Delaware & Schuylkill Canal and Philadelphia & Lancaster Turnpike Road on sending a joint agent to New England to recruit labor.” The next month the Board directs superintendent Bull to limit wages to 3s6d (70 cents) per day with the company providing tools and provisions. More importantly, the Board also directs Bull to negotiate “...an agreement with the Delaware & Schuylkill Canal and the Philadelphia & Lancaster Turnpike Road to observe a uniform ceiling on the wages to be offered.” The practice even went so far as have the Boards of several companies meet as a joint committee. Thus in November 1792, the Schuylkill & Susquehanna, Delaware & Schuylkill, and Conewago Canals and Philadelphia & Lancaster Turnpike Road met as a joint committee and “... named Isaac Roberdeau (1763-1829), who had worked under Pierre C. L'Enfant on laying out Washington, D.C. and Paterson, N.J., is named agent of all three companies at $120 per month; he later becomes William Weston's assistant.” The joint committee also agreed to “...cooperate with each other and with local employers of day laborers so as not to increase wages by bidding against each other; workers imported from New England are to be excepted.” The Joint committee continued to make plans for a coordinated effort over the winter of 1792-1793 to “procure laborers in New England, 400 for each of the main canals, 150 for the Conewago Canal, and 200 for the turnpike, also 10 yokes of oxen, carts, and drivers for the turnpike; maximum wage rates and working conditions were established for moving expenses and the use of company teams. The Committee also directed that all member companies were to sell provisions to the men at cost. The labor force was being mobilized in Philadelphia to start the construction season on March 10, 1793. The following January of 1793, the Company reported that “...80 to 100 men are at work and about a half-mile of the canal has been dug; are working on the summit level on land purchased by John Nicholson from Jacob Schaffer.” Brindley’s design concept for the summit crossing was a cut twenty-five deep, thirty-feet wide at the bottom and watered to a depth of four feet. Brindley had assumed that the cut would entirely excavate earth instead they “...struck rock at a depth of 9 feet.” The next month, roughly 400 men are working on the Tulpehocken Creek side of the summit. Engineer Weston reviews Brindley’s plans for the summit crossing including Brindley’s scheme for supplying the summit with water. Weston changes the design to twenty feet from thirty feet but increases the depth from four to six feet of water, acting as a reservoir. By March, 1793, the company has exhausted its project funding and has accumulated $56,000 in liabilities ($1.5 million (US)-2018$s). In April, the Conewago Canal is incorporated as a separate company with James Brindley as chief engineer. That same month the Company Board directs engineer Weston to “make the Tulpehocken side of the summit the priority...” as well to develop more sources of water to supply the summit crossing. During the same period, the company moved to acquire right of way on the Tulpehocken creekside by legally enforcing its eminent domain rights. However the effort was met with “a large force ... armed with clubs who oppose (seizing the land) ... in the meantime, landowners refuse to allow entry onto their land.” The pace of construction slowed and in that summer of 1793, Superintendent Bull resigned. The company arranges for some interim financing in the form of a $4,000 loan from Major Edward Burd. That summer was also notable for the first yellow fever epidemic in 30 years began in the city of Philadelphia in August, 1793. It was one of the most severe epidemics in the United States. At the height of the panic from the epidemic in late August 1793, the Company closed its offices, and they would remain closed through November of that year. This crippled the company’s ability to raise additional funding for construction. The \"Myerstown Riots\" occurred at Myerstown, Lebanon County when “a group of young men from the town crash(ed) a party of canal men at a local tavern and provoke(d) a brawl in response to a recent insult; the canal men (broke into) several houses looking for their assailants; German residents had long opposed the canal for exercising eminent domain, and fights were frequent because of ethnic differences between German residents and canal workers, who were Scots-Irish or Irish.” The riots continued for several days and were further inflamed by a mob of over 100 canal men “...armed with clubs and led by an overseer armed with pistols march on Myerstown and proceeded to intimidate townspeople while seizing and beating the young men they suspected of starting the brawl the previous night.” In 1794, as part of the Federal government's response to the Whiskey Rebellion, George Washington, according to historian Joseph Ellis, became \"the first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field\".. Washington left Philadelphia which at that time was the capital city for the country on the 30th of September to first dine at Norristown and then stay the night at what is now Trappe, Pennsylvania. The next day he traveled to Reading, Pennsylvania on his way to meet up with the rest of the militia he ordered mobilized at Carlisle. On the second of October, 1794, Washington left Reading heading west to",
"with pistols march on Myerstown and proceeded to intimidate townspeople while seizing and beating the young men they suspected of starting the brawl the previous night.” In 1794, as part of the Federal government's response to the Whiskey Rebellion, George Washington, according to historian Joseph Ellis, became \"the first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field\".. Washington left Philadelphia which at that time was the capital city for the country on the 30th of September to first dine at Norristown and then stay the night at what is now Trappe, Pennsylvania. The next day he traveled to Reading, Pennsylvania on his way to meet up with the rest of the militia he ordered mobilized at Carlisle. On the second of October, 1794, Washington left Reading heading west to Womelsdorf in order to \"view the canal from Myerstown towards Lebanon and the locks between the two places...\". Another officer on the march noted that at that time, ten miles of canal had been excavated and five locks constructed for a total lift of thirty feet in elevation. By the end of the year (1793), Weston reported to the Board that “... lawsuits and jury awards have slowed the work...” While Weston had over four hundred men working on the project that summer, by the end of the year, most of his workforce had left the project. The remaining workforce was assigned to work on the towpath. In the end, Weston had completed 4.25 miles of the canal prism through the narrows between the two springs. Weston, though had to narrow the summit cut to pass only one boat at a time. Crucially, Weston had also to acknowledge a problem that none of his predecessors had faced when he was forced to “...line both sides of the canal with drywall stones to reduce leakage.” Going into 1794, Weston estimated that he needed $231,000 ($4.9 million in 2018$s) for the years work requiring the company to raise another $120 thousand in capital. The company was unable to raise the capital or borrow the money and on May 3, 1794, it reported that its funds were exhausted. However, the company continued to make attempts to raise funds for the project, and in December 1794, Chief engineer Weston reported on the state of the project. Funds are still insufficient and the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation company in the close of 1794 makes its final payroll and informs Weston that in the future he is solely an employee of the Delaware and Schuylkill Canal company. The company's efforts were futile as no additional funds were secured. Finally, in April of 1795, the Board authorizes Weston to \"to sell the company’s teams and send the rest to Philadelphia for sale; the company’s stock of black powder is to be sent to Norristown for the use of the Delaware & Schuylkill Canal; Weston appoints seven men to take care of the works, which are effectively abandoned and never brought into use.\" In the spring of 1796, the Board orders the disposal of all the bricks Weston had manufactured for construction of the canal's locks effectively terminating the project. As the navigation company exhausted its funding by early 1795, in May of that year the Board terminated Weston's employment contract with the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation company. Weston though was still was obligated to work with the Delaware and Schuylkill Canal company. By the spring of 1796, Weston reported that six miles of canal had been completed, three at each side but that due to lack of funds, the work had been terminated. The Board for the canal company also terminated Weston's employment contract that spring. Weston went on to work with Gen. Phillip Schuyler for Western Inland Lock Navigation Company for 4 years. During this period, Benjamin Wright (1770-1842) who was later to become Chief Engineer of the Erie Canal and other projects, worked under Weston. Despite the termination of construction and Weston's employment as canal engineer the company managed to forestall foreclosure on its property and constructed works. In 1802, the company had to fend off such an attempt and was only successful in holding onto its property and water rights through the sale of excess property, often whole farms were sold. Although originally set to expire in 1801, the company's corporate charter was extended in 1806 to 1820. In 1807, Charles Gottfried Paleske (1758-1816) was elected to the Board of Directors of the company and working with James Milnor, Robert Brooke, Isaac Roberdeau, and John Scott walked \"... the line of the Schuylkill & Susquehanna Navigation Company from Kruitzer’s plantation where the canal ends to the end of the summit near Kucher’s mill, about 9 miles; find the work in good condition including the five locks at Ley’s, and the bridges decayed or collapsed...\" In 1808, Paleske was elected President and Joseph S. Lewis (1778-1836) treasurer. In 1809, the company's directors appointed a committee to draft articles for a merger with the Delaware and Schuylkill Canal company which was submitted to the State legislature. In 1810, William John Duane (1780-1865) writing as \"Franklin\" advocates for reviving the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation company as part of a scheme for a canal route to Lake Erie instead of the Ohio Valley. In July,1811, the two corporations (Schuylkill & Susquehanna Navigation Company and Delaware and Schuylkill Canal company) were merged into the Union Canal Company with Paleske as its first president and \"...authorized to extend to Lake Erie and to build turnpikes along right of way; company is also given monopoly of lotteries in Pennsylvania until $400,000 is raised...\" One of George Washington's Washington's observations was that ... Although some road projects had been completed by several states... The situation was such that it cheaper in that period (1789) to import \" During this same period (1789-1820), the focus of Philadelphia mercantile interests was central Pennsylvania and its vast Susquehanna watershed draining two-thirds of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania however, was so situated physiographically that most of its trade was carried out of the State away from its chief city and the Federal capital, Philadelphia by its two rivals; Baltimore at the base of the Susquehanna system and Albany on the north. It was estimated that half of the produce shipped down the Susquehanna river ultimately went to Baltimore, not Philadelphia. Throughout this period, it was argued by men such as Samuel Breck and William Duane that connecting the Schuylkill and Susquehanna rivers would solve all these problems and assure Philadelphia that its trade would be secured and enlarged. Breck also advocated for improving the Schuylkill river, but he noted that ... The linchpin of this whole strategy rested on the \"golden link\" between the Schuylkill and the Susquehanna rivers, the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company with it summit level crossing at Lebanon, Pennsylvania. The State response to this advocacy varied. Only in 1791, was it able to mobilize some legislation and little funding in three areas; river navigation, turnpike roads, and corporate canals. As the later experience would show with the Lebanon summit canal project, these ... The turnpike roads such as the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike Road Company of 1792 were more successful, albeit costly, solution of reaching the Susquehanna river at Columbia. Corporate canals, (state-aided joint-stock company) such as the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company even when fostered and subsidized like turnpike companies, \"... were a dismal failure, nothing material being accomplished in this field until about 1821 ... and its eventual shortcomings as an improvement agency were one of several considerations that pointed the way to state enterprise.\" With such enthusiasm prevailing at that time (1789-1820), the Chief Engineer for the Erie canal later wrote in 1905 that it didn't seem at all \"...impossible that Pennsylvania, had it not been for the",
"these ... The turnpike roads such as the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike Road Company of 1792 were more successful, albeit costly, solution of reaching the Susquehanna river at Columbia. Corporate canals, (state-aided joint-stock company) such as the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company even when fostered and subsidized like turnpike companies, \"... were a dismal failure, nothing material being accomplished in this field until about 1821 ... and its eventual shortcomings as an improvement agency were one of several considerations that pointed the way to state enterprise.\" With such enthusiasm prevailing at that time (1789-1820), the Chief Engineer for the Erie canal later wrote in 1905 that it didn't seem at all \"...impossible that Pennsylvania, had it not been for the Erie canal; would have succeeded ultimately in overcoming natural difficulties and piercing the mountain barrier ... to secure ... the commercial prestige which the (Erie) canal ... captured for New York State.\" The result of the failure of the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company in was that in 1795 with the Erie canal thirty years into the future, Philadelphia lost \"...the early initiative in water transporation..\" Despite Philadelphia and Pennsylvania's \"heroic efforts\" to hold their share of the internal trade which in 1796 was forty percent more than New York; by 1825 with the opening of the Erie canal, Philadelphia's trade was forty-five percent less than New York. Philadelphia's dismal failure to build the \"golden link\" thirty years before New York opened the Erie canal was a major factor in that slide into second place. Bibliography Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company The Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company was a limited liability corporation founded in Pennsylvania on"
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"Cuthbert Brodrick Cuthbert Brodrick FRIBA (1 December 1821 – 2 March 1905) was a British architect, whose most famous building is Leeds Town Hall. Brodrick was born in the Yorkshire port of Hull where his father was a well-to-do merchant and shipowner. He was the sixth son of ten children of John and Hannah Brodrick. The family lived at 39 George Street in the best residential area of Hull. Brodrick attended Kingston College in Hull and, on leaving school, he became an articled pupil in the architectural practice of Henry Francis Lockwood whose premises were at 8 Dock Street. Brodrick remained at Lockwoods from 1837 until May 1844 when he embarked on the Grand Tour to continue his studies. He travelled through France to Rome in Italy. Whilst on the tour, he studied Second Empire architecture in Paris; it influenced his later designs. When Brodrick returned to Hull in 1846, he was offered a partnership in Lockwood’s firm. He refused this, and set up in practice on his own at 1, Savile Street in Hull. He designed a number of local buildings in Hull including the Hull Royal Institution building and the Hull Town Hall. In 1852, aged 29, Brodrick entered and won a competition for the design of Leeds Town Hall. The competition was judged by Charles Barry. The town hall was opened in September 1858 by Queen Victoria. Brodrick moved to an office at 30 Park Row, Leeds and acquired the nickname 'Town Hall, Leeds'. The iconic clock tower, which serves as a symbol of Leeds, was not part of Brodrick's initial design but was added when the civic leaders sought an even grander architectural statement. His other important buildings in Leeds were the Leeds Corn Exchange (1860-3) and the Mechanics' Institute (1860-5) which became the Civic Theatre and in September 2008 the home of the Leeds City Museum. He altered the way central Leeds looked with just three buildings. His only church was Headingley Congregational Church on Headingley Lane. Brodrick designed the Grand Hotel in Scarborough. He submitted unsuccessful designs in competitions to build Preston Town Hall, and the Exchange in Manchester. In 1870, Brodrick moved to France where in 1876 he bought a house at Le Vésinet, St. Germain-en-Laye. He retired in 1875, and spent his time painting, exhibiting his work and gardening. In about 1898 he went to live with his niece in Jersey, where he rented a house, La Colline, at Gorey. Whilst living there he designed, and planted a garden. He died in Jersey on 2 March 1905, and is buried in St Martin's Churchyard. Among Brodrick's pupils was Joseph Wright (architect) A Wetherspoons public house, the 'Cuthbert Brodrick', opened on 22 October 2007 on Millennium Square in Leeds opposite one of the buildings he designed (the Leeds City Museum) and not far from another (Leeds Town Hall). It is near the site on Cookridge Street of the Oriental Baths which he also designed; they were built in 1866 and demolished in 1969. His nephew was F. S. Brodrick, also an architect worked with R. G. Smith. Brodrick was the subject of a 2007 BBC2 television programme \"The Case of the Disappearing Architect\" by Jonathan Meades. Cuthbert Brodrick Cuthbert Brodrick FRIBA (1 December 1821 – 2 March 1905) was a British architect, whose most famous building is Leeds Town Hall. Brodrick was born in the Yorkshire port of Hull where his father was a well-to-do merchant and shipowner. He was the sixth son of ten children of John and Hannah Brodrick. The family lived at 39 George Street in the best residential area"
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"Drag coefficient In fluid dynamics, the drag coefficient (commonly denoted as: formula_1, formula_2 or formula_3) is a dimensionless quantity that is used to quantify the drag or resistance of an object in a fluid environment, such as air or water. It is used in the drag equation in which a lower drag coefficient indicates the object will have less aerodynamic or hydrodynamic drag. The drag coefficient is always associated with a particular surface area. The drag coefficient of any object comprises the effects of the two basic contributors to fluid dynamic drag: skin friction and form drag. The drag coefficient of a lifting airfoil or hydrofoil also includes the effects of lift-induced drag. The drag coefficient of a complete structure such as an aircraft also includes the effects of interference drag. The drag coefficient formula_4 is defined as where: The reference area depends on what type of drag coefficient is being measured. For automobiles and many other objects, the reference area is the projected frontal area of the vehicle. This may not necessarily be the cross sectional area of the vehicle, depending on where the cross section is taken. For example, for a sphere formula_10 (note this is not the surface area = formula_11). For airfoils, the reference area is the nominal wing area. Since this tends to be large compared to the frontal area, the resulting drag coefficients tend to be low, much lower than for a car with the same drag, frontal area, and speed. Airships and some bodies of revolution use the volumetric drag coefficient, in which the reference area is the square of the cube root of the airship volume (volume to the two-thirds power). Submerged streamlined bodies use the wetted surface area. Two objects having the same reference area moving at the same speed through a fluid will experience a drag force proportional to their respective drag coefficients. Coefficients for unstreamlined objects can be 1 or more, for streamlined objects much less. It has been demonstrated that drag coefficient formula_12 is a function of Bejan number (formula_13), Reynolds number (formula_14) and the ratio between wet area formula_15and front area formula_16 : formula_17 where formula_18is the Reynold Number related to fluid path length L. The drag equation is essentially a statement that the drag force on any object is proportional to the density of the fluid and proportional to the square of the relative flow speed between the object and the fluid. \"C\" is not a constant but varies as a function of flow speed, flow direction, object position, object size, fluid density and fluid viscosity. Speed, kinematic viscosity and a characteristic length scale of the object are incorporated into a dimensionless quantity called the Reynolds number formula_20. formula_1 is thus a function of formula_20. In a compressible flow, the speed of sound is relevant, and formula_1 is also a function of Mach number formula_24. For certain body shapes, the drag coefficient formula_1 only depends on the Reynolds number formula_26, Mach number formula_27 and the direction of the flow. For low Mach number formula_24, the drag coefficient is independent of Mach number. Also, the variation with Reynolds number formula_26 within a practical range of interest is usually small, while for cars at highway speed and aircraft at cruising speed, the incoming flow direction is also more-or-less the same. Therefore, the drag coefficient formula_1 can often be treated as a constant. For a streamlined body to achieve a low drag coefficient, the boundary layer around the body must remain attached to the surface of the body for as long as possible, causing the wake to be narrow. A high \"form drag\" results in a broad wake. The boundary layer will transition from laminar to turbulent if Reynolds number of the flow around the body is sufficiently great. Larger velocities, larger objects, and lower viscosities contribute to larger Reynolds numbers. For other objects, such as small particles, one can no longer consider that the drag coefficient formula_1 is constant, but certainly is a function of Reynolds number. At a low Reynolds number, the flow around the object does not transition to turbulent but remains laminar, even up to the point at which it separates from the surface of the object. At very low Reynolds numbers, without flow separation, the drag force formula_32 is proportional to formula_33 instead of formula_34; for a sphere this is known as Stokes law. The Reynolds number will be low for small objects, low velocities, and high viscosity fluids. A formula_1 equal to 1 would be obtained in a case where all of the fluid approaching the object is brought to rest, building up stagnation pressure over the whole front surface. The top figure shows a flat plate with the fluid coming from the right and stopping at the plate. The graph to the left of it shows equal pressure across the surface. In a real flat plate, the fluid must turn around the sides, and full stagnation pressure is found only at the center, dropping off toward the edges as in the lower figure and graph. Only considering the front side, the formula_1 of a real flat plate would be less than 1; except that there will be suction on the back side: a negative pressure (relative to ambient). The overall formula_1 of a real square flat plate perpendicular to the flow is often given as 1.17. Flow patterns and therefore formula_1 for some shapes can change with the Reynolds number and the roughness of the surfaces. In general, formula_4 is not an absolute constant for a given body shape. It varies with the speed of airflow (or more generally with Reynolds number formula_14). A smooth sphere, for example, has a formula_4 that varies from high values for laminar flow to 0.47 for turbulent flow. Although the drag coefficient decreases with increasing formula_14, the drag force increases. As noted above, aircraft use their wing area as the reference area when computing formula_4, while automobiles (and many other objects) use frontal cross sectional area; thus, coefficients are not directly comparable between these classes of vehicles. In the aerospace industry, the drag coefficient is sometimes expressed in drag counts where 1 drag count = 0.0001 of a formula_44. Drag, in the context of fluid dynamics, refers to forces that act on a solid object in the direction of the relative flow velocity (note that the diagram below shows the drag in the opposite direction to the flow). The aerodynamic forces on a body come primarily from differences in pressure and viscous shearing stresses. Thereby, the drag force on a body could be divided into two components, namely frictional drag (viscous drag) and pressure drag (form drag). The net drag force could be decomposed as follows: where: Therefore, when the drag is dominated by a frictional component, the body is called a streamlined body; whereas in the case of dominant pressure drag, the body is called a blunt body. Thus, the shape of the body and the angle of attack determine the type of drag. For example, an airfoil is considered as a body with a small angle of attack by the fluid flowing across it. This means that it has attached boundary layers, which produce much less pressure drag. The wake produced is very small and drag is dominated by the friction component. Therefore, such a body (here an airfoil) is described as streamlined, whereas for bodies with fluid flow at high angles of attack, boundary layer separation takes place. This mainly occurs due to adverse pressure gradients at the top and rear parts of an airfoil. Due to this, wake formation takes place, which consequently leads to eddy formation and pressure loss due to pressure drag. In such situations, the airfoil is stalled and has higher pressure drag than friction drag. In this case, the body is described as a blunt body. A streamlined body looks like a fish (Tuna, Oropesa, etc.) or an airfoil with small angle of attack, whereas a",
"it has attached boundary layers, which produce much less pressure drag. The wake produced is very small and drag is dominated by the friction component. Therefore, such a body (here an airfoil) is described as streamlined, whereas for bodies with fluid flow at high angles of attack, boundary layer separation takes place. This mainly occurs due to adverse pressure gradients at the top and rear parts of an airfoil. Due to this, wake formation takes place, which consequently leads to eddy formation and pressure loss due to pressure drag. In such situations, the airfoil is stalled and has higher pressure drag than friction drag. In this case, the body is described as a blunt body. A streamlined body looks like a fish (Tuna, Oropesa, etc.) or an airfoil with small angle of attack, whereas a blunt body looks like a brick, a cylinder or an airfoil with high angle of attack. For a given frontal area and velocity, a streamlined body will have lower resistance than a blunt body. Cylinders and spheres are taken as blunt bodies because the drag is dominated by the pressure component in the wake region at high Reynolds number. To reduce this drag, either the flow separation could be reduced or the surface area in contact with the fluid could be reduced (to reduce friction drag). This reduction is necessary in devices like cars, bicycle, etc. to avoid vibration and noise production. The aerodynamic design of cars has evolved from the 1920s to the end of the 20th century. This change in design from a blunt body to a more streamlined body reduced the drag coefficient from about 0.95 to 0.30. \"Time history of cars' aerodynamic drag in comparison to change in geometry of streamlined bodies (blunt to streamline).\" Drag coefficient In fluid dynamics, the drag coefficient (commonly denoted as: formula_1, formula_2"
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"Blem (brand) Blem was a S. C. Johnson & Son brand of wax furniture refinishing compound introduced in 1955. The original Blem product came in a red toothpaste-type tube with BLEM in white lettering. The product was launched in a give-away special offer with a free tube of Blem packed with a can of Pride polish. The red tube was later switched to yellow toothpaste-tube type packaging with BLEM in dark brown lettering, and the byline \"Rubs out scars on furniture permanently\". The product had dark and light wood stain variants. The original product and brand were retired from the US market by the 1970s, but were retained by the Buenos Aires subsidiary. Blem is now the local name for Pledge furniture polisher and related products in Argentina. Blem (brand) Blem was a S. C. Johnson & Son brand of wax furniture refinishing compound introduced in 1955. The original Blem product came in a red toothpaste-type tube with BLEM in white lettering. The product was launched in a give-away special offer with a free tube of Blem packed with a can of Pride polish. The red tube was later switched to yellow toothpaste-tube type packaging with BLEM in dark brown"
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"Brickelliastrum Brickelliastrum is a North American genus of flowering plants in the tribe boneset tribe within the sunflower family. \"Brickelliastrum\" has at times been lumped with \"Brickellia\" or \"Steviopsis\", but chromosome number (\"x\"=10) and molecular data are in agreement in showing that it is distinct from either of these. Despite having the general appearance of \"Brickellia\", members of \"Brickelliastrum\" have cypselae that have only 5-7 ribs (vs. 10), funnel-shaped corollas, and a style with an unenlarged, glabrous base. There is only one recognized species, \"Brickelliastrum fendleri\" It is native to the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas) and northern Mexico (Coahuila). Brickelliastrum Brickelliastrum is a North American genus of flowering plants in the tribe boneset tribe within the sunflower family. \"Brickelliastrum\" has at times been lumped with \"Brickellia\" or \"Steviopsis\", but chromosome number (\"x\"=10) and molecular data are in agreement in showing that it is distinct from either of these. Despite having the general appearance of \"Brickellia\", members of \"Brickelliastrum\" have cypselae that have only 5-7 ribs (vs. 10), funnel-shaped corollas, and a style with an unenlarged, glabrous base. There is only one recognized species, \"Brickelliastrum fendleri\" It is native to the southwestern United States (Arizona, New"
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"DCVG DCVG stands for Direct Current Voltage Gradient and is a survey technique used for assessing the effectiveness of corrosion protection on buried steel structures. In particular, oil and natural gas pipelines are routinely monitored using this technique to help locate coating faults and highlight deficiencies in their cathodic protection (CP) strategies. The DCVG method was invented by Australian John Mulvany, an ex Telecom engineer, in the early 1980s. This technique was used by Telecom Australia to identify damaged insulation on buried metallic cable. At that time Santos in Adelaide was keen to use coating defect techniques for buried pipelines suffering corrosion in the Moomba area. Dr John Leeds, a professional corrosion engineer, was employed by Santos to engage companies with relevant expertise. Initially international companies utilising the \"CIPS\" and \"Pearson\" technique were engaged. Ike Solomon and Matthew Wong of Wilson Walton International engaged John Mulvaney to modify the DCVG technique to make it applicable for buried pipelines. Field testing of the method was first performed on the Shell White Oil Pipeline. Subsequently, trials were performed for both Santos and The Pipeline Authority of South Australia. Vastly superior results were obtained over the other techniques. Ike Solomon and Bob Phang of Solomon Corrosion Consulting Services first demonstrated the technique overseas in the USA and Canada in 1985. Today, the DCVG technique is universally accepted throughout the pipeline industry and is described in NACE International test method TM-0109-2009. Industry codes referring to pipe/pipeline inspection (such as API 571 and API RP 574, published by the American Petroleum Institute) reference it as a suitable method for determining coating breakdown in buried pipelines. Buried steel structures will eventually corrode if not provided corrosion control and the rate of corrosion can be unacceptably rapid in some soils or where exposed to salt water. The primary form of corrosion protection is usually one or more protective coatings, such as epoxy, bitumen, resin etc. For buried pipelines (for example), coatings alone are insufficient as corrosion will likely occur at defects and corrosion control is commonly supplemented by cathodic protection. As pipelines age coatings deteriorate and the cathodic protection becomes increasingly important in mitigating corrosion damage. Prior to the use of DCVG, assessing the condition of the pipeline coating(s) was performed using indirect techniques like close interval potential surveys or expensive excavations of the pipeline.. The DCVG technique was developed to locate coating faults, quantify their severity and measure the effectiveness of the Cathodic protection used without having to disturb the pipeline. Assuming that the buried pipeline is protected using Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP), then any defects in the coating will result in electric current flowing from the surrounding soil and into the pipe. These currents cause voltage gradients to be set up in the soil, which can be measured using a voltmeter. By looking at the direction of these gradients, the location of coating faults may be identified. By plotting the direction of voltage gradients around a fault, the type and nature of faults may be deduced. By measuring the localised soil potentials with respect to remote earth, a measure of the effectiveness of the cathodic protection may be calculated. In theory, a standard analogue electronic multimeter could be used to perform a DCVG survey, but in practice it would be very difficult to take accurate readings and assess the direction of the voltage gradients correctly. A digital multimeter is completely unsuitable because of the difficulty in quickly assessing the direction of the voltage gradient. Specially designed DCVG meters are available, which have bespoke voltage ranges, specially designed transient response, rugged cases and (usually) a centre-zero meter movement for ease of use. The NACE method requires the measurements to be made using a pair of copper-copper(II) sulfate electrodes rather than simple metallic probes. In addition, the cathodic protection is switched on and off repeatedly using an electronic switch commonly referred to as an interrupter. Thus, two voltage readings (the \"on\" and \"off\" potentials) are taken at each fault position. Counter-intuitively, it is actually the \"off\" potential which is regarded as more indicative of the effectiveness of the CP applied to the pipeline. Pipelines which do not have any form of CP may be surveyed by using a temporary DC supply and anode bed. Long pipelines frequently have more than one DC supply for their CP, requiring a number of synchronised interrupters to perform a survey. DCVG surveys are often combined with other techniques, such as close interval potential survey and soil resistivity as part of a comprehensive corrosion protection program. Results of a DCVG survey often result in selecting locations to excavate pipelines, which can be costly in urban areas. Collection of data and interpretation may be performed by pipeline companies themselves or, more usually, by independent specialists. DCVG DCVG stands for Direct Current Voltage"
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"Maupin Carbon Dragon The Maupin Carbon Dragon is an American, high-wing, single-seat, glider that was designed by Jim Maupin and made available as plans for amateur construction. Plans are no longer available. The Carbon Dragon was intended to take advantage of the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles regulations that classify unpowered aircraft with empty weights of or less as hang gliders and thus allow them to be flown without a pilot license, Federal Aviation Administration aircraft registration or a Certificate of Airworthiness. The Carbon Dragon's standard empty weight is and the aircraft has a gross weight of , giving a payload of . The designer said \"The philosophy behind its development was to try to bring foot launch soaring performance up into the lower performance range of sailplanes.\" The Carbon Dragon was intended to be similar in concept to the Hall Vector 1. The original design was intended to be a much more complex aircraft, as Maupin explained: As a result, the aircraft was redesigned to its final configuration, a simpler and lighter aircraft with a span wing. The Carbon Dragon is predominantly a conventional wood and doped aircraft fabric glider, making judicious use of carbon fiber in the wing spar caps, control rods, flaperons and the elliptical tail boom to save weight. The control tubes are constructed by laying up the carbon fiber on aluminium tubing and then, when the carbon has cured, dissolving the aluminium with swimming pool acid. The cockpit is totally enclosed and the original design called for a cockpit width of at the hips and at the shoulder, although some have been modified to accommodate pilots of larger dimensions. The main aircraft structure consists of dual triangular torque boxes on each side of the fuselage. The wing employs a Culver SD airfoil that was designed by Irv Culver for the project and full-span flaperons of 30% chord. The flaperons can deploy from −5° to +15° as flaps and −4° to +16° as ailerons, with a 4:1 differential. The flaperons are driven by two, vertically mounted pushrods enclosed within the fuselage and connected to the side stick. The wing ribs forward of the spar are fabricated from 5-ply mahogany and aft of the spar from square spruce. The landing gear is a fixed monowheel, mounted on the hinged cockpit bottom door, that opens to allow the pilot to lift the aircraft for foot-launching. The aircraft was designed so that if the pilot falls while foot-launching his body will be in the rear fuselage cavity and not pinned under the aircraft. The ultimate structural load limit is +/-7.5 g, with a +/-5.0 g operational load limit. The Carbon Dragon was designed to be launched by foot-launch, aero-tow, winch-launch, auto-tow or bungee launch. In October 1988 Maupin reported that the prototype had been flown by ten different pilots ranging in weight from , had achieved a 100 fpm (0.51 m/s) sink rate and had been launched by auto-tow, aero-tow and bungee, but had not been foot-launched. In October 1988 Maupin estimated that building a Carbon Dragon would cost US$2000 and take 1000–1500 hours of construction time. When they were available the plans consisted of 23 sheets of 2' X 4' (61 X 122 cm) blueprints and sold for US$150. At least one Carbon Dragon was modified to include a cockpit roof-mounted pentagonal spoiler, similar to that used on the Maupin Windrose. Many of the early test flights were done near Tehachapi, California by auto-tow using a rope and these included several 45 minute soaring flights in evening convergent lift. The designer conducted many of the prototype flights himself and said of flying the aircraft, \"It's great fun to fly, everything happens so slowly\". In October 1988 Maupin stated that 70 sets of plans had been sold. In the 1994 Kansas Kowbell Klassic, a scheduled, non-handicapped cross-country distance contest, Gary Osoba flew a Carbon Dragon to win with a distance of . In July 1995 Gary Osoba flew a Carbon Dragon to a US National and World Record in the Ultralight Category for Distance up to Three Turnpoints for a flight of . In September 1995, Osoba set US National and World Records in the Ultralight Category for Triangle Speed, Triangle Distance, and Out & Return Distance of , , and respectively. Qualifying as a FAR Part 103 hang glider, the Carbon Dragon does not require FAA registration and thus an accurate number of the total completed is not available, but the \"Soaring Directory\" reports four have been flown. Maupin Carbon Dragon The Maupin Carbon Dragon is an American, high-wing, single-seat, glider that was designed by Jim Maupin and made available as plans for amateur construction. Plans are no longer available. The Carbon Dragon was intended to take advantage of the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles regulations that classify"
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"Henry Townsend (Oyster Bay) Henry Townsend (1649–1703) was the son of Henry Townsend, an early settler of the American Colonies. Henry Townsend (1649-1703) was the son of Henry Townsend who emigrated to the colonies from England. Eventually Henry Townsend settled in Oyster Bay, where his son Henry Townsend was raised. Townsend Society of America DNA testing project has established that the Oyster Bay family is not related to Thomas Townsend of Lynn, MA. The county of origin in England for Henry, John and Richard Townsend is not known. Henry Townsend married Deborah Underhill in 1657. Deborah Underhill (1659-1698) was daughter of Captain John Underhill (1597-1672), another important figure in Colonial America who trained the militia of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and served as magistrate of Flushing for a brief period of time, before settling on of land outside of Oyster Bay. Captain Underhill was converted to Quakerism by his second wife, thus making the union of Henry Townsend and Deborah Underhill the combining of two of the most influential Quaker families in Oyster Bay. They had at least four children together: Robert Townsend (b. 1687), Elizabeth Townsend (1692-1756), Henry (d. 1709) and Uriah Townsend (1698-1767). Henry Townsend (Oyster Bay) Henry"
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"GauntNet GauntNet is a Java based tower defense game created by Landon Kryger and James Van Boxtel in a game design class at Washington State University's Computer Science Program. The game continues to gain popularity due to its multiplayer nature. The game sets itself apart from other multiplayer tower defense games since up to 8 players all play on the same board. In addition more than 40 different maps are playable making the maze and board size not fixed. Like other tower defense games, players try to destroy the enemies (called creeps) walking past their towers, however, in GauntNet there are creeps for each team. Players receive money for killing creeps and for their creeps not reaching the exit. Thus players try to kill other players creeps as well to get extra money. If a players creeps get to their exit, they lose a life. Once losing all their lives, a player is removed from the board along with all their towers. Play continues until all players have died or the last wave is destroyed. The winner is then the player with the most points. Like other tower defense games, upgrading towers is very important to play well. In addition, players are constantly competing to build mazes with their towers that benefit them and hurt other players. Thus, players often sell and rearrange towers to compete with their opponents. GauntNet GauntNet is a Java based tower defense game created by Landon Kryger and James Van Boxtel in a game design class at Washington State University's Computer Science Program. The game continues to gain popularity due to its multiplayer nature. The game sets itself apart from other multiplayer tower defense games since up to 8 players all play on the same board. In addition more than 40 different maps are playable"
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"Govindram Seksaria Govindram Seksaria was a famous Indian businessman of the Seksaria family. He is famously known as the Cotton King of India. He was among the most successful businessmen of pre-independence India. Govindram Seksaria was born on October 19, 1888 in Nawalgarh in present-day Rajasthan. He lost both his parents at an early and age and had to take responsibility for his wife, brothers Bholaram, Ramnath & Makhanlal & 2 sisters He moved from Nawalgarh to Mumbai (then Bombay) in the early 1900s and started operating under the name of Messrs. Govindram Seksaria. India was under the British Raj at the time, and every major industry was either owned or managed by foreign firms that had the full support of the government. For Indian firms and businessmen, survival and growth was difficult and risky under a government that was both unsupportive and unencouraging. It was in such a hostile environment that Govindram Seksaria started his career as an operator on the Bombay Cotton Exchange. Within a few years, the Cotton Contract Board accepted his membership. Later, he became one of the original members of the East India Cotton Association, going on to become a very famous name in the cotton market. After his success in the cotton market, Seksaria soon entered into bullion and other commodity markets, as well as various stock exchanges in India including the Bombay Stock Exchange. He also became a founding member of the Indian Stock Exchange. Seksaria was a member of the following boards and chambers: Though Seksaria was very successful in Indian markets, there was not much growth potential in the country at the time. So, in 1934, Seksaria became a member of the New York Cotton Exchange, a rare thing for an Indian in those days. Seksaria retained his membership till his death. He was also a member of the Liverpool Cotton Exchange and, later, the copper, sugar and wheat exchanges of various British and American cities. Seksaria ventured into industry in 1937 by establishing Govindram Brothers Pvt. Ltd. Under this company he started a vegetable oil business and soon diversified into sugar, textile, minerals, banking, printing and motion pictures. He also entered into real estate by establishing Estate Investment Co. Ltd. to manage his vast real estate holdings. In banking he founded the Bank of Rajasthan. He also helped in Indian motion picture development through his close association with the Bombay Talkies studio. Seksaria was also a principal donor in the establishment of Bombay Hospital. His successors, grandsons Rajkumar Seksaria and Nandkumar Seksaria, manage his business today. Govindram Seksaria died in 1946 at the age of 58. All the major markets in Mumbai, including the bullion exchange, cotton exchange and stock exchange remained closed that day as a tribute to this leader of industry. He established many schools and colleges and this trend continued with his son, the late Kudilalji Seksaria, who donated toward the Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science. His sons, Rajkumar Seksaria and Nandkumar Seksaria, in turn, went on to establish the Govindram Seksaria Institute of Management and Research. Govindram Seksaria Govindram Seksaria was a famous Indian businessman of the Seksaria family. He is famously known as the Cotton King of India. He was among the most successful businessmen of pre-independence India. Govindram Seksaria was born on October 19, 1888 in Nawalgarh in present-day Rajasthan. He lost both his parents at an early and age and had to take responsibility for his wife, brothers Bholaram, Ramnath & Makhanlal & 2 sisters He moved from Nawalgarh to Mumbai (then Bombay) in the early 1900s and started operating"
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"W. K. Hastings Wilfred Keith Hastings (July 21, 1930 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada - May 13, 2016) was a statistician. He was noted for his contribution to the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm (or, Hastings-Metropolis algorithm), the most commonly used Markov chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC). He received his B.A. in Applied Mathematics from the University of Toronto in 1953, and then worked from 1955 to 1959 for the Toronto company H.S. Gellman & Co. Hastings received his M.A. in 1958, and his Ph.D. in 1962, both from the University of Toronto's Department of Mathematics (which included Statistics at that time). His Ph.D. thesis title was \"Invariant Fiducial Distributions\". His Ph.D. supervisor was initially Don Fraser and later Geoffrey Watson. After completing his Ph.D., Hastings worked briefly at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand (1962–64), and at Bell Labs in New Jersey (1964–66). From 1966 to 1971, Hastings was an Associate Professor in the Department of Mathematics at the University of Toronto. During this period, he wrote his famous paper on Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling. While at the University of Toronto, Hastings also supervised his one Ph.D. student, Peter Peskun (now at York University), whose 1970 dissertation \"The Choice Of Transition Matrix In Monte Carlo Sampling Methods Using Markov Chains\" developed the Peskun ordering on Markov chain kernels. In 1971, Hastings joined the Department of Mathematics at the University of Victoria (in British Columbia, on the west coast of Canada) as an Associate Professor, and was granted tenure there in 1974. He taught at Victoria for 21 years, usually teaching six one-semester courses per year. He did not supervise any more Ph.D. students, but he did supervise two M.Sc. students, and serve on the committees of four Ph.D. and two M.Sc. students. He held NSERC research grants from 1969 to 1980. Hastings retired from the University of Victoria in 1992. W. K. Hastings Wilfred Keith Hastings (July 21, 1930 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada - May 13, 2016) was a statistician. He was noted for his contribution to the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm (or, Hastings-Metropolis algorithm), the most commonly used Markov chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC). He received his B.A. in Applied Mathematics from the University of Toronto in 1953, and then worked from 1955 to 1959 for the Toronto company H.S. Gellman & Co. Hastings received his M.A. in 1958, and his Ph.D. in 1962, both from the University of Toronto's Department of"
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"Keita, Niger Keita is a town and commune in Niger. It is the capital of the Keita Department, within the Tahoua Region, and has a population of 10,631 as of 2012. Keita is located north-east of the national capital, Niamey. The town is in the semi-arid Sahel, and is threatened by famine. Keita is divided into the districts of Idewaran, Lissawan and Moulela. Keita became the \"chef-lieu\" of the eponymous canton in 1913. In 1917, Tuareg insurgents based in Italian-occupied Libya attacked and plundered the city, killing several people including canton chief Afadandan Ichawa. The attack led to a successful counter-offensive of the French. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Keita developed a rising number of inhabitants and transformed from a village to a small town. Keita became the prefecture seat in 1964. By the early 1980s, clear signs of desertification had begun. As a result, a development plan was signed in December 1983 that stressed sustainable long-term development of resources. The \"Keita Project\" was a 16-year plan that led to digging wells and the drilling of boreholes for irrigation of crops and for drinking water. Trees were planted to prevent soil erosion and promote agriculture. From 1984 to 1990, nearly of land was \"reclaimed\" and of rural roads were built, requiring heavy labor from the inhabitants of the town. In the 1977 census, the population of Keita was measured to be 3,572. By 1988, its population had increased to 6,644. In the 2001 census, the population of Keita was 8,633. It increased to 10,631 as of 2012. The town is a center of Tuareg people, who have migrated from surrounding areas. According to a study in 1988, 10.9 percent of the population is permanent migrants, with 8.5 percent being seasonal migrants. Agriculture is the main occupation in Keita, and a nearby pond (currently dry) facilitated the growth of garden crops and millet. Although Tamaske is a bigger center of commerce in the region, Keita has some artisanal production. Ironworking is practiced, as was mining until the end of the colonial period. There is a bus station in the town. Keita has a limited amount of electricity. A community radio station with a transmitter of 150 W was established in Keita in 1998. Keita is te site of a civil court. One of the biggest infrastructural problems in the city is the extremely poor medical care. In addition, 46% of the population has no access to clean drinking water. Former foreign minister of Niger Aïchatou Boulama Kané was born in Keita in 1955. Pesaro, Italy is twinned with Keita, in the initiative of the Italian development firm that operates in Keita. Keita, Niger Keita is a town and commune in Niger. It is the capital of the Keita Department, within the Tahoua Region, and has a population of 10,631 as of 2012. Keita is located north-east of the national capital, Niamey. The town is in the semi-arid Sahel, and is threatened by famine. Keita is divided into the districts"
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"MAD1L1 Mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"MAD1L1\" gene. MAD1L1 is also known as Human Accelerated Region 3. It may therefore have played a key role in differentiating Humans from Apes. MAD1L1 is a component of the mitotic spindle-assembly checkpoint that prevents the onset of anaphase until all chromosome are properly aligned at the metaphase plate. MAD1L1 functions as a homodimer and interacts with MAD2L1. MAD1L1 may play a role in cell cycle control and tumor suppression. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. MAD1L1 has been shown to interact with: MAD1L1 Mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"MAD1L1\" gene. MAD1L1 is also known as Human Accelerated Region 3. It may therefore have played a key role in differentiating Humans from Apes. MAD1L1 is a component of the mitotic spindle-assembly checkpoint that prevents the onset of anaphase until all chromosome are properly aligned at the metaphase plate. MAD1L1 functions as a homodimer and interacts with MAD2L1. MAD1L1 may play a role in cell cycle control and tumor suppression. Three transcript variants encoding the same"
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"DeSoto Bridge DeSoto Bridge was a trussed deck-arch bridge that spanned the Mississippi River in St. Cloud, Minnesota. It was built in 1958 by the Minnesota Department of Transportation. The bridge was painted black, which is typical for railroad bridges but unusual for a highway bridge. The river banks on either side are relatively high, so the bridge required deep trusses which arched over the river. After the collapse of the I-35W Mississippi River bridge in Minneapolis on August 1, 2007, Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty ordered the DeSoto Bridge and two other bridges in Minnesota to be inspected. The three bridges have a design similar to that of the former I-35W bridge. The bridge was inspected on August 3, 2007 and found to be structurally sound. However, on March 20, 2008, four gusset plates were found to be bent. The bridge was closed indefinitely as a precaution and demolished in October 2008. After inspections by the Minnesota Department of Transportation and the National Transportation Safety Board, it was determined that the DeSoto Bridge should be replaced. The replacement project started in September 2008 and was originally projected to be completed by June 2010. The new replacement bridge, named the Granite City Crossing, opened October 29, 2009. General references Cited references DeSoto Bridge DeSoto Bridge was a trussed deck-arch bridge that spanned the Mississippi River in St. Cloud, Minnesota. It was built in 1958 by the Minnesota Department of Transportation. The bridge was painted black, which is typical for railroad bridges but unusual for a highway bridge. The river banks on either side are relatively high, so the bridge required deep trusses which arched over the river. After the collapse of the I-35W Mississippi River bridge in Minneapolis on August 1, 2007, Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty ordered the DeSoto Bridge and"
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"CN Sabadell Club Natació Sabadell is a Spanish aquatic sports club from Sabadell. Founded in 1916, it is best known for its women's water polo team, which has been the most successful team in the national championship in recent years with nine titles since 2000. In 2011 it won the European Cup, becoming the first Spanish team to attain this. The men's team won its third national cup in 2012. The Club brought the most athletes to the Summer Olympics in London 2012, a total of 8. These included six members of the women's water polo team who gained silver medals: Laura Ester, Anna Espar, Matilde Ortiz, Jennifer Pareja, Pilar Peña Carrasco and Maica García Godoy. Mireia Belmonte García, silver medalist in London 2012, is the most prolific swimmer of this club. CN Sabadell Club Natació Sabadell is a Spanish aquatic sports club from Sabadell. Founded in 1916, it is best known for its women's water polo team, which has been the most successful team in the national championship in recent years with nine titles since 2000. In 2011 it won the European Cup, becoming the first Spanish team to attain this. The men's team won its third national cup"
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"Glyn Parry (author) Glyn Parry is an Australian writer of children's literature, young adult fiction, and speculative fiction. Parry was born in 1959 in the north-east of England. At the age of 12 he moved to Lynwood, Western Australia where he attended Kinlock Primary School and then Rossmoyne Senior High School. Parry met his wife at a Friday night youth group with whom he raised three children. He has worked as a high school English teacher. In 1992 Parry's first novel was published entitled \"L.A. Postcards\". In 1995 his second novel \"Radical Take-offs\" won the Premier's Prize and the award for best Children's & Young Adult's Books at the Western Australian Premier's Book Awards. Parry again won an award at the Western Australian Premier's Book Awards with his work \"Scooterboy\" winning the Young Adults Award. He is now currently living in Cape Burney, Western Australia. Glyn Parry (author) Glyn Parry is an Australian writer of children's literature, young adult fiction, and speculative fiction. Parry was born in 1959 in the north-east of England. At the age of 12 he moved to Lynwood, Western Australia where he attended Kinlock Primary School and then Rossmoyne Senior High School. Parry met his wife"
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"Zombie Parkour Runner Zombie Parkour Runner is an iOS game developed by American studio Up Up Down Down and published in 2011 by Break Media. It is available for free in the App Store. The character, Kara, has been robbed by zombies. In an attempt to retrieve stolen items, the player must parkour through 24 levels. The player can purchase in-app items such as a level pack. Zombie Parkour Runner is an auto-running platform game. It features context-sensitive, one touch controls with manually-designed levels. Players are rewarded points and score multipliers for successfully performing parkour within the environment or while evading zombies. Players can retrieve one stolen item within each level. Once collected, these items are returned to Kara's house where a description can be read. These descriptions present an additional, non-traditional narrative and often allude to a \"he\". The story reveals who \"he\" is when players collect the household item found in level 3-8. Twelve additional levels can be downloaded after an in-app purchase. These levels are more difficult than those found within the core game. An additional twelve items can be retrieved for players who want to further the story. On January 5, 2013, the app was re-released for free under the name Zombie Parkour Runner Plus, with the additional levels originally available via in-app purchases made available. This version was published through Shanghai Break Entertainment, rather than Break Media. \"Zombie Parkour Runner\" was received well, having an overall rating of 4½ stars from over 2,900 users on iTunes. It was given 5 out of 5 on the Gizmodo website, 88 out of 100 on Delta Attack, and 7 out of 10 from IGN Its sequel, \"Zombie Parkour Runner Plus\", received a rating of 3½ stars from 68 users on iTunes. Zombie Parkour Runner Zombie Parkour Runner is"
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"Jerry Levitan Gerald Asher Levitan (born 1954) is a Canadian best known as \"the kid who interviewed John Lennon\". He produced and starred in the animated short \"I Met the Walrus\" about his meeting with John Lennon and Yoko Ono in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1969. Though only 14 years old, Levitan beat the world media and conducted an exclusive 30 minute interview with them about peace, The Beatles, and their music. The film won a Daytime Emmy in 2009 in the category of New Approaches, Daytime Entertainment. It was also nominated for an Oscar in 2008 for best animated short, and won Best Animated at the Manhattan Short Film Festival, the American Film Festival and the Middle East International Film Festival. He is the author of the best selling, autobiographical book, \"I Met The Walrus\" published May 2009 by Harper Collins. It is the account of Levitan's childhood growing up in the sixties, his love for the Beatles, and traces in detail the day he spent with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. In 2010, Levitan was honored by the Guggenheim Museum and YouTube when I Met The Walrus was selected in the first Biennial of Creative Video. In July 2011 Levitan's latest animated film, Yoko Ono's \"My Hometown\" had its world premier at the \"Without Borders (Senza Frontiere) Film Festival\" in Spoleto, Italy to widespread acclaim. Levitan co-produced and directed the film. Yoko Ono narrated her poem and provided her \"Remember Love\" song which was the B-Side to \"Give Peace A Chance\", for the soundtrack. Levitan graduated with a B.A. from York University in Toronto and a LL.B. from Osgoode Hall Law School at York University in 1979, and has been involved throughout his career with high-profile legal cases. He is the author of \"The Complete Idiot's Guide to Winning Everyday Legal Hassles in Canada\" (). Levitan is also an actor with roles in a string of Canadian and international films and television series, including a guest appearance in The West Wing, and one of Canada's pre-eminent children's entertainers. Performing under his alter-ego \"Sir Jerry\" (sir-jerry.com) and backed by a full band of rock musicians and performers, he has produced four CDs, \"Bees, Butterflies & Bugs\", \"Sir Jerry's World\", \"Time Machine\" and \"Sir Jerry Scared Silly\" and is developing a television series. Jerry Levitan Gerald Asher Levitan (born 1954) is a Canadian best known as \"the kid who interviewed"
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"Comparison of topologies In topology and related areas of mathematics, the set of all possible topologies on a given set forms a partially ordered set. This order relation can be used for comparison of the topologies. A topology on a set may be defined as the collection of subsets which are considered to be \"open\". An alternative definition is that it is the collection of subsets which are considered \"closed\". These two ways of defining the topology are essentially equivalent because the complement of an open set is closed and vice versa. In the following, it doesn't matter which definition is used. Let τ and τ be two topologies on a set \"X\" such that τ is contained in τ: That is, every element of τ is also an element of τ. Then the topology τ is said to be a coarser (weaker or smaller) topology than τ, and τ is said to be a finer (stronger or larger) topology than τ. If additionally we say τ is strictly coarser than τ and τ is strictly finer than τ. The binary relation ⊆ defines a partial ordering relation on the set of all possible topologies on \"X\". The finest topology on \"X\" is the discrete topology; this topology makes all subsets open. The coarsest topology on \"X\" is the trivial topology; this topology only admits the empty set and the whole space as open sets. In function spaces and spaces of measures there are often a number of possible topologies. See topologies on the set of operators on a Hilbert space for some intricate relationships. All possible polar topologies on a dual pair are finer than the weak topology and coarser than the strong topology. Let τ and τ be two topologies on a set \"X\". Then the following statements are equivalent: Two immediate corollaries of this statement are One can also compare topologies using neighborhood bases. Let τ and τ be two topologies on a set \"X\" and let \"B\"(\"x\") be a local base for the topology τ at \"x\" ∈ \"X\" for \"i\" = 1,2. Then τ ⊆ τ if and only if for all \"x\" ∈ \"X\", each open set \"U\" in \"B\"(\"x\") contains some open set \"U\" in \"B\"(\"x\"). Intuitively, this makes sense: a finer topology should have smaller neighborhoods. The set of all topologies on a set \"X\" together with the partial ordering relation ⊆ forms a complete lattice that is also closed under arbitrary intersections. That is, any collection of topologies on \"X\" have a \"meet\" (or infimum) and a \"join\" (or supremum). The meet of a collection of topologies is the intersection of those topologies. The join, however, is not generally the union of those topologies (the union of two topologies need not be a topology) but rather the topology generated by the union. Every complete lattice is also a bounded lattice, which is to say that it has a greatest and least element. In the case of topologies, the greatest element is the discrete topology and the least element is the trivial topology. Comparison of topologies In topology and related areas of mathematics, the set of all possible topologies on a given set forms a partially ordered set. This order relation can be used for comparison of the topologies. A topology on a set may be defined as the collection of subsets which are considered to be \"open\". An alternative definition is that it is the collection of subsets which are considered \"closed\". These two ways of defining the topology are essentially equivalent because the complement of an open set is closed"
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"Lakeshore Chinooks The Lakeshore Chinooks are a baseball team based in Mequon, Wisconsin, United States and a member of the Northwoods League, a collegiate summer baseball league. The Chinooks play their home games at Kapco Park on the campus of Concordia University Wisconsin. Summer collegiate leagues provide an opportunity for college players to spend their summers and display their talents to professional scouts. Players must be enrolled in college and have at least one year of athletic eligibility to participate. College players gain experience with the opportunity to play under the minor league conditions using wooden bats, minor league specification baseballs, overnight road trips, and playing nightly before fans. College interns gain experience by handling a number of duties at Chinooks games including ticketing, operations, on-field promotions, and webcast production. Games are webcast via the Northwoods League website. Chinooks players stay with local host families during the season. More than two dozen local families provide housing. Ticket prices are $13 reserved box, $10 reserved grandstand, $7 general admission. The Lakeshore Chinooks became the seventh Northwoods League team in Wisconsin. Based at Concordia University Wisconsin in Mequon, a northern suburb of Milwaukee, the Chinooks were the first Northwoods League franchise to make its home in a major metropolitan area. Kapco Inc., a metal fabrication and stamping company in Grafton, donated $1 million toward completion of the school's new baseball field, named Kapco Park. The donation was part of a $2.7 million fund already allocated for the stadium. Concordia's baseball team uses Kapco Park in the spring. The Chinooks were the first Northwoods League franchise to make its home on a university campus. Kapco Park acknowledges the Milwaukee Brewers with its outfield dimensions, the last two numbers reflected in famous uniforms - 317 feet in left for Jim Gantner, 344 to left-center for Hank Aaron, 404 to center for Paul Molitor and 319 to right for Robin Yount, who helped design the fence. In 2012, the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association (WIAA) moved the State High School summer baseball tournament to Kapco Park. Kapco Park hosted the 2014 Northwoods League All-Star Game on July 22, 2014. The inaugural season began May 30, 2012, vs. the Green Bay Bullfrogs (2-1 Chinooks). The home opener was Monday, June 11, 2012. The team finished with a 35-35 record, 4th place in the South division. 2012 attendance was 46,022. Launch marketing featured Robin Yount in a series of television spots and included a guest appearance by Milwaukee Brewers GM Doug Melvin. 2012 manager was John Vodenlich, the coach at UW-Whitewater. Eddy Morgan, Head Coach at UW-Superior, managed the Chinooks for the 2013 season. Morgan joined the Chinooks for the inaugural 2012 season as an assistant coach. Prior to UW-Superior, Morgan spent nine seasons as an assistant coach and recruiting coordinator at the College of St. Scholastica. Joining Morgan as an assistant coach was Scott Hood, currently an assistant coach at Kansas. Hood played at South Dakota State University where he also coached for two seasons. The 16-team Northwoods League celebrated its 20th anniversary season in 2013 with the season opener on Wednesday, May 29. Chinooks home opener was Thursday, May 30 vs. Wisconsin Rapids Rafters. Major League Baseball commissioner, Bud Selig, threw the first pitch to Major League Baseball Hall of Fame member and current minority Chinooks owner, Robin Yount. The 2013 season featured inter-divisional play for the first time since 2009. The Chinooks finished the 2013 season at 44-26, capturing first place overall in the South division. The Lakeshore Chinooks were ranked 21st on the Perfect Game Top 50 Summer Collegiate Teams for 2013. Eddy Morgan returned to the Chinooks for his second season as Field Manager. Morgan was named the new head coach of the Concordia University-Wisconsin Falcons baseball team in June 2013. Mark Moriarty returned to the Chinooks coaching staff in 2014. Prior to joining the Chinooks and CUW, the St. Scholastica grad had coaching stints at Concordia St. Paul (2012) and Augustana (2008-2011). MLB Hall-of-Fame member and Lakeshore Chinooks minority owner Robin Yount's Chinooks Jersey #19 was retired by the team on May 31, 2014. On July, 21st, Bud Selig, then-Commissioner of Major League Baseball, was the featured speaker at the Northwoods League All-Star Banquet held in nearby Glendale, Wisconsin. The Northwoods League All-Star Game was held at Kapco Park on July 22, 2014. The Chinooks clinched the first-half South Division championship on the last day of the regular season when Blake Butler hit a walk-off home run to topple the Kenosha Kingfish, 5-4, at Kapco Park. In the second half, the Chinooks became just the third team in league history to accumulate 50 victories, winning the organization's third-straight South Division half title. The team continued its dominance through the playoffs, sweeping the overall South Division second-place Wisconsin Woodchucks two games to none in the Division Playoff to advance to the franchise's first Summer Collegiate World Series. Against the North Division champion Mankato MoonDogs, the Chinooks won the first game of the series in Mankato, 5-4, before returning to Mequon and completing their undefeated run through the playoffs with a 3-0 victory in Game Two to clinch the franchise's first-ever league championship. In what is called 'The Chinooks Fireworks Display', the Chinooks beat Kalamazoo 16-2 behind Lucas Raley's four home runs. Lucas Raley sets single season Home Run and Hits record. Final season record 36-36. Final season record 35-37. Mid-Season All Stars. Keenan Bartlett, Tim Dalporto, Marshall Kasowski NWL Pitcher of the Year: Marshall Kasowski Post Season All Star: Marshall Kasowski Rawlings Finest in the Field, Joe Duncan PG Summer All American, Marshall Kasowski Final season record 38-34. Mid Season All-Stars: Nick Gatewood, Matthew MIka, Jacob Richardson, Parker Sanburn Post Season All-Stars: Matthew Mika, Jacob Richardson 2012: 35-35 2013: 44-26 2014: 50-21 2015: 36-36 2016: 35-37 2017: 38-34 The Chinooks' ownership group consists of twelve investors; most notably Jim Kacmarcik, president of Kapco,Inc, Milwaukee Bucks general manager John Hammond, Milwaukee Brewers play-by-play announcer Bob Uecker, and Brewers legend and Baseball Hall of Famer Robin Yount. Kapco Team Awards: Kapco Steel Slugger: The original Kapco Steel Slugger Award was awarded to Eric Aguilera (Illinois State). Aguilera finished the season with a .369 batting average, 69 hits, 31 runs, 4 home runs, and 28 RBI’s. Following an appearance in the 2012 All-Star Game, Aguilera’s season was cut short due to injury. Robin Yount: Charlie Markson, Notre Dame, was selected for the Robin Yount Award which goes to the player who exemplified high personal standards both on and off of the field. Chinooks Pitcher of the Year: Joe Greenfield, Eastern Illinois. Greenfield was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 22nd round of the 2012 draft but opted to continue his collegiate playing career. He appeared in 13 games, 7 of those in a starting role, finished the season with a 2.29 ERA and a 5-1 record including one complete game. Most Valuable Player: Forrest Chadwick, Southern Maine University. Chadwick ended the season with a .301 batting average, 69 hits, 42 runs, 11 home runs, and 52 RBI’s. Forrest was one of three Northwoods League players to have a perfect fielding percentage while committing no errors. The four award recipients were presented with their 2012 awards on Opening Day May 30 during an on-field presentation prior to the game. Most Valuable Player: Mike Hollenbeck, Illinois State Most Valuable Player: Brett Siddall, Canisius College. Most Valuable Player: Lucas Raley, Lake Erie College. Kapco Steel Slugger Award: Anthony Massicci, Canisius College Kapco Team Awards:",
"in 13 games, 7 of those in a starting role, finished the season with a 2.29 ERA and a 5-1 record including one complete game. Most Valuable Player: Forrest Chadwick, Southern Maine University. Chadwick ended the season with a .301 batting average, 69 hits, 42 runs, 11 home runs, and 52 RBI’s. Forrest was one of three Northwoods League players to have a perfect fielding percentage while committing no errors. The four award recipients were presented with their 2012 awards on Opening Day May 30 during an on-field presentation prior to the game. Most Valuable Player: Mike Hollenbeck, Illinois State Most Valuable Player: Brett Siddall, Canisius College. Most Valuable Player: Lucas Raley, Lake Erie College. Kapco Steel Slugger Award: Anthony Massicci, Canisius College Kapco Team Awards: Kapco Steel Slugger: Matt Reardon, Florida Gulf Coast University Robin Yount: Joe Duncan, Eastern Illinois University Robin Yount: Owen Miller, Illinois State University Pitcher of the Year: Marshall Kasowski, University of Houston Most Valuable Player: Marshal Kasowski, University of Houston 2012 MLB Draft: 2013 MLB Draft: 2014 MLB Draft: 2015 MLB Draft: 2016 MLB Draft: Lakeshore Chinooks The Lakeshore Chinooks are a baseball team based in Mequon, Wisconsin, United States and a member of the Northwoods League, a collegiate summer baseball league. The Chinooks play their home games at Kapco Park on the campus of Concordia University Wisconsin. Summer collegiate leagues provide an opportunity for college players to spend their summers and display their talents to professional scouts. Players must be enrolled in college and have at least one year of athletic eligibility to participate. College players gain experience with the opportunity to play under the minor league conditions using wooden bats, minor"
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"Manor house A manor house was historically the main residence of the lord of the manor. The house formed the administrative centre of a manor in the European feudal system; within its great hall were held the lord's manorial courts, communal meals with manorial tenants and great banquets. The term is today loosely applied to various country houses, frequently dating from the late medieval era, which formerly housed the gentry. They were sometimes fortified, but this was frequently intended more for show than for defence. Manor houses existed in most European countries where feudalism existed, where they were sometimes known as castles, palaces, and so on. The lord of the manor may have held several properties within a county or, for example in the case of a feudal baron, spread across a kingdom, which he occupied only on occasional visits. Even so, the business of the manor required to be directed and controlled by regular manorial courts, which appointed manorial officials such as the bailiff, granted copyhold leases to tenants, resolved disputes between manorial tenants and administered justice in general. A large and suitable building was required within the manor for such purpose, generally in the form of a great hall, and a solar might be attached to form accommodation for the lord. Furthermore, the produce of a small manor might be insufficient to feed a lord and his large family for a full year, and thus he would spend only a few months at each manor and move on to another where stores had been laid up. This also gave the opportunity for the vacated manor house to be cleaned, especially important in the days of the cess-pit, and repaired. Thus such non-resident lords needed to appoint a steward or \"seneschal\" to act as their deputy in such matters and to preside at the manorial courts of his different manorial properties. The day-to-day administration was carried out by a resident official in authority at each manor, who in England was called a bailiff, or reeve. Although not typically built with strong fortifications as were castles, many manor-houses were fortified, which required a royal licence to crenellate. They were often enclosed within walls or ditches which often also included agricultural buildings. Arranged for defence against roaming bands of robbers and thieves, in days long before police, they were often surrounded by a moat with a drawbridge, and were equipped with gatehouses and watchtowers, but not, as for castles, with a keep, large towers or lofty curtain walls designed to withstand a siege. The primary feature of the manor house was its great hall, to which subsidiary apartments were added as the lessening of feudal warfare permitted more peaceful domestic life. By the beginning of the 16th century, manor houses as well as small castles began to acquire the character and amenities of the residences of country gentlemen, and many defensive elements were dispensed with, for example Sutton Place in Surrey, circa 1521. A late 16th-century transformation produced many of the smaller Renaissance châteaux of France and the numerous country mansions of the Elizabethan and Jacobean styles in England. Before around 1600, larger houses were usually fortified, generally for true defensive purposes but increasingly, as the kingdom became internally more peaceable after the Wars of the Roses, as a form of status-symbol, reflecting the position of their owners as having been worthy to receive royal licence to crenellate. The Tudor period (16th century) of stability in England saw the building of the first of the unfortified great houses, for example Sutton Place in Surrey, circa 1521. The Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII resulted in many former monastical properties being sold to the King's favourites, who then converted them into private country houses, examples being Woburn Abbey, Forde Abbey, Nostell Priory and many other mansions with the suffix Abbey or Priory to their name. During the second half of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) and under her successor King James I (1603-1625) the first mansions designed by architects not by mere masons or builders, began to make their appearance. Such houses as Burghley House, Longleat House, and Hatfield House are among the best known of this period and seem today to epitomise the English country house. Nearly every large medieval manor house had its own deer-park adjoining, emparked (i.e. enclosed) by royal licence, which served primarily as a store of food in the form of venison. Within these licensed parks deer could not be hunted by royalty (with its huge travelling entourage which needed to be fed and entertained), nor by neighbouring land-owners nor by any other persons. During the 16th century many lords of manors moved their residences from their ancient manor houses often situated next to the parish church and near or in the village and built a new manor house within the walls of their ancient deer-parks adjoining. This gave them more privacy and space. The suffixes given to manor houses today have little substantive meaning, and many have changed over time, thus a manor house may have been known as \"Heanton House\" in the 18th century and in the 19th century as \"Heanton Court\" and later as \"Heanton Satchville\". \"Court\" was a suffix which came into use in the 16th century, and contemporary topographers felt the need to explain the term to their readers. Thus the Devonshire historian Tristram Risdon (d.1640) clarified the term at least three times in his main work, \"Survey of Devon\": The biographer John Prince, (1643–1723) in his \"Worthies of Devon\", remarked as follows in his biography of John Hill (died 1408), of Hill's Court in Exeter, Devon: True castles, when not royal castles, were generally the residences of feudal barons, whose baronies comprised often several dozen other manors. The manor on which the castle was situated was termed the \"caput\" of the barony, thus every true ancient defensive castle was also the manor house of its own manor. The suffix \"-Castle\" was also used to name certain manor houses, generally built as mock castles, but often as houses rebuilt on the site of a former true castle: The origin of the suffix \"Place\" is believed to be a shortened form of \"Palace\", a term commonly used in Renaissance Italy (\"Palazzo\") to denote a residence of the nobility. The suffix \"-Park\" came into use in the 18th and 19th centuries. Manor houses, although mostly forming residences for the lords of the manors on which they were situated, were not historically named with the suffix \"Manor\", as were many grand country houses built in the 19th century, such as Hughenden Manor or Waddesdon Manor. The usage is often a modern catch-all suffix for an old house on an estate, true manor or not. The German equivalent of a manor house is a \"Gutshaus\" (or \"Gut\", \"Gutshof\", \"Rittergut\", \"Landgut\" or \"Bauerngut\"). Also \"Herrenhaus\" and \"Domäne\" are common terms. \"Schloss\" (pl. Schlösser) is another German word for a building similar to manor house, stately home, château or palace. Other terms used in German are \"Burg\" (castle), \"Festung\" (fort/fortress) and \"Palais\"/\"Palast\" (palace). In France, the terms \"château\" or \"manoir\" are often used synonymously to describe a French manor-house. \"Maison-forte\" is another French word to describe a strongly fortified manor-house, which may include two sets of enclosing walls, drawbridges, and a ground-floor hall or \"salle basse\" that was used to receive peasants and commoners. The \"salle basse\" was also the location of the manor court, with the steward or seigneur's seating location often marked by the presence of a \"crédence de justice\" or wall-cupboard (shelves built into the stone walls to hold documents and books associated with administration of the demesne or \"droit de justice\"). The \"salle haute\" or upper-hall, reserved for the seigneur and where he received his high-ranking guests, was often accessible by an",
"(palace). In France, the terms \"château\" or \"manoir\" are often used synonymously to describe a French manor-house. \"Maison-forte\" is another French word to describe a strongly fortified manor-house, which may include two sets of enclosing walls, drawbridges, and a ground-floor hall or \"salle basse\" that was used to receive peasants and commoners. The \"salle basse\" was also the location of the manor court, with the steward or seigneur's seating location often marked by the presence of a \"crédence de justice\" or wall-cupboard (shelves built into the stone walls to hold documents and books associated with administration of the demesne or \"droit de justice\"). The \"salle haute\" or upper-hall, reserved for the seigneur and where he received his high-ranking guests, was often accessible by an external spiral staircase. It was commonly \"open\" up to the roof trusses, as in similar English homes. This larger and more finely decorated hall was usually located above the ground-floor hall. The seigneur and his family's private \"chambres\" were often located off of the upper first-floor hall, and invariably had their own fireplace (with finely decorated chimney-piece) and frequently a latrine. In addition to having both lower and upper halls, many French manor houses also had partly fortified gateways, watchtowers, and enclosing walls that were fitted with arrow or gun loops for added protection. Some larger 16th-century manors, such as the Château de Kerjean in Finistère, Brittany, were even outfitted with ditches and fore-works that included gun platforms for cannons. These defensive arrangements allowed \"maisons-fortes\", and rural manors to be safe from a \"coup de main\" perpetrated by an armed band as there was so many during the troubled times of the Hundred Years War and the wars of the Holy League; but it was difficult for them to resist a siege undertaken by a regular army equipped with (siege) engines. There are many historical manor houses throughout the Netherlands. Some have been converted into museums, hotels, conference centres, etc. Some are located on estates and in parks. Many of the earlier houses are the legacy of the feudal \"heerlijkheid\" system. The Dutch had a manorial system centred on the local lord's demesne. In Middle Dutch this was called the \"vroonhof\" or \"vroenhoeve\", a word derived from the Proto-Germanic word \"fraujaz\", meaning \"lord\". This was also called a \"hof\" and the lord's house a \"hofstede\". Other terms were used, including \"landhuis\" (or just \"huis\"), a \"ridderhofstad\" (Utrecht), a \"stins\" or \"state\" (Friesland), or a \"havezate\" (Drente, Overijssel and Gelderland). Some of these buildings were fortified. A number of castles associated with the nobility are found in the country. In Dutch, a building like this was called a \"kasteel\", a \"slot\", a \"burcht\" or (in Groningen) a \"borg\". During the Dutch Golden Age in the 17th century, merchants and regents looking for ways to spend their wealth bought country estates and built grand new homes, often just for summer use. Some purchased existing manor houses and castles from the nobility. Some country houses were built on top of the ruins of earlier castles that had been destroyed during the Dutch Revolt. The owners, aspiring to noble status, adopted the name of the earlier castle. These country houses or stately homes (called \"buitenplaats\" or \"buitenhuis\" in Dutch) were located close to the city in picturesque areas with a clean water source. Wealthy families sent their children to the country in the summer because of the putrid canals and diseases in the city. A few still exist, especially along the river Vecht, the river Amstel, the Spaarne in Kennemerland, the river Vliet and in Wassenaar. Some are located near former lakes (now polders) like the Wijkermeer, Watergraafsmeer and the Beemster. In the 19th century, with improvements in water management, new regions came into fashion, such as the Utrecht Hill Ridge (Utrechtse Heuvelrug) and the area around Arnhem. Today there is a tendency to group these grand buildings together in the category of \"castles\". There are many castles and buitenplaatsen in all twelve provinces. A larger-than-average home is today called a villa or a herenhuis, but despite the grand name this is not the same as a manor house. The architectural form of the Polish manor house () evolved around the late Polish Renaissance period and continued until the Second World War, which, together with the communist takeover of Poland, spelled the end of the nobility in Poland. A 1944 decree nationalized most mansions as property of the nobles, but few were adapted to other purposes. Many slowly fell into ruin over the next few decades. Poland inherited many German-style manor houses (\"Gutshäuser\") after parts of eastern Germany were taken over by Poland after World War II. In Portugal, it was quite common during the 17th to early 20th centuries for the aristocracy to have country homes. These homes, known as solares (paços, when the manor was a certain stature or size; \"quintas\", when the manor included a sum of land), were found particularly in the northern, usually richer, Portugal, in the Beira, Minho, and Trás-os-Montes provinces. Many have been converted into a type of hotel called pousada. Casa solariega is the catch-all name for manor houses in Spain. They were the places where heads of noble families resided. Those houses receive a different name depending on the geographical region of Spain where they are located, the noble rank of the owner family, the size of the house and/or the use that the family gave to them. In Spain a good many old manor houses, palaces, castles and grand homes have been converted into a type of hotel called \"parador\". A Palacio is a sumptuously decorated grand residence, especially a royal residence or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word itself is derived from the Latin name Palātium, for Palatine Hill, the hill which housed the Imperial residences in Rome. Palacio Real is the same as Palacio, but historically used (either now or in the past) by the Spanish Royal Family. Palacio arzobispal is the same as Palacio, but historically used (either now or in the past) by the ecclesiastic authorities (mainly bishops or archbishops). Palacete is bejewelled and built house as a palace, but smaller. Alcázar is a type of Moorish castle or fortified palace in Spain (and also Portugal) built during Muslim rule, although some founded by Christians. Mostly of the alcázars were built between the 8th and 15th centuries. Many cities in Spain have its alcázar. Palaces built in the Moorish style after the expulsion of the Moors from Spain are often referred to as alcazars as well. Hacienda is landed estates of significant size located in the south of Spain (Andalusia). They were also very common in the former Spanish Colonies. Some haciendas were plantations, mines or factories. Many haciendas combined these productive activities. They were developed as profit-making, economic enterprises linked to regional or international markets. The owner of an hacienda was termed an \"hacendado\" or \"patrón\". The work force on haciendas varied, depending on the type of hacienda and where it was located. Casona is old manor houses in León, Asturias and Cantabria (Spain) following the so-called \"casa montañesa architecture\". Most of them were built in the 17th and 18th centuries. Typologically they are halfway between rustic houses and palaces Quinta is a countryside house closer to the urban core. Initially, \"quinta\" (fifth) designated the 1/5 part of the production that the lessee (called \"quintero\") paid to the lessor (owner of the land), but lately the term was applied to the whole property. This term is also very common in the former Spanish Colonies. Alqueria in Al-Andalus made reference to small rural communities that were located near cities (medinas). Since the 15th century it makes",
"The work force on haciendas varied, depending on the type of hacienda and where it was located. Casona is old manor houses in León, Asturias and Cantabria (Spain) following the so-called \"casa montañesa architecture\". Most of them were built in the 17th and 18th centuries. Typologically they are halfway between rustic houses and palaces Quinta is a countryside house closer to the urban core. Initially, \"quinta\" (fifth) designated the 1/5 part of the production that the lessee (called \"quintero\") paid to the lessor (owner of the land), but lately the term was applied to the whole property. This term is also very common in the former Spanish Colonies. Alqueria in Al-Andalus made reference to small rural communities that were located near cities (medinas). Since the 15th century it makes reference to a farmhouse, with an agricultural farm, typical of Levante and the southeastern Spanish, mainly in Granada and Valencia. A \"pazo\" is a type of grand old house found in Galicia. A \"pazo\" is usually located in the countryside and the former residence of an important nobleman or other important individual. They were of crucial importance to the rural and monastic communities around them. The \"pazo\" was a traditional architectural structure associated with a community and social network. It usually consisted of a main building surrounded by gardens, a dovecote and outbuildings such as a small chapels for religious celebrations. The word \"pazo\" is derived from the Latin \"palatiu(m)\" (\"palace\"). The Baserri, called \"Caserio\" in Spanish, is the typical manor house of the Basque Provinces and Navarre. A baserri represents the core unit of traditional Basque society, as the \"ancestral home of a family\". Traditionally, the household is administered by the \"etxekoandre\" (lady of the house) and the \"etxekojaun\" (master of the house), each with distinctly defined rights, roles and responsibilities. When the couple reaches a certain age upon which they wish to retire, the baserri is formally handed over to a child. Unusually, the parents were by tradition free to choose any child, male or female, firstborn or later born, to assume the role of \"etxekoandre\" or \"etxekojaun\" to ensure the child most suitable to the role would inherit the ancestral home. The baserri under traditional law (the \"fueros\") cannot be divided or inherited by more than one person. This is still the case in the Southern Basque Country but the introduction of the Napoleonic Code in France, under which such practices are illegal, greatly upset this tradition in the North. Although the Basques in the north chose to be \"creative\" with the new laws, it overall resulted in the breakup and ultimate financial ruin of many baserris. In practice the tradition of not breaking up baserris meant that the remaining children had to marry into another baserri, stay on the family baserri as unmarried employees or make their own way in the world (\"Iglesia o mar o casa real\", \"Church or sea or royal house\"). A cortijo is a type of traditional rural habitat in the Southern half of Spain, including all of Andalusia and parts of Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha. \"Cortijos\" may have their origins in ancient Roman villas, for the word is derived from the Latin \"cohorticulum\", a diminutive of \"cohors\", meaning 'courtyard'. They are often isolated structures associated with a large family farming or livestock operation in the vast and empty adjoining lands. It would usually include a large house, together with accessory buildings such as workers' quarters, sheds to house livestock, granaries, oil mills, barns and often a wall enclosing a courtyard. The master of the \"cortijo\" or \"\"señorito\"\" would usually live with his family in a two-story building, while the accessory structures were for the labourers and their families —also known as \"\"cortijeros\"\". Cultural, economic and legal conditions and the total absence of any kind of hereditary aristocracy in the United States militated against the development of a feudal or manorial land-owning system other than in parts of Virginia, the Carolina Low Country, the Mississippi Delta, and the Hudson River Valley in the early years of the republic. Even these exceptions did not produce the social and economic structures or the extravagant manor houses found in Europe. In the American South, the use of slaves for estate labor was another important distinction between the American and European models of agricultural estates. The only manor house in the United States (or North America for that matter) that resembled the form and function of a European-style estate and manor is the Biltmore Estate in North Carolina (which is still owned by descendents of the original builder, a member of the Vanderbilt family). Most manor-style homes in the US were built merely as country retreats for wealthy industrialists in the late 19th and early 20th century and had little agricultural, administrative or political function. Today, many historically and architecturally significant manor houses in the United States are museums. Virginia House is a former sixteenth century English manor house blending three romantic English Tudor designs. In 1925, it was relocated to Richmond, Virginia from main sections dating from the 1620 remodeling of a priory in Warwickshire, England and reconstructed on a hillside overlooking the James River in Windsor Farms. Virginia House is now owned and operated by the Virginia Historical Society. When the interior was re-designed by it owners Alexander and Virginia Weddell, it became a home modern for its time with central heat, seven full baths, an up-to-date kitchen, and large closets. The almost eight acres of gardens and grounds on which Virginia House rests were designed by Charles Gillette. The house has been preserved and is largely as it was when the Weddells lived there. Virginia House is on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond, Virginia. Manor house A"
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"Ashmore Reef Marine Park The Ashmore Reef Marine Park (formerly known as the Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve) is an Australian marine park that covers the Ashmore Reef, which is located about north of Broome and south of the Indonesian island of Rote. The marine park covers an area of and is assigned IUCN category Ia. It is one of 13 parks managed under the North-west Marine Parks Network. The Ashmore Reef Marine Park is within an area known as the MOU Box, a region that permits for continued Indonesian traditional fishing and access. The Ashmore Reef is of significant biodiversity value as it is in the flow of the Indonesian Throughflow ocean current from the Pacific Ocean through Maritime Southeast Asia to the Indian Ocean. It is also in a surface current west from the Arafura Sea and Timor Sea. In 2003 the nature reserve was recognised as a wetland of international importance due to the importance of its islands providing a resting place for migratory shorebirds and supporting large seabird breeding colonies. It was designated Ramsar Site 1220 under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. The Marine Park was originally proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975 on 16 August 1983 as the Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve. It was proclaimed under the EPBC Act on 14 December 2013 as a Commonwealth Marine Reserve and renamed Ashmore Reef Marine Park on 9 October 2017. The Ashmore Reef Marine Park has been assigned IUCN protected area category Ia. However, within the marine park there are two protection zones, each zone has an IUCN category and related rules for managing activities to ensure the protection of marine habitats and species. The following table is a summary of the zoning rules within the Ashmore Reef Marine Park: Ashmore Reef"
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"Vanguard Way The Vanguard Way is a long distance walk of around from East Croydon in outer London to Newhaven on the south coast of England. It passes through the counties of Surrey, Kent and East Sussex, between Croydon and Newhaven, East Sussex. It connects the London suburbs to the south coast, via the North Downs, Ashdown Forest, South Downs National Park and the Cuckmere valley. The walk was developed in celebration of the 15th anniversary in 1980 of the Vanguards Rambling Club, who named themselves after an occasion when they returned from a walk travelling in the guard's van of a crowded train. The Vanguard Way connects with central London with the Wandle Trail along the River Wandle from Croydon and is sometimes used as a walking route between London and Paris, connecting with the ferry ports on the south coast. The walk also connects with the London Outer Orbital Path, North Downs Way, Greensand Way, London Countryway, Eden Valley Walk, Forest Way, Wealdway, Sussex Border Path and the South Downs Way. Vanguard Way The Vanguard Way is a long distance walk of around from East Croydon in outer London to Newhaven on the south coast of England. It"
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"Confederate Mothers Monument The Confederate Mothers Monument, also known as simply Confederate Memorial, Confederate Monument, or Texarkana Confederate Memorial, is an outdoor Confederate memorial installed at 500 State Line Road in Texarkana. It stands alone in a triangle bounded by roads on the West side of State Line Avenue, just inside the U.S. state of Texas. and faces the court house and post office, a building unusual for sitting in and serving two states. The monument was dedicated on April 21, 1918. It was designed by Henry Allen and constructed by Allen Monuments. The two figures were obtained from Italy. Thought to be the only Confederate monument to include a woman in Texas, it is carved from marble. The monument's inscription for the Confederate mother statute reads: \"O Great Confederate Mothers, we would print your names on monuments, that men may read them as the years go by and tribute pay to you, who bore and nurtured hero sons and gave them solace on that darkest hour, when they came home with broken swords and guns\". The inscription for the Confederate soldier reads, \"To our loyal Confederates\". The soldier faces north. The chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy that built the Confederate Mothers Monument was disbanded and a new chapter does not own the monument so the city is responsible for maintenance. Confederate Mothers Monument The Confederate Mothers Monument, also known as simply Confederate Memorial, Confederate Monument, or Texarkana Confederate Memorial, is an outdoor Confederate memorial installed at 500 State Line Road in Texarkana. It stands alone in a triangle bounded by roads on the West side of State Line Avenue, just inside the U.S. state of Texas. and faces the court house and post office, a building unusual for sitting in and serving two states. The monument"
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"N-Nitrosamides Nitrosamides, including \"N\"-nitrosamides, belong to the group of nitroso compounds, just like the \"N\"-nitrosamines. Nitrosamides are usually chemically reactive and metabolically unstable nitrosated ureas, guanidines or carbamates. They are generally carcinogens. In contrast to the \"N\"-nitrosamines, \"N\"-nitrosamides do not play a role in the discussion about impurities resulting from the environment. Various chloroethylnitrosoureas (such as \"N, N\"'-bis (2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea, BCNU) have obtained a medical use in the field of malignant tumors. It is hypothesized that the efficacy against cancer cells is based on the alkylability of guanine cytosine centers in the sequences of the genetic material, especially the oncogenes. \"N\"-Nitrosamides can be prepared starting from \"N\"-monosubstituted carboxamides and the nitrosyl cation (which results from the nitrous cation in the presence of strong acids from the nitrous acid), here exemplified for \"N\"-methylacetamide (1). The carboxamide reacts in a nucleophilic attack at the nitrosyl cation. After the elimination of a proton, an \"N\"-nitrosamide (2) is formed from the resulting cation: The genotoxic effect of the \"N\"-nitroso compounds can be attributed to the formation of reactive electrophilic species in the metabolism. The spontaneous decomposition of \"N\"-nitroso-ureas in the aqueous medium of the metabolism, here for example of 1-methylnitrosourea (3), produces diazonium or carbenium ions, respectively. The decomposition occurs into isocyanic acid and methyldiazohydroxide. The rearrangement to the diazonium ion and the subsequent elimination of nitrogen results in a carbenium ion (4), which can alkylate nucleophilic intersections of the DNA. In the organism, the decomposition of \"N\"-nitroso ureas with a higher degree of substitution can proceed. An alternative possible formation of diazonium and carbenium ions is through the enzymatic reaction of nitrosamines. Typical accompanying symptoms during the medical cancer treatment via \"N\"-nitroso ureas are the impairment of bone marrow (damage of the stem cell compartment), lymphatic tissue and the gastrointestinal tract. N-Nitrosamides Nitrosamides, including"
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"Drynaria roosii Drynaria roosii, commonly known as gu-sui-bu, is a species of basket fern of the family Polypodiaceae. The plant is native to Eastern Asia, including eastern China. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine. This species is also more frequently cited by Asian studies by its synonym, \"Drynaria fortunei\". \"Drynaria roosii\" is an epiphytic (growing on trees) or epipetric (growing on rocks) plant. Like other species of \"Drynaria\", they possess two frond types – a fertile foliage frond and a sterile nest frond. Sterile nest fronds are rounded shallowly-lobed reddish-brown fronds overlapping each other. They bear no sori and form a 'basket' characteristic of the genus. The fertile fronds are larger and deeply lobed. They bear 1 to 3 sori arranged on both sides of the central rib. Preparations from the rhizomes of \"Drynaria roosii\" is used in traditional herbal medicine for aiding in the healing of bone fractures and for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Modern studies of \"Drynaria roosii\" have identified \"in vitro\" effects on isolated bone cells. Flavan-3-ols and propelargonidins can be isolated from the rhizomes. \"Drynaria roosii\" is known as \"Gu-Sui-Bu\" (骨碎補) in Chinese (English: \"mender of shattered bones\"). A reference to its use in traditional Chinese medicine for healing broken bones. Other common names in Chinese include \"Mao-chiang\" ('hairy ginger'), \"shih-pan chiang\" ('stony plate ginger'), \"wang-chiang\", \"shih-chiang\", \"hou-chiang\" ('monkey ginger'), \"p'a shan hu\" (mountain-climbing tiger), \"feng chiang\", \"p-yen chiang\", \"hou-sheng chiang\", and \"hou chueh\". It is also known as \"Gol-Se-Bo\" in Korean and \"Cốt toái bổ\" in Vietnamese. \"Drynaria roosii\" is classified under the genus \"Drynaria\" (basket ferns) of the family Polypodiaceae. It is more frequently cited by Asian authors by its synonym \"Drynaria fortunei\". Drynaria roosii Drynaria roosii, commonly known as gu-sui-bu, is a species of basket fern of the family Polypodiaceae. The plant is"
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"Whitchurch, Cardiff Whitchurch (; \"eglwys\" church + \"newydd\" new) is a suburb and community in the north of Cardiff, capital of Wales. It is approximately 3 miles north of the centre of the city on the A470 road and A4054 road. Its estimated population as of 2011 was 5,234. It falls within the Whitchurch & Tongwynlais ward. Whitchurch draws its name from \"White Church\". The first mention of the area was in 1126 when the land was granted to Llandaff Cathedral and a chapel was built where Old Church Road now stands. The church, St Mary's, remained a dependency of the cathedral until 1845 when it became a separate parish. After much resistance to the Norman conquest of England, the area succumbed to the Normans in 1266 who created the manor of Whitchurch which included Llandaff North and Rhiwbina, and who built Castell Coch to protect the approach to Cardiff in Tongwynlais. The castle became a ruin by the 16th century, possibly attacked by Owain Glyndŵr. Until the early 18th century there were no more than around 300 people living in about 50 farms and cottages in Whitchurch, but by the end of the 19th century, this had risen to nearly 5,000. An education report of 1847 reported that 8% of Whitchurch's children attended school. In 1854, the area's first national school was built, charging 2d a week. Whitchurch High School opened in 1937. In the 19th century, the Bute family assumed responsibility of Whitchurch Common. Their attempt to produce wine on the slopes below Castell Coch was short-lived, bottling 40 gallons in 1887. Cardiff Mental Hospital, later Whitchurch Hospital, opened in 1908 accommodating 750 patients and quickly gaining a national reputation for its research. Whitchurch Hospital closed in 2016. In 1898 and 1922, parts of Whitchurch were absorbed into Cardiff, becoming amalgamated as a suburb of the City of Cardiff in 1967. Between 1951 and 1961, the population of the parish rose from 19,827 to 27,325. Built in 1749, the Melingriffith Tin Plate Works in north Whitchurch, on the bank of the River Taff opposite Radyr, was built on or near the site of an old corn mill that had operated as far back as the late 12th century. Melingriffith was the largest working tin factory in the UK, until the much later construction of the Treforest Tin Works. The tin mills were powered exclusively by water drawn from the River Taff down the Melingriffith feeder stream, a water course that doubled as a canal that carried raw iron ore from the Pentyrch Iron Works until around 1815, when the Pentrych tramroad was completed. The tramroad crossed the River Taff over the Iron Bridge. The feeder’s lock was permanently closed in 1871 when it was bridged over, but traces of it still remain. The tin works closed in 1957, and today the only signs that the works ever existed at all are the mostly dry bed of the original Melingriffith feeder stream that still runs down from the River Taff from just above the Radyr weir, and the recently restored water pump standing opposite Oak Cottage. The works site itself has been completely cleared, and is now a modern housing estate. The Melingriffith feeder stream made its way to the original Glamorganshire Canal, where they ran in parallel through the tin works and out the other side at Melingriffith Lock. Where they had come together north of the tin works, any overflow from the canal was originally designed to empty into the feeder. This point is now at the southern end of the Glamorganshire Canal local nature reserve and the water from the canal runs into the feeder before passing into a piped water course under a modern housing estate. The feeder reemerges at the Melingriffith Water Pump before flowing into the River Taff. At the southern end of the housing estate, the feeder re-emerges at the point where the Melingriffith water pump stands, the pump originally designed to pump water from the feeder into the Canal at Melingriffith Lock. Today, the Glamorganshire Canal has been almost totally overbuilt. Ty Mawr Road has replaced the route of the canal from Melingriffith all the way to Whitchurch. With the expansion of Cardiff in the 20th century, Whitchurch is no longer a separate village; although residents, old and new, refer commonly to \"The Village\" in preference to acknowledging its suburban status. The modern suburb contains a number of schools, a shopping centre, Whitchurch Library, Whitchurch Hospital, a psychiatric hospital originally built in the Edwardian era. In addition, adjacent to Whitchurch Hospital is Velindre Hospital, a major cancer hospital in Wales. The national office of the Presbyterian Church of Wales is located at the Tabernacle Church, Whitchurch. There are currently three schools in Whitchurch. Whitchurch High School, the largest comprehensive school in Wales with around 2400 pupils, located on Penlline Road. Ysgol Gymraeg Melin Gruffydd, a two form entry Welsh-medium primary school on Glan-Y-Nant Road. The school is categorised by Welsh Government in the green category as a highly effective school. Its motto is \"\". Whitchurch Primary School located on Erw Las, is the largest primary school in Wales with over 700 pupils from 3–11 years. The school opened in September 2012 following the closure of Eglwys Newydd Primary School and Eglwys Wen Primary School. The school was officially opened by international footballer Gareth Bale. Its motto is \"Work together, play together, succeed together\". The school is categorised by Welsh Government in the green category as a highly effective school. Whitchurch Golf Club was established in July 1914. Whitchurch Rugby Club, known as 'Whitchurch Warriors', was established in 1892 or a few years earlier. Home games are played in Hailey Park in neighbouring Llandaff North. The club runs several teams for men, women, girls and boys. The men's first team play in Division 3, East-central C, of the WRU National Leagues. Whitchurch lies between two urban rail line on the Valley Lines network. The Merthyr Line runs through neighbouring Llandaff North stopping at Llandaf railway station, near Whitchurch. Trains run between the Cardiff Valleys and the Vale of Glamorgan via Cardiff city centre. Whitchurch (Cardiff) railway station is located on the Coryton Line where trains run between Coryton and Radyr via the city centre. Cardiff Bus services 21, 23, 24, 25 and 35 run through parts of Whitchurch to Cardiff city centre. The A470 road runs through the east of Whitchurch towards Merthyr Tydfil and North Wales. Whitchurch, Cardiff Whitchurch (; \"eglwys\" church + \"newydd\" new) is a suburb and community in the north of Cardiff, capital of Wales. It is approximately"
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"Religious freedom bill In the United States, a religious freedom bill is a bill that, according to its proponents, allows those with religious objections to certain activities to act in accordance with their beliefs without being punished by the government for doing so. This typically concerns an employee who objects to abortion, euthanasia, same-sex marriage, or transgender identity and wishes to avoid situations where they will be expected to put those objections aside. Proponents commonly refer to such proposals as religious liberty or conscience protection. Opponents of religious freedom bills sometimes refer to them as a \"license to discriminate\" and point out that they allow individuals and businesses to openly espouse prejudice, especially against LGBT individuals. In the 1960s, as a response to the desegregation of public schools, white Americans created many private schools (known as \"segregation academies\" or \"freedom of choice schools\") in the South. These schools gradually became associated with evangelical Christianity. Those who supported the schools, according to historian Joseph Crespino, said they were defending the rights of religious minorities. As Corey Robin put it, \"the heirs of slaveholders,\" in their imaginations, \"became the descendants of persecuted Baptists, and Jim Crow a heresy the First Amendment was meant to protect.\" The trade-off at the heart of the controversy is whether antidiscrimination laws must always be obeyed or whether other rights can be considered more important, in effect granting the right to discriminate. Some understand respect for individual human rights as foundational to democracy and the rule of law, but, at the same time, the First Amendment to the Constitution treats freedom of religion as foundational and prevents the government from making any law \"prohibiting the free exercise\" of religion. The latter stance was taken in a U.S. presidential executive order issued in May 2017 in which President Trump held that \"the United States Constitution enshrines and protects the fundamental right to religious liberty as Americans' first freedom.\" In July 2018, Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced the creation of a \"religious liberty task force\" under the Department of Justice to implement the executive order's \"guidance in the cases they [the Department of Justice] bring and defend, the arguments they make in court, the policies and regulations they adopt, and how we conduct our operations.” Richard Thompson Ford said that \"overly broad conceptions of civil rights protections have turned these important laws against themselves,\" and that, while each protection may seem coherent on its own, \"in combination they constitute a recipe for unresolvable conflicts of absolutes.\" A less abstract and more pragmatic approach, he argued, might be to accord greater protection to minority religions and to serious injuries. The famous case of \"Masterpiece Cakeshop\" fits neither criterion, then, according to Ford, as the baker belonged to the majority Christian religion and the customers weren't significantly injured by having their wedding cake request denied. Other problems include how to demonstrate whether a belief is sincere, whether it is factually informed and accurately corresponds to the situation at hand, and whether it is indeed \"religious\" or \"moral\" in its origin. Indiana University law professor Steve Sanders said that \"often there is no way to differentiate between genuine religious convictions and beliefs that are made up out of convenience...an employee who merely has a phobia toward transgender people might still claim a 'religious' exemption, and the employer would have little choice but to grant it.\" One type of rhetorical frame depicts the religious freedom controversy as a war of identities. The key is selecting identities to illustrate the problem in a way that the illustration speaks for itself. For example, one Catholic nun identified the question of \"favoring the civil liberty rights of transgender individuals over the conscience rights of public service providers\"; she sided with the public service providers. For a contrasting example, Rev. M Barclay, an openly transgender deacon in the United Methodist Church, described the same question as \"Christians using power and privilege to target marginalized demographics like the LGBTQ community\". These different angles are discussing the same question. After the January 2018 creation of the Conscience and Religious Freedom Division of the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Reuters reported that \"legal and medical ethics experts said that such exemptions [to antidiscrimination law] have legal limits and would be challenged in court.\" In April 2018, a supporter of President Trump was asked to leave a bar in New York City for wearing a \"Make American Great Again\" hat. The customer's lawyer claimed in court that \"The Make American Great Again hat was part of his spiritual belief\" (as it is illegal to discriminate against people for their religious beliefs), while the bar's lawyer claimed that \"supporting Trump is not a religion.\" The judge dismissed the case. In May 2018, President Trump signed an executive order creating the White House Faith and Opportunity Initiative, an expansion of existing initiatives created by Bush and Obama. Agencies and offices in the executive branch will have a liaison to the newly expanded initiative if they do not already have a faith-based program of their own. According to the executive order, the Faith and Opportunity Initiative will \"notify the Attorney General, or his designee, of concerns raised by faith-based and community organizations about any failures of the executive branch to comply with protections of Federal law for religious liberty\" and seek to \"reduce...burdens on the exercise of religious convictions and legislative, regulatory, and other barriers to the full and active engagement of faith-based and community organizations in Government-funded or Government-conducted activities and programs.\" A coalition of conservative Christian organizations called Project Blitz supports, as of May 2018, over 70 bills across the United States, many of which are religious liberty bills. One of the Project Blitz leaders said in a conference call that the goal of having so many similar bills was to force opponents to \"divide their resources out in opposing this.\" In 2017, the Congressional Prayer Caucus Foundation produced a 116-page \"playbook\" with model legislation; the name \"Project Blitz\" is not used in this report. Many healthcare types are potentially covered by conscience-protection laws. In the U.S., as of 2013, these laws \"are increasingly being written in such a way that they would capture mental health professionals\". On Jan. 18, 2018, the Dept. of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced the creation of a new division within its existing Office for Civil Rights (OCR). The new division is called the Conscience and Religious Freedom Division. It was created to enforce federal laws related to \"conscience and religious freedom.\" That same day, Indiana University law professor Steve Sanders criticized the new approach as having \"the potential to impede access to care, insult the dignity of patients, and allow religious beliefs to override mainstream medical science.\" Many professional organizations for physicians and other healthcare providers have ethics codes that forbid members from refusing care to patients. The ethics code of the American Medical Association allows physicians to \"refuse to participate in torture, interrogation or forced treatment\" but not to deny care based on a patient's \"race, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or any other criteria that would constitute invidious discrimination.\" The American Psychological Association believes that students need to learn their future \"ethical obligations regarding non-discrimination\" and requires broad-based diversity training \"because",
"having \"the potential to impede access to care, insult the dignity of patients, and allow religious beliefs to override mainstream medical science.\" Many professional organizations for physicians and other healthcare providers have ethics codes that forbid members from refusing care to patients. The ethics code of the American Medical Association allows physicians to \"refuse to participate in torture, interrogation or forced treatment\" but not to deny care based on a patient's \"race, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or any other criteria that would constitute invidious discrimination.\" The American Psychological Association believes that students need to learn their future \"ethical obligations regarding non-discrimination\" and requires broad-based diversity training \"because they may grow and change in their beliefs, preferences in populations with whom they would like to work, geographic region, etc.\" While in some cases it may be appropriate for a mental health provider to refer a patient to another provider, this is not always practical, especially in \"schools and rural communities.\" The organization opposes conscience-clause legislation, seeing it as an \"intrusion of state legislatures into the education and training of mental health professionals\". The American Academy of Pediatrics supported repeal of Tennessee's faith-healing law allowing parents to seek \"treatment by spiritual means through prayer alone\" for their children. In 2008, the organization opposed conscience-clause legislation proposed at the federal level. It released a statement that physicians practicing reproductive medicine, as with any other kind of medicine, have \"the obligation to talk with patients about all of their options and, for services which cannot or will not be provided, refer them to someone who can help them without delay\". Scott Johnson, former president of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, said that conscience-based exemptions from discrimination look \"simply like prejudice\" and that \"the problem with conscience is that it can let us do evil as well as good.\" If a therapist violates AAMFT's Code of Ethics, the organization can remove that person's membership in the professional organization even if state law permits the therapist's behavior. The 2012 version of the Code of Ethics \"does not speak directly to matters of therapist values or conscience.\" Between 2013 and 2015, the government granted over 30 exemptions to religious colleges who did not wish to comply with federal antidiscrimination law applying to gender identity and sexual orientation, according to a report by the Human Rights Coalition. Following \"Roe v. Wade,\" the landmark abortion rights Supreme Court decision in 1973, \"laws were passed to ensure that hospitals or clinics that received federal funds would be unable to force medical personnel who objected to abortion or sterilization on the grounds of their 'religious beliefs or moral convictions' to perform those procedures.\" At the end of President George W. Bush's administration, \"a new 'conscience clause' took effect, cutting off federal funding for institutions that failed to accommodate employees' religious or moral objections.\" To those who believe abortion is murder, it may seem \"a particularly deadly form of authoritarianism\" to \"demand that physicians kill their patients or help to arrange for the killing, even if they believe doing so is wrong.\" By 2005, in at least a dozen U.S. states, pharmacists had cited their personal morality in their refusal to fill prescriptions for birth control, including \"emergency contraception\" to prevent a fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus. Physicians can cause a patient's death \"actively\" (for example, by administering a fatal drug) or \"passively\" (by withholding food, water, or medical care that would prolong life). This option may be offered to patients who are terminally ill and are severely disabled or in great pain with no hope of recovery. If the patient is unable to communicate or consent, sometimes family members may be asked to decide. This option is called \"euthanasia,\" \"assisted suicide,\" or \"mercy killing.\" Physicians often consider themselves to be bound to the Hippocratic Oath, the original text of which was written between the fifth and third centuries BCE and requires the physician to promise that he or she will not \"administer a poison to anybody when asked to do so, nor will I suggest such a course.\" In the late twentieth century it became a subject of public debate in the United States in large part due to the work of Jack Kevorkian, who claimed to have assisted 130 patient suicides. Surveys have shown that up to half of U.S. physicians have at some point received patient inquiries about assisted suicide. The Catholic Church has long opposed euthanasia. In 1980, the Vatican issued a Declaration on Euthanasia that explains: \"The pleas of gravely ill people who sometimes ask for death are not to be understood as implying a true desire for euthanasia; in fact, it is almost always a case of an anguished plea for help and love.\" Some clerks at city halls have refused to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. The most famous one is Kim Davis, county clerk for Rowan County, Kentucky, who claimed to be acting \"under God's authority\" when she protested the nationwide legalization of same-sex marriage in 2015 by refusing to issue marriage licenses to couples of any gender. She served five days in jail for contempt of court. Similarly, in 2015, a Tennessee judge protested the legalization of same-sex marriage by his refusal to issue a divorce to an opposite-sex couple. He argued that the Supreme Court's ruling revealed that it believed the state of Tennessee \"to be incompetent to define and address such keystone/central institutions such as marriage, and, thereby, at minimum, contested divorces\" and said that he would wait for further instruction from the Supreme Court. In 2014, two women, Krista and Jami Contreras, met with a pediatrician in Detroit shortly before the birth of their child. When the child was six days old, they arrived for their appointment and were told that the doctor had \"prayed on it\" and decided she could not provide care for the child. A different doctor had been assigned to the family. The original doctor later wrote to the couple: \"After much prayer following your prenatal, I felt that I would not be able to develop the personal patient-doctor relationships that I normally do with my patients.\" As of April 2018, five states (South Dakota, Michigan, Alabama, Texas, Oklahoma) allow foster care agencies to refuse to place children with same-sex guardians if the agency has \"sincerely held religious beliefs\" against same-sex parenting. Gender transition is an individualized process. Transgender people may seek medical changes to their sexual characteristics according to their physical and mental needs and preferences. A person may take hormones (often administered by injection), which they will generally then administer on a regular basis for the rest of their life. They may also have various kinds of surgery including breast augmentation or removal, genital reshaping, and removal of reproductive organs. Transgender women may have facial feminization surgery, an \"Adam's apple reduction\" to remove cartilage from the throat (tracheal shave), and electrolysis to remove unwanted facial and body hair. Legal and institutional procedures may also be involved. The transgender person may want to change their name and gender marker on their identity documents, healthcare policy, and school or employment registration. This may impact their marriage or divorce proceedings. They may seek psychotherapy, either because they choose to do so for their own reasons or because it is part of an established process for gender transition. Some physicians will require a referral letter from a psychotherapist. Transgender people \"have routinely",
"or removal, genital reshaping, and removal of reproductive organs. Transgender women may have facial feminization surgery, an \"Adam's apple reduction\" to remove cartilage from the throat (tracheal shave), and electrolysis to remove unwanted facial and body hair. Legal and institutional procedures may also be involved. The transgender person may want to change their name and gender marker on their identity documents, healthcare policy, and school or employment registration. This may impact their marriage or divorce proceedings. They may seek psychotherapy, either because they choose to do so for their own reasons or because it is part of an established process for gender transition. Some physicians will require a referral letter from a psychotherapist. Transgender people \"have routinely been asked to obtain an endorsement letter from a psychologist attesting to the stability of their gender identity as a prerequisite to access an endocrinologist, surgeon, or legal institution (e.g., driver's license bureau)\". A healthcare provider or administrative assistant who objects to gender reassignment on principle might wish to decline to participate in any or all of these procedures. One pitfall of such a conscience-based refusal is that it is not always clear-cut when a procedure's primary purpose is gender reassignment. After a person has taken initial major steps to reassign their gender, ongoing procedures (like hormones, electrolysis, or minor surgical corrections) may simply be considered as \"maintenance.\" In case of cancer prevention or treatment, reproductive organs may need to be chemically disabled or removed, and if the patient is coincidentally happy about the removal for their own personal reasons, that does not necessarily mean the procedure is best thought of as a component of gender transition. Cosmetic procedures may be considered part of the universal human desire to look attractive and may not obviously be gender-related. In psychotherapy, a person who happens to be transgender may need to mention problems or circumstances that are related to their gender identity or transition, events that may be years in the past or future; this does not necessarily mean that the psychotherapist is endorsing or helping them complete their gender transition. On the last day of the 2016 calendar year, just before the Obama administration's new anti-discrimination policy under the Affordable Care Act regarding gender identity and gender stereotypes was to take effect, federal judge Reed O'Connor blocked it. O'Connor believed the anti-discrimination rule conflicted with the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. In April 2018, the Trump administration said it would roll back the anti-discrimination rule. Discriminating against someone for their transgender identity is different than refusing to participate in a specific action they are taking as part of their gender transition. When the person is discriminated against for their identity, the implication is that they are refused a product or service that would normally be considered entirely unrelated to the gender transition they have undergone or want to undergo. Transgender people already have difficulty accessing healthcare. Healthcare providers often have difficulty recognizing and separating other dimensions of a transgender person's health apart from their gender transition. The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey found that, just within the past year, 15 percent of respondents said healthcare providers had asked them \"unnecessary or invasive questions about their transgender status that were not related to the reason for their visit,\" while 3 percent were refused \"care not related to gender transition (such as physicals or care for the flu or diabetes).\" Roger Severino, director of HHS Office of Civil Rights, in 2018 on the day that the creation of the Conscience and Religious Freedom division was announced, was asked by a journalist whether \"someone who is transgender would be denied health care\" under the laws in question. He responded: \"I think denial is a very strong word...[healthcare] providers...simply want to serve the people they serve according to their religious beliefs\". Two days later, a \"Boston Globe\" editorial warned that the new HHS Conscience and Religious Freedom division will \"allow medical professionals and institutions who claim religious objections to deny coverage to transgender people\" which \"appears to open the way for a doctor or nurse to turn away a transgender individual with a broken arm — for no other reason than by their gender identity.\" In the 1990s, there were legal disputes regarding landlords who did not want to rent to unmarried couples. Bob Jones University, a fundamentalist Christian school, prohibited interracial dating from the 1950s until 2000. David Bernstein argued that, for those who want to allow discrimination against same-sex marriage, it would be most ideologically consistent to allow discrimination against \"interracial or interreligious marriages...the better position is to allow exemptions in all those situations.\" Apart from the direct injury of any specific instance of discrimination, there may be indirect effects of discriminatory law. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults reported an increase in mental distress between 2014 and 2016 if they lived in U.S. states that permitted denial of services to same-sex couples in 2015, whereas straight adults and people living in other states did not report the same increase in mental distress. Similarly, an analysis by scientists at the University of Pittsburgh published in the \"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry\" found that, after Indiana passed a religious freedom law in 2015, people in Indiana who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or who question their sexual orientation self-reported worse physical and mental health. The Religious Freedom Restoration Act is limited. It cannot be used as a basis for discriminating against employees who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, according to a federal appeals court in March 2018. Massachusetts Rep. Joseph Kennedy III is sponsoring a proposed amendment to the Religious Freedom Restoration Act that would prevent people from claiming religious exemptions to nondiscrimination laws. The amendment is called the Do No Harm Act (H.R. 3222). In January 2018, the Department of Justice added a section called \"Respect for Religious Liberty\" to the United States Attorneys' Manual. Religious freedom bill In the United States, a religious freedom bill is a bill that, according to its proponents, allows those with religious objections to certain activities to act in accordance with their beliefs without being punished by the government for doing so. This typically concerns an employee who objects to abortion, euthanasia, same-sex marriage, or transgender identity and wishes to avoid situations where they will be expected to put those objections aside. Proponents commonly refer to such proposals as religious liberty or conscience protection. Opponents of religious freedom bills sometimes refer to them as a \"license"
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"1893 Liverpool City Council election Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1893. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years. Four of the sixteen seats were uncontested. After the election, the composition of the council was: Caused by the resignation of Councillor James De Bels Adam (Conservative, South Toxteth, elected 1 November 1891), which was reported to the Council on 7 February 1894. Caused by the resignation of Councillor Henry Hugh Hornby (Liberal Unionist, Castle Street, elected 1 November 1892), which was reported to the Council on 6 June 1894. 1893 Liverpool City Council election Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Wednesday 1 November 1893. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years. Four of the sixteen seats were uncontested. After the election, the composition of the council was: Caused by the resignation of Councillor James De Bels Adam (Conservative, South Toxteth, elected 1 November 1891), which was reported to the Council on 7 February 1894. Caused by the resignation of Councillor Henry Hugh Hornby (Liberal Unionist, Castle Street,"
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"Junior Simpson Junior Simpson is a British stand-up comedian of Jamaican descent. He was born in Leagrave, a suburb of Luton, and was educated at Beechwood Primary School and Challney High School for Boys. Simpson headlines at clubs across Britain as well as performing in South Africa and Australia on a regular basis. He has performed at festivals all over the world including at the Reading Festival, Brighton Festival and Edinburgh Festival Fringe. He has also had numerous television and radio appearances including \"Lily Savage's Blankety Blank\", \"Richard & Judy\", \"Never Mind The Buzzcocks\" and \"The 11 O'Clock Show\". He has also been a warm-up artist for many television shows including \"I'm Alan Partridge\" and \"Dead Ringers\". He is represented by Glorious Management. He appeared on \"Top Gear\" with Richard Hammond, testing the Cadillac Escalade. He also appears in \"School of Silence\", as Mr Les Prance, on the children's channel CBBC. He was recently on \"The Joe Rogan Experience\" podcast with Joe Rogan and Russell Peters. He is the voice of Lizard from \"Tinga Tinga Tales\". Junior Simpson Junior Simpson is a British stand-up comedian of Jamaican descent. He was born in Leagrave, a suburb of Luton, and was educated"
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"Loyal Parliament The Loyal Parliament was the only Parliament of England of King James II, in theory continuing from May 1685 to July 1687, but in practice sitting during 1685 only. It gained its name because at the outset most of its members were loyal to the new king. The Whigs, who had previously resisted James's inheriting the throne, were outnumbered both in the Commons and in the Lords. In May 1685 the Parliament treated James generously in financial matters, but by November of the same year it had developed concerns about the direction he was taking, so he prevented it from meeting again. No other parliament was held by James before he fled the country on 18 December 1688 as a result of the Glorious Revolution. James's greatest political problem was his known Roman Catholicism, which left him alienated from both political parties in England, but most of all from the Whigs. Between 1679 and 1681 the Whigs had failed in their attempts to pass the Exclusion Bill to exclude James from the throne, but his brother Charles II had had great trouble in defeating this campaign. James's supporters were the High Anglican Tories. The origins of the Tories as a political faction were in the Abhorrers, those who had opposed the Exclusion Bill. Elections to the House of Commons, especially in the boroughs, were heavily influenced by the king. Following the Exclusion crisis, ninety-nine boroughs had received new charters, the aim being to eliminate the influence of the Whigs. Partly as a result of this, there were only fifty-seven Whigs in the new House of Commons, in which only four years before they had held a majority. Yet the Whigs also lost seats in county constituencies that weren't liable to charter manipulation, dropping from around sixty county seats in 1681 to only eight. In the new parliament, the Tories now had their own majority in both houses, Commons and Lords. The king had summoned parliament for 19 May, when it first met, and on 22 May John Trevor, a Tory and a supporter of James, was confirmed as Speaker of the Commons. The king had appointed Lord Jeffreys as Lord Chancellor. The first session of the parliament lasted from 19 May until 2 July 1685. From 1414 until 1625, it had been customary at the beginning of each new monarch's reign for parliament to grant him or her the duties of tonnage and poundage for life. The parliament of 1625, the first of Charles I's reign, had broken with tradition by granting them for one year only. At the outset of the 1685 debate in the Commons on this matter, Sir Edward Seymour, a Tory, moved that the House conduct an investigation into irregularities about the election of some of its members before granting any revenues to the king, but no-one seconded this motion. The parliament proceeded to give James tonnage and poundage for life and it also gave him high impositions on sugar and tobacco, in defiance of the protests from producers and traders in those commodities. A historian of the period has called the Parliament \"the most loyal Parliament a Stewart ever had\". The unsuccessful Monmouth Rebellion in the south-west of England of June and July 1685, and a smaller simultaneous rebellion in Scotland led by the Earl of Argyll, demonstrated that the country was divided over accepting James as King, but the rebels acted without parliamentary support. In November 1685, Lord Delamere was tried in the House of Lords for treason for his complicity in the Rebellion. James appointed Judge Jeffreys to preside as Lord High Steward, and Jeffreys chose thirty peers as \"Triers\" to sit with him. As Macaulay later pointed out, the thirty men chosen were all \"in politics vehemently opposed to the prisoner\", and fifteen were colonels of regiments, appointments from which the king could remove them. Nevertheless, to James's anger all thirty voted for acquittal, and this marked the end of the period of vengeance upon the rebels. During the Rebellion, James raised substantial forces to oppose it and also commissioned many Roman Catholics to command them. Following the Rebellion, it became clear that unlike his brother, Charles, James had no intention of letting go of the extra forces he had raised and planned to maintain a much larger standing army than before. He was able to do this because parliament had put him in a strong financial position. This raised fears that the country would in future not only be governed by a Popish king but that he would be supported by an army of the same persuasion. On 9 November 1685, James made a speech to Parliament in which he announced that he proposed to do away with the Test Acts which prohibited Roman Catholics from holding public offices, and in particular that he intended to keep many as army officers. This met strong opposition from Tories as well as Whigs. In a crucial vote on 13 November on whether to proceed with supplying funds to the king before discussing the nation's grievances, James's loyalists were defeated by his opponents by one vote, with 182 voting for the court and 183 against. James's response was to prorogue Parliament on 20 November 1685. It did not meet again, with James choosing to silence the opposition of his parliament by a series of prorogations. The first was from 20 November until 15 February 1685/6, the next to 28 April, and the third to 22 November 1686. There were two more prorogations in 1687, and the parliament was finally dissolved by proclamation on 2 July 1687. No further parliaments met before King James was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Although he summoned a parliament in September 1688, with the intention of having it meet in November, the elections to the Commons were cancelled, due to the imminent invasion of William of Orange. After a disastrous campaign against William's forces, James retreated to London before finally fleeing the country on 18 December 1688. An irregular Convention Parliament met on 22 January 1688/9, summoned by William. It consisted of the House of Lords and the surviving members of the Commons from the Oxford Parliament of 1681, the last of Charles II's reign. This assembly invited William III and Mary II to take what it considered to be the vacant throne. The short and stormy history of the Loyal Parliament is depicted in Robert Neil's historical novel \"Lillibulero\". The book's protagonist, a moderate Tory MP, is alarmed by the King's intention to keep a standing army and restore the Catholic Church and is drawn into alliance with the minority Whigs to defy the King - which draws on him the King's anger and ultimately leads to his supporting the Glorious Revolution three years later. Loyal Parliament The Loyal Parliament was the only Parliament of England of King James II, in theory continuing from May 1685 to July 1687, but in practice sitting during 1685 only. It gained its name because at the outset most of its members were loyal to the new king. The Whigs, who had previously resisted James's inheriting the throne, were outnumbered both in the Commons and in the Lords."
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"St. Paul's Church, Antwerp The St. Paul's Church or Sint-Pauluskerk (in Dutch) is a Roman Catholic church located at the Veemarkt in Antwerp. Its exterior is mainly Gothic with a Baroque tower while the interior is characterised by its rich Baroque decoration. The St. Paul's Church is located in the old city center of Antwerp, just a few steps from the Scheldt river, in a district where formerly sailors used to live. A small church was built here by the Dominican Order and consecrated in 1276 by Albertus Magnus. The church is named after the patron saint of the Dominicans, St. Paul. As the church had become exposed to flooding as a result of a change in course of the Scheldt river, the Dominican Prior A. van Leent decided to build a new church on a larger and higher-lying piece of land next to the existing church. The construction designs were probably made by Domien de Waghemakere, a co-designer of the Antwerp Cathedral. After his death in 1542 Rombout de Dryvere is known to have continued as the architect and master builder. The church was taken into partial use in 1548 and the following year the old church was demolished. The new church was completed and dedicated in 1571. In the same year, the Our Lady of the Rosary fraternity was founded in the church to celebrate the Battle of Lepanto in which the Spanish fleet defeated the Turks. Work on the new monastery probably also started around this time. When the Calvinists came to power in Antwerp in 1578, the Dominicans were expelled, the church and monastery were cleared and the nave of the church was transformed into a Calvinist oratory. The transepts and chancel were partially demolished and part of the monastery was used as a cannon foundry of the army. When in 1584 Farnese laid siege to Antwerp to reclaim it for the Spanish throne, he had a bridge built over the Scheldt to block supply to the city. The defenders of the city tried to send fire ships to ignite the bridge. They used materials from the transepts and choir of St. Paul’s Church as ballast in these ships. After the fall of Antwerp in 1585, the Dominican Fathers returned and began to rebuild and refurbish the church and the monastery. The initial phase of the rebuilding of the monastery was undertaken between 1605 and 1616 and reconstruction was completed in 1662. In 1618 the first stone was laid of a new and enlarged choir and transept. In 1639 the new choir was consecrated by the Bishop of Antwerp. During the following decades, the interior of the church was fitted out with Baroque furniture and decoration. The Antwerp sculptor Pieter Verbrugghen I and his workshop made the oak confessionals between 1658 and 1660. The same artist made the oak organ case in the church in 1654 and together with his son Pieter Verbrugghen II he executed the designs for the high altar in 1670. The high altar was dedicated in 1670 by Mgr. Capello of Antwerp. In 1679 a major fire destroyed part of the vaults of the nave and the upper part of the western facade. The damage was repaired in 1680-81 and at the same time the top of the tower was finished in a Baroque style. In 1692 the Venerable Chapel was completed. The Calvary was constructed against the south side of the nave between 1697 and 1747. In 1796 all Dominicans monasteries in the Southern Netherlands were closed down on the order of the French occupiers. At this time all the old church records, containing information about the Dominican Order, the church and the convent, were lost. The church was sold publicly and bought by Dominican Prior Peltiers. He was thus able to save the rich contents of the church. In 1802 the church, the Calvary and part of the monastery were taken over by the city council. The church was consecrated the following year as a parish church, replacing the old, dilapidated St. Walburga Church, which was demolished in 1817. During the Ten Days' Campaign undertaken by the Dutch in 1830 after the Belgian Revolution, a Dutch garrison bombarded Antwerp. The church was damaged and all the 17th century stained glass windows, made after designs by Abraham van Diepenbeeck, were destroyed. In 1833 the interior of the church was changed: the rood screen dating from 1654, which had been executed by Pieter Verbruggen II and his workshop was dismantled to allow an unobstructed view through the nave to the choir. A new rood screen had previously been built on the western side of the nave. In April 1968 a fire destroyed the entire roof of the church, damaged the vaults and the interior, completely burned down the top of the Baroque tower and reduced three-quarters of the monastery to ruins. The restoration works have taken a long time to complete. The exterior is mainly executed in the Brabantine Gothic style and is characterized by the austere architecture with little exterior decoration, which is common in churches of mendicant orders. For the interior walls brick was used, while the outer vestments and structural components are in Ledian sandstone. The tower was rebuilt in the late 17th century with a Baroque top. The baroque portal on the angled corner of Veemarkt and Zwartzustersstraat dates from 1734. In the arch above the gate is a tympanum sculpture by Jan Claudius de Cock of 1734 depicting Our Lady of the Rosary giving the rosary to Saint Dominic and Catherine of Siena, the reformer of the Dominican Order. The columns in St. Paul's Church are cylindrical and are topped by a capital with cabbage leaf motif. The interior decoration is a good example of the Flemish Baroque style in painting as well as church furniture. Among the many works of art in the church are works by major artists such as the Antwerp painters Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Jacob Jordaens, Cornelis de Vos, Gaspar de Crayer, Frans Francken II, Abraham van Diepenbeeck, Theodoor Boeyermans, Artus de Bruyn, Arnout Vinckenborch and Matthys Voet. Pieter Verbrugghen I and his son Pieter Verbrugghen II created a Baroque marble main altar that was constructed around Rubens’ painting \"The vision of St. Dominic\". The Dominicans ordered in 1670 a new painting on the \"Martyrdom of St. Paul\" from Theodoor Boeyermans. This painting and Rubens’ painting were installed in the new main altar and could be shown alternately through a rotating mechanism with hinges. Both paintings were robbed by the French occupiers in 1794 and sent to Paris. In 1811 Napoleon donated the paintings to two regional museums: Rubens' \"St. Dominic\" to the Musée des Beaux Arts in Lyon, and Boeyermans’ \"St. Paul\" to that of Aix-en-Provence. Despite the agreements of the Congress of Vienna of 1815 neither altarpiece was ever returned by France on the pretext that Napoleon had given them to regional museums. The painting \"The Descent from the Cross\" completed by Cornelis Cels in 1807 is now placed in the space occupied by the stolen altarpieces. The St. Paul's Church holds the most impressive array of Baroque confessionals in Belgium. The 10 confessionals, executed around 1659 by Pieter Verbrugghen I with the assistance of his workshop and other sculptors, are divided in groups of five on the side of both aisles. Each confessional is flanked by two statues on either side. The confessionals are not conceived as separate pieces of furniture but are connected by a wooden paneling. The entire wall of each aisle is thus turned into a single united piece of furniture, the iconography of which strives to achieve the same unity and synthesis as the whole structure. The sculptors Artus Quellinus, Pieter Verbrugghen I, Jan Pieter van Baurscheit de Elder and Andries Colyns de Nole created 8 life-size white stone sculptures of Dominican saints between the years 1631 and 1700 which are placed between the windows of the choir. On the south side is the \"Chapel of the Holy Sacrament and of the Sweet Name Jezus\" which has an altar sculpted by Pieter Verbrugghen I and an altar piece by Rubens on \"The Disputation of the Holy Sacrament\". This chapel also holds a Baroque",
"side. The confessionals are not conceived as separate pieces of furniture but are connected by a wooden paneling. The entire wall of each aisle is thus turned into a single united piece of furniture, the iconography of which strives to achieve the same unity and synthesis as the whole structure. The sculptors Artus Quellinus, Pieter Verbrugghen I, Jan Pieter van Baurscheit de Elder and Andries Colyns de Nole created 8 life-size white stone sculptures of Dominican saints between the years 1631 and 1700 which are placed between the windows of the choir. On the south side is the \"Chapel of the Holy Sacrament and of the Sweet Name Jezus\" which has an altar sculpted by Pieter Verbrugghen I and an altar piece by Rubens on \"The Disputation of the Holy Sacrament\". This chapel also holds a Baroque confessional by Willem Kerricx the Elder that was originally placed on the north side of the main entrance. On the north side is the \"Maria Chapel\" with a Baroque altar which was commenced by Huybrecht Van den Eynde, continued by his pupil Sebastiaan de Neve and completed by Jan Pieter van Baurscheit de Elder in 1728. A typical rubensian motif are the dozens of miniature putti and cherubs on the ascending branches of vegetal, Marian symbols on the twisted marble columns. The painting \"Adoration of the shepherds\" by Rubens forms the altar piece. The Maria Chapel also contains a white marble sculpture of \"Our Lady of Sorrows\" by Jan Pieter van Baurscheit de Elder. The church holds elaborate tomb monuments attributed to Johannes van Mildert, Pieter Verbrugghen II and Andries Colyns de Nole. The 17th century organ is regarded as one of the most important organs of Belgium. The monumental organ case was sculpted by Pieter Verbrugghen I after a design by Erasmus Quellinus II. In 1623, the painting \"Madonna of the Rosary\" by Caravaggio arrived in Antwerp probably via the Dutch market. On the initiative of some artists, among whom Peter Paul Rubens, Hendrick van Balen and Jan Brueghel the Elder, the painting was donated as altarpiece to the St. Paul’s Church. Rubens organized the leading Antwerp painters to make a series of 15 paintings on the theme of the \"Mystery of the Rosary Cycle\" to flank the Caravaggio painting. In 1786, Emperor Joseph II of Austria, after ordering the closing of all ‘useless’ monastic orders, claimed the painting of Caravaggio for his art collection. It can now be admired in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. The St. Paul’s Church replaced the original a few years later with a copy made by Andreas Bernardus de Quertenmont, a director of the Antwerp Academy. Caravaggio 's work, which was a princely gift of Antwerp’s leading artists and an expression of their deep religious devotion had become the object of looting by the Austrian rulers. On the outside of the church is a group of statues referred to as the Calvary. It was created on the location of an ancient Dominican cemetery by the brothers van Ketwigh who were Dominican friars. Its design dates from 1697. In 1734 construction of the Calvary was completed but further statues were added up to 1747. It is built as a courtyard and leans on one side against the south aisle of the church and the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament. The structure includes 63 life-size statues and nine reliefs executed in a popular and theatrical style. Most statues are of white stone with some made of wood. Some statues are dated or signed. The principal sculptors were Michiel Van der Voort the Elder, Alexander van Papenhoven and Jan Claudius de Cock with some statues by the hand of father and son Willem Kerricx, Jan Pieter van Baurscheit de Elder and anonymous collaborators. The statues are arranged into four groups: the angel path, which ascends to the Holy Sepulchre, the garden of the prophets on the left, the garden of the evangelists on the right and the Calvary itself, which consists of an elevated artificial rock, divided into three terraces, on which statues are placed with Christ on the cross at the top. St. Paul's Church, Antwerp The St. Paul's Church or Sint-Pauluskerk (in Dutch) is a Roman Catholic church located at the Veemarkt in Antwerp. Its exterior is mainly Gothic with a Baroque tower while the interior is characterised by its rich Baroque decoration. The St. Paul's Church is located in the old city center of Antwerp, just a few steps from the Scheldt river, in a district where formerly sailors used to live. A small church was built here by the Dominican Order and"
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"2004 USA Sevens The 2004 USA Sevens was the first time that the USA Sevens rugby tournament was played. It was held at the Home Depot Center in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson. Argentina defeated New Zealand 21–12 in the cup final to win the tournament. It was Argentina's first victory in a World Series tournament since its inception five years before. The teams were drawn into four pools of four teams each, with each team playing every other team in their pool once. The top two teams from each pool advanced to the Cup/Plate brackets. The bottom two teams from each group went to the Bowl/Shield brackets. 2004 USA Sevens The 2004 USA Sevens was the first time that the USA Sevens rugby tournament was played. It was held at the Home Depot Center in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson. Argentina defeated New Zealand 21–12 in the cup final to win the tournament. It was Argentina's first victory in a World Series tournament since its inception five years before. The teams were drawn into four pools of four teams each, with each team playing every other team in their pool once. The top two teams from each"
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"Magnesium chelatase Magnesium-chelatase is a three-component enzyme that catalyses the insertion of Mg into protoporphyrin IX. This is the first unique step in the synthesis of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll. As a result, it is thought that Mg-chelatase has an important role in channeling intermediates into the (bacterio)chlorophyll branch in response to conditions suitable for photosynthetic growth: The 4 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, protoporphyrin IX, Mg, and HO, whereas its 4 products are ADP, phosphate, Mg-protoporphyrin IX, and H. This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming nitrogen-D-metal bonds in coordination complexes. The systematic name of this enzyme class is Mg-protoporphyrin IX magnesium-lyase. Other names in common use include protoporphyrin IX magnesium-chelatase, protoporphyrin IX Mg-chelatase, magnesium-protoporphyrin IX chelatase, magnesium-protoporphyrin chelatase, magnesium-chelatase, Mg-chelatase, and Mg-protoporphyrin IX magnesio-lyase. This enzyme participates in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. Magnesium chelatase Magnesium-chelatase is a three-component enzyme that catalyses the insertion of Mg into protoporphyrin IX. This is the first unique step in the synthesis of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll. As a result, it is thought that Mg-chelatase has an important role in channeling intermediates into the (bacterio)chlorophyll branch in response to conditions suitable for photosynthetic growth: The 4 substrates of this enzyme"
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"1988 Player's Canadian Open The 1988 Player's International Canadian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. The men's tournament was held at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto in Canada and was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix while the women's tournament was held at the du Maurier Stadium in Montreal in Canada and was part of Tier II of the 1988 WTA Tour. The men's tournament was held from August 8 through August 14, 1988, while the women's tournament was held from August 15 through August 21, 1988. Ivan Lendl defeated Kevin Curren 7–6, 6–2 Gabriela Sabatini defeated Natasha Zvereva 6–1, 6–2 Ken Flach / Robert Seguso defeated Andrew Castle / Tim Wilkison 7–6, 6–3 Jana Novotná / Helena Suková defeated Zina Garrison / Pam Shriver 7–6, 7–6 1988 Player's Canadian Open The 1988 Player's International Canadian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. The men's tournament was held at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto in Canada and was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix while the women's tournament was held at the du Maurier Stadium in Montreal in Canada and was part of Tier II of the 1988 WTA"
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"Charles Yancey Charles Calvin Yancey (born December 28, 1948, in Boston, Massachusetts, United States) is a former member of the Boston City Council. He represented Mattapan and parts of Dorchester. He served as City Council president in 2001. Yancey was born at Massachusetts Memorial Hospital in Boston on December 28, 1948, to Howell Yancey Sr. and Alice W. Yancey. He grew up in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston and was educated in the Boston Public School System. He attended the Philip Brooks Elementary School, the Patrick T. Campbell Junior High School, and Boston Technical High School. He received his Bachelor's Degree in Economics from Tufts University in 1970 and a Master's Degree in Public Administration from Harvard University in 1991. Yancey was first elected to the Boston City Council in November 1983, representing District 4. Terms on the Council are two years; he won a 16th consecutive term in November 2013. Yancey was also a candidate in the 2013 election for Mayor of Boston. In a candidate survey for the mayoral race, Yancey announced positions on issues including keeping a cap on the amount of charter schools in Boston, allowing for a citywide vote on a potential casino bid, and increasing the amount of street workers in Boston to curb youth violence. He finished 9th in a field of 12 candidates in the preliminary election, earning 2.1% of the total vote. In November 2015, Yancey was unseated from the Council by newcomer Andrea Campbell. Yancey received 38.4% of the vote, compared to Campbell's 61.3%. Yancey has taught courses in state and local politics at Bunker Hill Community College in Boston, and received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Mount Ida College in 2001. Charles Yancey Charles Calvin Yancey (born December 28, 1948, in Boston, Massachusetts, United States) is a"
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"Colm Brogan Colm Brogan (20 October 1902 – 28 January 1977) was a Scottish journalist and author. He wrote for \"The Herald\" and also pamphlets for the Conservative Party. His family was originally from Donegal. His brother was the historian Denis William Brogan. He reviewed Whittaker Chambers's posthumous book in \"The Comfort of \"Cold Friday\"\" for \"National Review\" magazine (December 29, 1964). In \"Who are 'the People'?\" published in 1943, he promoted the idea that political ideologies of the Left were responsible for the raise to power of Adolf Hitler. He continued with this thesis in \"Our New Masters\", published in 1947. Colm Brogan Colm Brogan (20 October 1902 – 28 January 1977) was a Scottish journalist and author. He wrote for \"The Herald\" and also pamphlets for the Conservative Party. His family was originally from Donegal. His brother was the historian Denis William Brogan. He reviewed Whittaker Chambers's posthumous book in \"The Comfort of \"Cold Friday\"\" for \"National Review\" magazine (December 29, 1964). In \"Who are 'the People'?\" published in 1943, he promoted the idea that political ideologies of the Left were responsible for the raise to power of Adolf Hitler. He continued with this thesis in \"Our New"
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"The Reckoning (Long novel) The Reckoning is a 2004 thriller/suspense/horror novel by Jeff Long. Molly is a freelance photographer and journalist who has just been offered an assignment by \"The New York Times\": travel to Cambodia to cover a U.S. military search for the body of an American pilot who went down thirty years ago during the Vietnam War. She meets up with the search team and encounters two civilians. One is Duncan O'Brian, a kindly academic and archaeologist who is interested in restoring ancient Khmer temples. The other is John Kleat, the brother of an MIA Vietnam veteran who has dedicated his life to finding the remains of missing American soldiers in Vietnam and Cambodia. There is also a mysterious blond Caucasian man, thin and bedraggled, who is seen from a distance but never approaches the team. After weeks of work the remains of the pilot, or any U.S. servicemen, have still not been discovered. A typhoon is approaching and the search is to be cancelled. At the last moment, Molly randomly begins taking shots with her digital camera, including a shot down a large sinkhole. When she reviews the photo it turns out that the bottom of the sinkhole contains human bones. A search by a Marine lowered on a rope reveals evidence of an American pilot, as well as a Khmer Rouge mass grave. The U.S. military is contacted and agrees to extend the search by a week, but for essential personnel only - meaning that Molly, Duncan, and Kleat are expelled from the dig. In a Phnom Penh restaurant, Kleat fumes angrily that Molly got them kicked off the dig by taking pictures of human remains, something she had been told not to do by the U.S. military. Hours before all three civilians are to depart to return to their respective homes, the mysterious blond man from the dig site approaches, revealing that he has found dog tags of several MIA servicemen, all of the Eleventh Cavalry armor. He reveals that his name is Luke and he speaks with a West Texas accent, and the trio place his age at about twenty. He gives them two hours to decide whether or not to join him – if they agree he will lead them to the resting places of these missing soldiers. Molly, Duncan, and Kleat agree. They quickly recruit the services of Samnang, an elderly Cambodian who speaks fluent English and once studied in the West, and three brothers who operate an expedition-outfitting business of sorts. With the last of their funds, the three civilians purchase an \"expedition package\" that includes the assistance of the three brothers, an aging UN Land Cruiser, a French colonial-era Mercedes truck, and boxes of U.S. military supplies siphoned from similar remains-hunting expeditions. It is night-time and the two-vehicle convoy drives north, into the wilds. After hours of driving the group stops at the edge of the mountainous rain forest, unsure of where to go. Molly spots tread marks of an armored personnel carrier – the heavy vehicle having driven through clay that was then baked in the summer sun, turning rock-hard and resisting the elements for three decades. Knowing that the APCs went into the rain forest and up the mountainside, the group continues in that direction. They soon find an undiscovered ancient Khmer city of massive size, and Luke disappears. The group makes camp, amazed at their find and deciding that remains of the missing group of Eleventh Cavalry soldiers must be inside. As everyone begins to explore the city, they discover both amazing and troubling things. The ancient city, while remaining unpillaged and unvandalized over hundreds of years, is a labyrinth that has been further confused by the overgrown jungle. Quickly, signs of the missing soldiers are discovered, and appear strange: The soldiers, of which there are nine listed as missing, had tried to turn parts of the city into a crude fortress, stringing concertina wire. One morning, during an argument, the group looks up to discover one of the soldiers' two APCs some sixty feet up in a grove of enormous trees - the forest having grown that much in thirty years. Molly, a veteran rock-climber, climbs up to the armored vehicle and attaches a rope. She discovers a terra-cotta head, having been taken from one of the many statues in the city, mounted to the vehicle's exhaust port as a trophy. The group begins descending into argument, dissension, and anger as the days pass. Duncan and Molly want to explore the city and catalog its sites, later to release the findings to the academic world for further exploration. Kleat is only interested in the remains of the soldiers, and is willing to allow the three Cambodian brothers to loot and pillage to keep them satisfied. Samnang sides with Molly and Duncan, but is hated by the three brothers, and is disdained by Kleat, because there is evidence that he was once a member of the Khmer Rouge government. The three brothers, armed with assault rifles, begin growing more aggressive and hostile over time. Molly tricked Kleat into giving her his Glock pistol to prevent him from provoking a slaughter, and hid it away. Finally, the remains of the Eleventh Cav soldiers are found. Some are found in the top room of a large tower. The room was once a shrine to Buddha, with an open roof to serve as an observatory. The soldiers had turned the room into a defensible bunker and had created a large S.O.S. signal on the floor of the room, hoping that aircraft would pass overhead and see it. The room shows evidence of a massive firefight, but no non-American ammunition is found - there is no sign of an enemy. That night Molly is awakened to the sound of gunfire – the three brothers are intoxicated and angry. In the morning it is revealed that they think Samnang had stolen and smashed their loot from the city. Molly and Duncan talk to Kleat, who reveals that he had come upon the brothers beating Samnang with their rifles. Unable to kill Samnang in front of Kleat, the brothers let him go, only to pursue him later. The brothers are also agitated because the jungle, growing faster than ever because of the rains from the approaching typhoon, has encroached on the two vehicles, miring them overnight. Calmly, Duncan placates them, helping them free the Land Cruiser. Deciding to leave that evening, the group breaks into teams: Two brothers will try to free the Mercedes truck from the mud. Another brother, the most Americanized of the trio, will go with Duncan to search for loot to replace that which Samnang had smashed. Molly and Kleat will do the same. Molly makes a grisly discovery - Samnang's artificial leg being gnawed on by gibbons, and then finds another Eleventh Cav body in a bamboo grove - a suicide by self-inflicted gunshot. She calls for the others, and they help her extract the corpse's helmet, remaining scalp and hair, and three teeth. They return to the vehicles, but the Cambodian brother who was with the trio has gotten separated from them. As they wait, Kleat seizes the opportunity and jumps into the Land Cruiser, driving off. The vehicle runs over several land mines, obliterating it. The two brothers, angrily chasing their Land Cruiser, also find themselves in the mine field, and both die. Molly, having run out into the mine field as well, discovers the second APC at the bottom of a bomb-crater lake. Duncan slowly rescues her, using a stick to feel cautiously for mines. Deciding that the mysterious Luke has placed the mines to keep them from leaving the city the way they entered it, Molly and Duncan decide to escape \"through\" the city, leaving out the other side of it. In case Luke is watching from a distance, Molly and Duncan begin removing supplies from the hopelessly-mired truck, giving the impression that they are going to stay through the typhoon. That night Molly, trying to be helpful, opens Duncan's briefcase to find some items that she can rescue (the duo had agreed to leave everything behind in order to travel faster). She discovers that Duncan was the mysterious troublemaker and thief",
"into the mine field as well, discovers the second APC at the bottom of a bomb-crater lake. Duncan slowly rescues her, using a stick to feel cautiously for mines. Deciding that the mysterious Luke has placed the mines to keep them from leaving the city the way they entered it, Molly and Duncan decide to escape \"through\" the city, leaving out the other side of it. In case Luke is watching from a distance, Molly and Duncan begin removing supplies from the hopelessly-mired truck, giving the impression that they are going to stay through the typhoon. That night Molly, trying to be helpful, opens Duncan's briefcase to find some items that she can rescue (the duo had agreed to leave everything behind in order to travel faster). She discovers that Duncan was the mysterious troublemaker and thief from the U.S. military search site. The briefcase is also filled with other mysterious items, including ID cards, tags, and photographs. When she confronts him he seems genuinely confused. Suddenly, Luke arrives, and he and Duncan converse cryptically. Luke is now missing three teeth, and Molly realizes, to her horror, the identity of the soldier in the bamboo grove. She uses Kleat's Glock to shoot Luke who, in death, reveals himself to be the missing Cambodian brother. Molly fears that, in a malaria-induced hallucination, she had imagined seeing Luke and had killed an innocent man. She and Duncan flee through the city, growing weaker from minor injuries sustained the day before in the mine field explosions. Duncan's face becomes injured by what appears to be a gunshot, and Molly tries to help him. They find a sheltered room to rest, and when Molly awakes she finds that Duncan is gone. Searching for him, she discovers the cloth used to bind his jaw on the ground - free of blood. Two more soldiers' bodies are later found. One is a suicide by hanging, while the other man had been a sniper who had completely enclosed himself in a nest of razor wire to prevent anything from getting to him...or to prevent him from going anywhere. Duncan's trail leads to the top room of the tower they group had discovered previously; the observatory room with the remains of the Eleventh Cav men. In the room Molly discovers, under a pile of debris, the body of the soldiers' commander: a young man with a wedding band. To her shock, she discovers that his name is Duncan O'Brian. In his belongings Molly finds a photograph of her mother, who had committed suicide when Molly was a baby. She realizes that Duncan O'Brian, an Army soldier, was her father, and that his death in the war drove her young mother to kill herself. Later, still in the room, she discovers that Duncan O'Brian had been killed by a soldier named John Kleat in retaliation for getting them lost and trapped in the city. The panicked soldiers, trying to hide the death of their commander, had buried their commander under tons of explosive-induced rubble and exiled the killer, Pvt. John Kleat. Molly, unable to see in the dark, is approached by a presence who talks to her. He has a bag full of jade eyes, which had been seen in the skulls of all the intact American soldiers' remains. Horrified, Molly realizes that this mysterious person intends to remove her eyes and replace them with jade. She loses consciousness. When she awakes she is being rescued by members of the U.S. military team from the original dig - Samnang had somehow made it back to civilization and told them about her. It is not revealed if her eyes had indeed been replaced with jade. The novel received relatively positive reviews. Long, J. (2004). \"The Reckoning\". New York: Pocket Star Books https://www.amazon.com/Reckoning-Thriller-Jeff-Long/dp/1451613326/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1292770883&sr=8-1 The Reckoning (Long novel) The Reckoning is a 2004 thriller/suspense/horror novel by Jeff Long. Molly is a freelance photographer and journalist who has just been offered an"
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"The Baudelaire Label The Baudelaire Label is an independent record label based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Artists currently signed to Baudelaire include Jon-Rae and the River, Jill Barber, Andrew Rodriguez, Matthew Barber, The Diableros, and Jewish Legend. Founded in 2004 by Evan Newman, who had left his post as Head of A&R/Media Relations at V2 Records Canada, The Baudelaire Label was named Best Toronto Record Label in Now Magazine in 2006. In 2007, The Baudelaire Label merged with Outside Music and Newman went to head both the Outside Music Label as well as Outside Music Management which represents Jill Barber, Sunparlour Players, The Hylozoists, and Matthew Barber. The Baudelaire Label The Baudelaire Label is an independent record label based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Artists currently signed to Baudelaire include Jon-Rae and the River, Jill Barber, Andrew Rodriguez, Matthew Barber, The Diableros, and Jewish Legend. Founded in 2004 by Evan Newman, who had left his post as Head of A&R/Media Relations at V2 Records Canada, The Baudelaire Label was named Best Toronto Record Label in Now Magazine in 2006. In 2007, The Baudelaire Label merged with Outside Music and Newman went to head both the Outside Music Label as well as"
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"Cattybrook Brickpit Cattybrook Brickpit () is a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest near the village of Almondsbury, South Gloucestershire, notified in 1989. It began as a clay pit and brickworks. The Cattybrook Brick Company was established in 1864. In 1903 Cattybrook also acquired the nearby Shortwood Brickworks. From 1972, they were taken over by the Ibstock Group. The brickworks are located immediately to the North of the Bristol and South Wales Union Railway, then under construction through the Severn Tunnel. By the end of 1883, the tunnel's enormous demand for bricks with which to line the tunnel was taking 100,000 bricks per month from Cattybrook. This was only a small proportion of the tunnel's need though and three other brickworks were supplying the tunnel, 1,200,000 per month in total. After completion of the tunnel, these brickworks and their masons were unemployed, leading to an over-supply of cheap bricks in the area and the first speculative housing developments in the new railway villages such as Rogiet and Pilning. Cattybrook Brickpit Cattybrook Brickpit () is a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest near the village of Almondsbury, South Gloucestershire, notified in 1989. It began as a clay pit and brickworks. The"
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"Wilhelm Hasenclever Wilhelm Hasenclever (19 April 1837, in Arnsberg, Westphalia Province – 3 July 1889, in Berlin-Schöneberg) was a German politician. He was an originally a tanner by trade but later he became a journalist and author. However, he is most well known for his political work in the predecessors of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In 1869 and 1870, Hasenclever was a representative for the General German Workers' Association (\"Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein\", ADAV) in the \"Reichstag\" (parliament) of the North German Confederation. From 1871 on, he was the last president of the ADAV, until it merged with the Social Democratic Workers' Party (\"Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei\", SDAP) to form the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (\"Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands\", SAP). From 1874 to 1888 he was again a social democrat representative in the Reichstag of the German Empire that had been formed in 1871: Originally for the ADAV, later for the SAP. Hasenclever was member of the party board there as well. Together with Wilhelm Liebknecht, he also founded the party paper \"Vorwärts\", the official newspaper of the SPD until the 1990s. Wilhelm Hasenclever was the son of a self-employed tanner. The family had protestant roots and had migrated to the catholic Arnsberg. After visiting secondary school up to the \"Sekunda\" (equivalent to today's Mittlere Reife, a diploma of secondary education below the full-blown Abitur), he learned the tanning trade from his parents. In 1857/58 he was forced into a year of military service; in 1859, another period of military service with the Prussian army in Düsseldorf and Cologne followed. In between and afterwards, Hasenclever - like many artisans of the time - took to the road, taking on various short-term jobs and visiting most member states of the North German Confederation, Switzerland, northern Italy and southern France. His experiences, which made him aware of the problems of the proletariat, greatly influenced his later political stance. Through work in sports clubs, Hasenclever discovered his love of writing and holding speeches. In 1862/63 he became editor for the democratically oriented newspaper \"Westfälische Volkszeitung\" in Hagen. As a journalist, he became aware of the writings of the socialist Ferdinand Lassalle, in particular Lasalle's programme for the working class. This became the foundation of the first German social democrat party, with subgroups in most states of the Confederation: the General German Workers' Association (\"Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein\", ADAV), founded on 13 May 1863 in Leipzig and instigated by Lasalle. During the Second War of Schleswig Hasenclever was once again drafted into the Prussian army for a short time. Shortly after his release he was sentenced to six weeks in prison on grounds of \"Ehrfuhrchtsverletzung gegenüber Sr. Majestät\" (\"Lèse majesté\" against the Prussian king Wilhelm I) due to an article he had written for the \"Rheinische Zeitung\". However, he was acquitted on appeal. After these experiences with the Prussian judicial system he joined the ADAV the same year - only a few months after Lasalle had died in a duel. In 1866 Hasenclever was elected secretary of the ADAV under association president Carl Wilhelm Tölcke. From 1868 to 1870 he was responsible for the party's finances. At the same time, from 1867 to 1869, he ran the tannery in Halver that belonged to his sister. In 1869 Hasenclever became the representative for Duisburg in the \"Reichstag\" (parliament) of the North German Confederation, which had been founded in 1876 after Prussia had won the Austro-Prussian War against Austria. After the election he moved to Berlin. The other ADAV representatives were Friedrich Wilhelm Fritzsche and the anti-Prussian, anti-Marxist Johann Baptist von Schweitzer, who had become president of the ADAV the same year. Also present in the Reichstag was the Social Democratic Workers' Party (\"Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei\", SDAP), with Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel. The party, which was revolutionary and Marxist, had been formed 1869 in Eisenach, Kingdom of Saxony, from the left wing of the Saxon People's Party (\"Sächsische Volkspartei\"). Contrary to the ADAV, the SAP followed a strict anti-Prussian line and worked towards \"\"Großdeutsche\"\" (greater German) unification including Austria and a federal structure, with the goal of constricting the hegemony of Prussia, which was considered reactionary and militaristic by the SAP. That was not only in conflict with the goals of the conservative Prussian president and chancellor of the North German Confederation, Otto von Bismarck, but also with Schweitzer, the controversial leader of the ADAV, who was closer to the chancellor in national matters than the more internationally-oriented SAP. After the end of his first Reichstag period Hasenclever took part in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71. After the victory of the North German Confederation under Prussian leadership, the southern German states Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria joined the Confederation, forming the German Empire with the King of Prussia, Wilhelm I, as \"Kaiser\" (Emperor). So, the \"\"Kleindeutsche\"\" (smaller German) solution had been implemented. Bismarck became \"Reichskanzler\" and leader of the government that had been specified by the Emperor. Shortly afterwards, secret communication between the government and Schweitzer (who was known in the ADAV as an authoritarian, bordering on the dictatorial, leader) became known. Schweitzer stepped down as party leader and ended his political career. In 1871, Hasenclever was elected Schweitzer's successor as the president of the ADAV. In the following years, Bismarck tried to play SDAP and ADAV (both of which he regarded as \"enemies of the Reich\") against each other. The rivalry between the two parties made it easier for the government to harass worker's associations in the whole Reich with raids and searches. As newly elected president of the ADAV, Hasenclever began to give a new direction to the ADAV. That, combined with Bismarck's increasingly restrictive line, led to a party line closer to that of the SDAP. However both parties kept their priorities for the time being and criticized each other for it: reform (ADAV) versus revolution (SDAP), national influence of the worker's movement (ADAV) against proletarian internationalism (SDAP), working towards cooperatives (ADAV) versus working towards trade unions (SDAP). The two papers of the ADAV - \"Der Social-Demokrat\" (\"The Social Democrat\") and \"Der Agitator\" (\"The Agitator\"), both dominated by Schweitzer until he stepped down - now were merged into a new party publication called \"Der Neue Sozial-Demokrat\" (\"The New Social Democrat\"). Editors-in-chief were Hasenclever and his party friend and supporter Wilhelm Hasselmann. Additionally, Hasenclever was editor for the magazine \"Sozial-politische Blätter\" (\"Socio-Political Papers\") and, from 1873 onwards, publisher of the special edition \"Sozialpolitische Blätter zur Unterhaltung und Belehrung der deutschen Arbeiter\" (\"Socio-Political Papers for the Entertainment and Education of the German Workers\"). Under Hasenclever's leadership the ADAV grew from 5300 (1871) to more than 19000 (1873/74) members. \"Der Neue Sozial-Demokrat\" had more than 11000 subscribers. For his publications, Hasenclever got multiple criminal sentences, up to one to three months of prison, for crimes such as \"publicly encouraging criminal acts\", \"libel\" and \"membership in a closed society\". After a hiatus of four years, Hasenclever was once again elected to the Reichstag (which had become the Reichstag of the German Empire), this time representing Altona. Since then, the positions of the ADAV and the SDAP increasingly converged. On a joint party meeting on 5 May 1875 in Gotha, the two parties finally merged, forming the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (\"Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands\", SAP).",
"Under Hasenclever's leadership the ADAV grew from 5300 (1871) to more than 19000 (1873/74) members. \"Der Neue Sozial-Demokrat\" had more than 11000 subscribers. For his publications, Hasenclever got multiple criminal sentences, up to one to three months of prison, for crimes such as \"publicly encouraging criminal acts\", \"libel\" and \"membership in a closed society\". After a hiatus of four years, Hasenclever was once again elected to the Reichstag (which had become the Reichstag of the German Empire), this time representing Altona. Since then, the positions of the ADAV and the SDAP increasingly converged. On a joint party meeting on 5 May 1875 in Gotha, the two parties finally merged, forming the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (\"Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands\", SAP). Hasenclever and Wilhelm Liebknecht, the leaders of the two parties, had struck a compromise that was written down in the Gotha programme (\"Gothaer Programm\") of the SAP. It included toning down the revolutionary goals of the SDAP to work within legal bounds: Additionally, these goals should be reached primarily on a national level, which weakened the internationalist aspect of social democrat politics. The party programme was also much more insistent on furthering cooperative economics than the previous programme of the SDAP. While the Marxist goals of Liebknecht were not gone entirely, Karl Marx himself criticized the more reform-oriented compromise in his \"Kritik des Gothaer Programms\" (\"Critique of the Gotha Programme\") from his exile in London. Hasenclever was on the board of the new SAP in 1975/76 together with Liebknecht and August Bebel. Together with Liebknecht, he founded the new central party publication \"Vorwärts\" (\"Forward\") 1876 in Leipzig. The first issue was published on 1 October 1876. \"Vorwärts\" is still the official publication of the SAP's successor party, the SPD. The same year, Hasenclever moved to Hamburg and founded the \"Hamburg-Altonaer Volksblatt\" (\"Hamburg-Altona People's Paper\") . Additionally, he published a satirical worker's newspaper in Leipzig. Because of the steady increase of support for the social democrats Bismarck tried to suppress the party and related associations more firmly. Two assassination attempts on Kaiser Wilhelm I in May and June 1878 gave him the opportunity to act. Even though he knew the contrary was true, he accused the SAP of commissioning the assassins. After a majority decision of the Conservative and the National Liberal representatives of the Reichstag Bismarck submitted the \"Gesetz gegen die gemeingefährlichen Bestrebungen der Sozialdemokratie\" (\"Law against the highly dangerous endeavors of Social Democracy\", known today as the \"Sozialistengesetze\" in German and \"Anti-Socialist Laws\" in English) for the Kaiser to sign. It prohibited all activities, meetings and publications of the SAP outside of the Reichstag and the \"Landtage\" (state parliaments). It went into effect on 22 October 1878 and was rescinded in 1890 - one year after Hasenclever's death and shortly after Bismarck had been relieved of his post as chancellor by the new Kaiser Wilhelm II. The \"Vorwärts\" was prohibited in this time as well. \"Der Sozialdemokrat\" was one of the few party papers that were distributed illegally in the Reich. It was printed in Zurich since 1880, and in London from 1887. Many Social Democrats were forced to emigrate to neighboring countries, others were jailed for breaching the anti-socialist laws or were expelled from the towns they were living in as \"agitators\". When the government declared the so-called \"Kleiner Belagerungszustand\" (small state of siege) on several cities that were Social Democrat strongholds, these sanctions further increased. Hasenclever, Liebknecht, Bebel and other SAP party members kept their seats in the Reichstag and continued to oppose Bismarck's politics and the parties that supported him. However, they were not allowed to publicly represent Social Democracy within the Reich's borders outside the Reichstag. Even though these heavy sanctions, their seats were confirmed in the next Reichstag elections, in which the SAP continued to gain additional votes. Against Bismarck's intentions, the anti-socialist laws had led to a surge of solidarity in the working class that politicized the workers and moved them closer to the party. Between 1881 an 1890 the number of Reichstag votes for the SAP rose from 312000 in 1881 to more than 1.4 Million in 1890, an increase of more than 450%. That made the SAP the party with the highest number of votes in the Reich. The new \"Sozialgesetzgebung\" (social laws) of the chancellor, which created the basis for a system of social security, failed to stop that trend. Like many socialists, Hasenclever was active with the trade unions during the anti-socialist laws, independent of his party membership. For example, after 1878 he co-founded the \"Berliner Arbeiterbund\" (\"Berlin Worker's Association\"). His publications were partially written under a pen name. Even though he had a seat in the Reichstag, he was forced to change his German place of residence multiple times by the \"Kleiner Belagerungszustand\", since he was expelled from Leipzig in 1881 and from Berlin in 1884. He lived as a self-employed writer in Wurzen, Halle and Dessau. Because he was mostly unable to finance his political work by himself, he had to rely on support by his wife Clara, which owned a cigar trade in Berlin. In the late 1880s Hasenclever increasingly suffered from a neurological and psychiatrical condition that was not specifically diagnosed at the time. This made his political work harder and harder, and in the end impossible. In 1888 he stepped down from the Reichstag, after he had collapsed during the \"Geheimbund-Prozess\" (\"secret society trial\") in Düsseldorf. He tried to regain his health in the \"Maison de la santé\" (French for \"house of health\"), a sanatorium in Schöneberg south of Berlin. There he died, reliant on support by staff and mentally incapable, on 3 July 1889, aged 52. He did not experience the end of the anti-socialist laws and the renaming of the SAP to Social Democratic Party of Germany (\"Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands\", SPD) a year later. He was buried on the \"Friedhof der freireligiösen Gemeinde Berlins\" (\"Cemetery of the independently religious community of Berlin\") on Prenzlauer Berg in Pankow. About 15000 workers attended the funeral. A year later, in 1890, party members of the SPD collected money for a memorial there. Its inscription is \"\"Dem alten Kämpfer für Wahrheit, Freiheit und Recht\"\" (\"To the old fighter for truth, freedom and justice\"). Today, the Wilhelm-Hasenclever-Platz, a square in Berlin-Wedding which features another memorial plaque, is named in his honor. Also, a street in Treptow is named after him. In 1987, Hasenclever's house of birth in Arnsberg was fitted with a memorial plaque as well. Hasenclever's work as a writer went beyond the numerous publications in newspapers and magazines, many of which he had founded himself. He wrote various treatises on sociopolitical problems of the time, but also novellas, poems and songs, in which he addressed the cause of the workers in emotionally and full of pathos. The roots of his poems were the political poems of the Vormärz and were intended to be more political than artistical. In day-to-day politics, however, Hasenclever was regarded as more moderate than other leading Socialists of the time. Inside the party, one of his most controversial works was the treatise \"\"Der Wahrheit die Ehre. Ein Beitrag zur Judenfrage in Deutschland\"\" (\"Truth Honored. A Submission on the Question of Jews in Germany\"), which he had published in 1881 under the pen name \"Wilhelm Revel\". In it, Hasenclever addressed the racist-antisemitic position of Adolf Stoecker, who had founded the Christian Social Party (\"Christlich-soziale Partei\") to promote an anti-Semitic agenda politically. However, by criticizing this \"movement\", which tried",
"in emotionally and full of pathos. The roots of his poems were the political poems of the Vormärz and were intended to be more political than artistical. In day-to-day politics, however, Hasenclever was regarded as more moderate than other leading Socialists of the time. Inside the party, one of his most controversial works was the treatise \"\"Der Wahrheit die Ehre. Ein Beitrag zur Judenfrage in Deutschland\"\" (\"Truth Honored. A Submission on the Question of Jews in Germany\"), which he had published in 1881 under the pen name \"Wilhelm Revel\". In it, Hasenclever addressed the racist-antisemitic position of Adolf Stoecker, who had founded the Christian Social Party (\"Christlich-soziale Partei\") to promote an anti-Semitic agenda politically. However, by criticizing this \"movement\", which tried to attract and subvert the social democrat voters (with limited success), Hasenclever touched upon the anti-Semitic \"ressentiments\" in the worker's movement and showed understanding for their anti-capitalist and anti-intellectual motivations. So, he showed his own latent antisemitical bias, which led to criticism by other leading party members, who saw it as a threat to the official party line of emancipation and assimilation of Jews. Wilhelm Hasenclever Wilhelm Hasenclever"
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"Hrvatski Top Model (season 2) Hrvatski Top Model Season 2 is the second Season of the reality documentary based on Tyra Banks' \"America's Next Top Model\". After an absence of more than two years the show returned in October 3, 2010 with a completely new channel and Vanja Rupena as the new host. The winner will receive a contract with \"Talia Models\"as well as a spread in the Croatian issue of \"Elle Magazine\". The season was aired from October 3 to November 28, 2010. After 9 weeks, Rafaela Franić was named the winner of the second Season beating Nikolina Jurković and Andrea Katkić in the final. \"(ages stated are at start of contest)\" Hrvatski Top Model (season 2) Hrvatski Top Model Season 2 is the second Season of the reality documentary based on Tyra Banks' \"America's Next Top Model\". After an absence of more than two years the show returned in October 3, 2010 with a completely new channel and Vanja Rupena as the new host. The winner will receive a contract with \"Talia Models\"as well as a spread in the Croatian issue of \"Elle Magazine\". The season was aired from October 3 to November 28, 2010. After 9 weeks,"
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"Local health departments in the United States A local health department is a government agency in the United States on the front lines of public health. Local health departments may be entities of local or state government and often report to a mayor, city council, county board of health or county commission. There are approximately 2,800 local health departments across the United States. These city, county, metropolitan, district, and tribal departments work every day to ensure the safety of the water we drink, the food we eat, and the air we breathe. Members of a community may not always see the work done by local health departments, but people live healthier lives and are safer because of the work of local health departments. Local health departments help create and maintain conditions in communities that support healthier choices in areas such as diet, exercise, and tobacco. They lead efforts that prevent and reduce the effects of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cancer. They detect and stop outbreaks of diseases like measles, tuberculosis, and foodborne illnesses. They protect children and adults from infectious diseases through immunization. Local health departments also conduct programs that are shown to effectively make communities healthier. Some local health departments programs include: Local health departments play a central role in providing essential public health services in communities that fall into the following ten categories: Local health departments in the United States A local health department is a government agency in the United States on the front lines of public health. Local health departments may be entities of local or state government and often report to a mayor, city council, county board of health or county commission. There are approximately 2,800 local health departments across the United States. These city, county, metropolitan, district, and tribal departments work every"
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"Kappa Geminorum Kappa Geminorum (κ Geminorum, κ Gem) is a binary star system in the northern zodiac constellation of Gemini. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 3.568. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 23.07 mas, the system is located about 141 light years distant from the Sun. In Chinese astronomy, Kappa Geminorum is called 積薪, Pinyin: Jīxīn, meaning \"Pile of Firewood\", because this star is marking itself and stand alone in \"Pile of Firewood\" asterism, Well mansion (see : Chinese constellation). 積薪 (Jīxīn) westernized into \"Tseih Tsing\", but the name \"Tseih Tsing\" was designated for χ Gem and μ Cnc by R.H. Allen, with the meaning is \"piled-up fuel\" In Japanese, 隆博星 (Takahiro-boshi), meaning \"Esteemed Nobility Star,\" refers to the Japanese description of κ Geminorum. This is a probable astrometric binary system with the components having an angular separation of 7.2 arcseconds along a position angle of 241°, as of 2014. The primary is an evolved G-type giant star with a stellar classification of G9 III. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. It has double the mass of the Sun, but has expanded to 11 times the solar radius. The star radiates around 68 times the Sun's luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,932 K. It shows a leisurely spin with a projected rotational velocity of 3.3 km/s, and is around two billion years old. The secondary component is a magnitude 8.2 star. Kappa Geminorum Kappa Geminorum (κ Geminorum, κ Gem) is a binary star system in the northern zodiac constellation of Gemini. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 3.568. Based upon an annual parallax"
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"War in Donbass The War in Donbass is an armed conflict in the Donbass region of Ukraine. From the beginning of March 2014, protests by pro-Russian and anti-government groups took place in the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine, commonly collectively called the \"Donbass\", in the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution and the Euromaidan movement. These demonstrations, which followed the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation (February to March 2014), and which were part of a wider group of concurrent pro-Russian protests across southern and eastern Ukraine, escalated into an armed conflict between the separatist forces of the self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics (DPR and LPR respectively), and the Ukrainian government. In the Donetsk People's Republic, from May 2014 until a change of the top leadership in August 2014, some of the top leaders were Russian citizens. According to the Ukrainian government, at the height of the conflict in mid-2014, Russian paramilitaries were reported to make up between 15% to 80% of the combatants. Between 22 and 25 August 2014, Russian artillery, personnel, and what Russia called a \"humanitarian convoy\" crossed the border into Ukrainian territory without the permission of the Ukrainian government. Crossings occurred both in areas under the control of pro-Russian forces and in areas that were not under their control, such as the south-eastern part of Donetsk Oblast, near Novoazovsk. These events followed the reported shelling of Ukrainian positions from the Russian side of the border over the course of the preceding month. Head of the Security Service of Ukraine, Valentyn Nalyvaichenko characterised the events of 22 August as a \"direct invasion by Russia of Ukraine\", while other western and Ukrainian officials described the events as a \"stealth invasion\" of Ukraine by Russia. Russia's official position on the presence of Russian forces in Donbass has been vague: while official bodies have denied presence of \"regular armed forces\" in Ukraine, it has on numerous occasions confirmed presence of \"military specialists\", along with other euphemisms, usually accompanied by an argument that Russia \"was forced\" to deploy them to \"defend the Russian-speaking population\". As a result of the August 2014 events, DPR and LPR insurgents regained much of the territory they had lost during the Ukrainian government's preceding military offensive. Ukraine, Russia, the DPR and the LPR signed an agreement to establish a ceasefire, called the Minsk Protocol, on 5 September 2014. Violations of the ceasefire on both sides became common. Amidst the solidification of the line between insurgent and government-controlled territory during the ceasefire, warlords took control of swaths of land on the insurgent side, leading to further destabilisation. The ceasefire completely collapsed in January 2015, with renewed heavy fighting across the conflict zone, including at Donetsk International Airport and at Debaltseve. Involved parties agreed to a new ceasefire, called Minsk II, on 12 February 2015. Immediately following the signing of the agreement, separatist forces launched an offensive on Debaltseve and forced Ukrainian forces to withdraw from it. In the months after the fall of Debaltseve, minor skirmishes continued along the line of contact, but no territorial changes occurred. This state of stalemate led to the war being labelled a \"frozen conflict\"; the area stayed a war zone, with dozens of soldiers and civilians killed each month. In 2017, on average one Ukrainian soldier died in combat every three days, with the number of Russian and seperatist troops remaining in the region estimated at 6,000 and 40,000 respectively. By the end of 2017, OSCE observatory mission had accounted for around 30,000 individuals in military-style dress crossing from Russia to Donbass just at two border checkpoints it was allowed to monitor. Since the start of the conflict there have been more than twenty ceasefires, each intended to remain in force indefinitely, but none of them stopped the violence.<ref name=\"tass.com/world/1027270\"></ref> The most successful attempt to halt the fighting was in 2016, when a ceasefire held for six consecutive weeks. The latest ceasefire came into force on 29 August 2018, and failed the same day. Attempts to seize the Donetsk Regional State Administration (RSA) building began since pro-Russian protests erupted in the eastern and southern regions of Ukraine, in the wake of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution. Pro-Russian protesters occupied the Donetsk RSA from 1–6 March, before being removed by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU). On 6 April, 1,000–2,000 people gathered at a rally in Donetsk to demand a status referendum similar to the one held in Crimea in March. The demonstrators stormed the RSA building, and took control of its first two floors. They said that if an extraordinary legislative session was not held by regional officials to implement a status referendum, they would take control of the regional government with a \"people's mandate\", and dismiss all elected regional councillors and members of parliament. As these demands were not met, the activists held a meeting in the RSA building, and voted in favour of independence from Ukraine. They proclaimed the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR). Concurrent to the events in Donetsk, armed forces led by Russian operative Igor Girkin stormed and occupied government buildings in other regional centres beginning on 12 April. Unrest in Luhansk Oblast began on 6 April, when approximately 1,000 activists seized and occupied the SBU building in the city of Luhansk, following similar occupations in the cities of Donetsk and Kharkiv. Protesters barricaded the building, and demanded that all arrested separatist leaders be released. Police were able to retake control of the building, but the demonstrators regathered for a 'people's assembly' outside the building and called for a 'people's government', demanding either federalisation or incorporation into the Russian Federation. At this assembly, they elected Valery Bolotov to the position of \"People's Governor\". Two referendums were announced, one on 11 May to determine whether the region should seek some form of autonomy, and a second scheduled for 18 May to determine whether the region should join the Russian Federation, or declare independence. The Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) was declared on 27 April. Representatives of the Republic demanded that Ukrainian government provide amnesty for all protesters, enshrine Russian as an official language, and hold a referendum on the status of the region. They issued an ultimatum that stated that if Kiev did not meet their demands by 14:00 on 29 April, they would launch an insurgency in tandem with that of the Donetsk People's Republic. Unmarked separatist militants seized the Donetsk city office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on 12 April without resistance. Following negotiations between the militants and those in the building, the chief of the office resigned from his post. Officers from the Berkut special police force, which had been dissolved by the government following the February revolution, took part in the seizure on the separatists' side. After having gained control of the Donetsk RSA and having declared the Donetsk People's Republic, pro-Russian groups vowed to fan out and take control of strategic infrastructure across Donetsk Oblast, and demanded that public officials who wished to continue their work swear allegiance to the Republic. By 14 April, pro-Russian separatists had taken control of government buildings in many other cities within the oblast, including Mariupol, Horlivka, Sloviansk, Kramatorsk, Yenakiieve, Makiivka, Druzhkivka, and Zhdanivka. Following this seizure of the Donetsk RSA, the militants began to expand their control across the city. The municipal administration building was stormed and occupied by the insurgents on 16 April. Further",
"revolution, took part in the seizure on the separatists' side. After having gained control of the Donetsk RSA and having declared the Donetsk People's Republic, pro-Russian groups vowed to fan out and take control of strategic infrastructure across Donetsk Oblast, and demanded that public officials who wished to continue their work swear allegiance to the Republic. By 14 April, pro-Russian separatists had taken control of government buildings in many other cities within the oblast, including Mariupol, Horlivka, Sloviansk, Kramatorsk, Yenakiieve, Makiivka, Druzhkivka, and Zhdanivka. Following this seizure of the Donetsk RSA, the militants began to expand their control across the city. The municipal administration building was stormed and occupied by the insurgents on 16 April. Further actions by the separatists resulted in the capture of the offices of the regional state television network on 27 April. After capturing the broadcasting centre, the militants began to broadcast Russian television channels. On 4 May, the flag of the Donetsk People's Republic was raised over the police headquarters in Donetsk city proper. In response to the widening unrest, the acting Ukrainian President, Oleksandr Turchynov, vowed to launch a major \"anti-terror\" operation against separatist movements in Donetsk Oblast. The Minister of Internal Affairs, Arsen Avakov, said on 9 April that the unrest in Donetsk Oblast would be resolved within forty-eight hours, either through negotiations or the use of force. President Oleksandr Turchynov signed a decree to retake the Donetsk RSA building, and place it \"under state protection,\" and offered amnesty to the demonstrators if they laid down their arms. A group of masked pro-Russian militants under the command of a retired FSB officer Igor Girkin took control of the city administration building, police offices, and SBU building in Sloviansk, a city in the northern part of Donetsk Oblast, on 12 April. After militants took over the city, Sloviansk mayor Nelya Shtepa briefly appeared at an occupied police station, and expressed support for the militants. Others gathered outside the building, and similarly voiced their support for the militants. They told Ukrainian journalists who were reporting on the situation to \"go back to Kiev\". Nelya Shtepa was later detained by the insurgents, and replaced by the self-proclaimed \"people's mayor\" Vyacheslav Ponomarev. The militants gained control of the city's police weapons cache and seized hundreds of firearms, which prompted the Ukrainian government to launch a \"counter-terrorism\" operation to retake the city. This government counter-offensive began on the morning of 13 April. As a result, an entrenched standoff between pro-Russian forces and the Armed Forces of Ukraine ensued, marking the start of combat in Donbass. The city remained under siege until 5 July, when Ukrainian forces recaptured it, with an estimated 15–20,000 people displaced by the fighting. Mayor Shtepa was arrested on 11 July 2014 for allegedly colluding with pro-Russian forces. In Kramatorsk, a city in northern Donetsk Oblast, separatists attacked a police station on 13 April, resulting in a shootout. The fighters, members of the Donbass People's Militia, later captured the police station. They removed the police station's sign and raised the flag of the Donetsk People's Republic over the building. They then issued an ultimatum that stated that if the city's mayor and administration did not swear allegiance to the Republic by the following Monday, they would remove them from office. Concurrently, a crowd of demonstrators surrounded the city administration building, captured it, and raised the Donetsk People's Republic flag over it. A representative of the Republic addressed locals outside the occupied police station, but was received negatively and booed. After a government counter-offensive as part of the \"anti-terror\" operation in Donetsk Oblast on 2–3 May, the insurgents were routed from Kramatorsk's occupied SBU building. Despite this, Ukrainian troops quickly withdrew from the city for unknown reasons, and the separatists quickly regained control. Sporadic fighting continued until 5 July, when the insurgents withdrew from Kramatorsk. Militants attempted to seize the police headquarters in Horlivka on 12 April, but were halted. \"Ukrayinska Pravda\" reported that police said that the purpose of the attempted seizure was to gain access to a weapons cache. They said that they would use force if needed to defend the building from \"criminals and terrorists\". By 14 April, however, militants had captured the building after a tense standoff with the police. Some members of the local police unit had defected to the Donetsk People's Republic earlier in the day, whilst the remaining officers were forced to retreat, allowing the insurgents to take control of the building. The local chief of police was captured and badly beaten by the insurgents. A Horlivka city council deputy, Volodymyr Rybak, was kidnapped by masked men believed to be pro-Russian militants on 17 April. His body was later found in a river on 22 April. The city administration building was seized on 30 April, solidifying separatist control over Horlivka. Self-proclaimed mayor of Horlivka Volodymyr Kolosniuk was arrested by the SBU on suspicion of participation in \"terrorist activities\" on 2 July. Donetsk People's Republic activists took control of the city administration building in Mariupol on 13 April. The Ukrainian government claimed to have \"liberated\" the building on 24 April, but this was denied by locals interviewed by the BBC near the building. Clashes between government forces and pro-Russian groups escalated in early May, when the city administration building was briefly retaken by the Ukrainian National Guard. The pro-Russian forces quickly took the building back. Militants then launched an attack on a local police station, leading the Ukrainian government to send in military forces. Skirmishes between the troops and local demonstrators caused the city administration building to be set on fire. Government forces, however, were unsuccessful in forcing out the pro-Russians, and only further inflamed tensions in Mariupol. On 16 May, however, Metinvest steelworkers, along with local police and security forces, routed the insurgents from the city administration and other occupied government buildings in the city. Most insurgents left the city, and those few remaining were said to be unarmed. Despite this, the headquarters of the Donetsk People's Republic in the city remained untouched, and pro-Russian demonstrators could still be seen outside the burnt city administration. Ukrainian troops gained control of the city on 13 June, with assistance from the National Guard. The headquarters of the DPR was captured. Mariupol was then declared the provisional capital of Donetsk Oblast, in place of Donetsk city, which was occupied by separatists. Many smaller cities across the Donbass fell to the separatists. In Artemivsk on 12 April, separatists failed to capture the local Ministry of Internal Affairs office, but instead captured the city administration building and raised the Donetsk People's Republic flag over it. The city administration buildings in Yenakiieve and Druzhkivka were also captured. Police repelled an attack by pro-Russian militants upon an office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Krasnyi Lyman on 12 April, but the building was later captured by the separatists after a skirmish. Insurgents affiliated with the Donbass People's Militia occupied a regional administration building in Khartsyzk on 13 April, followed by a local administration building in Zhdanivka on 14 April. Demonstrators hoisted the flag of the Donetsk People's Republic over the city administration buildings in Krasnoarmiisk and Novoazovsk on 16 April. The local administration building in Siversk was similarly captured on 18 April. Following the takeover, local police announced that",
"People's Republic flag over it. The city administration buildings in Yenakiieve and Druzhkivka were also captured. Police repelled an attack by pro-Russian militants upon an office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Krasnyi Lyman on 12 April, but the building was later captured by the separatists after a skirmish. Insurgents affiliated with the Donbass People's Militia occupied a regional administration building in Khartsyzk on 13 April, followed by a local administration building in Zhdanivka on 14 April. Demonstrators hoisted the flag of the Donetsk People's Republic over the city administration buildings in Krasnoarmiisk and Novoazovsk on 16 April. The local administration building in Siversk was similarly captured on 18 April. Following the takeover, local police announced that they would co-operate with the activists. On 20 April, separatists in Yenakiieve left the city administration building there which they had occupied since 13 April. Despite this, by 27 May the city was still not under Ukrainian government control. Pro-Russian demonstrators in Kostiantynivka burnt down the offices of a newspaper that had been critical of the DPR on 22 April. 70 to 100 insurgents armed with assault rifles and rocket launchers attacked an armoury in Artemivsk on 24 April. The depot housed around thirty tanks. Ukrainian troops attempted to fight off the insurgents, but were forced to retreat after a substantial number of men were wounded by insurgent fire. The Minister of Internal Affairs, Arsen Avakov, said that the insurgents were led by a man with \"an extensive beard\", referring to the Russian militant Alexander Mozhaev. Some thirty militants seized the police headquarters in Konstantinovka on 28 April. On the next day, a city administration building in Pervomaisk was overrun by Luhansk People's Republic insurgents, who then raised their flag over it. On the same day, militants seized control over the city administration building in Alchevsk. In Krasnyi Luch, the city administration conceded to demands by separatist activists to support the referendums on the status of Donetsk and Luhansk being held on 11 May, and followed by raising the Russian flag over the city administration building. Insurgents occupied the city administration building in Stakhanov on 1 May. Later in the week, they captured the local police station, business centre, and SBU building. Activists in Rovenky occupied a police building on 5 May, but quickly left it. On the same day, the police headquarters in Slovianoserbsk was seized by members of the Army of the South-East, which is affiliated with the Luhansk People's Republic. The town of Antratsyt was occupied by a number of renegade Don Cossacks. Insurgents went on to seize the prosecutor's office in Sievierodonetsk on 7 May. On the next day, supporters of the Luhansk People's Republic captured government buildings in Starobilsk. Arsen Avakov, the Minister of Internal Affairs, said on 9 April that the separatist problem would be resolved within forty-eight hours, through either negotiations or the use of force. \"There are two opposite ways for resolving this conflict – a political dialogue and the heavy-handed approach. We are ready for both,\" he said, according to the Ukrinform state news agency. At the time, President Oleksandr Turchynov had already signed a decree which called for the Donetsk Regional State Administration building, which had been occupied by separatists, to be taken \"under state protection\". He offered amnesty to any separatists who laid down their arms and surrendered. By 11 April, the Prime Minister, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, said that he was against the use of \"law enforcement\" at the time, but that \"there was a limit\" to how much the Ukrainian government would tolerate. In response to the spread of separatist control throughout Donetsk Oblast, and the refusal of the separatists to lay down their arms, Turchynov vowed to launch a military counter-offensive operation against insurgents in the region on 15 April. As part of the counter-offensive, Ukrainian troops re-took the airfield in Kramatorsk after a skirmish with members of the Donbass People's Militia. At least four people died as a result. After the Armed Forces of Ukraine re-took the airfield, the commanding general of the unit that had retaken it, Vasyliy Krutov, was surrounded by hostile protesters who demanded to know why the Ukrainian troops had fired upon local residents. Krutov was then dragged back to the airbase along with his unit. They were then blocked by the protesters, who vowed not to let the troops leave the base. Krutov later told reporters that \"if they [the separatists] do not lay down their arms, they will be destroyed\". Donbass People's Militia insurgents entered Sloviansk on 16 April, along with six armoured personnel carriers they claimed to have obtained from the 25th Airborne Brigade, which had surrendered in the city of Kramatorsk. Reports say members of the brigade were disarmed after the vehicles were blocked from passing by angry locals. In another incident, several hundred residents of the village of Pchyolkino, south of Sloviansk, surrounded another column of fourteen Ukrainian armoured vehicles. Following negotiations the troops were allowed to drive their vehicles away, but only after agreeing to surrender the magazines from their assault rifles. These incidents led President Turchynov to disband the 25th Airborne Brigade. Three members of the Donbass People's Militia were killed, eleven wounded, and sixty-three were arrested after they attempted and failed to storm a National Guard base in Mariupol. Turchynov relaunched the stalled counter-offensive against pro-Russian insurgents on 22 April, after two men, one a local politician, were found \"tortured to death\". The politician, Volodymyr Rybak, was found dead near Sloviansk after having been abducted by pro-Russian insurgents. Turchynov said that \"the terrorists who effectively took the whole Donetsk Oblast hostage have now gone too far\". The Internal Affairs Ministry reported that the city of Sviatogorsk, near Sloviansk, was retaken by Ukrainian troops on 23 April. In addition, the Defence Ministry said it had taken control over all points of strategic importance in the area around Kramatorsk. The Internal Affairs Minister, Arsen Avakov, said on 24 April that Ukrainian troops had captured the city administration in Mariupol, after a clash with pro-Russian demonstrators there. Despite this, a report by the BBC said that whilst it appeared that Ukrainian troops and the mayor of Mariupol did enter the building in the early morning, Ukrainian troops had abandoned it by the afternoon. Local pro-Russian activists blamed Ukrainian nationalists for the attack upon the building, but said that the DPR had regained control. A representative of the Republic, Irina Voropoyeva, said \"We, the Donetsk People's Republic, still control the building. There was an attempted provocation but now it's over\". On the same day, Ukrainian government officials said that the Armed Forces had intended to retake the city of Sloviansk, but that an increased threat of \"Russian invasion\" halted these operations. Russian forces had mobilised within of the Ukrainian border. The officials said that seven troops were killed during the day's operations. President Turchynov issued a statement later in the day, and said that the \"anti-terrorist\" operation would be resumed, citing the ongoing hostage crisis in Sloviansk as a reason. By 6 May, fourteen Ukrainian troops had died and sixty-six had been injured in the fighting. Early in the morning on 7 May, the National Guard retook the city administration in Mariupol after heavy fighting with insurgents overnight. Anti-government demonstrators said that government forces had used a \"toxic gas\" during the operation, resulting in injuries when the demonstrators tried to re-occupy the building after the National Guard withdrew. By 7 May, the flag of the DPR was once",
"forces had mobilised within of the Ukrainian border. The officials said that seven troops were killed during the day's operations. President Turchynov issued a statement later in the day, and said that the \"anti-terrorist\" operation would be resumed, citing the ongoing hostage crisis in Sloviansk as a reason. By 6 May, fourteen Ukrainian troops had died and sixty-six had been injured in the fighting. Early in the morning on 7 May, the National Guard retook the city administration in Mariupol after heavy fighting with insurgents overnight. Anti-government demonstrators said that government forces had used a \"toxic gas\" during the operation, resulting in injuries when the demonstrators tried to re-occupy the building after the National Guard withdrew. By 7 May, the flag of the DPR was once again flying over the building. Ukrainian troops launched another attack on insurgents in Mariupol on 9 May. During an assault on an occupied police building, that building was set alight by government forces, causing the insurgents to flee. Arsen Avakov said that sixty insurgents attacked the police building, not Ukrainian troops, and that the police and other government forces had managed to repel the insurgents. Between six and twenty militants were killed, along with one police officer. Four militants were captured, and five policemen were wounded. One armoured personnel carrier was captured by pro-Russian protesters during the fighting. After the clashes, pro-Russian forces built barricades across the city centre. Concurrently, \"Ukrainian National News\" said that separatists attempted to disarm Ukrainian troops near Donetsk. The troops resisted by firing warning shots, and arresting one-hundred of the separatists. Also, an unnamed Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) priest attempted to negotiate with separatists near Druzhkivka, but was later killed after being shot eight times. This was confirmed by the Church and the Prosecutor's Office. It was reported on 12 May that, following the local autonomy referendum, the Donbass People's Militia leader Igor Girkin declared himself \"Supreme Commander\" of the Donetsk People's Republic. In his decree, he demanded that all military stationed in the region swear an oath of allegiance to him within 48 hours, and said that all remaining Ukrainian military in the region would be \"destroyed on the spot.\" He then petitioned the Russian Federation for military support to protect against \"the threat of intervention by NATO\" and \"genocide.\" Pavel Gubarev, president of Donetsk People's Republic, instituted martial law on 15 May, and vowed for \"total annihilation\" of Ukrainian forces if they did not pull out of the Donbass by 21:00. Similarly, the president of the Luhansk People's Republic, Valery Bolotov, declared martial law on 22 May. The Donetsk-based steel magnate Rinat Akhmetov called on his 300,000 employees within the Donetsk region to \"rally against separatists\" on 20 May. Sirens sounded at noon at his factories to signal the beginning of the rally. A so-called \"Peace March\" was held in the Donbass Arena in Donetsk city, accompanied by cars sounding their horns at noon. BBC News and \"Ukrayinska Pravda\" reported that some vehicles were attacked by separatists, and that gunmen had warned the offices of several city taxi services not to take part. In response to Akhmetov's refusal to pay taxes to the Donetsk People's Republic, on 20 May the chairman of the State Council of the DPR, Denis Pushilin, announced that the Republic would attempt to nationalise Akhmetov's assets. On 25 May, between 2,000 and 5,000 protesters marched to Akhmetov's mansion in Donetsk city, and demanded the nationalisation of Akhmetov's property, while chanting \"Akhmetov is an enemy of the people!\". Eighteen soldiers were killed during an insurgent attack upon an army checkpoint near the city of Volnovakha, on 22 May. Three armoured personnel carriers and several lorries were destroyed in the attack, whilst one insurgent was killed. On the same day, a convoy consisting of one-hundred soldiers attempted to cross a bridge at Rubizhne, near Luhansk, and advance into insurgent-held territory. They were ambushed by a group of between 300 and 500 insurgents. After fighting that lasted throughout the day, the soldiers were forced to retreat. Between two and fourteen soldiers, and seven and twenty insurgents were killed during the fighting. Three army infantry combat vehicles and one lorry were destroyed, and another three armoured vehicles were captured by the insurgents. The Internal Affairs Ministry stated that some insurgents had attempted to enter Luhansk Oblast from Russia, but had been repelled by border guards. Following a declaration by Pavel Gubarev establishing the \"New Russia Party\" on 22 May, representatives of the Donetsk and Luhansk republics signed an agreement creating the confederative state of New Russia. Separatists planned to incorporate most of Ukraine's southern and eastern regions into the new confederation, including the key cities of Kharkiv, Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv, Zaporizhia and Odessa. The declaration signed established the position of Russian Orthodoxy as the state religion and an intention to nationalise key industries. A unit of the pro-government Donbas Battalion volunteer paramilitary attempted to advance on a separatist checkpoint near the village of Karlivka, northwest of Donetsk city, on 23 May. They were ambushed by a group of between 150 and 200 separatists, supported by one of the captured armoured personnel carriers. The pro-government paramilitary was surrounded by the separatists, and outnumbered six to one, until fighters affiliated with the nationalist Right Sector broke through the separatist lines to allow some members of the group to escape. Five members of the Donbas Battalion were killed, along with four separatists. Twenty of the pro-government paramilitaries were wounded, and at least four were captured. The involvement of Right Sector was disputed by the leadership of the Donbas Battalion. Pro-Russian leader Igor Bezler said that he executed all of the captured paramilitaries. Another separatist leader confirmed four of their fighters were killed, and also said that ten pro-government paramilitaries and two civilians died. During the same day, two pro-Russian separatists were killed during an assault by the pro-government \"Ukraine Battalion\" paramilitary on an occupied local government building in Torez. On the morning of 26 May, 200 pro-Russian insurgents, including members of the Vostok Battalion, captured the main terminal of the Donetsk International Airport, erected roadblocks around it, and demanded that government forces withdraw. Soon after these demands were issued, the Ukrainian National Guard issued an ultimatum to the separatists, asking them to surrender. This was subsequently rejected. Government forces then launched an assault on separatist positions at the airport with paratroopers and airstrikes. Attack helicopters were also used by government forces. They targeted a separatist-operated anti-aircraft gun. An estimated forty insurgents died in the fighting, with some civilians caught in the crossfire. Between fifteen and thirty-five insurgents were killed in a single incident, when two lorries carrying wounded fighters away from airport were destroyed in an ambush by government forces. During the fighting at the airport, Druzhba Arena in Donetsk city was ransacked by pro-Russian insurgents, who looted the building and destroyed surveillance equipment, and set it ablaze. Concurrently, Donetsk police said the insurgents had killed two policemen in the nearby town of Horlivka. \"The Moscow Times\" reported that the two men had been executed for \"breaking their oath to the Donetsk People's Republic\". Luhansk People's Republic-affiliated insurgents attacked a Ukrainian National Guard unit in the early hours of 28 May. \"RIA Novosti\" reported that eighty National Guard members",
"in the crossfire. Between fifteen and thirty-five insurgents were killed in a single incident, when two lorries carrying wounded fighters away from airport were destroyed in an ambush by government forces. During the fighting at the airport, Druzhba Arena in Donetsk city was ransacked by pro-Russian insurgents, who looted the building and destroyed surveillance equipment, and set it ablaze. Concurrently, Donetsk police said the insurgents had killed two policemen in the nearby town of Horlivka. \"The Moscow Times\" reported that the two men had been executed for \"breaking their oath to the Donetsk People's Republic\". Luhansk People's Republic-affiliated insurgents attacked a Ukrainian National Guard unit in the early hours of 28 May. \"RIA Novosti\" reported that eighty National Guard members subsequently surrendered to the insurgents, whilst the National Guard issued a statement that said \"there have been losses both in the ranks of the military unit and the attacking side.\" At least one separatist and one soldier died in the fighting. Mykhailo Koval, the Minister of Defence, said on 30 May that Ukrainian government forces had \"completely cleared\" the insurgents from the southern and western parts of Donetsk Oblast and the northern part of Luhansk Oblast. Meanwhile, an internal coup replaced the leadership of the Donetsk People's Republic, and some bodies of Russian fighters killed in the airport battle were repatriated to Russia. Two separatists were killed in a skirmish with Ukrainian border guards on 31 May. Two days later, five separatists were killed when 500 separatists attacked a border post in Luhansk Oblast. Eleven border guards and eight separatists were wounded during the fighting, which also killed one civilian. On 2 June, eight people were killed and more than 20 wounded by a series of explosions hitting the occupied RSA building in Luhansk city. Separatists blamed the incident on a government airstrike, while Ukrainian officials denied this, and claimed that the explosions were caused by a stray surface-to-air missile fired by insurgents. The OSCE published a report on the next day, stating that based on \"limited observation\", they believed that the explosion was caused by an airstrike, verifying separatist claims. A CNN investigation found clear evidence that the attack came from the air and the pattern of the craters suggested use of standard equipment on the Su-25, a ground-attack fighter, and the Su-27 – both combat aircraft operated by Ukraine. Analysis of Radio Liberty also concluded that \"\"Despite Denials, All Evidence For Deadly Explosion Points To Kyiv\"\". CNN believes that it was the first time that civilians have been killed in an attack by the Ukrainian air force during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Donbass. Next day Luhansk People's Republic declared a three-day mourning in the city. Government forces destroyed a separatist stronghold in Semenivka, and regained control of Krasnyi Lyman on 3 June. Two soldiers were killed in the fighting, and forty-five were wounded. A spokesman for the Armed Forces of Ukraine said that 300 insurgents were killed during the operation, and that 500 were wounded. Insurgents said they lost between ten and fifty men. They said that at least twenty-five were killed while in hospital at Krasnyi Lyman. None of these reports were independently confirmed, and both sides denied the other's accounts of the battle. On the next day, insurgents captured the besieged Luhansk border post, as well as a National Guard base near Luhansk city. The fighting in these areas left six insurgents dead, and three government soldiers wounded. Another border post was captured by the insurgents in Sverdlovsk. The National Guard base fell after guardsmen ran out of ammunition. Separatists had earlier seized vast quantities of munitions from the captured border post. Another border post was attacked on 5 June, in the village of Marynivka. Government officials said that between fifteen and sixteen insurgents were killed and that five soldiers were injured as well. A shootout between rival separatist groups in Donetsk city took place on 7 June, near the Donetsk RSA. The vice-president of the Donetsk People's Republic, Maxim Petrukhin, was killed in the fighting, and president Denis Pushilin was wounded. Ukrainian officials said that Russia had allowed tanks to cross the Russo-Ukrainian border into Donetsk Oblast on 11 June. Internal Affairs Minister Arsen Avakov said \"we have observed columns passing with armoured personnel carriers, other armoured vehicles and artillery pieces, and tanks which, according to our information, came across the border and this morning were in Snizhne\". He continued by saying Ukrainian forces had destroyed part of the column, and that fighting was still under way. Reuters correspondents confirmed the presence of three tanks in Donetsk city, and the US State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research also said that Russia had indeed sent tanks, along with other heavy weapons, to the separatists in Ukraine. The weapons sent are said to include: a column of three T-64 tanks, several BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launchers, and other military vehicles. \"Russia will claim these tanks were taken from Ukrainian forces, but no Ukrainian tank units have been operating in that area,\" the State Department said in a statement. \"We are confident that these tanks came from Russia.\" The newly elected Ukrainian president, Petro Poroshenko, said that it was \"unacceptable\" for tanks to be crossing into Ukraine. Russia called the reports \"another fake piece of information.\" Nevertheless, the three tanks were later spotted moving through Makiivka and Torez, flying the flag of the Russian Federation. Insurgents confirmed that they had obtained three tanks, but leaders refused to elaborate on how they acquired them; one militant told reporters that they originated \"from a military warehouse.\" The president of the DPR, Denis Pushilin, stated that the three tanks would be stationed in Donetsk city, and that they gave his forces \"at least some hope of defending [Donetsk] because heavy weapons are already being used against us.\" Konstantin Mashovets, a former Ukrainian Defence Ministry official, said the tanks had likely been seized by Russian forces in Crimea before making their way into mainland Ukraine. Anton Heraschenko, an advisor to Arsen Avakov, confirmed at a briefing in Kiev that the tanks were once in the possession of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in Crimea, and that they had been transferred by sea to Russia before crossing the border into Ukraine. On the day after the tank incursion, three soldiers were killed when they were ambushed by insurgents in Stepanivka. Heavy fighting resumed during the morning of 13 June, when the government launched a new attack against insurgents in Mariupol. Ukrainian troops managed to recapture the city, and declared it the \"provisional capital\" of Donetsk Oblast until the government regains control over Donetsk city. Meanwhile, an agreement between the Minister of Internal Affairs, Arsen Avakov, and the president of the DPR, Denis Pushilin, meant to create a ceasefire and allow civilians to escape the violence in Sloviansk failed, with both sides blaming each other for launching new attacks. During the next morning, a convoy of border guardsmen was attacked by insurgents while passing Mariupol, leaving at least five of the guardsmen dead. A Ukrainian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76MD was shot down by forces aligned with the Luhansk People's Republic on 14 June. The aircraft was preparing to land at Luhansk International Airport, and was carrying troops and equipment from an undisclosed location. All forty-nine people on board died. Meanwhile, two T-72 tanks entered Donetsk, and a skirmish erupted at a military checkpoint in Luhansk, lasting two days. Late on 19 June, a battle fought with tanks and armoured vehicles broke out in town of Yampil, near government-held Krasnyi Lyman. Up",
"escape the violence in Sloviansk failed, with both sides blaming each other for launching new attacks. During the next morning, a convoy of border guardsmen was attacked by insurgents while passing Mariupol, leaving at least five of the guardsmen dead. A Ukrainian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76MD was shot down by forces aligned with the Luhansk People's Republic on 14 June. The aircraft was preparing to land at Luhansk International Airport, and was carrying troops and equipment from an undisclosed location. All forty-nine people on board died. Meanwhile, two T-72 tanks entered Donetsk, and a skirmish erupted at a military checkpoint in Luhansk, lasting two days. Late on 19 June, a battle fought with tanks and armoured vehicles broke out in town of Yampil, near government-held Krasnyi Lyman. Up to 4,000 insurgents were present for the fighting, which started, according to the insurgents, after the Armed Forces attempted to capture insurgent-held Yampil, with the goal of breaking through to Siversk. According to the Armed Forces, it started after insurgents attempted to break through a cordon of government troops around government-held Krasny Lyman. The battle was described as exceeding \"in terms of force and scale anything there has been\" during the conflict in Donbass. The Armed Forces deployed both air and artillery strikes in their attempts to rout the insurgents. The battle continued into the next day. Overnight, between seven and twelve soldiers were killed and between twenty-five and thirty were wounded. The Armed Forces said they killed 300 insurgents, but this was not independently verified, the separatists confirmed only two deaths and seven wounded on their side. The insurgents also said they destroyed one tank, several BMD-1s, and also shot down a Su-25 bomber. The Ukrainian military said that they had gained control of Yampil and Siversk on 20 June, twenty hours before a unilateral ceasefire by Ukrainian forces, as part of Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko's fifteen-point peace plan. They also acknowledged that there was still heavy fighting in the area around Yampil, and the village of Zakitne. By this point, the number of soldiers killed in the battle had reached thirteen. During the continued fighting, militants blew up a bridge over a river in the village of Zakitne. After a week-long ceasefire unilaterally declared by Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko ended, the Armed Forces renewed their operations against the insurgents on 1 July. Shelling occurred in Kramatorsk and Sloviansk, and government forces retook a border crossing in Dolzhansk, one of the three major border crossings occupied by the separatists. Government forces also recaptured the villages of Brusivka and Stary Karavan. On the same day, insurgents in Luhansk said that they had taken control of Luhansk International Airport. On 1 July 2014 in Donetsk a street gun fight broke between rivalling factions of the pro-Russian militants, which resulted in one person being fatally wounded and two others in critical conditions. Internal Affairs Ministry spokesman Zoryan Shkyriak said that over 1,000 pro-Russian insurgents were killed in the first day following the resumption of hostilities. Liga.net, citing a source involved with the government military operation, reported that over 400 insurgents were killed in action, but that the higher figures reported earlier could not be confirmed. Separatists themselves reported only two deaths in fighting at Mykolaivka. Insurgents attacked a border post in Novoazovsk on 2 July. During the attack, mortars were fired upon the post, and clashes broke out. One border guard was killed in the fighting, and another eight guardsmen were injured. Government forces recaptured the town of Mykolaivka, near Sloviansk, on 4 July. A group of DPR-affiliated militants defected as a result, and joined the Ukrainian army. In a further blow to the insurgents, government forces retook the stronghold of Sloviansk on 5 July. Commander of the DPR insurgents, Igor Girkin, took the decision \"due to the overwhelming numerical superiority of the enemy\", according to DPR prime minister Alexander Borodai. He said that DPR forces had retreated to Kramatorsk, but BBC News reported that they were seen abandoning their checkpoints in Kramatorsk. Later that day, Borodai confirmed that the insurgents had abandoned \"the entire northern sector\", including Kramatorsk, and had retreated to Donetsk city. After the retreat of Girkin's forces to Donetsk, he assumed control of the DPR, replacing the previous authorities there in what was described as a \"coup d'état\". Subsequently, Ukraine's Armed Forces recaptured Druzhkivka, Kostyantynivka, and Artemivsk. Amidst the insurgent retreat, Donetsk city mayor Oleksandr Lukyanchenko said that at least 30,000 people had left the city since April. In a separate development, Ukrainian forces said they spotted two aerial drones in Mariupol, and shot one of them down. Ahead of a planned government offensive on the insurgent-occupied city of Donetsk, key roads leading into the city were blocked on 7 July. Insurgents destroyed railway bridges over the roads, causing them to collapse and block the roads. Defence Minister Valeriy Heletey stated on 8 July that there would be \"no more unilateral ceasefires\", and said dialogue was only possible if the insurgents laid down their weapons. More fighting broke out at Luhansk International Airport on 9 July. LPR-affiliated insurgents said that they had captured the airport on 1 July, but the Ukrainian army managed to maintain control over it. More than 10,000 households in Luhansk Oblast are without gas service due to damage to gas lines, according to a statement on the same day by the regional gas supplier. Clashes at the Donetsk International Airport continued on 10 July. Insurgents fired mortars at the airport, and attempted to recapture it, but were repelled by the Armed Forces. Ukrainian forces also retook the city of Siversk, which was confirmed by the insurgents. On the same day, the Luhansk city administration reported that six civilians had been injured due to ongoing hostilities across the city. There were also reports of factionalism among the separatists, with some desertions. According to these reports, the Vostok Battalion had rejected the authority of Igor Girkin. Alexander Borodai, prime minister of the DPR, denied these reports, however, and said that they were lies. Heavy fighting continued in Luhansk Oblast on 11 July. On that day, an Armed Forces column travelling near Rovenky was attacked by an insurgent-operated Grad rocket lorry. An air strike launched by the Armed Forces eventually managed to destroy the rocket launcher, but only after twenty-three soldiers were killed. In response to the attack, Ukrainian president Poroshenko said that \"For every life of our soldiers, the militants will pay with tens and hundreds of their own\". On the next day, the Ukrainian Air Force launched air strikes targeting insurgent positions across Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts. The Ukrainian government said that 500 insurgents were killed in these strikes, which they said were retaliations for the separatist rocket attack on the previous day. Four people were killed at Marinka, a western suburb of Donetsk city, after rockets struck an insurgent-held area of the city. The Ukrainian government and separatists blamed each other for the attack. After a brief lull following the insurgent withdrawal from the northern part of Donetsk Oblast, fighting continued to escalate sharply in the eastern parts of Donetsk Oblast. Shells landed on the border town of Donetsk in Rostov Oblast, a part of Russia, on 13 July. One civilian was killed in the shelling. Russian officials blamed the Armed Forces of Ukraine for the shelling, whilst Ukraine denied responsibility and accused insurgents in Donbass of having staged a false flag attack. Russia said it was considering launching airstrikes against government targets in",
"attack on the previous day. Four people were killed at Marinka, a western suburb of Donetsk city, after rockets struck an insurgent-held area of the city. The Ukrainian government and separatists blamed each other for the attack. After a brief lull following the insurgent withdrawal from the northern part of Donetsk Oblast, fighting continued to escalate sharply in the eastern parts of Donetsk Oblast. Shells landed on the border town of Donetsk in Rostov Oblast, a part of Russia, on 13 July. One civilian was killed in the shelling. Russian officials blamed the Armed Forces of Ukraine for the shelling, whilst Ukraine denied responsibility and accused insurgents in Donbass of having staged a false flag attack. Russia said it was considering launching airstrikes against government targets in Ukraine as retaliation for the shelling. Ukrainian forces went on to make gains around Luhansk, ending an insurgent blockade of Luhansk International Airport. LPR officials acknowledged that they lost thirty men during fighting in the village of Oleksandrivka. The insurgent-occupied town of Snizhne was hit by rockets fired from an aeroplane on 15 July, leaving at least eleven people dead, and destroying multiple homes. The insurgents blamed the Air Force of Ukraine, but the Ukrainian government denied any involvement in the attack. Clashes broke out between insurgents and the Armed Forces along the border with Russia in Shakhtarsk Raion on 16 July. Insurgents who had been holed up in the town of Stepanivka made an attempt to escape encirclement by government forces at 05:00. According to a report by the National Guard, a roadblock near the border village of Marynivka was attacked by the insurgents with tanks, mortar fire, and anti-tank missiles. The checkpoint was shelled for over an hour, causing significant damage to infrastructure in Marynivka. Guardsmen managed to repel the attack, and forced the insurgents back to Stepanivka, where fighting continued. The battle then moved to the nearby village of Tarany. At least eleven Ukrainian soldiers died in the fighting. Attempts to form a \"contact group\" between the insurgents and the Ukrainian government, part of President Poroshenko's \"fifteen-point peace plan\", failed, leaving little hope of a renewed ceasefire. The insurgents later said that they successfully retook Marynivka from the Armed Forces. A civilian passenger jet, Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, was shot down over Hrabove on 17 July, killing all 298 people on board. DPR-affiliated insurgents blamed the Ukrainian government for the disaster, whereas the government, Netherlands, and Australia blamed Russia and the insurgents. This disaster followed two similar incidents earlier in the week, when two Ukrainian Air Force planes were shot down. Meanwhile, fighting in Luhansk resulted in the loss of electrical power and water services across the city. Shelling damaged an electrical substation in the district Kamennobrodskiy, causing the power loss. An oil refinery in Lysychansk was also set alight. At least twenty civilians were killed in the shelling of Luhansk, according to a statement by the city administration. The statement said that a barrage of rockets hit \"virtually every district\". The shelling forced OSCE monitors to flee from their office in Luhansk, and move to Starobilsk. Government forces went on to capture the south-eastern section of the city. Another sixteen people died overnight, and at least sixty were wounded. According to a government report, Luhansk airport was secured by government forces amidst the battle. Heavy fighting also resumed around Donetsk airport overnight, and explosions were heard in all districts of the city. The city fell quiet by 09:00 on 19 July. By 21 July, heavy fighting in Donetsk had begun again. Donetsk was rocked by explosions, and heavy weapons fire caused smoke to rise over the city. Fighting was concentrated in the northwestern districts of Kyivskyi and Kuibyshevskyi, and also near the central railway station and airport, leading local residents to seek refuge in bomb shelters, or to flee the city. The city's water supply was cut off during the fighting, and all railway and bus service was stopped. The streets emptied, and insurgents erected barricades across the city to control traffic. The cities of Dzerzhynsk, Soledar, and Rubizhne were also recaptured by government forces. The suburb of Mayorsk, just outside Horlivka, and the city of Sievierodonetsk, in Luhansk Oblast, were recaptured by the Armed Forces on 22 July. OSCE monitors visiting Donetsk following the previous day's fighting there said that the city was \"practically deserted\", and that the fighting had stopped. On the same day, DPR prime minister Alexander Borodai said that he wanted to resume ceasefire talks. DPR commander Igor Girkin also said \"The time has come when Russia must take a final decision – to really support Donbas's Russians or abandon them forever\". Also, the pro-Ukrainian paramilitary Donbas Battalion captured Popasna. After having retaken Sievierodonetsk, government forces fought insurgents around the neighbouring city of Lysychansk. An insurgent car bomb killed three soldiers during the fighting there. Grad rocket attacks were launched against government forces garrisoned at Vesela Hora, Kamysheve, and also Luhansk airport. The press centre for the government military operation said that situation remained \"most complex\" in the areas around \"Donetsk city, Luhansk city, Krasnodon and Popasna\". Government forces broke through the insurgent blockade around Donetsk airport on 23 July, and then advanced into the northwestern corner of Donetsk city. Subsequently, the insurgents withdrew from many areas on the outskirts of the city, including Karlivka, , , and the area around Donetsk airport. Insurgent commander Igor Girkin said that this was done to fortify Donetsk city centre, and also to avoid being encircled by government forces. He also said that he did not expect a government incursion into Donetsk city centre. Meanwhile, clashes continued in Shakhtarsk Raion, along the border with Russia. Amidst the fighting, two Ukrainian Su-25 fighter jets that had been providing air support to ground forces near Dmytrivka were shot down by the insurgents. By the next day, government forces recaptured Lysychansk. On the same day, fighting raged around Horlivka. Government forces launched air and artillery strikes on insurgents within the city, and clashes were fought all around it. One important bridge collapsed in the fighting, severing a critical route out of the city. People fled the violence in cars and on foot. Despite these advances by the Armed Forces, the border with Russia was not secured. Izvaryne border post in Luhansk Oblast, which is controlled by the Army of the South-East, was reported to be the main entry point for weapons and reinforcements from Russia. Shelling began again in the Kyivskyi, Kirovskyi and Petrovskyi districts of Donetsk city. According to Donetsk city administration, eleven houses were damaged in Petrovsky, and at least one man was injured. The fighting continued overnight into 26 July, with explosions, shelling, and shooting heard across the city. During the third day of the government's offensive on the insurgent-stronghold of Horlivka, between twenty and thirty civilians were killed on 27 July. Horlivka was virtually abandoned, with electric power and water cut off. Shelling damaged or destroyed many buildings, including a hospital, greengrocer's, and energy company office. Ukrainian troops also entered the town of Shakhtarsk, fought the insurgents that had been occupying it, and captured it around 14:30. This cut off the supply corridor between the territories held by the DPR and LPR, isolating insurgents in Donetsk city. Skirmishes also broke out in the nearby towns of Snizhne and Torez. The intense combat across Shakhtarsk Raion forced a party of Dutch and Australian policemen to call off an attempt to",
"heard across the city. During the third day of the government's offensive on the insurgent-stronghold of Horlivka, between twenty and thirty civilians were killed on 27 July. Horlivka was virtually abandoned, with electric power and water cut off. Shelling damaged or destroyed many buildings, including a hospital, greengrocer's, and energy company office. Ukrainian troops also entered the town of Shakhtarsk, fought the insurgents that had been occupying it, and captured it around 14:30. This cut off the supply corridor between the territories held by the DPR and LPR, isolating insurgents in Donetsk city. Skirmishes also broke out in the nearby towns of Snizhne and Torez. The intense combat across Shakhtarsk Raion forced a party of Dutch and Australian policemen to call off an attempt to investigate the crash site of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17. Forty-one Ukrainian soldiers deserted their posts and went to the insurgent-controlled Izvaryne border crossing, where they told insurgents that they refused to fight against their \"own people\". The insurgents allowed them to flee Ukraine, and cross into Russia. By 28 July, the strategic heights of Savur-Mohyla were under Ukrainian control, along with the town of Debaltseve. Insurgents had previously used Savur-Mohyla to shell Ukrainian troops around the town of Marynivka. By 29 July, a further seventeen civilians had been killed in the fighting, along with an additional forty-three people injured. Shelling continued in the Leninskyi and Kyivskyi districts of Donetsk city. According to the city administration, these districts were heavily damaged. According to a report by National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine, crossing points on the border with Russia were attacked from Russian territory at least 153 times since 5 June. 27 border guardsmen were killed in these attacks, and 185 were injured. Government forces made a further advance on 30 July, when they evicted insurgents from Avdiivka, near Donetsk airport. Military operations were paused on 31 July. This was meant to allow international experts to examine the crash site of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, which is located in Shakhtarsk Raion, where the fiercest battles had been taking place on the previous few days. Monitors were escorted to the site by the Armed Forces of Ukraine. After fighting severed various transmission lines, Luhansk city lost all access to electrical power. Little fuel remained to power emergency generators. Minor skirmishes occurred in Vasylivka and Zhovtneve. Meanwhile, talks between the separatists, Russia, Ukraine, and the OSCE were held in Minsk. Fighting continued in Shakhtarsk. An ambush by the insurgents on government forces there resulted in the deaths of ten soldiers. Eleven went missing, and thirteen were wounded. A government offensive on the city of Pervomaisk in Luhansk Oblast continued. Following a series of military defeats, Igor Girkin, insurgent commander for the DPR, urged Russian military intervention, and said that the combat inexperience of his irregular forces, along with recruitment difficulties amongst the local population in Donetsk Oblast had caused the setbacks. He addressed Russian president Vladimir Putin, saying that \"Losing this war on the territory that President Vladimir Putin personally named New Russia would threaten the Kremlin's power and, personally, the power of the president\". Government forces closed in on Luhansk and Donetsk cities on 3 August. A number of civilians were killed in fighting in both cities. Luhansk was reported to be \"virtually surrounded\", with little electrical power or water supply available. The situation in the city of Donetsk was less dire, as trains to Russia were still running, but fighting and shelling did not relent. According to the Armed Forces, three-quarters of the territory once held by the insurgents had been recaptured. They also said that they had completely cut off supply lines between the DPR and LPR, after more than a week of fighting in Shakhtarsk Raion. After a prolonged battle, the Armed Forces recaptured the vital town of Yasynuvata on 4 August. At least five soldiers died in the fighting to capture the town, which is a strategic railway junction on the main road between Donetsk and Luhansk cities. The pro-government paramilitary Azov and Shakhtarsk battalions said that they had advanced into Donetsk city, and had begun to \"liberate\" it. The Ukrainian government said that all civilians should evacuate from Donetsk, and issued statements asking DPR and LPR forces to help establish \"humanitarian corridors\" to allow civilians in Donetsk, Luhansk and Horlivka to flee. Commenting on the situation in Luhansk, mayor Sergei Kravchenko said \"As a result of the blockade and ceaseless rocket attacks, the city is on the verge of a humanitarian catastrophe\". As government troops pushed into Donetsk on 5 August, heavy fighting erupted at 17:00 in the Petrovskyi district of the city. Elsewhere, insurgents recaptured the town of Yasynuvata after a retreat by government forces. A spokesman from the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine said that the Armed Forces left the town to avoid harming the \"peaceful population\", and that the city was being evacuated so that it could be \"completely liberated\". He also said that the railway station remained under government control, and that all railway traffic had been blocked. Fighting between insurgents and government forces across the Donbass region continued \"constantly\" over the course of the day. Fighting and shelling continued around Donetsk on 8 August, with several civilians killed or injured. By 9 August, insurgent commander Igor Girkin said that Donetsk had been \"completely encircled\" by government forces. This followed the capture of the vital town of Krasnyi Luch by the government, after insurgent-aligned Cossacks stationed there fled. Further skirmishes between insurgents and the Armed Forces took place in Mnohopillia, Stepanivka, Hryhorivka, Krasny Yar, Pobeda, Shyshkove, Komyshne, Novohannivka, Krasna Talivka, Dmytrivka, Sabivka, and Luhansk airport. Overnight and into 10 August, government forces launched an artillery barrage on Donetsk city, causing \"massive damage\" across it. According to a spokesman for the Armed Forces, insurgents began to flee the city during the barrage, and were in a state of \"panic and chaos\". Hospitals and residential buildings were heavily damaged, and many remaining residents took shelter in basements. The cities of Pervomaisk, Kalynove, Komyshuvakha, in western Luhansk Oblast near Popasna, were captured by government forces on 12 August after heavy fighting. Heavy shelling of Donetsk continued into 14 August. During this artillery barrage, Igor Girkin resigned from his post as commander of the insurgent forces of the Donetsk People's Republic. He was replaced by Vladimir Kononov, who is known by the nom de guerre \"Tsar\". Later in the day, a convoy of some two dozen armoured personnel carriers and other vehicles with official Russian military plates crossed into Ukraine near the insurgent-controlled Izvaryne border crossing. NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen confirmed that a \"Russian incursion\" into Ukraine had occurred. Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko said that Ukrainian artillery engaged and destroyed a \"significant\" portion of the armoured column. The Russian Defence Ministry denied the existence of any such convoy. Following this incident, the newly appointed prime minister of the DPR Alexander Zakharchenko said that his forces included 1,200 Russian-trained combatants. A Ukrainian Air Force MiG-29 fighter jet was shot down by the insurgents in Luhansk Oblast on 17 August. Ten civilians were killed during continued shelling in Donetsk. The insurgent-occupied city of Horlivka was encircled by the Armed Forces on 18 August. Government forces also advanced into the edges of Luhansk city. A convoy of refugees from Luhansk was hit by Grad rockets near",
"a \"Russian incursion\" into Ukraine had occurred. Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko said that Ukrainian artillery engaged and destroyed a \"significant\" portion of the armoured column. The Russian Defence Ministry denied the existence of any such convoy. Following this incident, the newly appointed prime minister of the DPR Alexander Zakharchenko said that his forces included 1,200 Russian-trained combatants. A Ukrainian Air Force MiG-29 fighter jet was shot down by the insurgents in Luhansk Oblast on 17 August. Ten civilians were killed during continued shelling in Donetsk. The insurgent-occupied city of Horlivka was encircled by the Armed Forces on 18 August. Government forces also advanced into the edges of Luhansk city. A convoy of refugees from Luhansk was hit by Grad rockets near the village of Novosvitlivka. Dozens of civilians died in the attack, which the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine blamed on the insurgents. Insurgents denied attacking any refugee convoys. DPR prime minister Aleksandr Zakharchenko stated that if the Ukrainian government made \"reasonable proposals to lay down arms, close borders, we will talk on equal terms as equal partners\". He added, however, that the government \"must recognise us as a state, now it is already impossible to ask for a certain degree of autonomy\". After having edged into Luhansk city on 18 August, government forces began to advance through the city \"block by block\" on 19 August. Fighting was heard in streets across the city, and shelling of many insurgent-occupied districts continued. There was also fighting Makiivka and Ilovaisk, two cities just outside Donetsk city. A spokesman for the Internal Affairs Ministry said that government forces were \"clearing\" Ilovaisk of insurgents, and later captured most of the city. The headquarters of the DPR in Donetsk city were also shelled. Fighting across Donetsk Oblast on 19 August resulted in the deaths of 34 civilians. By early evening on 20 August, government forces said that they had recaptured \"significant parts\" of the city of Luhansk, after a series of running battles in streets throughout the day. By 25 August, an insurgent counter-offensive had stalled the government's offensive on Donetsk and Luhansk cities. Insurgents attacked government positions in Shchastya, and along the Siverskyi Donets River in Luhansk Oblast. As this attack occurred, insurgents in Luhansk received reinforcements. Government forces near Ilovaisk and Amvrosiivka in Donetsk Oblast became surrounded by insurgents, after their attempt to take Ilovaisk was halted by heavy shelling. The pro-government volunteer Donbas Battalion, trapped in the city for days by the insurgents, accused the Ukrainian government and Armed Forces of \"abandoning\" them. Other volunteer battalions, such as the Azov and Dnipro, left Ilovaisk after encountering heavy resistance. Donbas Battalion leader Semen Semenchenko said \"I think it is profitable for the defence ministry not to send help, but to achieve a situation where volunteer battalions start blaming each other about who helped who\". DPR forces stated their intention to \"fight their way to the Azov Sea\" on 23 August. In line with this statement, an artillery barrage rained down on the coastal city of Novoazovsk, in southern Donetsk Oblast. A column of armoured vehicles crossed into Ukraine from Russia near Novoazovsk on 25 August. There were no insurgent formations within of this area for many weeks. Heavy fighting took place in the village of Markyne, from Novoazovsk. Insurgents used the village as a base to shell Novoazovsk. A spokesman for the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine said that the entrance of the column into Ukraine was an attempt \"by the Russian military in the guise of Donbass fighters to open a new area of military confrontation\". According to the Mariupol city website, the Dnipro and Donbas battalions repelled the attack, and the \"invaders\" retreated to the border. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said he had no knowledge of the incident, and suggested that reports of the incident being an incursion by Russian forces were \"disinformation.\" Directly prior to the appearance of the column, the area was heavily shelled. The nearest insurgent artillery positions were beyond the range of this area. Villagers from Kolosky in Starobesheve Raion told Reuters that military men with Russian accents and no identifying insignias had appeared in the village at the weekend of 23–24 August. They set up a roadblock near the village. The men wore distinctive white armbands. The villagers referred to them as \"polite green men\", a term that was used to refer to the irregular Russian forces that took control of Crimea from February 2014. Following the appearance of these men, ten soldiers in green military uniforms with white armbands were detained by Ukrainian forces at Dzerkalne. This village is north of Novoazovosk, from Kolosky, and about from the Russian border. The Russian military confirmed that these men were indeed Russian paratroopers, and that they had been captured. The Russian Defence Ministry said the men had entered Ukraine \"by mistake during an exercise\". The Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) released videos that they said were interviews with the captive Russian soldiers. In one of the videos, a soldier said that their commanders had sent them on a march \"without explaining its purpose or warning that they would be in Ukrainian territory, where they were apprehended by Ukrainian forces and surrendered without a fight\". Insurgents pushed into Novoazovsk on 27 August. Whilst the Ukrainian government said they were in \"total control\" of Novoazovsk, town mayor Oleg Sidorkin confirmed that the insurgents had captured it. He also said that \"dozens\" of tanks and armoured vehicles had been used by the insurgents in their assault on the town. At least four civilians were injured by insurgent shelling. To the north, close to Starobesheve, Ukrainian forces said that they spotted a column of 100 armoured vehicles, tanks, and Grad rocket lorries that was heading south, toward Novoazovsk. They said these vehicles were marked with \"white circles or triangles\", similar to the white armbands seen on the captured Russian paratroopers earlier in the week. Amidst pressure on this new third front, government forces retreated westward toward Mariupol. They evacuated the town of Starobesheve, among other areas in the stretch of borderland from the Sea of Azov to the existing insurgent-held territories. A report by \"The New York Times\" described the retreating soldiers as \"exhausted, filthy and dismayed\". Western officials described the new insurgent actions as a \"stealth invasion\" by the Russian Federation, with tanks, artillery and infantry said to have crossed into Ukraine from Russian territory. US State Department spokesman Jen Psaki said that \"these incursions indicate a Russian-directed counteroffensive is likely underway\", and Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko said \"An invasion of Russian forces has taken place\". A statement by the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine (NSDC) later said that Novoazovsk had been captured by \"Russian troops\", despite earlier denials by the Ukrainian government. According to the NSDC, Ukrainian troops withdrew from Novoazovsk to save lives, and were instead preparing defences in Mariupol. Meanwhile, fighting continued in and around Donetsk city. Shells fell on the Kalininskyi district of Donetsk, and the Donbas Battalion continued to fight against the insurgents that had trapped them in Ilovaisk for days. NATO commander Brig. Gen. Nico Tak said on 28 August that \"well over\" 1,000 Russian soldiers were operating in the Donbass conflict zone. Amidst what \"The New York Times\" described as \"chaos\" in the conflict zone, the insurgents re-captured Savur-Mohyla. Despite these advances by pro-Russian forces, the National Guard of Ukraine temporarily retook the city of Komsomolske",
"by \"Russian troops\", despite earlier denials by the Ukrainian government. According to the NSDC, Ukrainian troops withdrew from Novoazovsk to save lives, and were instead preparing defences in Mariupol. Meanwhile, fighting continued in and around Donetsk city. Shells fell on the Kalininskyi district of Donetsk, and the Donbas Battalion continued to fight against the insurgents that had trapped them in Ilovaisk for days. NATO commander Brig. Gen. Nico Tak said on 28 August that \"well over\" 1,000 Russian soldiers were operating in the Donbass conflict zone. Amidst what \"The New York Times\" described as \"chaos\" in the conflict zone, the insurgents re-captured Savur-Mohyla. Despite these advances by pro-Russian forces, the National Guard of Ukraine temporarily retook the city of Komsomolske in Starobesheve Raion of Donetsk Oblast on 29 August. However, two days later, Ukrainian forces retreated from the city, and Komsomolske was once again taken by the DPR forces. Elsewhere, Ukrainian forces retreated from Novosvitlivka after being attacked by what they said were \"Russian tanks\". They said that every house in the village was destroyed. The trapped Donbas Battalion withdrew from Ilovaisk on 30 August after negotiating an agreement with pro-Russian forces. According to some of the troops who withdrew from Ilovaisk, DPR forces violated the agreement and fired on them whilst they retreated under white flags, killing as many as several dozen. A Ukrainian patrol boat in the Sea of Azov was hit by shore-based artillery fire on 31 August. Eight sailors were rescued from the sinking boat, whilst two crew-members were missing. Former insurgent commander Igor Girkin said that the insurgents had \"dealt the enemy their first naval defeat\". Government forces withdrew from Luhansk International Airport on 1 September, despite having held the airport from insurgent attacks for weeks prior. The airport saw fierce fighting on the night before the withdrawal, and Ukrainian officials said that their forces at the airport had been attacked by a column Russian tanks. Clashes also continued at Donetsk International Airport. Heavy fighting was observed by OSCE monitors near the villages of Shyrokyne and Bezimenne on 4 September. Respectively, these villages are and east of Mariupol. Ukrainian officials in Mariupol said that the situation there \"was worsening by the hour\", and that there was an imminent danger of an attack on the city. DPR forces came within of the city on 4 September, but their advance was repulsed by an overnight counter-attack launched by the Armed Forces and the Azov Battalion. They were driven back about east of the city. Constant shelling was heard on the outskirts of Mariupol. After days of peace talks in Minsk under the auspices of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Ukraine, Russia, the DPR, and the LPR agreed to a ceasefire on 5 September. OSCE monitors said they would observe the ceasefire, and assist the Ukrainian government in implementing it. According to \"The New York Times\", the agreement was an \"almost verbatim\" replication of Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko's failed June \"fifteen-point peace plan\". It was agreed that there would be an exchange of all prisoners taken by both sides, and that heavy weaponry should be removed from the combat zone. Humanitarian corridors were meant to be maintained, so that civilians could leave affected areas. President Poroshenko said that Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts would be granted \"special status\", and that use of the Russian language in these areas would be protected by law. DPR and LPR leaders said that they retained their desire for full independence from Ukraine, despite these concessions. Russian president Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian president Poroshenko discussed the ceasefire on 6 September. Both parties said that they were satisfied with the ceasefire, and that it was generally holding. The ceasefire was broken multiple times on the night of 6–7 September, and into the day on 7 September. These violations resulted in the deaths of four Ukrainian soldiers, whilst twenty-nine were injured. Heavy shelling by the insurgents was reported on the eastern outskirts of Mariupol, and OSCE monitors said that the Ukrainian government had fired rockets from Donetsk International Airport. The OSCE said that these breaches of the agreement would not cause the ceasefire to collapse. Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko said on 10 September that \"70% of Russian troops have been moved back across the border\", and also added that this action gave him \"hope that the peace initiatives have good prospects\". Ceasefire violations continued, however. In line with the Minsk Protocol, OSCE monitors said that they observed a prisoner exchange near Avdiivka at 03:40 on 12 September. Ukrainian forces released 31 DPR insurgents, whilst DPR forces released 37 Ukrainian soldiers. OSCE monitors documented violations of the Minsk Protocol in numerous areas of Donetsk Oblast from 13–15 September. These areas included Makiivka, Telmanove, Debaltseve, Petrovske, near Mariupol, Yasynuvata, and Donetsk International Airport, all of which saw intense fighting. Two of the armoured vehicles that the monitors were travelling in were struck by shrapnel, rendering one of the vehicles inoperable and forcing the monitors to retreat. According to the monitors, troop and equipment movements were being carried out by both DPR and Ukrainian forces. They also said that there were \"command and control issues\" amongst both parties to the conflict. A visit by the monitors to Luhansk International Airport took place on 20 September. They said that the airport was \"completely destroyed\", and entirely unusable. Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko said on 21 September that the Armed Forces of Ukraine lost between 60% and 65% of its total active equipment over the course of the war. Members of the Trilateral Contact Group and the DPR took part in a video conference on 25 September 2014. According to a statement released by the OSCE on the day after the conference, all parties agreed that the fighting had \"subsided in recent days\", and that the \"situation along 70%\" of the buffer zone was \"calm\". They also said that they would \"spare no efforts\" to strengthen the ceasefire. Scattered violations of the ceasefire continued, nonetheless. In the most significant incident since the start of the ceasefire, seven Ukrainian soldiers died on 29 September when a tank shell struck the armoured personnel carrier that they were travelling in near Donetsk International Airport. A skirmish ensued, leaving many soldiers wounded. Over the next few days, fighting continued around Donetsk International Airport, whilst Donetsk city itself came under heavy shelling. Amidst this renewed violence, OSCE chairman Didier Burkhalter issued a statement that \"urged all sides to immediately stop fighting\", and also said that putting the ceasefire at risk of collapse would be \"irresponsible and deplorable\". According to a report released by the UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on 8 October, the ceasefire implemented by the Minsk Protocol was becoming \"increasingly fragile\". The statement that announced the release of the report said that at least 331 people had been killed since the start of ceasefire, and that the most fierce fighting took place around Donetsk International Airport, Debaltseve, and Shchastya. The report also said that the majority of civilian deaths were caused by both insurgent and Ukrainian shelling. Several hundred National Guard troops protested outside the Ukrainian presidential administration building in Kiev on 13 October. They demanded the end of conscription, and their own demobilisation. According to \"Kyiv Post\", many of the protesters stated that they had clashed with Euromaidan protesters, and that they were not in favour of that movement. Heavy fighting continued across the Donbass",
"Protocol was becoming \"increasingly fragile\". The statement that announced the release of the report said that at least 331 people had been killed since the start of ceasefire, and that the most fierce fighting took place around Donetsk International Airport, Debaltseve, and Shchastya. The report also said that the majority of civilian deaths were caused by both insurgent and Ukrainian shelling. Several hundred National Guard troops protested outside the Ukrainian presidential administration building in Kiev on 13 October. They demanded the end of conscription, and their own demobilisation. According to \"Kyiv Post\", many of the protesters stated that they had clashed with Euromaidan protesters, and that they were not in favour of that movement. Heavy fighting continued across the Donbass through October, despite the ceasefire. In violation of the procedure agreed to as part of the Minsk Protocol, DPR and LPR authorities held parliamentary and executive elections on 2 November. In response to the elections, Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko asked parliament to revoke the \"special status\" that was granted to DPR and LPR-controlled areas as part of the Minsk Protocol. DPR deputy prime minister Andrei Purgin said that Ukrainian forces had launched \"all-out war\" against the DPR and LPR on 6 November. Ukrainian officials denied any offensive, and said that they would adhere to the Minsk Protocol. Despite this, battles continued across the Donbass, leaving many soldiers dead. Concurrently, separatist representatives requested a redraughting of Minsk Protocol, as a result of recurrent violations. Intermittent shelling of Donetsk renewed on 5 November. OSCE monitors reported on 8 November that there were large movements of unmarked heavy equipment in separatist-held territory. These movements included armoured personnel carriers, lorries, petrol tankers, and tanks, which were being manned and escorted by men in dark green uniforms without insignias. Ukrainian government spokesmen said that these were movements of Russian troops, but this could not be independently verified. Overnight into 9 November, intense shelling from both government and insurgent positions rocked Donetsk. OSCE chairman Didier Burkhalter said that he was \"very concerned\" about the \"resurgence of violence\", and stressed the importance of adhering to the Minsk Protocol. OSCE monitors observed more munitions convoys in separatist-held territory on 9 November. These included seventeen unmarked green ZiL lorries loaded with ammunition at Sverdlovsk, and seventeen similar Kamaz lorries towing howitzers at Zuhres. Another convoy of forty-three green military lories, some towing howitzers and rocket launchers, was observed by OSCE monitors in Donetsk on 11 November. Following the reports of these troop and equipment movements, NATO General Philip Breedlove said on 12 November that he could confirm that Russian troops and heavy equipment had crossed into Ukraine during the preceding week. In response, the Ukrainian Defence Ministry said that it was preparing for a renewed offensive by pro-Russian forces. Russian Defence Ministry spokesman Major General Igor Konashenkov said \"there was and is no evidence\" to support NATO's statement. By 2 December, at least 1,000 people had died during fighting in Donbass, since the signing of the Minsk Protocol in early September. A BBC report said that the ceasefire had been \"a fiction\". In light of this continued fighting, Ukrainian and separatist forces agreed to cease all military operations for a \"Day of Silence\" on 9 December. Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko said that he hoped that the \"Day of Silence\" would encourage the signing of a new peace deal. Whilst no new peace talks took place following the \"Day of Silence\", fighting between Ukrainian and separatist forces lessened significantly over the course of December. A report by the International Crisis Group stated that the late 2014 financial crisis in Russia, in tandem with American and European economic sanctions, deterred further advances by pro-Russian forces. The report also raised concerns about the potential for \"humanitarian catastrophe\" in separatist-controlled Donbass during the cold winter months, saying that the separatists were unable \"to provide basic services for the population\". In line with the Minsk Protocol, more prisoner exchanges took place during the week of 21–27 December. More OSCE-organised talks were held in Minsk during that week, but they reached no result. In a press conference on 29 December, Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko said that the Minsk Protocol was becoming effective \"point by point\", and also said that \"progress\" was being made. Since the signing of the Protocol, over 1,500 people held by the separatists had been released as part of the prisoner exchanges. Whereas Ukrainian forces had been losing about 100 men per day prior to the Protocol, only about 200 had been killed in the four months since its signing. Poroshenko also said that he believed that conflict would only end if Russian troops were to leave Donbass. OSCE monitors reported a \"rise in tensions\" following New Year's Day. Numerous ceasefire violations were recorded, with most occurring near Donetsk International Airport. Infighting amongst insurgent groups broke out in Luhansk Oblast. In one incident, LPR militants said that they had killed Alexander Bednov, the leader of the pro-Russian \"Batman Battalion\", on 2 January 2015. LPR officials said that Bednov had been running an \"illegal prison\", and that he had engaged in torturing prisoners. In another incident, the leader of an Antratsyt-based Don Cossack militant group, Nikolai Kozitsyn, said that the territory controlled by his group, claimed by the Luhansk People's Republic, had become part of the \"Russian empire\", and that Russian president Vladimir Putin was its \"emperor\". An intercity bus stopped at a government checkpoint in Buhas was hit by a Grad rocket on 13 January, killing twelve civilians. Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko declared a day of national mourning. Buhas is south-west of Donetsk city. The new terminal building at Donetsk International Airport, which had been a site of fighting between Ukrainian and separatist troops since May 2014, was captured by the DPR forces on 15 January. In the days prior to the capturing, the airport was heavily barraged by separatist rocket fire. DPR leader Alexander Zakharchenko stated that the capture of the airport was the first step toward regaining territory lost to Ukrainian forces during the middle of 2014. He said \"Let our countrymen hear this: We will not just give up our land. We will either take it back peacefully, or like that\", referring to the capture of the airport. Such an offensive by separatist forces would signal the complete breakdown of the frequently ignored Minsk Protocol, which established a buffer zone between Ukrainian-controlled and separatist-controlled territories. Ukrainian forces said that there had been \"no order to retreat\" from the airport, and DPR parliament chairman Andrey Purgin said that while DPR forces had gained control of the terminal buildings, fighting was ongoing because \"the Ukrainians have lots of places to hide\". Concurrently, a new round of Minsk talks, scheduled for 16 January by the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine, was called off after DPR and LPR leaders Alexander Zakharchenko and Igor Plotnitsky refused to attend. A government military operation at the weekend of 17–18 January resulted in Ukrainian forces recapturing most of Donetsk International Airport. According to Ukrainian NSDC representative Andriy Lysenko, the operation restored the lines of control established by the Minsk Protocol, and therefore did not constitute a violation of it. The operation caused fighting to move toward Donetsk proper, resulting in heavy shelling of residential areas of the city that border the airport. DPR authorities said that they halted government",
"because \"the Ukrainians have lots of places to hide\". Concurrently, a new round of Minsk talks, scheduled for 16 January by the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine, was called off after DPR and LPR leaders Alexander Zakharchenko and Igor Plotnitsky refused to attend. A government military operation at the weekend of 17–18 January resulted in Ukrainian forces recapturing most of Donetsk International Airport. According to Ukrainian NSDC representative Andriy Lysenko, the operation restored the lines of control established by the Minsk Protocol, and therefore did not constitute a violation of it. The operation caused fighting to move toward Donetsk proper, resulting in heavy shelling of residential areas of the city that border the airport. DPR authorities said that they halted government forces at Putylivskiy bridge, which connects the airport and the city proper. The bridge, which is strategically important, was destroyed during the fighting. OSCE monitors reported that shelling had caused heavy damage in the Donetsk residential districts of Kyivskyi, Kirovskyi, Petrovskyi, and Voroshilovskyi. Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko said on 21 January that Russia had deployed more than 9,000 soldiers and 500 tanks, artillery units, and armoured personnel carriers in Donbass. An article that appeared in \"The Daily Telegraph\" said that deployment appeared to be \"a response to Kiev's success\" in retaining control of Donetsk International Airport. On the same day, Ukrainian forces attempted to surround the airport in an attempt to push back the insurgents. As Ukrainian and DPR forces fought away from the airport, a group of insurgents stormed the first and third floors of the new terminal building. Ukrainian troops held out on the second floor of the building until the ceiling collapsed, killing several soldiers. The remaining Ukrainian forces were either captured, killed, or were forced to withdraw from the airport, allowing DPR forces to overrun it. According to one volunteer, thirty-seven Ukrainian troops died. \"The Daily Telegraph\" called the Ukrainian defeat at the airport \"devastating\". Following this victory, separatist forces began to attack Ukrainian forces along the line of control in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts. Particularly heavy fighting broke out along the Siverskyi Donets River, to the north-west of Luhansk city. Separatist forces captured a Ukrainian checkpoint at Krymske, attacked other checkpoints in the area, and shelled villages near Shchastya. Separatist forces also began an assault on the government-controlled town of Debaltseve in north-eastern Donetsk Oblast, barraging it with artillery fire. In addition, the DPR launched an attack on Mariupol from Shyrokyne during the morning of 24 January. A hail of Grad rockets killed at least thirty people, and wounded another eighty-three. Heavy fighting continued in Debaltseve over the next week, resulting in many civllian and combatant casualties. French president François Hollande and German chancellor Angela Merkel put forth a new peace plan on 7 February. The Franco-German plan, drawn up after talks with Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko and Russian president Vladimir Putin, was seen as a revival of the Minsk Protocol. President Hollande said that the plan was the \"last chance\" for resolution of the conflict. The plan was put forth in response to American proposals to send armaments to the Ukrainian government, something that Chancellor Merkel said would only result in a worsening of the crisis. Fighting worsened in the run-up to the scheduled 11 February talks to discuss the Franco-German peace plan. DPR forces shelled the city of Kramatorsk on 10 February, which had last seen fighting in July 2014. The shelling targeted the city's Armed Forces headquarters, but also hit a nearby residential area. Seven people were killed, while twenty-six were wounded. In addition, the pro-government Azov Battalion launched an offensive to recapture separatist-controlled areas on the outskirts of Mariupol, centred on the village of Shyrokyne. Battalion commander Andriy Biletsky said his forces were moving toward Novoazovsk. The scheduled summit at Minsk on 11 February 2015 resulted in the signing of a new package of peacemaking measures, called Minsk II, on 12 February. The plan, similar in content to the failed Minsk Protocol, called for an unconditional ceasefire, to begin on 15 February, amongst many other measures. Despite the signing of Minsk II, fighting continued around Debaltseve. DPR forces said that ceasefire did not apply to Debaltseve, and continued their offensive. Ukrainian forces were forced to withdraw from the Debaltseve area on 18 February, leaving separatist forces in control of it. In the week after the fall of Debaltseve to pro-Russian forces, fighting in the conflict zone abated. DPR and LPR forces began to withdraw artillery from the front lines as specified by Minsk II on 24 February, and Ukraine did so on 26 February. Ukraine reported that it had suffered no casualties during 24–26 February, something that had not occurred since early January 2015. Minor skirmishes continued into March, but the ceasefire was largely observed across the combat zone. Ukrainian and separatist forces had withdrawn most of the heavy weaponry specified in Minsk II by 10 March. Minor violations of the ceasefire continued throughout March and into April, though it continued to hold, and the numbers of casualties reported by both sides were greatly reduced. Fighting flared up again on 3 June 2015, when DPR insurgents launched an attack on government-controlled Marinka. Artillery and tanks were utilised in the battle there, which was described as the heaviest fighting since the signing of Minsk II. An anti-war protest took place in Donetsk city on 15 June. The protest, the first of its kind in pro-Russian separatist-controlled territory, called for an end to the fighting in Donbass. About 500 people, who had gathered outside the RSA building, shouted, \"Stop the war!\", \"Give us back our houses, our homes are broken!\", and \"Get out of here!\" Specifically, protesters demanded that the separatists cease firing rocket attacks from residential areas on the outskirts of Donetsk. Whilst all parties to the conflict continued to support implementation of the measures specified by Minsk II, minor skirmishes continued on a daily basis through June and July 2015. Ukrainian troops suffered losses on a daily basis, and the ceasefire was labelled \"unworkable\" and \"impossible to implement\". Despite constant fighting and shelling along the line of contact, no territorial changes occurred. This state of stalemate led the war to be labelled a \"frozen conflict\". Following months of ceasefire violations, the Ukrainian government, the DPR and the LPR jointly agreed to halt all fighting, starting on 1 September 2015. This agreement coincided with the start of the school year in Ukraine, and was intended to allow for another attempt at implementing the points of Minsk II. By 12 September, German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier said that the ceasefire had been holding, and that the parties to the conflict were \"very close\" to reaching an agreement to withdraw heavy weaponry from the line of contact, as specified by Minsk II. The area around Mariupol, including Shyrokyne, saw no fighting. According to Ukrainian Defence Minister Stepan Poltorak, violence in the Donbass had reached its lowest level since the start of the war. Whilst the ceasefire continued to hold into November, no final settlement to the conflict was agreed. \"The New York Times\" described this result as part of a \"a common arc of post-Soviet conflict, visible in the Georgian enclaves of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan and in Transnistria\", and said that separatist-controlled areas had become a \"frozen zone\", where people \"live in ruins, amid a ruined ideology, in the ruins of the old empire.\" This state of affairs continued",
"an agreement to withdraw heavy weaponry from the line of contact, as specified by Minsk II. The area around Mariupol, including Shyrokyne, saw no fighting. According to Ukrainian Defence Minister Stepan Poltorak, violence in the Donbass had reached its lowest level since the start of the war. Whilst the ceasefire continued to hold into November, no final settlement to the conflict was agreed. \"The New York Times\" described this result as part of a \"a common arc of post-Soviet conflict, visible in the Georgian enclaves of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan and in Transnistria\", and said that separatist-controlled areas had become a \"frozen zone\", where people \"live in ruins, amid a ruined ideology, in the ruins of the old empire.\" This state of affairs continued into 2016, with a 15 April report by the BBC labelling the conflict as \"Europe's forgotten war\". Minor outbreaks of fighting continued along the line of contact, though no major territorial changes occurred. A new ceasefire came into effect on 1 September 2016, described at the time by BBC correspondent Tom Burridge as \"the first time there has been a true halt to fighting in 11 months\", and in 2018 described by TASS as the most successful ceasefire over the course of the conflict. Within days both sides accused each other of breaching the ceasefire, although they also stated that the ceasefire was widely observed. Nevertheless, on 6 September (2016), Ukrainian authorities reported the death of yet another soldier. In the first week of October, separatist forces reported that five of their number had been killed in fighting with government forces. Over the same period, four Ukrainian soldiers and volunteers were killed. On 24 December 2016, the tenth indefinite ceasefire since the start of the conflict came into effect; according to the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the Ukrainian government, and the separatists, the ceasefire was not observed. 2016 was the first full calendar year of the conflict in which Ukraine lost no territories to the separatists. In addition, both the Ukrainian army (211 combat losses and 256 non-combat losses) and the local populace (13 in Ukrainian government-controlled areas) suffered many fewer casualties than in 2015. The new year, however, brought a new eruption of heavy fighting, starting on 29 January 2017, centred on the Ukrainian army-controlled city of Avdiivka. On 18 February 2017, Russian president Vladimir Putin signed a decree whereby the Russian authorities would recognise personal and vehicle-registration documents issued by the DPR and LPR. The presidential decree referred to \"permanent residents of certain areas of Ukraine's Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts\", without any mention of the self-proclaimed People's Republics. Ukrainian authorities decried the decree as being directly contradictory to the Minsk II agreement and that it \"legally recognised the quasi-state terrorist groups which cover Russia's occupation of part of Donbas.\" Secretary General of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Lamberto Zannier stated on 19 February the decree \"implies...recognition of those who issue the documents, of course\" and that it would make it more difficult to hold a ceasefire. Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov, after meeting with his Ukrainian, German and French counterparts in Munich on 18 February, said that a ceasefire between Ukraine and the separatists had been agreed effective from 20 February 2017. But according to a Ukrainian army spokesman on 20 February 2017 separatists attacks continued, although he did state there was a \"significant reduction in military activity.\" On 21 February OSCE's Secretary General Zannier stated there were still a significant number of violations of the cease-fire and \"no evidence of the withdrawal of weapons\". On 24 June the fourth truce attempt of 2017 collapsed within a few hours (according to both combatants). A \"back to school ceasefire\" to begin on 25 August 2017 also immediately collapsed when, on that very day, both combatants claimed that the other side had violated it. A \"Christmas ceasefire\" that was to be upheld starting 00:00 (Eastern European Time) on 23 December 2017 was immediately broken by DPR and LPR forces according to the Ukrainian army (reporting nine violations including the death of a Ukrainian soldier killed by an enemy sniper and claiming the Ukrainian army had not fired back). In turn, the DPR stated that the Ukrainian army had broken the truce, while the LPR Luganskinformcenter said the same, but also stated that, \"Ceasefire is generally observed.\" On 27 December 2017, as part of the Minsk deal, a prisoner swap was conducted with 73 Ukrainian soldiers exchanged for over 200 separatists. On 18 January 2018 the Ukrainian parliament passed a bill to regain control over separatist-held areas. The bill was adopted with support from 280 lawmakers in the 450-seat Verkhovna Rada (due to the War in Donbass and the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea, only 423 of the parliament's 450 seats were elected in the previous election). The Russian government denounced the bill, calling it \"preparations for a new war\", and accused the Ukrainian government of violating the Minsk agreement. The law on the reintegration of Donbass labeled the republics of Donetsk and Luhansk as \"temporarily occupied territories\", while Russia was labeled as an \"aggressor\". The legislation granted President Poroshenko \"the right to use military force inside the country, without consent from the Ukrainian parliament\", which would include the reclaiming of Donbass. The bill supports a ban on trade and a transport blockade of the east that has been in place since 2017. Under the legislation, the only separatist-issued documents that Ukraine would recognize are birth and death certificates. A new, agreed by all fighting parties, ceasefire went into force on 5 March 2018. By 9 March the Ukrainian military claimed it was not being observed by the DNR and LNR forces who in turn claimed the same of the Ukrainian military. On 26 March 2018 the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine agreed on a \"comprehensive, sustainable and unlimited ceasefire\" that was to start on 30 March 2018. It collapsed on its first day. On 30 April 2018 Ukraine replaced its \"Anti-Terrorist Operation\" (ATO) by the Joint Forces Operation (JFO). On 30 April 2018 the United States confirmed that it had delivered Javelin anti-tank missiles to Ukraine. Reportedly they will be used only in case of an all-out separatist assault. On 28 June 2018 a new \"harvest\" \"comprehensive and indefinite ceasefire regime\" was agreed set to start on 1 July 2018. Within hours after its start both the rebels and the Ukrainian army accused each other of violating this truce. The 29 August 2018 ceasefire also failed.<ref name=\"www.unian.info/war/10278909\">OSCE's Apakan: Political will needed for long-term sustainable solution to conflict in eastern Ukraine, UNIAN (28 September 2018)</ref> On 31 August 2018 DPR leader Alexander Zakharchenko was killed as a result of an explosion in a restaurant. Forces foreign and domestic have participated in the conflict in the Donbass. While Russia denies its troops are currently operating in Ukraine, OSCE observers have witnessed Russian troops operating in Ukraine identifying themselves as Russian servicemen. A paper released by the Royal United Services Institute estimated that 9,000–12,000 Russian troops had been deployed to parts of eastern Ukraine in early 2015, with 42,000 troops having been involved in the combined service rotation. On 17 December 2015 President Vladimir Putin stated in a response to a question about the detained Russian GRU agents held in Ukraine that Russia had \"people (in Ukraine) who work on resolving various issues there, including in the military sphere.\" However, he went on to state \"that doesn't mean there are regular Russian troops there.\" This was generally taken as an",
"in the Donbass. While Russia denies its troops are currently operating in Ukraine, OSCE observers have witnessed Russian troops operating in Ukraine identifying themselves as Russian servicemen. A paper released by the Royal United Services Institute estimated that 9,000–12,000 Russian troops had been deployed to parts of eastern Ukraine in early 2015, with 42,000 troops having been involved in the combined service rotation. On 17 December 2015 President Vladimir Putin stated in a response to a question about the detained Russian GRU agents held in Ukraine that Russia had \"people (in Ukraine) who work on resolving various issues there, including in the military sphere.\" However, he went on to state \"that doesn't mean there are regular Russian troops there.\" This was generally taken as an admission by Russia that its special forces were involved in the conflict. According to Alexander Borodai, 50,000 Russian citizens have fought for separatist forces. As of February 2018 the number of separatist forces were estimated at around 31,000 out of which 80% (25,000) were Donbass residents, 15% (≈5,000) were military contractors from Russia and other countries and 3% (900–1,000) were regular Russian armed forces personnel. This proportion has significantly changed from earlier years, with \"Russian command gradually filling up the military of the 'republics' with locals\"; the primary driver being that salaries are no longer attractive for contractors from Russia, but highly attractive as stable source of income in economically impaired separatist territories. Regular soldiers in Donbass are offered anything from 15,000 and officers 25,000 RUB, while in Russian army these respective earnings are 20,000 and 68,000 RUB. Russian forces still occupy most command positions as well as operate advanced weapons, such as electronic warfare units. OSCE monitors periodically record Russian military convoys crossing through the defunct border, usually overnight. On a number of occasions, OSCE monitoring drones were downed with electronic warfare units. OSCE statements and spot reports caused significant anger in Ukraine as it vaguely reports military \"convoys leaving and entering Ukraine on dirt roads in the middle of the night, in areas where there is no official crossing\" without explicitly mentioning Russian armed forces. Igor Girkin, a Russian citizen from Moscow who commanded the Donbass People's Militia in Sloviansk, denied Russian involvement in the insurgency. He said his unit was formed during the Crimean crisis, and that two-thirds of its members were Ukrainian citizens. Girkin also said that the Sloviansk insurgents had agreed to work with the leadership of the Donetsk People's Republic, despite some conflict between insurgent groups. According to a spokesman for the Donetsk People's Republic, the militants that occupied Sloviansk were \"an independent group...supporting the Donetsk protest\", while insurgents in Sloviansk and Kramatorsk identified themselves as members of Pavel Gubarev's Donbass People's Militia. The group's forces at Sloviansk included some professional soldiers amongst their ranks, as well as retired veterans, civilians, and volunteers, while those in Donetsk have been confirmed to include former Berkut special police officers. When asked by \"The Sunday Telegraph\" where their weapons had come from, one veteran of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan nodded at the Russian flag flying from the police station and said: \"Look at that flag. You know which country that represents\". An insurgent commander in Donetsk, Pavel Paramonov, told journalists he was from Tula Oblast in Russia. In Horlivka, police who defected were commanded by a retired Lieutenant Colonel of the Russian Army, later identified as Igor Bezler. Former Soviet military veteran Vyacheslav Ponomarev, who declared himself mayor of Sloviansk, said that he appealed to old military friends to take part in the militia: \"When I called on my friends, practically all of whom are ex military, they came to our rescue, not only from Russia but also from Belarus, Kazakhstan and Moldova.\" A former separatist militant corroborated these stories in an interview with Radio Free Europe. He said that fighters, including some Cossack units, arrived from Russia to support the separatists. Another interview with an insurgent from Saint Petersburg was published in \"Gazeta\". He claimed to be fighting voluntarily as part of the \"Russian Imperialist Movement.\" In late July, the local support for the militia within the city of Donetsk was estimated to be 70% by a local entrepreneur interviewed by \"Die Welt\". Armed groups affiliated with the Luhansk People's Republic were merged with the Donbass People's Militia on 16 September to form the \"United Armed Forces of Novorossiya\". The Army of the South-East (, \"Armiya Yugo-Vostoka\") is a pro-Russian militant group that occupied various buildings in Luhansk Oblast. According to \"The Guardian\", their personnel include former members of the disbanded Berkut special police. They were affiliated with the Luhansk People's Republic, but were merged with the Donbass People's Militia on 16 September to form the United Armed Forces of Novorossiya. The Russian Orthodox Army (, \"Russkaya pravoslavnaya armiya\"), a pro-Russian insurgent group in Ukraine, originated in May 2014 as part of the insurgency. It reportedly had 100 members at the time of its founding, including locals and Russian volunteers. As fighting between separatists and the Ukrainian government worsened in Donbass, membership rose to 350, and later to 4,000. Notable engagements of the ROA include the June 2014 skirmishes in Mariupol and Amvrosiivka Raion. The headquarters of the ROA is located in an occupied Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) building in Donetsk city. Members swore allegiance to Igor Girkin (\"Strelkov\"), insurgent and Minister of Defence of the self-declared Donetsk People's Republic. According to the Defence Ministry of Ukraine, the ROA has been in conflict with another pro-Russian militia, the Vostok Battalion, which accused the ROA of looting, and of avoiding combat. The Vostok Battalion (, ; lit. \"East Battalion\") was formed in early May 2014. It is commanded by Alexander Khodakovsky, a defector from the Security Service of Ukraine. Khodakovsky is the chief of the DPR's security service, and of the Patriotic Forces of Donbass, an insurgent battalion. Khodakovsky said that the \"overwhelming majority\" of his men came from eastern Ukraine. According to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Vostok reportedly includes former members of the original Vostok Battalion, a special forces unit of the Russian intelligence directorate (GRU) that participated in the Second Chechen and Russo-Georgian Wars. The original battalion was incorporated in 2009 into a Russian Defence Ministry reserve unit that is based in Chechnya. Khodakovsky said he had about 1,000 men at his disposal, and that more \"volunteers\" with experience in the Russian security sector were expected to join the battalion. A report by Radio Free Europe said that there were suspicions that the battalion was either created directly by the GRU, or that it was at least sanctioned by it. The battalion includes both fighters from Russia and from Ukraine. A BBC News report said that the battalion was composed largely of untrained locals from eastern Ukraine, with a smattering of Russian volunteers. A number of the Vostok insurgents were killed at the First Battle of Donetsk Airport. Thirty bodies were repatriated to Russia after the fighting. Some of the members said they received salaries of 100 US dollars a week, though they maintained that were only volunteers. An Armenian volunteer in the unit said the battalion was composed of Slavs, and that roughly 80% of militants were from Russia. By late February 2015, 110 members of the battalion had been killed and 172 wounded in the conflict. In May 2014, then Ukrainian president Oleksandr Turchynov",
"at least sanctioned by it. The battalion includes both fighters from Russia and from Ukraine. A BBC News report said that the battalion was composed largely of untrained locals from eastern Ukraine, with a smattering of Russian volunteers. A number of the Vostok insurgents were killed at the First Battle of Donetsk Airport. Thirty bodies were repatriated to Russia after the fighting. Some of the members said they received salaries of 100 US dollars a week, though they maintained that were only volunteers. An Armenian volunteer in the unit said the battalion was composed of Slavs, and that roughly 80% of militants were from Russia. By late February 2015, 110 members of the battalion had been killed and 172 wounded in the conflict. In May 2014, then Ukrainian president Oleksandr Turchynov stated that numerous Ukrainian military and security personnel had joined the separatists, alongside stolen Ukrainian military equipment. In October 2014, Internal Affairs minister Arsen Avakov told journalists that about 15,000 Ukrainian policemen in Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts had defected to the separatists. Some identified maverick neo-Cossack volunteers, particularly Don Cossacks who live on both sides of the border, are participants in the war, along with some self-styled neo-Cossack groups. Several of these Cossacks formed a paramilitary unit called the 'Terek Wolves Sotnia', a reference to a detachment of White emigre Cossacks that fought against the Soviet Union during the Second World War. Prominent fighters include Alexander \"Boogeyman\" Mozhaev (a Russian military veteran from Belorechensk) and the unit's commander, Evgeny Ponomarev. Ponomarev was killed in August 2014. Although Cossack units have been prohibited from crossing the Russian border into Ukraine en masse, it has been reported that Russian elements tacitly support the individual fighters in crossing the border into Ukraine. The Cossacks claim that it is their faith in Cossack brotherhood, Russian imperialism, and the Russian Orthodox Church that has driven them to take part in the insurgency with the aim of conquering what they perceive as \"historically Russian lands.\" Mozhaev also stated that some of the more extreme views of the Cossacks include destroying \"the Jew-Masons,\" who they claim have been \"fomenting disorder all over the world\" and \"causing us, the common Orthodox Christian folk, to suffer.\" On 25 May, the SBU arrested 13 Russian Cossacks in Luhansk. The Foreign Affairs ministry of Ukraine said that the presence of foreign soldiers amounted to \"undisguised aggression\" from Russia, and \"the export of Russian terrorism to our country\". \"There are grounds to affirm that Russian terrorists funnelled on to the territory of Ukraine are being organised and financed through the direct control of the Kremlin and Russian special forces,\" the ministry said. To date, reports and interviews have shown the presence of Chechen, Ossetian, Tajik, Afghan, Armenian, and various Russian paramilitary forces operating in Ukraine. Chechen paramilitaries were spotted in Sloviansk on 5 May 2014. Chechen president Ramzan Kadyrov threatened on 7 May that he would \"send tens of thousands of Chechen volunteers to southern and eastern Ukraine if the junta in Kiev continued its punitive operations.\" It was reported that Kadyrov engaged in an aggressive recruitment campaign in Chechnya for this operation, and that there were recruitment centres for it in Grozny, Achkhoy-Martan, Znamenskoye, and Gudermes. The Kavkazcenter, the official website of the North Caucasus Islamic insurgency, reported that Chechen authorities had opened recruiting offices for volunteers wishing to fight in Ukraine, and that those offices had suddenly closed. Five lorries crossed the Ukraine-Russia border carrying militants aboard on 24 May, with some reports suggesting among the militants were veteran Chechen soldiers. On the following day, the Vostok Battalion arrived in Donetsk in a convoy of eight lorries, each filled with twenty soldiers. Several of the soldiers looked Chechen, spoke the Chechen language, and said that they were from Chechnya. Two insurgents told CNN reporters that these were Chechen volunteers. Ramzan Kadyrov denied knowledge of the presence Chechen troops in Ukraine, but a separatist commander later confirmed that Chechens and militants of other ethnicities fought for the Donetsk People's Militia. In the aftermath of the First Battle of Donetsk Airport, local authorities said that some wounded militants were Chechens from Grozny and Gudermes. One Donetsk resident said that the presence of Chechen fighters showed \"that this war is not clean. It is artificially created. If this is an uprising by the Donetsk People's Republic, what are foreigners doing here?\" Chechen militants interviewed by the \"Financial Times\" and \"Vice News\" said that they became involved in the conflict on the orders of the Chechen president. President Kadyrov strongly denied these reports on 1 June. In his statement, he said that there were \"74,000 Chechens who are willing to go to bring order to the territory of Ukraine\", and that he would not send them to Donetsk, but to Kiev. As of May 2015, majority of previously pro-Russian Chechen paramilitaries exited the conflict, because of the two known incidents with Zakharchenko and his people, according to Akhmed Zakayev. Starting on 4 May 2014, the United Ossetia Party and the Union of Paratroopers in the pro-Russian breakaway Republic of South Ossetia announced a recruitment drive meant to send veterans of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict to protect \"the peaceful population of Ukraine's southeast\". Some videos issued by an Ossetian militant group indicated that they were operating in Donetsk. Donbass insurgents interviewed on 27 May admitted that there were sixteen fighters from Ossetia operating around Donetsk for at least two months prior. Head of the State Border Guard of Ukraine Mykola Lytvyn said that officials reports indicated the presence of Abkhaz militants as well. Militants from North and South Ossetia were open about their presence in Donbass in June. One militant named Oleg, part of the Vostok Battalion, told reporters \"In 2008 they were killing us and the Russians saved us. I came here to pay my dues to them\". There are reports that volunteers from France, Germany, the United States, Italy, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Turkey and other countries have fought on the insurgent side. There are at least 200 insurgent-affiliated Serbian volunteers fighting in Ukraine. They have their own combat unit, named after Jovan Šević, including 45 members of the Chetnik movement, led by Bratislav Živković. Around twenty Hungarians have formed their own unit named Legion of Saint Stephen. In February 2015, Spanish police arrested eight Spaniards suspected of fighting alongside pro-Russian militants. Commenting on other foreign fighters, the suspects said that \"Half of them are communists and the other half are Nazis. [...] We all want the same: social justice and the liberation of Russia from the Ukrainian invasion.\" The German newspaper \"Welt am Sonntag\" reported that more than 100 German citizens were fighting alongside pro-Russian militias in eastern Ukraine. Most of them were ethnic Germans from the former Soviet republics, and some had served in the Bundeswehr. According to the paper, a 33-year-old German citizen originally from Kazakhstan was killed in action by shrapnel during the battle of Debaltsevo, on 12 February 2015. Kazakhstan has given prison sentences of three to five years to its citizens who have fought for pro-Russian militias in Ukraine. In February 2016, Moldova stated that pro-Russian forces in Ukraine had recruited dozens of its citizens with the offer of money, with one individual saying he had been promised $3,000 a month. Two Moldovan mercenaries received three-year prison sentences and eight others were under investigation. From late 2014 until late 2017 Serbia has opened",
"pro-Russian militias in eastern Ukraine. Most of them were ethnic Germans from the former Soviet republics, and some had served in the Bundeswehr. According to the paper, a 33-year-old German citizen originally from Kazakhstan was killed in action by shrapnel during the battle of Debaltsevo, on 12 February 2015. Kazakhstan has given prison sentences of three to five years to its citizens who have fought for pro-Russian militias in Ukraine. In February 2016, Moldova stated that pro-Russian forces in Ukraine had recruited dozens of its citizens with the offer of money, with one individual saying he had been promised $3,000 a month. Two Moldovan mercenaries received three-year prison sentences and eight others were under investigation. From late 2014 until late 2017 Serbia has opened 45 cases against Serbian mercenaries who had been fighting in the War in Donbass and in other military conflicts abroad. According to media reports by late 2017 only a few dozen Serbs were then fighting in Ukraine and Syria. The Armed Forces of Ukraine are the primary military force of Ukraine, and have taken a leading role in countering DPR and LPR forces. The Armed Forces have been widely criticised for their poor equipment and inept leadership, forcing Internal Affairs Ministry forces like the National Guard and the territorial defence battalions to take on the brunt of the fighting. Following its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine inherited all Soviet military equipment and formations that had been stationed on its territory. Over the years preceding the start of hostilities in Donbass, the Armed Forces were systematically downsized, and became largely dilapidated. Soviet weaponry was not replaced or upgraded, leaving the Armed Forces with outdated and poorly maintained equipment. As an example, the Soviet military units never utilised ballistic vests, and hence, when the war in Donbass started, the Armed Forces of Ukraine had none. Whilst there is a vibrant defence industry in Ukraine, the equipment it produces is for export, and had not been used to equip the Armed Forces prior to the war. Amidst the Crimean Crisis on 11 March 2014, then Defence Minister Ihor Tenyukh said that \"de facto only 6,000 [soldiers] are in combat readiness\". According to a report by \"The Ukrainian Week\", 90–95% of the Armed Forces' equipment in July 2014 was outdated or in poor repair. In addition, professional soldiers were in short supply, forcing conscripts and volunteers to fill battalions. To counter equipment shortages, a powerful civil volunteer movement appeared. Teams of volunteers established crowdfunding centres that provide the soldiers with diverse support: from food and medicines to equipment like bulletproof vests, spaced armour, thermographic cameras and unmanned aerial vehicles. Other volunteers help the injured soldiers or search captives and the killed ones. Such volunteer centres work in all large cities and many small settlements of Ukraine, except those which aren't controlled by government. As of 2016, the Army was struggling to recruit conscript servicemen, due to significant evasion of conscription, to replace demobilising soldiers including volunteers. This followed negative publicity about nutrition and equipment deficiencies in the conflict zone. By mid-April 2016, 127,363 soldiers and volunteers had received veteran status. The National Guard of Ukraine was re-established on 13 March 2014, amidst rising tensions in Ukraine during the Crimean crisis. It is a part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It was re-established to replace the Internal Troops of Ukraine, and is based on that force. The Ministry of Internal Affairs is commonly known as the \"militsiya\", and is the primary police force in Ukraine. It is led by the Internal Affairs Minister, Arsen Avakov, a key figure in leading the counter-insurgency operations in the Donbass. The government military operation to counter DPR and LPR forces in the Donbass is called the \"Anti-Terrorist Operation\" (ATO). It is led by the Anti-Terrorist Centre, a division of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU). The SBU is the main intelligence service of Ukraine. At least fifty pro-Ukrainian volunteer units have been formed and fought against the Donbass People's Militia and other insurgent groups. These forces include the Donbas Battalion, Azov Battalion, Kharkiv Battalion, and Oleh Lyashko's militia. Some of these units work under contract with the National Guard of Ukraine. These units took active participation in the military campaign. For example, the town of Shchastya in Luhansk Oblast was taken by the Aidar Battalion on 9 July, and Azov Battalion, together with other units, recaptured Mariupol from pro-Russian separatists forces in June 2014. Some of the volunteer battalions belong to Right Sector. It lost twelve fighters when it was ambushed outside Donetsk in August 2014. Right Sector leader Dmytro Yarosh vowed his group would avenge the deaths. Foreign fighters mainly from Belarus, Georgia and Russia (about 100 men from each country) have joined the volunteer battalions, as well as volunteers from the United States, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Georgia, Poland, Spain, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, Croatia, Italy and Canada. The Foreign Ministry of Russia asked the governments of Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, and France to conduct a thorough investigation into reports of mercenaries from their countries serving Ukrainian forces, following a story in the Italian newspaper \"Il Giornale\". Chechen opponents of the Russian government, including Chechen military commander Isa Munayev, were fighting pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine for the Ukrainian government. At least three volunteer battalions composed mostly of people from the Caucasus and Central Asia are fighting against pro-Russian separatists. They include Muslims from states that were part of the Soviet Union, including Uzbeks, Balkars and Crimean Tatars. Following its annexation of Crimea, Russia intervened in different ways throughout the war in the Donbass region. Reports and statements by the US State Department repeatedly accused Russia of orchestrating the April unrest across eastern and southern Ukraine. Russia denied these reports. As the unrest escalated into a war in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, Russia supplied arms, armoured vehicles, tanks, and other equipment to the forces of the DPR and LPR. A significant number of Russian citizens and military men have fought in the war as volunteers, something that the leaders of the DPR and LPR admitted. Recruitment for Donbass insurgent groups was performed openly in Russian cities, using private and military facilities. Reports of direct Russian military involvement culminated on 25 August, when the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) said that it captured a group of Russian paratroopers on active service in Ukrainian territory. The SBU released photographs of them, and their names. On the following day, the Russian Defence Ministry said these soldiers crossed the border \"by accident\". On May 2015 a Russian major was detained near Donetsk while driving an ammunition truck, there was no comment from Russian military, the major was later exchanged for captured Ukrainian soldiers. In May 2015 two suspected Russian GRU agents were detained by Ukrainian forces, Russia's Ministry of Defense stated the men were former soldiers who were not on active duty at the time of capture. The two men were later exchanged for captured Ukrainian pilot and politician Nadiya Savchenko In September 2015 Ukraine's border guards detained 2 Russian internal troops when they crossed the border in Ukraine's Luhansk oblast, the Russian servicemen stated they were lost and crossed the border by accident, with the Russian Military of Defense accusing Ukraine's forces of crossing into the nearby Russian village and abducting the servicemen. A new front in the war was opened on 27 August 2014. Vast amounts",
"from Russian military, the major was later exchanged for captured Ukrainian soldiers. In May 2015 two suspected Russian GRU agents were detained by Ukrainian forces, Russia's Ministry of Defense stated the men were former soldiers who were not on active duty at the time of capture. The two men were later exchanged for captured Ukrainian pilot and politician Nadiya Savchenko In September 2015 Ukraine's border guards detained 2 Russian internal troops when they crossed the border in Ukraine's Luhansk oblast, the Russian servicemen stated they were lost and crossed the border by accident, with the Russian Military of Defense accusing Ukraine's forces of crossing into the nearby Russian village and abducting the servicemen. A new front in the war was opened on 27 August 2014. Vast amounts of military equipment and troops crossed the border from Russia into southern Donetsk Oblast, an area previously controlled by the Ukrainian government. Western officials described this new offensive as a \"stealth invasion\" by the Russian Federation. US State Department spokesman Jen Psaki said that \"these incursions indicate a Russian-directed counteroffensive is likely underway\", and Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko said \"An invasion of Russian forces has taken place\". NATO commander Brig. Gen. Nico Tak said on 28 August 2014 that \"well over\" 1,000 Russian soldiers were operating in the Donbass conflict zone. During the week prior to the \"invasion\", Russia had been shelling Ukrainian units from across the border, though instances of cross-border shelling from Russia had been reported since mid-July. At the time, Russian government spokesmen denied these reports. An August 2014 survey by the Levada Center reported that only 13% of those Russians polled would support the Russian government in an open war with Ukraine. Reports of Russian involvement continued into early 2015. Russian forces and equipment participated in the Second Battle of Donetsk Airport and the Battle of Debaltseve. A report released by the Royal United Services Institute in March 2015 said that \"the presence of large numbers of Russian troops on Ukrainian sovereign territory\" had become a \"permanent feature\" of the war in Donbass since August 2014. In a press conference on 17 December 2015, Russian president Vladimir Putin acknowledged for the first time that there had been a Russian military presence in the Donbass region, though he said that this did not mean that there were \"Russian troops\" there. In a February 2017 interview with Ukrayinska Pravda Deputy Head of the OSCE monitoring mission in Ukraine Alexander Hug stated that he and other monitors had met separatists soldiers who claimed that they were soldiers of units of the Russian army. In August 2018, OSCE drone has for the first time filmed two large military convoys crossing at night the border between Donbass and Russia through an unguarded dirt track near Manych village. Such crossings were reported by Ukraine and denied by Russia from the beginning of the conflict. Also for the first time, it has spotted four Russian advanced electronic warfare systems on the separatist territory near Chornukhyne. The United Nations observed an \"alarming deterioration\" in human rights in territory held by insurgents affiliated with the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic. The UN reported growing lawlessness in the region, documenting cases of targeted killings, torture, and abduction, primarily carried out by the forces of the Donetsk People's Republic. The UN also reported threats against, attacks on, and abductions of journalists and international observers, as well as the beatings and attacks on supporters of Ukrainian unity. Russia criticised these reports, and said that they were \"politically motivated\". A report by Human Rights Watch said \"Anti-Kiev forces in eastern Ukraine are abducting, attacking, and harassing people they suspect of supporting the Ukrainian government or consider undesirable...anti-Kiev insurgents are using beatings and kidnappings to send the message that anyone who doesn't support them had better shut up or leave\". There were also multiple instances of beatings, abductions, and possible executions of local residents by Ukrainian troops, such as Oleh Lyashko's militia and the Aidar territorial defence battalion. Amnesty International noted that pro-Kiev volunteer battalions are increasingly blocking humanitarian aid into eastern Ukraine. In August, Igor Druz, a senior advisor to pro-Russian insurgent commander Igor Girkin, said that \"On several occasions, in a state of emergency, we have carried out executions by shooting to prevent chaos. As a result, our troops, the ones who have pulled out of Sloviansk, are highly disciplined\". By the end of 2015, there had been 79 places on the combined DPR and LPR territory where abducted civilians and prisoners of war. A report by the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) released on 28 July 2014 said that based on \"conservative estimates\", at least 1,129 civilians had been killed since mid-April during the fighting, and at least 3,442 had been wounded. In addition, the report found that at least 750 million US dollars worth of damage has been done to property and infrastructure in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts. Human Rights Watch said that Ukrainian government forces, pro-government paramilitaries, and the insurgents had used unguided Grad rockets in attacks on civilian areas, stating that \"The use of indiscriminate rockets in populated areas violates international humanitarian law, or the laws of war, and may amount to war crimes\". \"The New York Times\" reported that the high rate of civilian deaths had \"left the population in eastern Ukraine embittered toward Ukraine's pro-Western government\", and that this sentiment helped to \"spur recruitment\" for the insurgents. By early January 2015, the number of deaths caused by the war had risen to 4,707, despite the signing of the Minsk Protocol in early September 2014. By early August 2014, at least 730,000 had fled fighting in the Donbass and left for Russia. This number, much larger than earlier estimates, was given by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The number of internal refugees rose to 117,000. By the start of September, after a sharp escalation over the course of August, the number of people displaced from Donbass within Ukraine more than doubled to 260,000. The number of refugees that fled from Donbass to Russia rose to 814,000. Despite two months of a shaky ceasefire established by the Minsk Protocol, the number of refugees displaced from Donbass in Ukraine escalated sharply to 466,829 in mid November. By April 2015, the war had caused at least 1.3 million people to become internally displaced within Ukraine. In addition, more than 800,000 people had fled Ukraine, with over 659,143 to Russia, 81,100 to Belarus, and thousands more to other countries. According to another report by the UN OHCHR, over 3 million people continued to live in the Donbass conflict zone as of March 2016. This was said to include 2.7 million who lived in DPR and LPR-controlled areas, and 200,000 in Ukrainian-controlled areas adjacent to the line of contact. In addition, the Ukrainian government was said to have registered a total of 1.6 million internally displaced people within Ukraine who had fled the conflict. Over 1 million were reported to have sought asylum elsewhere, with most having gone to Russia. The report also said that people that lived in separatist-controlled areas were experiencing \"complete absence of rule of law, reports of arbitrary detention, torture and incommunicado detention, and no access to real redress mechanisms\". By November 2017, the UN had identified 1.8 million internally displaced and conflict-affected persons in Ukraine, while another 427,240 who had sought asylum or refugee status in the Russian Federation, plus 11,230 in Italy,",
"and 200,000 in Ukrainian-controlled areas adjacent to the line of contact. In addition, the Ukrainian government was said to have registered a total of 1.6 million internally displaced people within Ukraine who had fled the conflict. Over 1 million were reported to have sought asylum elsewhere, with most having gone to Russia. The report also said that people that lived in separatist-controlled areas were experiencing \"complete absence of rule of law, reports of arbitrary detention, torture and incommunicado detention, and no access to real redress mechanisms\". By November 2017, the UN had identified 1.8 million internally displaced and conflict-affected persons in Ukraine, while another 427,240 who had sought asylum or refugee status in the Russian Federation, plus 11,230 in Italy, 10,495 in Germany, 8,380 in Spain, and 4,595 in Poland. The number of confirmed deaths caused by the war was nearly 10,500 as of early June 2018. By mid-November 2018, the UN confirmed 3,318 civilians had been killed in the conflict. 312 of the civilian deaths were foreigners: 298 passengers and crew of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, 11 Russian journalists, an Italian journalist, one Russian civilian killed in cross-border shelling and a Lithuanian diplomat. Ukrainian government forces have lost a confirmed total of 4,159 killed servicemen by early December 2018, including 190 foreign-born Ukrainian citizens and 13 foreigners. Another 123 Ukrainian soldiers were missing. Pro-Russian sources claimed Ukrainian forces had: 10,000 killed, 20,000 wounded and 13,500 deserted or missing, by late June 2015. The separatists reported that they had lost 1,400 men at most as of the beginning of February 2015. The pro-Russian death toll was updated to 4,412, per the \"Cargo 200\" NGO, by the end of July 2018. \"Cargo 200\" reported 1,479 of the dead they documented were Russian citizens. Ukraine claimed 7,577–14,600 separatists had been killed and 12,000 missing during the fighting as of early 2015. They also claimed an additional 103 Russian servicemen were killed between January and April 2016. An image of a reported separatist graveyard in Donetsk in late February 2015, showed number plates running up to at least 2,213. In late August 2015, according to a reported \"leak\" by a Russian news site, Business Life (Delovaya Zhizn), 2,000 Russian soldiers had been killed in Ukraine by 1 February 2015. The US Department of State reported that by early March 2015, 400–500 Russian soldiers had died. By the end of November 2018, DPR separatist authorities reported that a total of 4,721 separatists and civilians had been killed in the Donetsk region, while the LPR reported 1,328 people had died in the Luhansk region by January 2018. Many observers have asked both the Ukrainian government and the insurgents to seek peace, and ease tensions in Donetsk and Luhansk. – NATO published a statement on the war in Donbass and the Crimean Crisis in August 2014. It attempted to debunk the Russian government's accusations against the Ukrainian government, and also other statements made by Russia to justify its presence in Ukraine. According to the statement, Russia attempted to \"divert attention away from its actions\" and \"levelled a series of accusations against NATO which are based on misrepresentations of the facts\". It also said that Russia \"made baseless attacks on the legitimacy of the Ukrainian authorities and has used force to seize part of Ukraine's territory\". In response to the unauthorised entry of the Russian humanitarian convoy on 22 August, NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen stated that this incident could \"only deepen the crisis in the region, which Russia itself has created and has continued to fuel. The disregard of international humanitarian principles raises further questions about whether the true purpose of the aid convoy is to support civilians or to resupply armed separatists\". Late in August, NATO generals met and revised their assessment of the military situation in Donbass. They said that, from the Ukrainian government's point of view, the war is already lost. It was anticipated that the late-August offensive in southern Donetsk Oblast could be used to create a Russian land corridor to Crimea, consolidating the illegal annexation of the peninsula. NATO general Philip Breedlove said on 20 September that the ceasefire implemented as part of the Minsk Protocol was \"a ceasefire in name only\", and criticised Russia for allowing men and equipment to flow freely across its border into Donbass. – The Russian Foreign Ministry accused Ukrainian authorities of \"blaming\" the Russian government for all its troubles and stated \"Ukrainian people want to get a clear answer from Kiev to all their questions. It's time to listen to these legal claims\". It also stated it was \"carefully observing\" events in the east and south of Ukraine, and again called for \"real constitutional reform\" that would turn Ukraine into a federation. In a 7 April opinion piece that appeared in \"The Guardian\", Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov wrote that it was Europe and the United States, and not Russia, that was guilty of destabilising Ukraine and that \"Russia is doing all it can to promote early stabilisation in Ukraine\". The Russian Foreign Ministry issued a stern condemnation of the \"criminal order\" by Kiev for armed aggression against Donetsk: \"The Kiev authorities, who self-proclaimed themselves as a result of a coup, have embarked on the violent military suppression of the protests,\" demanding that \"the Maidan henchmen, who overthrew the legitimate president, to immediately stop the war against their own people, to fulfill all the obligations under the Agreement of 21 February.\" Russian president Vladimir Putin compared the siege of the DPR and LPR-controlled cities of Donetsk and Luhansk to the Siege of Leningrad during the Second World War: \"Sadly, it reminds me of World War II, when German fascist forces surrounded our cities, like Leningrad, and shelled population centres and their residents\". – US Secretary of State John Kerry said on 7 April 2014 that the events \"did not appear to be spontaneous\" and called on Russia to \"publicly disavow the activities of separatists, saboteurs and provocateurs\" in a phone call to his Russian counterpart Sergei Lavrov. A spokeswoman for the US National Security Council noted that the separatists appeared to be supported by Russia. \"We saw similar so-called protest activities in Crimea before Russia's purported annexation,\" she said in a statement, adding: \"We call on President (Vladimir) Putin and his government to cease all efforts to destabilize Ukraine, and we caution against further military intervention.\" American ambassador to Ukraine Geoffrey R. Pyatt characterised the pro-Russian insurgents as \"terrorists\". The US government is sending military advisors to Ukraine to aid the Ukrainian government in its fight against the insurgents. In April, the US Defence Department shipped a 7 million US dollar package of non-lethal military equipment to the Ukrainian forces. Plans for another 8 million dollar aid package were announced on 1 August 2014. The package was meant to include armoured personnel carriers, goods and patrol vehicles, binoculars, night vision goggles and small patrol boats. On the same day, the Defence Department also proposed a $19 million aid package to help train the National Guard of Ukraine. This proposal required congressional approval, and would come into effect in 2015. It had been announced in July that a group of Defence Department specialists in strategy and policy would visit Kiev to evaluate the military needs of the Ukrainian government. On 8 September 2014, \"The New York Times\" reported that only a portion of the initial non-lethal aid package had actually arrived in Ukraine. While this report cited concerns about provoking escalation in the region as the reason for the delay, a 13 September 2014 report by \"The Globe and Mail\"",
"armoured personnel carriers, goods and patrol vehicles, binoculars, night vision goggles and small patrol boats. On the same day, the Defence Department also proposed a $19 million aid package to help train the National Guard of Ukraine. This proposal required congressional approval, and would come into effect in 2015. It had been announced in July that a group of Defence Department specialists in strategy and policy would visit Kiev to evaluate the military needs of the Ukrainian government. On 8 September 2014, \"The New York Times\" reported that only a portion of the initial non-lethal aid package had actually arrived in Ukraine. While this report cited concerns about provoking escalation in the region as the reason for the delay, a 13 September 2014 report by \"The Globe and Mail\" cited various sources that indicated that both the American package and a $200 million Canadian military aid package were delayed by concerns about diversion of saleable equipment due to corruption among Ukrainian officials. On 11 March 2015, the American government said it would send an additional 75 million US dollars worth of non-lethal aid to Ukraine. This included radios, first-aid kits, surveillance drones, counter-mortar radar systems, military ambulances, 30 armoured Humvees and 300 unarmoured Humvees. In March 2016, US Assistant Secretary of State Victoria Nuland stated that a total of 266 million dollars was spent on non-lethal aid to Ukraine. She also said that nearly 1,200 Ukrainian soldiers and 750 National Guard members had been trained by American military personnel. – Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko pledged revenge against pro-Russian separatists after 19 Ukrainian soldiers were killed in a rocket attack. \"Militants will pay hundreds of their lives for each life of our servicemen. Not a single terrorist will avoid responsibility,\" he said. A poll of the Ukrainian public, excluding Russian-annexed Crimea, was taken by the International Republican Institute from 12–25 September 2014. 89% of those polled opposed Russian intervention in Ukraine. As broken down by region, 78% of those polled from Eastern Ukraine (including Dnipropetrovsk Oblast) opposed said intervention, along with 89% in Southern Ukraine, 93% in Central Ukraine, and 99% in Western Ukraine. As broken down by native language, 79% of Russian speakers and 95% of Ukrainian speakers opposed the intervention. 80% of those polled said that Ukraine should remain a unitary country. 56% of those polled said that Russia should pay for the reconstruction of the Donbass, whereas 32% said Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts should pay. 59% of those polled said that they supported the government military operation in Donbass, whereas 33% said that they opposed it. 73% of respondents said that the war in Donbass was one of the three most important issues facing Ukraine. A poll conducted by the same institute in 2017 shows that an overwhelming majority of Ukrainians believe that the separatist republics should remain as part of Ukraine. The survey contained an over sample of respondents from the Ukrainian-controlled areas of the Donbass, a majority of whom also affirmed their wish for the entire region to stay in Ukraine. The survey results showed that 80% of Ukrainians nationally and 73% of people living in the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts supported that the separatist-controlled areas should remain part of Ukraine. Around 60% of the people polled did not believe Ukraine is doing enough to regain the lost territories because of the Minsk agreements. NATO considers the conflict a war with Russian irregulars, and others consider it to be a war between Russian proxies and Ukraine. The International Committee of the Red Cross described the events in the Donbass region as a \"non-international armed conflict\". Some news agencies, such as the Information Telegraph Agency of Russia and Reuters, interpreted this statement as meaning that Ukraine was in a state of \"civil war\". From early September 2014, Amnesty International said that it considered the war to be \"international\", as opposed to \"non-international\". Secretary General of Amnesty International Salil Shetty said that \"satellite images, coupled with reports of Russian troops captured inside Ukraine and eyewitness accounts of Russian troops and military vehicles rolling across the border leave no doubt that this is now an international armed conflict\". The conflict has also been classified as a \"hybrid war\" waged by Russia against Ukraine. Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Oleksandr Turchynov said that he considered the conflict a direct war with Russia. According to Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko, the war will be known in history of Ukraine as the \"Patriotic War\". According to a VTSIOM survey taken in August 2014, 59% of the Russian citizens polled viewed the war in Donbass as a civil war. Most of those polled said that direct war with Ukraine was either \"absolutely impossible\" or \"extremely unlikely\". 28% said that such a conflict could happen in the future. Until early 2015, the European Union tended to label the participants of the conflict as \"foreign armed formations\" or Russia-supported separatists. After the delivery of an IntCen classified report by the end of January 2015, the official EU documents started labelling them openly as \"Russian troops in Ukraine\". War in Donbass The War in Donbass is an armed conflict in the Donbass region of Ukraine. From the beginning of March 2014, protests by pro-Russian and anti-government groups took place in the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine, commonly collectively called the \"Donbass\", in the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution and the Euromaidan movement. These demonstrations, which followed the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation (February to March 2014), and which were part of a wider group of concurrent pro-Russian protests across southern and eastern"
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"Dorthe Nors Dorthe Nors (born 20 May 1970) is a Danish writer. She is the author of \"Soul\", \"Karate Chop\", and \"Mirror, Shoulder, Signal\". Nors was born in Herning, Denmark, the youngest of three children. As a child, she enjoyed making up stories that her mother, a teacher and painter, would write down and read back to her. At age eleven, she began writing her own stories, poems, and plays. In 1999, Nors graduated from Aarhus University with a degree in literature and art history. Before to Nors' literary debut in her own name, she worked as a translator of Swedish crime novels, mostly books by author Johan Theorin. In 2002 she made her debut with the book \"Soul\", published by Samlerens Forlag. Her English-language following began in 2009 when selections from her short story collection, \"Karate Chop\", were published in English. She became the first Danish writer to have a story published in \"The New Yorker\" when they printed her story \"The Heron\" in 2013. In 2015, her short story collection \"Karate Chop\" was published in English alongside \"So Much for That Winter\", a join publication of her novellas \"Minna Needs Rehearsal Space\" and \"Days\". In 2017, she was nominated for the Man Booker International Prize for her novel \"Mirror, Shoulder, Signal\". Nors lived in Copenhagen for several years before moving back to Jutland in 2013. Dorthe Nors Dorthe Nors (born 20 May 1970) is a Danish writer. She is the author of \"Soul\", \"Karate Chop\", and \"Mirror, Shoulder, Signal\". Nors was born in Herning, Denmark, the youngest of three children. As a child, she enjoyed making up stories that her mother, a teacher and painter, would write down and read back to her. At age eleven, she began writing her own stories, poems, and plays. In 1999, Nors"
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"Cedar Grove (Clarksville, Virginia) Cedar Grove is a historic plantation house and farm located near Clarksville, Mecklenburg County, Virginia. The house was built in 1838, and is a Greek Revival style brick dwelling. It consists of a large one-story block on a raised basement with a hipped roof capped with a smaller clerestory with a hipped roof and modern flanking one-story brick wings the historic central block. The front and rear facades feature entry porches with six Doric order columns. Also on the property are the contributing ice house and smokehouse dating from 1838, and a number of other secondary structures and agricultural buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. Cedar Grove (Clarksville, Virginia) Cedar Grove is a historic plantation house and farm located near Clarksville, Mecklenburg County, Virginia. The house was built in 1838, and is a Greek Revival style brick dwelling. It consists of a large one-story block on a raised basement with a hipped roof capped with a smaller clerestory with a hipped roof and modern flanking one-story brick wings the historic central block. The front and rear facades feature entry porches with six Doric order columns. Also on the property"
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"Guaramiranga Guaramiranga is one of the smallest towns of the Northeastern state of Ceará in Brazil. It is located at an altitude of 865 m in the Serra de Baturité hills 110 km from the state capital of Fortaleza. Guaramiranga is known locally for its temperate climate and lush green scenery. The temperature in Guaramiranga varies between 15 and 23 degrees Celsius through the year. Guaramiranga has a population of about 3,956 people. The town was first populated by an Indian tribe called the Tarariús towards the end of the 19th century. Guaramiranga hosts a number of events throughout the year including a Festival of Jazz&Blues which is held every year during Carnival, and the Ceará Fest Flores which is held in November. Guaramiranga has two large churches, the Igreja Matriz Nossa Senhora da Conceição and the Igreja Nossa Senhora de Lourdes. The town is the birthplace of the scientist and researcher Fernando de Mendonça, founder of Brazil's National Institute for Space Research. Within its territory, lies the Pico Alto, the highest point of Ceará. Guaramiranga Guaramiranga is one of the smallest towns of the Northeastern state of Ceará in Brazil. It is located at an altitude of 865 m"
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"Quadrophonia Quadrophonia were a Dutch/Belgian techno music collective, formed by Olivier Abbeloos (also known as part of T99) and Lucien Foort in the late 1980s, with several of their tracks performed by Marvin D (Marvin Tholen). They had two Top 40 hits in the United Kingdom. \"Quadrophonia\", which reached #14 in April 1991, followed by \"The Wave Of The Future\", which charted at #40 in July of the same year. Three of their other singles were \"Find the Time (Part 1)\", \"Schizofrenia - The Worst Day Of My Life\" and \"The Man With the Masterplan\", all three of which were not successful. Later in the year the group released their only album, \"Cozmic Jam\". Following their work in 1991 and 1992, Quadrophonia went on to release three more singles in 1993. They were \"Intergalactic Crosstalk (Amazonia)\", \"Moondance\" and \"Warp Factor One\"; as well as a couple of remix singles in 1997 and 1998, called \"Quadrophonia '97 (Remixes Part 1)\" and \"Quadrophonia '98 (Remixes Part 2)\". Quadrophonia also recorded under the aliases CMOS, Holographic Hallucination, and Warp Factor 1 (as well as Orion on one white label release). Marvin D ultimately introduced his friend Ray Slijngaard to Phil Wilde and Jean-Paul de Coster, who together with Anita Doth later formed 2 Unlimited. Quadrophonia Quadrophonia were a Dutch/Belgian techno music collective, formed by Olivier Abbeloos (also known as part of T99) and Lucien Foort in the late 1980s, with several of their tracks performed by Marvin D (Marvin Tholen). They had two Top 40 hits in the United Kingdom. \"Quadrophonia\", which reached #14 in April 1991, followed by \"The Wave Of The Future\", which charted at #40 in July of the same year. Three of their other singles were \"Find the Time (Part 1)\", \"Schizofrenia - The Worst Day Of My Life\""
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"Suresh Pasi Suresh Pasi is Indian Politician and a member of 17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh of India.He represents Jagdishpur constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of Bharatiya Janata Party. He is current minister of state for Housing, Vocational Education and Skill Development in the government of Uttar Pradesh . Suresh Pasi was born at Pakargaon village of Tiloi,Amethi on 15 November 1981. He belongs to a middle-class family, his father Guru Prasad runs a hardware shop in Mohanganj, Uttar Pradesh. His wife, Sarita Devi was Block Pramukh of Tiloi during 2010-2015.His father Guru Prasad is Zilla Panchayat Member of Amethi District. He was educated at SSPN Inter College Tiloi Suresh Pasi got the ministries of Housing, Vocational education, skill development. Suresh Pasi Suresh Pasi is Indian Politician and a member of 17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh of India.He represents Jagdishpur constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of Bharatiya Janata Party. He is current minister of state for Housing, Vocational Education and Skill Development in the government of Uttar Pradesh . Suresh Pasi was born at Pakargaon village of Tiloi,Amethi on 15 November 1981. He belongs to a middle-class family, his father Guru Prasad"
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"James G. Carter James Gordon Carter (1795–1849), born James Carter, Jr. in Leominster, Massachusetts, was a Massachusetts State Legislator and education reformer. He was educated at Groton Academy and Harvard College. He wrote \"Influence of an Early Education\" in 1826 (Essays Upon Popular Education), and in 1837, as House Chairman of the Committee on Education, contributed to the establishment of the Massachusetts Board of Education, the first state Board of education in the United States. This was an important stepping stone in the path to government funded schooling. To the disappointment of many of Carter's supporters, who felt he deserved the honor, Horace Mann was appointed the board's first secretary. Carter was also instrumental in the reformation of teacher education, and establishment of the first Normal school which later became Framingham State College. This earned him the sobriequet: \"Father of the American Normal School.\" The James G. Carter Junior High School in Leominster, Mass.(now defunct) was named after him. James G. Carter James Gordon Carter (1795–1849), born James Carter, Jr. in Leominster, Massachusetts, was a Massachusetts State Legislator and education reformer. He was educated at Groton Academy and Harvard College. He wrote \"Influence of an Early Education\" in 1826 (Essays"
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"Black Jack (Chilean band) Black Jack was a Chilean rock band that formed in Los Ángeles in 2005. Originally known as The Fire, the group was formed by Diego Stegmeier (vocals and drums), Raúl Guarda (guitar) and Sebastian Villagra (bass guitar). A few months later, Villagra left the band and was replaced by Franco Aravena. Aravena went on to play rhythm guitar, and later Rodrigo Pacheco, the new bassist, joined. Between 2008 and 2009, the band recorded two singles called \"Dejar de Pensar\" and \"Escuchar\". In 2010, Guarda left the group to pursue his studies in dentistry, and was replaced by Felipe Gutierrez. That same year they recorded their third single \"Realidad\" with Gutierrez. The band was tight in 2010 and until today have not done any meeting. In 2012, Stegmeier released his first solo album, entitled \"Fuera de Foco\", which has had very good reception. Then in 2013 Stegmeier launched on September 1 a new solo album called \"Viento\", and this album contains 10 demos recorded in Santiago, Chile. In addition to his solo career is performing many musical projects. Black Jack shows and defines their sound as \"very influenced\". One of these influences are clearly The Beatles, Oasis, The Strokes, Radiohead and Aerosmith. Other bands that influence to Black Jack, Red Hot Chili Peppers and Soda Stereo. Black Jack (Chilean band) Black Jack was a Chilean rock band that formed in Los Ángeles in 2005. Originally known as The Fire, the group was formed by Diego Stegmeier (vocals and drums), Raúl Guarda (guitar) and Sebastian Villagra (bass guitar). A few months later, Villagra left the band and was replaced by Franco Aravena. Aravena went on to play rhythm guitar, and later Rodrigo Pacheco, the new bassist, joined. Between 2008 and 2009, the band recorded two singles called \"Dejar"
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"Uppsala Student Union Uppsala Student Union (\"Uppsala studentkår\") is one of four students' unions at Uppsala University in Uppsala, Sweden. According to Swedish law, university students are no longer required to be members of a students' union since 2010. Uppsala Student Union covers the Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Faculty of Medicine at Uppsala University with the exception of students seated at the University's Gotland campus. Uppsala Student Union was founded in March 1849 by the student nations at the university and was the first Swedish students' union. The students' union appoints student representatives to various boards and committees of the university. Uppsala Student Union is a member of the Swedish National Union of Students. Uppsala Student Union Uppsala Student Union (\"Uppsala studentkår\") is one of four students' unions at Uppsala University in Uppsala, Sweden. According to Swedish law, university students are no longer required to be members of a students' union since 2010. Uppsala Student Union covers the Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Faculty of Medicine at Uppsala University with the exception of students seated at the University's Gotland campus. Uppsala Student Union was founded in March 1849 by the student"
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"Russian air surveillance radars This is an overview of Russian early warning radars for air surveillance, and related design bureaus. The Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering (Russian acronym: NNIIRT) has since 1948 developed a number of radars. These were mainly radars in the VHF-band, and many of which featured developments in technology that represented \"first offs\" in the Soviet Union. Innovations include the first Soviet air surveillance radar with a circular scan: the P-8 Volga (NATO: KNIFE REST A) in 1950, the first 3D radar: the 5N69 Salute (NATO: BIG BACK) in 1975, and in 1982 the first VHF-band 3D-radar: the 55Zh6 Nebo (NATO: TALL RACK). Other innovations were radars with frequency hopping; the P-10 Volga A (NATO: KNIFE REST B) in 1953, radars with transmitter signal coherency and special features like moving target indicator (MTI); the P-12 Yenisei (NATO: SPOON REST) in 1955 as well as the P-70 Lena-M with chirp signal modulation in 1968 or the widely used P-18 Terek (NATO: SPOON REST D) in 1970. The Dalney Radiosvyazi NII company (Russian acronym: NIIDAR) developed a number of radars from 1949 to 1959 in co-operation with the NII-20 Lianozovo electromechanical plant. However, unlike the NNIIRT, this design bureau focused on higher frequency radars like the P-20, P-30, P-30M, P-35, P-32D2 and the P-50 (NATO: E/F-bands). These radars have better accuracy and faster scan rates, and are thus more suited for ground control of fighter aircraft, which complement the lower frequency radars developed by the NNIIRT design bureau. NNIDAR has in recent years expanded their product range to include innovative radar designs like the Podsolnukh-E over-the-horizon (OTH) surface-wave radar and the 29B6 Konteyner. The latter, while also being an OTH-radar, has separate locations for the transmitter and the receiver making it a bi-static system. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Radio Engineering (Russian acronym: VNIIRT) Russian air surveillance radars This is an overview of Russian early warning radars for air surveillance, and related design bureaus. The Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering (Russian acronym: NNIIRT) has since 1948 developed a number of radars. These were mainly radars in the VHF-band, and many of which featured developments in technology that represented \"first offs\" in the Soviet Union. Innovations include the first Soviet air surveillance radar with a circular scan: the P-8 Volga (NATO: KNIFE REST A) in 1950, the first 3D radar: the 5N69 Salute (NATO: BIG BACK)"
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"Magdi Abdelghani Magdi Abdelghani Sayed Ahmed (; born 27 July 1959), known as Abdelghani, is an Egyptian retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He played most of his professional career, which spanned nearly 15 years, with Al-Ahly and Beira-Mar. Abdelghani represented Egypt at the 1990 World Cup. Before the 2018 world cup began, Abdelghani was accused of stealing the players kits. Born in Cairo, Abdelghani was a first-team mainstay for several years at local Al-Ahly, before immigrating to Portugal in 1988 at the age of 29, signing with lowly S.C. Beira-Mar which he helped always maintain its first division status whilst averaging four goals per season, even though he appeared sparingly in his last year. Abdelghani finished his career back in his country, first with Al Merreikh then Al-Mokawloon al-Arab. In 1987, he finished fourth in the race for African Footballer of the Year. Abdelghani gained 50 caps for Egypt, representing the nation at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy and scoring its only goal of the tournament, a penalty in the 1–1 group stage draw against the Netherlands. He also competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics, and helped the \"Pharaohs\" win the 1986 African Cup of Nations on home soil. He also won an All-African Games gold medal in 1987. Magdi Abdelghani Magdi Abdelghani Sayed Ahmed (; born 27 July 1959), known as Abdelghani, is an Egyptian retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He played most of his professional career, which spanned nearly 15 years, with Al-Ahly and Beira-Mar. Abdelghani represented Egypt at the 1990 World Cup. Before the 2018 world cup began, Abdelghani was accused of stealing the players kits. Born in Cairo, Abdelghani was a first-team mainstay for several years at local Al-Ahly, before immigrating to Portugal in 1988 at the age"
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"retrieved": [
"Bruce Bullen Bruce Michael Bullen (born 15 April 1947) is an American government and health care executive from Boston, Massachusetts. He was the interim Chief Executive Officer (handpicked by Charlie Baker) and formerly Chief Operating Officer of Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Inc. (HPHC), a non-profit healthcare services entity formed from the merger of the Harvard Community Health Plan and Pilgrim Health Care Before working at HPHC, Bullen was the Commissioner of the Division of Medical Assistance in Massachusetts (DMA), where he was responsible for the administration of the MassHealth (the Medicaid in Massachusetts) program. Prior to DMA, Bullen worked in Massachusetts state government on the Senate Budget Ways & Means Committee. Bullen has a master's degree in Public Administration from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and an undergraduate degree from Williams College in 1970. Bullen lives in Weston, Massachusetts with his wife Maria Krokidas, a Boston attorney, and their three children. Bruce Bullen Bruce Michael Bullen (born 15 April 1947) is an American government and health care executive from Boston, Massachusetts. He was the interim Chief Executive Officer (handpicked by Charlie Baker) and formerly Chief Operating Officer of Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Inc. (HPHC), a"
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"SS Empire Fowey Empire Fowey was a ocean liner that was built in 1935 as Potsdam by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg for the Hamburg America Line. She was sold before completion to Norddeutscher Lloyd. While owned by Norddeutscher Lloyd she was one of three sister ships operating the service between Bremen and the Far East. Her sister ships were SS \"Scharnhorst\" and SS \"Gneisenau\". En route to the United States when war was declared, she managed to return to Germany. Used as an accommodation ship and troopship during World War II, she was seized by the Allies in 1945 and renamed Empire Jewel. She was converted to a troopship in 1946 but her high-pressure boilers proved troublesome and the ship was rebuilt in 1947 and renamed \"Empire Fowey\". Sold to Pakistan in 1960 and renamed Safina-E-Hujjaj, she served until 1976 when she was scrapped at Gadani Beach, Pakistan. As built, the ship was long, with a beam of . She had a depth of . She was assessed at , . Accommodation for 286 passengers was provided. The ship was propelled by two steam turbines, driving electric motors, driving twin screw propellers. The turbines were made by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg and the electric motors were by Siemens-Schuckertwerke AG, Berlin. They were rated at 21,000shp. They could propel her at . Steam was supplied by four boilers. The ship was built in 1935 by Blohm & Voss Hamburg, Germany for the Hamburg America Line. She was launched on 16 January 1935. Her port of registry was Hamburg. It was intended to use her on the Hamburg–Southampton–Far East service. Following a decision by Hamburg America Line and Norddeutscher Lloyd to revise the way the two companies worked together, she was sold before completion to Norddeutscher Lloyd. The Code Letters DOQS were allocated. Her port of registry was changed to Bremen. Completed on 27 June 1935, \"Potsdam\" sailed on her maiden voyage on 5 July 1935. The route was Hamburg–Southampton–Palma–Barcelona–Genoa–Colombo–Shanghai–Yokohama. Her maiden voyage was not without problems. \"Potsdam\" was en route to the United States when war was declared. She returned to Germany by sailing around the north coast of Scotland. Requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine, she was initially used as an accommodation ship at Hamburg. Plans to convert her to an aircraft carrier were not carried through. Work started in November 1942 as Project Elbe, but conversion was abandoned in February 1943 after little work had been done by Blohm & Voss. Had she been converted, she would have carried 24 aircraft and been armed with 6 dual 4.1 inch Anti-Aircraft guns, 5 dual 3.7mm Anti-Aircraft guns and 24 to 32 20mm Anti-Aircraft guns. \"Potsdam\" was subsequently used as an accommodation ship at Gdynia, Poland. She was subsequently used as a troopship serving Norwegian and Baltic ports. She participated in the Evacuation of East Prussia. She was seized on 13 May 1945 at Flensburg and was passed to the Ministry of War Transport. \"Potsdam\" was renamed \"Empire Jewel\". She arrived at Kiel on 19 June and an armed guard was posted on board to stop the Germans using her to block the Kaiser Wilhelm Kanal. She then sailed to Brunsbüttel where the armed guard left. After three weeks with an all-German crew on board, she sailed on 20 July for Methil, Fife, United Kingdom. \"Empire Jewel\" was renamed \"Empire Fowey\". The United Kingdom Official Number 180810 and Code Letters GMFW were allocated. Her port of registry was changed to London. She was placed under the management of the P&O Line. In July 1945, she was converted to a troopship by Harland & Wolff, Belfast, County Antrim. The work was completed in April 1946. In service, her high-pressure boilers proved troublesome as her crew were not used to this type of boiler. Laid up in November 1946, she was towed to the Clyde in March 1947 and again refitted. New boilers and geared turbines were fitted and her accommodation was again rebuilt. The work was carried out by Alexander Stephens & Sons, Linthouse, Renfrewshire. It took three years to complete at a cost of £3 million. Following the rebuild, she was assessed at . She now had accommodation for 1,636 troops. In 1951, The King approved a new flag for use by the Ministry of Transport. \"Empire Fowey\" was the first ship to fly this flag, which was a defaced Blue Ensign. On 23 April 1955, she ran aground in the Suez Canal but was refloated after twelve hours. In August 1955, there were complaints about the quality of the food served aboard \"Empire Fowey\" and also poor ventilation of the vessel. The matter was raised in Parliament by Tom Iremonger, MP for Ilford North. A report by Minister for Transport and Civil Aviation John Boyd-Carpenter stated that ventilation on the lower decks had been improved and that there would be greater variety in the menu offered. In June 1956, \"Empire Fowey\" was on a voyage from Singapore to Hong Kong when a passenger on board suffered a perforated duodenum. A surgeon and medical party were flown out the ship in a Royal Air Force Short Sunderland aircraft. They decided that an operation could not be carried out on board ship and she returned to Singapore to land the patient, who was taken to the Military Hospital for an emergency operation. \"Empire Fowey\" was withdrawn from service in February 1960. She was put up for sale to \"foreign or other buyers\" in 1960, a decision criticised by Irene Ward, MP for Tynemouth. Initially chartered by the Pan-Islamic Steamship Co, Karachi, Pakistan. She was sold to them in 1960 and renamed \"Safina-E-Hujjaj\". Used for transporting pilgirms to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. With the introduction of IMO Numbers in the 1960s, she was allocated the number 5304891. She was in service until 20 February 1976. \"Safina-E-Hujjaj\" arrived at the Gadani ship-breaking yard on 22 November 1976 for scrapping. SS Empire Fowey Empire Fowey was a ocean liner that was built in 1935 as Potsdam by Blohm"
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"Exit scam An exit scam is a confidence trick where an established business stops shipping orders while continuing to receive payment for new orders. If the entity had a good reputation, then it can take some time before it is widely recognized that orders are not shipping, and the entity can then make off with the money paid for unshipped orders. Customers that trusted the business don't realize that no orders are being fulfilled until the business has already disappeared. Individual vendors often reach a point of reputation maturity whereby they have sold sufficient product to have accumulated both significant reputation and escrowed funds, that many may choose to exit with those funds rather than compete at the higher-volume higher-priced matured product level. Exit scams can be a tempting alternative to a non-fraudulent shutdown of illegal operations if the operation was going to shut down anyway for other reasons. If an illegal entity thrives by selling drugs, for example, it is usually not an option for the cheated buyers to notify law enforcement. The examples mentioned in news articles are online sellers, where the buyer does not know the identity or physical location of the scammer, and therefore has little recourse. The online black market Evolution is cited as the biggest exit scam yet as of 2016. The administrators apparently made off with $12 million in bitcoin, which was held in escrow on the marketplace. Exit scam An exit scam is a confidence trick where an established business stops shipping orders while continuing to receive payment for new orders. If the entity had a good reputation, then it can take some time before it is widely recognized that orders are not shipping, and the entity can then make off with the money paid for unshipped orders. Customers that trusted the"
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"Assembly of the French clergy The assembly of the French clergy (\"assemblée du clergé de France\") was in its origins a representative meeting of the Catholic clergy of France, held every five years, for the purpose of apportioning the financial burdens laid upon the clergy of the French Catholic Church by the kings of France. Meeting from 1560 to 1789, the Assemblies ensured to the clergy an autonomous financial administration, by which they defended themselves against taxation. During the Middle Ages the Crusades were the occasions of frequent levies upon ecclesiastical possessions. The \"Dime Saladine\" (Saladin Tithe) was inaugurated when Philip II Augustus (1180–1223) united his forces with those of Richard of England to deliver Jerusalem from Saladin. At a later period the contributions of the clergy were increased, and during the reign of Louis IX (1235–70) we find record of thirteen subsidies within twenty-eight years. Francis I of France (1515–48) made incessant calls on the ecclesiastical treasury. The religious wars of the sixteenth century furnished the French kings with pretexts for fresh demands upon the Church. In 1560, the clergy held a convention at Poissy to consider matters of Church-reform, an occasion made famous by the controversy (Colloque de Poissy) between the Catholic bishops and the Protestant ministers, in which the chief orators were the Cardinal of Lorraine and Theodore Beza. At this assembly the Clergy bound themselves by a contract made in the name of the whole clerical body to pay the king 1,600,000 livres annually for a period of six years; certain estates and taxes that had been pledged to the Hôtel de Ville of Paris for a (yearly) \"rente\", or revenue, of 6,300,000 livres. In other words, the clergy bound themselves to redeem for the king in ten years a capital of 7,560,000 livres. The French monarchs, instead of settling their debts, made fresh loans based on this revenue, paid by the Church, as if it were to be something permanent. After lengthy discussions, the clergy assembled at Melun (1579–80) consented to renew the contract for ten years, a measure destined to be repeated every decade until the French Revolution. The \"assemblies of the Clergy\" were now an established institution. In this way the Church of France obtained the right of freely meeting and of free speech just when the meetings of the Estates-General (\"États généraux\") were to be discontinued, and the voice of the nation was to be hushed for a period of 200 years. At a very early date, these assemblies adopted the form of organization which they were to preserve until the French Revolution. The election of deputies forming the body was arranged according to ecclesiastical provinces. It was decided in 1619 that each province should send four deputies (two bishops and two priests) to the \"assemblées de contrat\" held every ten years, and two to the \"assemblées des comptes\" which met once during the interval of ten years. Under this arrangement an assembly was convened every five years. There were two steps in the election of deputies. First, at the diocesan assembly were convened all holders of benefices, a plurality of whose votes elected two delegates. These then proceeded to the metropolitan see, and under the presidency of the metropolitan elected the provincial deputies. Theoretically, parish priests (\"curés\") might be chosen, but as a matter of fact, by reason of their social station, inferior to that of \"abbés\" and canons, they seldom had seats in the assemblies. The rank of subdeacon suffices for election; the Abbé Legendre relates in his memoirs as a contemporary incident that one of these young legislators, after an escapade, was soundly flogged by his perceptor who had accompanied him to Paris. The assemblies at all times reserved to themselves the right of deciding upon the validity of procurators and the authority of deputies. They wished also to reserve the right of electing their own president, whom they always chose from among the bishops. However, to conciliate rivalries, several were usually nominated for the presidency, only one of whom exercised that function. Under a strong government, withal, and despite the resolution to maintain their right of election, the Assemblies were unlikely to choose a person not in favour at court. We know that during the reign of Louis XIV Harlay de Champvallon, Archbishop of Paris, was several times president. Finally, Saint-Simon tells us the royal displeasure deprived him of his influence with the Clergy, and even shortened his life. The offices of secretary and \"promotor\", being looked on by the bishops as somewhat inferior, were assigned to deputies of the second rank, i.e. to priests. The Assemblies of the French Clergy divided their work among commissions. The \"Commission of Temporal Affairs\" was very important and had an unusually large amount of business to transact. Financial questions, which had given rise to these assemblies, continued to claim their attention until the time of the Revolution. Beginning with the seventeenth century, the payment of the \"rentes\" of the Hôtel de Ville was an item of slight importance as compared with the sums which the Clergy were compelled to vote the king under the name of \"dons gratuits\", or free gifts. It had been established during the Middle Ages that the Church should contribute not only to the expenses of the Crusades, but also towards the defence of the kingdom, a tradition continued to modern times. The religious wars of the sixteenth century, later the siege of La Rochelle (1628) under Richelieu, and to a still greater extent the political wars waged by Henry IV, Louis XIII, Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI occasioned the levying of enormous subsidies on the Clergy. The following example may serve as an illustration: the Clergy who had voted sixteen million livres in 1779 gave thirty million more in 1780 for the expenses of the French Government in the war of the American Revolution, to which they added in 1782 sixteen million and in 1786 eighteen million. The French kings more than once expressed their gratitude to this body for the services it had rendered both monarchy and fatherland in the prompt and generous payment of large subsidies at critical moments. It has been calculated from official documents that during three-quarters of a century (1715-89) the Clergy paid in, either for the \"rentes\" of the Hotel de Ville or as \"free gifts\", over 380 million livres. When, in 1789, an attempt was made at imposing on the Church of France an equal share of the public expense, the Archbishop of Paris, Monseigneur de Juign', was able to say that the Church already contributed as much as the other orders (nobility, bourgeoisie, and people); its burdens would not be increased by the new law that imposed upon all an equal share in contributing to the expenses of the State. The Assemblies of the Clergy conducted their temporal administration carefully. They appointed for ten years a receiver-general (\"Receveur-général\"), in reality a minister of finance. The office carried with it a generous salary, and for election to it a two-thirds majority was required. He was bound to furnish security at his residence in Paris and render a detailed account of his management to the assembled Clergy. In each diocese there was a board of elected delegates presided over by the bishop, whose duty it was to apportion the assessments among the beneficed ecclesiastics. This Bureau \"diocésain de décimes\" (Diocesan Board of Tithes) was authorized to settle ordinary disputes. Over it were superior boards located at Paris, Lyon, Rouen, Tours, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Aix, and Bourges, courts of appeal, whose decisions were final in all disputes concerning the contributions of the dioceses within their jurisdiction. In this way the Clergy had an administration of their own, independent of the State, a very important privilege under the old regime. Their credit stood highest; the archives",
"security at his residence in Paris and render a detailed account of his management to the assembled Clergy. In each diocese there was a board of elected delegates presided over by the bishop, whose duty it was to apportion the assessments among the beneficed ecclesiastics. This Bureau \"diocésain de décimes\" (Diocesan Board of Tithes) was authorized to settle ordinary disputes. Over it were superior boards located at Paris, Lyon, Rouen, Tours, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Aix, and Bourges, courts of appeal, whose decisions were final in all disputes concerning the contributions of the dioceses within their jurisdiction. In this way the Clergy had an administration of their own, independent of the State, a very important privilege under the old regime. Their credit stood highest; the archives have preserved for us many thousands of rental contracts made in confidence by private individuals with the Church. It has been said that M. de VillŠle introduced into France the conversion of annuities and the consequent reduction of interest; as a matter of fact this was practised by the Clergy from the end of the seventeenth century, when they were forced to negotiate loans in order to furnish the sums demanded by Louis XIV. Necker, a competent judge, commended the Clergy for the care they took in liquidating these debts. He also praised the clerical system of the distribution of taxes, according to which the beneficed ecclesiastics throughout the kingdom were divided into eight \"départements\", or classes, in order to facilitate the apportionment of taxes in ascending ratio, according to the resources of each. This shows that even under the old regime the Clergy had placed on a practical working basis, in their own system of revenues, the \"impôt progressif\", or system of graduated assessment of income. On the verge of the Revolution, they accepted the principle that the public burden should be equally divided among all classes of the nation, a step they had delayed too long. Public opinion had already condemned all privileges whatsoever. The Assemblies of the Clergy did not confine their attention to temporal matters. Doctrinal questions and spiritual matters held an important place among the subjects discussed in them. Indeed, the Colloquy of Poissy, the original germ of the Assemblies, was expressly convened for the discussion of Protestantism, and in opposition to schism and heresy. Practically every Assembly, from the first in 1560 to the last in 1788, dealt with the problem of Protestantism; their attitude was scarcely favorable to liberty of conscience. In its turn, Jansenism received much attention from these Assemblies, which always supported the papal bulls that condemned it. Indeed, some of the severest measures against Jansenism came from this quarter. The eighteenth century, with its philosophers and encyclopaedists, brought the Assemblies of the Clergy anxieties of a new and alarming character. They stirred up and encouraged Christian apologists, and urged the king to protect the Church and defend the faith of the French people. They were less successful in this task than in their previous undertakings. Four Articles were voted on by the Assembly of 1682, convened to consider the \"régale\", a term denoting the right assumed by the French king during the vacancy of a see to appropriate its revenues and make appointments to benefices. The kings of France had often affirmed that the right of \"régale\" belonged to them in virtue of the supremacy of the Crown over all sees. Under Louis XIV, these claims were vigorously enforced. Two prelates, Nicolas Pavillon, Bishop of Alet, and François-Etienne Caulet, Bishop of Pamiers, made a lively resistance to the royal pretensions. The pope sustained them with all his authority. Thereupon the king convoked the Assembly of 1682, presided over by Harley de Champvallon, and Le Tellier, Archbishops respectively of Paris and of Reims. Bossuet, on 9 November 1681, preached in the church on the Grands Augustins at Paris his sermon \"On the Unity of the Church\". This piece of eloquence was so fortunate as to secure the approbation of both pope and king. Contrary to its custom, the Assembly ordered the discourse to be printed. Thereupon, the question of the \"régale\" was quickly decided according to the royal wish. When Louis XIV asked the Assembly to pronounce upon the authority of the pope, Bossuet tried to temporize and requested that, before proceeding further, Christian tradition on this point be carefully studied. This move proving unsuccessful, the Bishop of Meaux stood out against the Gallican propositions presented in the name of the commission by Choiseul-Praslin, Bishop of Tournai. Thereupon the propositions were turned over to Bossuet himself; he succeeded in eliminating from them the irritating question of appeals to a future council, a proposition several times condemned by the Holy See. It was then that the Assembly voted (19 March 1682) the \"Four Articles\" that may be briefly summarized as follows: Bossuet, who was drawn into the discussions in spite of himself, wrote his \"Defensio Declarationis\" in justification of the decisions of the Assembly. It was not published, however, until after his death. The king ordered the \"Four Articles\" to be promulgated from all the pulpits of France. Pope Innocent XI (1676-89), notwithstanding his dissatisfaction, hesitated to pass censure on the publication of the \"Four Articles\". He contented himself with expressing his disapproval of the decision made by the Assembly on the question of the \"régale\", and refused the papal Bulls to those members of the Assembly who had been selected by the king for vacant sees. To lend unity to the action of the Assemblies, and to preserve their influence during the long intervals between these meetings, two ecclesiastics were elected who were thenceforth, as it were, the executive power of the Church of France. They were known as Agents-General (\"agents-généraux\") and were very important personages under the old regime. Although chosen from among the Clergy of the second order, i.e. from among the priests, they were always men of good birth, distinguished bearing, and quite familiar with the ways of the world and the court. They had charge of the accounts of all receivers, protected jealously all rights of the Church, drew attention to whatever was prejudicial to her prerogatives of discipline, and in the parliament represented the ecclesiastical authority and interest in all cases to which the Church was a party. They enjoyed the privilege of \"committimus\", and were specially authorized to enter the king's council and speak before it on ecclesiastical matters. On the occasion of each Assembly these agents rendered an account of their administration in reports, several folio volumes of which have been published since the beginning of the eighteenth century under the title of \"Rapports d'agence\". The usual reward for their services was the episcopate. Their duties prepared them admirably to understand public affairs. Monseigneur de Cicé, Monseigneur de La Luzerne, the Abbé de Montesquiou, and Talleyrand, all of whom played important roles in the Constituent Assembly, had been in their time Agents-General of the Clergy. Assembly of the French clergy The assembly of the French clergy (\"assemblée du clergé de France\") was in its origins a representative meeting of the Catholic clergy of France, held every five years, for the purpose of apportioning the financial burdens laid upon the clergy of the French Catholic Church by the kings of France. Meeting from 1560 to 1789, the Assemblies ensured to"
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"Neutron bomb A neutron bomb, officially defined as a type of enhanced radiation weapon (ERW), is a low yield thermonuclear weapon designed to maximize lethal neutron radiation in the immediate vicinity of the blast while minimizing the physical power of the blast itself. The neutron release generated by a nuclear fusion reaction is intentionally allowed to escape the weapon, rather than being absorbed by its other components. The neutron burst, which is used as the primary destructive action of the warhead, is able to penetrate enemy armor more effectively than a conventional warhead, thus making it more lethal as a tactical weapon. The concept was originally developed by the US in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It was seen as a \"cleaner\" bomb for use against massed Soviet armored divisions. As these would be used over allied nations, notably West Germany, the reduced blast damage was seen as an important advantage. ERWs were first operationally deployed for anti-ballistic missiles (ABM). In this role the burst of neutrons would cause nearby warheads to undergo partial fission, preventing them from exploding properly. For this to work, the ABM would have to explode within ca. of its target. The first example of such a system was the W66, used on the Sprint missile used in the US's Nike-X system. It is believed the Soviet equivalent, the A-135's 53T6 missile, uses a similar design. The weapon was once again proposed for tactical use by the US in the 1970s and 1980s, and production of the W70 began for the MGM-52 Lance in 1981. This time it experienced a firestorm of protest as the growing anti-nuclear movement gained strength through this period. Opposition was so intense that European leaders refused to accept it on their territory. President Ronald Reagan bowed to pressure and the built examples of the W70-3 remained stockpiled in the US until they were retired in 1992. The last W70 was dismantled in 2011. In a standard thermonuclear design, a small fission bomb is placed close to a larger mass of thermonuclear fuel. The two components are then placed within a thick radiation case, usually made from uranium, lead or steel. The case traps the energy from the fission bomb for a brief period, allowing it to heat and compress the main thermonuclear fuel. The case is normally made of depleted uranium or natural uranium metal, because the thermonuclear reactions give off massive numbers of high-energy neutrons that can cause fission reactions in the casing material. These can add considerable energy to the reaction; in a typical design as much as 50% of the total energy comes from fission events in the casing. For this reason, these weapons are technically known as fission-fusion-fission designs. In a neutron bomb, the casing material is selected either to be transparent to neutrons or to actively enhance their production. The burst of neutrons created in the thermonuclear reaction is then free to escape the bomb, outpacing the physical explosion. By designing the thermonuclear stage of the weapon carefully, the neutron burst can be maximized while minimizing the blast itself. This makes the lethal radius of the neutron burst greater than that of the explosion itself. Since the neutrons disappear from the environment rapidly, such a burst over an enemy column would kill the crews and leave the area able to be quickly reoccupied. Compared to a pure fission bomb with an identical explosive yield, a neutron bomb would emit about ten times the amount of neutron radiation. In a fission bomb, at sea level, the total radiation pulse energy which is composed of both gamma rays and neutrons is approximately 5% of the entire energy released; in neutron bombs it would be closer to 40%, with the percentage increase coming from the higher production of neutrons. Furthermore, the neutrons emitted by a neutron bomb have a much higher average energy level (close to 14 MeV) than those released during a fission reaction (1–2 MeV). Technically speaking, every low yield nuclear weapon is a radiation weapon, including non-enhanced variants. Up to about 10 kilotons in yield, all nuclear weapons have prompt neutron radiation as their furthest-reaching lethal component, after which point the lethal blast and thermal effects radius begins to out-range the lethal ionizing radiation radius. Enhanced radiation weapons also fall into this same yield range and simply enhance the intensity and range of the neutron dose for a given yield. The conception of neutron bombs is generally credited to Samuel T. Cohen of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, who developed the concept in 1958. Initial development was carried out as part of projects Dove and Starling, and an early device was tested underground in early 1962. Designs of a \"weaponized\" version were carried out in 1963. Development of two production designs for the army's MGM-52 Lance short-range missile began in July 1964, the W63 at Livermore and the W64 at Los Alamos. Both entered phase three testing in July 1964, and the W64 was cancelled in favor of the W63 in September 1964. The W63 was in turn cancelled in November 1965 in favor of the W70 (Mod 0), a conventional design. By this time, the same concepts were being used to develop warheads for the Sprint missile, an anti-ballistic missile (ABM), with Livermore designing the W65 and Los Alamos the W66. Both entered phase three testing in October 1965, but the W65 was cancelled in favor of the W66 in November 1968. Testing of the W66 was carried out in the late 1960s, and entered production in June 1974, the first neutron bomb to do so. Approximately 120 were built, with about 70 of these being on active duty during 1975 and 1976 as part of the Safeguard Program. When that program was shut down they were placed in storage, and eventually decommissioned in the early 1980s. Development of ER warheads for Lance continued, but in the early 1970s attention had turned to using modified versions of the W70, the W70 Mod 3. Development was subsequently postponed by President Jimmy Carter in 1978 following protests against his administration's plans to deploy neutron warheads to ground forces in Europe. On November 17, 1978, in a test the USSR detonated its first similar-type bomb. President Ronald Reagan restarted production in 1981. The Soviet Union renewed a propaganda campaign against the US's neutron bomb in 1981 following Reagan's announcement. In 1983 Reagan then announced the Strategic Defense Initiative, which surpassed neutron bomb production in ambition and vision and with that, neutron bombs quickly faded from the center of the public's attention. Three types of enhanced radiation weapons (ERW) were deployed by the United States. The W66 warhead, for the anti-ICBM Sprint missile system, was deployed in 1975 and retired the next year, along with the missile system. The W70 Mod 3 warhead was developed for the short-range, tactical MGM-52 Lance missile, and the W79 Mod 0 was developed for nuclear artillery shells. The latter two types were retired by President George H. W. Bush in 1992, following the end of the Cold War. The last W70 Mod 3 warhead was dismantled in 1996, and the last W79 Mod 0 was dismantled by 2003, when the dismantling of all W79 variants was completed. According to the Cox Report, as of 1999 the United States had never deployed a neutron weapon. The nature of this statement is not clear; it reads \"The stolen information also includes classified design information for an enhanced radiation weapon (commonly known as the \"neutron bomb\"), which neither the United States, nor any other nation, has ever deployed.\" However, the fact that neutron bombs had been produced by the US was well known at this time and part of the public record. Cohen suggests the report is playing with the definitions; while the US bombs were never deployed \"to Europe\", they remained stockpiled in the US. In addition to the two superpowers, France and China are known to have tested",
"Mod 0 was dismantled by 2003, when the dismantling of all W79 variants was completed. According to the Cox Report, as of 1999 the United States had never deployed a neutron weapon. The nature of this statement is not clear; it reads \"The stolen information also includes classified design information for an enhanced radiation weapon (commonly known as the \"neutron bomb\"), which neither the United States, nor any other nation, has ever deployed.\" However, the fact that neutron bombs had been produced by the US was well known at this time and part of the public record. Cohen suggests the report is playing with the definitions; while the US bombs were never deployed \"to Europe\", they remained stockpiled in the US. In addition to the two superpowers, France and China are known to have tested neutron or enhanced radiation bombs. France conducted an early test of the technology in 1967 and tested an \"actual\" neutron bomb in 1980. China conducted a successful test of neutron bomb principles in 1984 and a successful test of a neutron bomb in 1988. However, neither of those countries chose to deploy neutron bombs. Chinese nuclear scientists stated before the 1988 test that China had no need for neutron bombs, but it was developed to serve as a \"technology reserve\", in case the need arose in the future. In August, 1999, the Indian government disclosed that India was capable of producing a neutron bomb. Although no country is currently known to deploy them in an offensive manner, all thermonuclear dial-a-yield warheads that have about 10 kiloton and lower as one dial option, with a considerable fraction of that yield derived from fusion reactions, can be considered able to be neutron bombs in use, if not in name. The only country definitely known to deploy dedicated (that is, not dial-a-yield) neutron warheads for any length of time is the Soviet Union/Russia, which inherited the USSR's neutron warhead equipped ABM-3 Gazelle missile program. This ABM system contains at least 68 neutron warheads with a 10 kiloton yield each and it has been in service since 1995, with inert missile testing approximately every other year since then (2014). The system is designed to destroy incoming \"endoatmospheric\" level nuclear warheads aimed at Moscow and other targets and is the lower-tier/last umbrella of the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system (NATO reporting name: ABM-3). By 1984, according to Mordechai Vanunu, Israel was mass-producing neutron bombs. Considerable controversy arose in the US and Western Europe following a June 1977 \"Washington Post\" exposé describing US government plans to purchase the bomb. The article focused on the fact that it was the first weapon specifically intended to kill humans with radiation. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory director Harold Brown and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev both described neutron bombs as a \"capitalist bomb\", because it was designed to destroy people while preserving property. Science fiction author and commentator Isaac Asimov also stated that \"Such a neutron bomb or N bomb seems desirable to those who worry about property and hold life cheap.\" Neutron bombs are purposely designed with explosive yields lower than other nuclear weapons. Since neutrons are scattered and absorbed by air, neutron radiation effects drop off rapidly with distance in air. As such, there is a sharper distinction, relative to thermal effects, between areas of high lethality and areas with minimal radiation doses. All high yield (more than c. 10 kiloton) nuclear bombs, such as the extreme example of a device that derived 97% of its energy from fusion, the 50 megaton Tsar Bomba, are not able to radiate sufficient neutrons beyond their lethal blast range when detonated as a surface burst or low altitude air burst and so are no longer classified as neutron bombs, thus limiting the yield of neutron bombs to a maximum of about 10 kilotons. The intense pulse of high-energy neutrons generated by a neutron bomb is the principal killing mechanism, not the fallout, heat or blast. The inventor of the neutron bomb, Sam Cohen, criticized the description of the W70 as a neutron bomb since it could be configured to yield 100 kilotons: Although neutron bombs are commonly believed to \"leave the infrastructure intact\", with current designs that have explosive yields in the low kiloton range, detonation in (or above) a built-up area would still cause a sizable degree of building destruction, through blast and heat effects out to a moderate radius, albeit considerably less destruction, than when compared to a standard nuclear bomb of the \"exact\" same total energy release or \"yield\". The Warsaw Pact tank strength was over twice that of NATO, and Soviet deep battle doctrine was likely to be to use this numerical advantage to rapidly sweep across continental Europe if the Cold War ever turned hot. Any weapon that could break up their intended mass tank formation deployments and force them to deploy their tanks in a thinner, more easily dividable manner, would aid ground forces in the task of hunting down solitary tanks and using anti-tank missiles against them, such as the contemporary M47 Dragon and BGM-71 TOW missiles, of which NATO had hundreds of thousands. Rather than making extensive preparations for battlefield nuclear combat in Central Europe, \"The Soviet military leadership believed that conventional superiority provided the Warsaw Pact with the means to approximate the effects of nuclear weapons and achieve victory in Europe without resort to those weapons.\" Neutron bombs, or more precisely, enhanced [neutron] radiation weapons were also to find use as strategic anti-ballistic missile weapons, and in this role they are believed to remain in active service within Russia's Gazelle missile. Upon detonation, a near-ground airburst of a 1 kiloton neutron bomb would produce a large blast wave and a powerful pulse of both thermal radiation and ionizing radiation, and non-ionizing radiation in the form of fast (14.1 MeV) neutrons. The thermal pulse would cause third degree burns to unprotected skin out to approximately 500 meters. The blast would create pressures of at least 4.6 psi out to a radius of 600 meters, which would severely damage all non-reinforced concrete structures. At the conventional effective combat range against modern main battle tanks and armored personnel carriers (< 690–900 m), the blast from a 1 kt neutron bomb would destroy or damage to the point of non-usability of almost all un-reinforced civilian buildings. Using neutron bombs to stop an enemy armored attack by rapidly incapacitating crews with a dose of 8000+ rads of radiation would require exploding large numbers of them to blanket the enemy forces, destroying all normal civilian buildings within c. 600 meters of the immediate area. Neutron activation from the explosions could make many building materials in the city radioactive, such as zinc coated steel/galvanized steel (see area denial use below). Because liquid-filled objects like the human body are resistant to gross overpressure, the 4–5 psi blast overpressure would cause very few direct casualties at a range of c. 600 m. The powerful winds produced by this overpressure, however, could throw bodies into objects or throw debris at high velocity, including window glass, both with potentially lethal results. Casualties would be highly variable depending on surroundings, including potential building collapses. The pulse of neutron radiation would cause immediate and permanent incapacitation to unprotected outdoor humans in the open out to 900 meters, with death occurring in one or two days. The median lethal dose (LD) of 600 rads would extend to between 1350 and 1400 meters for those unprotected and outdoors, where approximately half of those exposed would die of radiation sickness after several weeks. A human residing within, or simply shielded by, at least one concrete building with walls and ceilings thick, or",
"powerful winds produced by this overpressure, however, could throw bodies into objects or throw debris at high velocity, including window glass, both with potentially lethal results. Casualties would be highly variable depending on surroundings, including potential building collapses. The pulse of neutron radiation would cause immediate and permanent incapacitation to unprotected outdoor humans in the open out to 900 meters, with death occurring in one or two days. The median lethal dose (LD) of 600 rads would extend to between 1350 and 1400 meters for those unprotected and outdoors, where approximately half of those exposed would die of radiation sickness after several weeks. A human residing within, or simply shielded by, at least one concrete building with walls and ceilings thick, or alternatively of damp soil 24 inches thick, would receive a neutron radiation exposure reduced by a factor of 10. Even near ground zero, basement sheltering or buildings with similar radiation shielding characteristics would drastically reduce the radiation dose. Furthermore, the neutron absorption spectrum of air is disputed by some authorities, and depends in part on absorption by hydrogen from water vapor. Thus, absorption might vary exponentially with humidity, making neutron bombs far more deadly in desert climates than in humid ones. The questionable effectiveness of ER weapons against modern tanks is cited as one of the main reasons that these weapons are no longer fielded or stockpiled. With the increase in average tank armor thickness since the first ER weapons were fielded, it was argued in the March 13, 1986 \"New Scientist\" magazine, that tank armor protection, approaches the level where tank crews are now almost fully protected from radiation effects. Thus, for an ER weapon to incapacitate a modern tank crew through irradiation, the weapon must now be detonated at such a close proximity to the tank that the nuclear explosion's blast would now be equally effective at incapacitating it and its crew. However this assertion was regarded as dubious in the 12 June, 1986 \"New Scientist\" reply by C.S. Grace, a member of the Royal Military College of Science, as neutron radiation from a 1 kiloton neutron bomb would incapacitate the crew of a tank with a protection factor of 35 out to a range of 280 meters, but the incapacitating blast range, depending on the exact weight of the tank, is much less, from 70 to 130 meters. However although the author did note that effective neutron absorbers and neutron poisons such as boron carbide can be incorporated into conventional armor and strap-on neutron moderating hydrogenous material (substances containing hydrogen atoms), such as explosive reactive armor, can both increase the protection factor, the author holds that in practice combined with neutron scattering, the actual average total tank area protection factor is rarely higher than 15.5 to 35. According to the Federation of American Scientists, the neutron protection factor of a \"tank\" can be as low as 2, without qualifying whether the statement implies a light tank, medium tank, or main battle tank. A composite high density concrete, or alternatively, a laminated graded-Z shield, 24 units thick of which 16 units are iron and 8 units are polyethylene containing boron (BPE), and additional mass behind it to attenuate neutron capture gamma rays, is more effective than just 24 units of pure iron or BPE alone, due to the advantages of both iron and BPE in combination. During Neutron transport Iron is effective in slowing down/scattering high-energy neutrons in the 14-MeV energy range and attenuating gamma rays, while the hydrogen in polyethylene is effective in slowing down these now slower fast neutrons in the few MeV range, and boron 10 has a high absorption cross section for thermal neutrons and a low production yield of gamma rays when it absorbs a neutron. The Soviet T72 tank, in response to the neutron bomb threat, is cited as having fitted a boronated polyethylene liner, which has had its neutron shielding properties simulated. However, some tank armor material contains depleted uranium (DU), common in the US's M1A1 Abrams tank, which incorporates steel-encased depleted uranium armor, a substance that will fast fission when it captures a fast, fusion-generated neutron, and thus on fissioning will produce fission neutrons and fission products embedded within the armor, products which emit among other things, penetrating gamma rays. Although the neutrons emitted by the neutron bomb may not penetrate to the tank crew in lethal quantities, the fast fission of DU within the armor could still ensure a lethal environment for the crew and maintenance personnel by fission neutron and gamma ray exposure, largely depending on the exact thickness and elemental composition of the armor—information usually hard to attain. Despite this, Ducrete—which has an elemental composition similar (but not identical) to the ceramic second generation heavy metal Chobham armor of the Abrams tank—is an effective radiation shield, to both \"fission\" neutrons and gamma rays due to it being a graded Z material. Uranium, being about twice as dense as lead, is thus nearly twice as effective at shielding gamma ray radiation per unit thickness. As an anti-ballistic missile weapon, the first fielded ER warhead, the W66, was developed for the Sprint missile system as part of the Safeguard Program to protect United States cities and missile silos from incoming Soviet warheads. A problem faced by Sprint and similar ABMs was that the blast effects of their warheads change greatly as they climb and the atmosphere thins out. At higher altitudes, starting around and above, the blast effects begin to drop off rapidly as the air density becomes very low. This can be countered by using a larger warhead, but then it becomes too powerful when used at lower altitudes. An ideal system would use a mechanism that was less sensitive to changes in air density. Neutron-based attacks offer one solution to this problem. The burst of neutrons released by an ER weapon can induce fission in the fissile materials of primary in the target warhead. The energy released by these reactions may be enough to melt the warhead, but even at lower fission rates the \"burning up\" of some of the fuel in the primary can cause it to fail to explode properly, or \"fizzle\". Thus a small ER warhead can be effective across a wide altitude band, using blast effects at lower altitudes and the increasingly long-ranged neutrons as the engagement rises. The use of neutron-based attacks was discussed as early as the 1950s, with the US Atomic Energy Commission mentioning weapons with a \"clean, enhanced neutron output\" for use as \"antimissile defensive warheads.\" Studying, improving and defending against such attacks was a major area of research during the 1950s and 60s. A particular example of this is the US Polaris A-3 missile, which delivered three warheads travelling on roughly the same trajectory, and thus with a short distance between them. A single ABM could conceivably destroy all three through neutron flux. Developing warheads that were less sensitive to these attacks was a major area of research in the US and UK during the 1960s. Some sources claim that the neutron flux attack was also the main design goal of the various nuclear-tipped anti-aircraft weapons like the AIM-26 Falcon and CIM-10 Bomarc. One F-102 pilot noted: It has also been suggested that neutron flux's effects on the warhead electronics are another attack vector for ER warheads in the ABM role. Ionization greater than 5,000 rads in silicon chips delivered over seconds to minutes will degrade the function of semiconductors for long periods. However, while such attacks might be useful against guidance systems which used relatively advanced electronics, in the ABM role these components have long ago separated from the warheads by the time they come within range of the",
"to these attacks was a major area of research in the US and UK during the 1960s. Some sources claim that the neutron flux attack was also the main design goal of the various nuclear-tipped anti-aircraft weapons like the AIM-26 Falcon and CIM-10 Bomarc. One F-102 pilot noted: It has also been suggested that neutron flux's effects on the warhead electronics are another attack vector for ER warheads in the ABM role. Ionization greater than 5,000 rads in silicon chips delivered over seconds to minutes will degrade the function of semiconductors for long periods. However, while such attacks might be useful against guidance systems which used relatively advanced electronics, in the ABM role these components have long ago separated from the warheads by the time they come within range of the interceptors. The electronics in the warheads themselves tend to be very simple, and hardening them was one of the many issues studied in the 1960s. Lithium-6 hydride (Li6H) is cited as being used as a countermeasure to reduce the vulnerability and \"harden\" nuclear warheads from the effects of externally generated neutrons. Radiation hardening of the warhead's electronic components as a countermeasure to high altitude neutron warheads somewhat reduces the range that a neutron warhead could successfully cause an unrecoverable glitch by the \"transient radiation effects on electronics\" (TREE) effects. At very high altitudes, at the edge of the atmosphere and above it, another effect comes into play. At lower altitudes, the x-rays generated by the bomb are absorbed by the air and have mean free paths on the order of meters. But as the air thins out, the x-rays can travel further, eventually outpacing the area of effect of the neutrons. In exoatmospheric explosions, this can be on the order of in radius. In this sort of attack, it is the x-rays promptly delivering energy on the warhead surface that is the active mechanism; the rapid ablation (or \"blow off\") of the surface creates shock waves that can break up the warhead. In November 2012, during the planning stages of Operation Hammer of God, British Labour peer Lord Gilbert suggested that multiple enhanced radiation reduced blast (ERRB) warheads could be detonated in the mountain region of the Afghanistan-Pakistan border to prevent infiltration. He proposed to warn the inhabitants to evacuate, then irradiate the area, making it unusable and impassable. Used in this manner, the neutron bomb(s), regardless of burst height, would release neutron activated casing materials used in the bomb, and depending on burst height, create radioactive soil activation products. In much the same fashion as the area denial effect resulting from fission product (the substances that make up most fallout) contamination in an area following a conventional surface burst nuclear explosion, as considered in the Korean War by Douglas MacArthur, it would thus be a form of radiological warfare—with the difference that neutron bombs produce half, or less, of the quantity of fission products relative to the same-yield pure fission bomb. Radiological warfare with neutron bombs that rely on fission primaries would thus still produce fission fallout, albeit a comparatively \"cleaner\" and shorter lasting version of it in the area than if air bursts were used, as little to no fission products would be deposited on the direct immediate area, instead becoming diluted global fallout. However the most effective use of a neutron bomb with respect to area denial would be to encase it in a thick shell of material that could be neutron activated, and use a surface burst. In this manner the neutron bomb would be turned into a \"salted bomb\"; a case of zinc-64, produced as a byproduct of depleted zinc oxide enrichment, would for example probably be the most attractive for military use, as when activated, the zinc-65 so formed is a gamma emitter, with a half life of 244 days. Neutron bombs-warheads require considerable maintenance for their abilities, requiring some tritium for fusion boosting and tritium in the secondary stage (yielding more neutrons), in amounts on the order of a few tens of grams (10–30 grams estimated). Because tritium has a relatively short half-life of 12.32 years (after that time, half the tritium has decayed), it is necessary to replenish it periodically to keep the bomb effective. (For instance: to maintain a constant level of 24 grams of tritium in a warhead, about 1.3 grams per bomb per year must be supplied.) Moreover, tritium decays into helium-3, which absorbs neutrons and will thus further reduce the bomb's neutron yield. With considerable overlap between the two devices, the prompt radiation effects of a pure fusion weapon would similarly be much higher than that of a pure-fission device: approximately twice the initial radiation output of current standard fission-fusion-based weapons. In common with all neutron bombs that must presently derive a small percentage of trigger energy from fission, in any given yield a 100% pure fusion bomb would likewise generate a more diminutive atmospheric blast wave than a \"pure\"-fission bomb. The latter fission device has a higher kinetic energy-ratio per unit of reaction energy released, which is most notable in the comparison with the D-T fusion reaction. A larger percentage of the energy from a D-T fusion reaction, is inherently put into uncharged neutron generation as opposed to charged particles, such as the alpha particle of the D-T reaction, the primary species, that is most responsible for the coulomb explosion/fireball. Neutron bomb A neutron bomb, officially defined"
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"Ypsilanti Water Tower The Ypsilanti Water Tower is a historic water tower in Ypsilanti, Michigan, United States. The tower was designed by William R. Coats and built as part of an elaborate city waterworks project that began in 1889. Located on the highest point in Ypsilanti, the tower was built in 1890 at a cost of $21,435.63. Today the tower is frequently joked about for its phallic shape. It has become a well-known landmark in Ypsilanti, and due to the building's shape and location, the tower is frequently used by residents as a point for providing directions for visitors and residents. An ordinance passed on April 14, 1898, established a yearly rate schedule for residences with running water. Rates were based on the number of faucets in use, the type of business that customers operated and the livestock they owned. A residence with one tap was charged $5.00 and a private bathtub cost an additional $2.00. Saloon keepers paid $7.00 for one faucet, $3.00 for each additional faucet and $1.00 for each billiard table. Each cow a person owned cost $1.00. People who failed to pay their bill were subject to a $50.00 fine and ninety days in the county jail. During the construction, hoping to protect themselves from injury, the builders made at least four crosses in the stonework, one over the west door, an elaborate but difficult to find Greek Cross on the east side and two inside the water tower. It was completed on February 3, 1890, at the cost of $21,368. The structure was the only water tower in the Ypsilanti water system until 1956. The Ypsilanti Community Utilities Authority began operating and maintaining the structure in 1974. That same year the tower was designated by the American Water Works Association as an American Water Landmark. It was also designated a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the Michigan Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers. In 1976 it was restored. The exterior was designed in the popular Queen Anne style of the period. Queen Anne design was less formal than other popular styles at the time. Instead it experimented with different shapes particularly towers. Queen Anne buildings also often had more decoration than this structure. The stone tower is located at the highest point of elevation of the city on Summit Street. The tower is made of Joliet limestone. The tower is 147 feet tall, has an 85-foot base. The substructure walls taper from a thickness of forty inches at the bottom to 24 inches at the top. The reservoir holds a 250,000-gallon steel tank. When it was constructed it had a dual purpose. Not only did it store water but the falling water also generated electricity for the city street lamps at night. A marble bust of Demetrius Ypsilanti stands between a Greek and a U.S. flag at the base of the water tower. The city of Ypsilanti is named after this hero of Greek independence. The tower has long been a source of humor for comedians in the Ann Arbor–Ypsilanti area, for its decidedly phallic shape—for which it has been nicknamed \"the Brick Dick.\" (A long-standing urban legend holds that the tower will crumble if a virgin ever graduates from nearby Eastern Michigan University. This is similar to other legends surrounding various landmarks worldwide.) In 2003 \"Cabinet\" magazine ranked the tower as the World's Most Phallic Building. Ypsilanti Water Tower The Ypsilanti Water Tower is a historic water tower in Ypsilanti, Michigan, United States. The tower was designed by William R. Coats and built as part of an elaborate city waterworks project that"
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"HMS Wishart (D67) HMS \"Wishart\" (D67) was a Modified W-class destroyer of the British Royal Navy that saw service in World War II. She spent most of her wartime career based at Gibraltar, engaged in convoy defence, but also served in various naval and military operations in the Mediterranean Sea. \"Wishart\", the first Royal Navy ship of the name, was ordered in January 1918 as part of the 13th Order of the 1918–1919 Naval Programme, and was laid down on 18 May 1918 by John I. Thornycroft & Company at Woolston, Hampshire. The pace of her construction slowed after the Armistice with Germany brought World War I to an end on 11 November 1918, but she was launched on 18 July 1919 and completed in June 1920. Upon completion, \"Wishart\" was commissioned in June 1920. During the interwar period she served first in the Atlantic Fleet and then in the Mediterranean Fleet, and while in the latter had Lord Louis Mountbatten as her commanding officer for a time. \"Wishart\" was in waters off China when the United States Navy gunboat was heavily damaged by fire while at sea on 14 March 1934. \"Wishart\" and the merchant ship SS \"Tsinan\" took off \"Fulton\"s crew, three of whom had suffered minor injuries, and took them to the Royal Navy Dockyard at Hong Kong, and \"Wishart\"s sister ship stood by \"Fulton\" until a salvage party could put the fire out. The United States Department of the Navy later passed thanks to British naval authorities for the assistance \"Wishart\" and \"Whitshed\" provided to \"Fulton\" and her crew. When the United Kingdom entered World War II in September 1939, \"Wishart\" was stationed at Gibraltar, tasked with contraband control duties and trade defence in the Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean. On 27 December 1939 she intercepted the German merchant ship \"Glickburg\", and \"Glickburg\"s crew ran their ship aground on the coast of Spain near the Chipiona Light at Chipiona. On 29 December 1939, \"Wishart\" and the destroyer departed Gibraltar with Convoy HG 13F, bound for Liverpool, remaining with the convoy as its escort until detaching on 3 January 1940 to return to Gibraltar. On 1 February 1940, \"Wishart\" and the destroyer escorted Convoy OG 16F on the first leg of its voyage to the United Kingdom. \"Wishart\" also escorted Convoy OG 18 on the first segment of its voyage when it departed Gibraltar on 4 February 1940, detaching to return to Gibraltar on 5 February 1940. On 14 February 1940, she rendezvoused with Convoy HG 19F, escorted by two French Navy destroyers, and escorted it to Gibraltar, where it arrived on 18 February 1940. On 25 February 1940, \"Wishart\" and the sloops and departed Gibraltar as the escort of Convoy OG 19F on the first leg of its voyage to Liverpool, detaching on 27 February 1940 and returning to Gibraltar. From 14 to 17 March 1940, \"Wishart\" and the destroyer joined two French destroyers in escorting Convoy OG 21 on the first leg of its voyage from Gibraltar to Liverpool. From 21 to 24 March 1940, \"Wishart\" again joined two French destroyers as escort for Convoy OG 22 during the first segment of its voyage from Gibraltar to Liverpool. In April 1940, she performed similar duties, joining the destroyers and as the escort for Convoy OG24 from its departure from Gibraltar on 2 April until 4 April, and joining \"Aberdeen\" and the destroyer in escorting Convoy OG 25F during the first portion of its voyage from Gibraltar from 9 until 12 April. \"Wishart\" continued her convoy escort and patrol activities until 31 July 1940, when she became part of the escort for Force H units covering the aircraft carrier as \"Argus\" delivered aircraft to Malta in Operation Hurry. \"Wishart\" then remained with Force H as the aircraft carrier launched airstrikes against Italian airfields at Cagliari on Sardinia on 2 August 1940. At the end of August 1940, she again operated with Force H, forming part of the screen on 30 August 1940 for the battleship , the aircraft carrier , and the light cruisers and , which were steaming to Alexandria, Egypt, to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet in Operation Hats, and detaching on 31 August 1940 along with \"Velox\" to transmit radio signals in an attempt to confuse Italian listening stations as to the heading of the other ships. In September 1940, \"Wishart\" returned to her convoy duties at Gibraltar, but she returned to Force H on 7 November 1940 as part of the escort for forces covering the passage of the battleship , the heavy cruiser , the light cruiser , and the destroyers , , , and during their passage to Alexandria, Egypt, to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet there in Operation Coat. She again left her convoy duties on 15 November 1940 to participate in Operation White, escorting Force H forces covering \"Argus\" while she delivered more aircraft to Malta. On 24 November 1940, \"Wishart\" and the destroyers \"Encounter\", , and of the 13th Destroyer Flotilla began operations with Force H, joining Force H ships – \"Ark Royal\", the battlecruiser , the light cruiser , and the destroyers , , , , , and – covering a convoy and reinforcements bound from Gibraltar to Alexandria in Operation Collar. On 27 November 1940, aircraft sighted heavy units of the Italian battlefleet at sea attempting to intercept the convoy, and the other ships detached to engage the Italians – resulting in the Battle of Cape Spartivento, a brief exchange of gunfire before the Italian fleet returned to base – while \"Wishart\" and \"Vidette\" remained behind to protect the convoy. On 20 December 1940, \"Wishart\" again left her routine duties to operate with Force H in Operation Hide, covering a convoy of empty merchant ships, the battleship , and the destroyers and as it steamed from Malta to Gibraltar. \"Wishart\" spent the first quarter of 1941 operating on North Atlantic convoy duty from Gibraltar. In March 1941, the Royal Navy selected her for transfer to local convoy escort duty at Freetown in Sierra Leone. Accordingly, she departed Gibraltar on 2 April 1941 as part of the escort for Convoy WS 7 bound for Freetown, and remained there after the convoy arrived on 4 April. On 7 April 1941, she rejoined WS 7 when it departed Freetown on the next leg of its voyage, forming part of its escort with the destroyers and \"Vidette\" until detaching from the convoy on 9 April 1940 to return to Freetown. Later in April, she rescued 41 survivors of the British merchant ship \"St. Helena\", which the German submarine \"U-124\" had sunk on 12 April 1941 about southwest of Freetown at . From 5 to 9 May 1941 she joined \"Duncan\" in providing local escort for Convoy WS 8A during the final segment of its voyage to Freetown, after which she joined \"Duncan\" and the destroyers and in escorting the convoy from its departure on 14 May on the next leg of its journey until she and \"Boreas\" detached to return to Freetown the following day. In June 1941, \"Wishart\" returned to Gibraltar to resume her convoy escort duties there. On 13 June 1941 she was detached for duty with Force H, escorting a force covering the delivery of aircraft to Malta by the aircraft carriers \"Ark Royal\" and in Operation Tracer. She again was selected for duty with Force H on 26 June 1941 for another Malta aircraft delivery operation, but she quickly was replaced in this duty by the destroyer and remained on duty at Gibraltar instead. On 27 June 1941, she sank the in the North Atlantic west of Gibraltar at . In July 1941, \"Wishart\" returned to the United Kingdom for refit and conversion into a long-range escort, and she was in shipyard hands for the rest of the year. Upon completing her refit and conversion, \"Wishart\" passed her acceptance trials in January 1942 and in February 1942 – the month in which the civil community of Port Talbot, Glamorgan, Wales, \"adopted\" her as the result of a Warship Week National Savings campaign – proceeded to Gibraltar. In March 1942, she resumed her convoy escort duties there. On 20 March 1942, \"Wishart\" detached from those duties to operate with Force H in Operation Picket I, joining",
"but she quickly was replaced in this duty by the destroyer and remained on duty at Gibraltar instead. On 27 June 1941, she sank the in the North Atlantic west of Gibraltar at . In July 1941, \"Wishart\" returned to the United Kingdom for refit and conversion into a long-range escort, and she was in shipyard hands for the rest of the year. Upon completing her refit and conversion, \"Wishart\" passed her acceptance trials in January 1942 and in February 1942 – the month in which the civil community of Port Talbot, Glamorgan, Wales, \"adopted\" her as the result of a Warship Week National Savings campaign – proceeded to Gibraltar. In March 1942, she resumed her convoy escort duties there. On 20 March 1942, \"Wishart\" detached from those duties to operate with Force H in Operation Picket I, joining \"Malaya\", the light cruiser , and the destroyers , , , , \"Duncan\", , and in covering the aircraft carriers \"Argus\" and as the latter ships delivered aircraft to Malta. On 27 March 1942, she detached from her normal duties again to participate with the same ships in Operation Picket II, another such aircraft delivery. On 19 April 1942, she detached from her convoy duties to take part with the British 3rd and 13th Destroyer Flotillas and two United States Navy destroyers in escorting \"Renown\" and the light cruisers and as they covered the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier while she delivered aircraft to Malta in Operation Calendar. \"Wishart\", the destroyer , and aircraft of the Royal Air Forces No. 202 Squadron sank the German submarine \"U-74\" with all hands east of Cartagena, Spain, in a depth-charge attack at position on 2 May 1942. On 8 May 1942, she detached for duty with Force H, joining destroyers of the 13th Destroyer Flotilla in escorting \"Renown\", \"Charybdis\", \"Eagle\", and \"Wasp\" as \"Eagle\" and \"Wasp\" delivered aircraft to Malta in Operation Bowery. She again detached on 18 May 1942 to operate with Force H, providing the escort along with \"Charybdis\" and the destroyers , , , \"Vidette\", , and \"Wrestler\" for \"Argus\" and \"Eagle\" as they delivered aircraft to Malta in Operation LB. Her assignment to Force H continued into June, and she began a deployment in support of Operation Style on 2 June 1942, joining \"Charybdis\", \"Antelope\", \"Ithuriel\", \"Partridge\", and \"Westcott\" in covering \"Eagle\" as she delivered aircraft to Malta. On 8 June, \"Wishart\" began another such operation, Operation Salient, this time participating in a covering force consisting of \"Cairo\", \"Wrestler\", and the ships which had taken part in Operation Style as \"Eagle\" again delivered aircraft to Malta. On 11 June, she joined Force W to take part in Operation Harpoon, joining \"Malaya\", \"Argus\", \"Eagle\", \"Charybdis\", \"Antelope\", \"Vidette\", \"Westcott\", \"Wrestler\", the light cruisers and , the destroyer leader , and the destroyers and in covering a Malta-bound convoy as far as the Sicilian Narrows. \"Wishart\" returned to convoy escort duties at Gibraltar on 18 June 1942. On 26 June she joined Convoy WS 20 and was detached to escort the merchant ship SS \"Narkunda\" into Gibraltar. She continued on such duties until 10 August 1942, when she again detached from them to take part in Operation Pedestal as a part of Force Z, supporting another Malta-bound convoy by joining \"Antelope\", \"Ithuriel\", and the destroyers , , and as the screen for the convoys covering force, consisting of the aircraft carriers \"Eagle\", , and \"Victorious\", the battleships and , and the light cruisers \"Charybdis\", and . When the convoy reached the Skerki Banks in the central Mediterranean on 13 August 1942, she and the rest of Force Z detached and returned to Gibraltar, where \"Wishart\" resumed routine convoy escort duty. She again left these duties on 28 October 1942 to take part in Operation Train, joining the light cruiser and the destroyers , , , , , and \"Westcott\" and the Polish Navy destroyer ORP \"Błyskawica\" in covering the aircraft carrier as \"Furious\" made the final aircraft delivery run to Malta. In November 1942, \"Wishart\" was assigned to duty escorting military convoys in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean carrying troops and supplies for Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa. On 7 November, she, \"Velox\", and the frigate joined the escort of an assault convoy bound for North Africa for the invasion and detached to stand by the U.S. Navy attack transport after an Axis submarine torpedoed \"Thomas Stone\"; after the troops had disembarked into landing craft or been taken aboard \"Spey\", \"Wishart\" escorted \"Thomas Stone\" while a tug towed her to Algiers in Algeria for repairs. On 21 December 1942, \"Wishart\" assisted in search-and-rescue operations after the German submarine \"U-562\" torpedoed and sank the troop transport MV \"Strathallan\" in the Mediterranean at , killing 16 of those aboard and leaving 5,106 survivors. During the first half of 1943, \"Wishart\" continued her convoy escort duties at Gibraltar but also supported Allied military operations ashore in North Africa. In July 1943, she was assigned to support Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily, and was present during the amphibious landings southwest of Syracuse on 10 July 1943, the first day of the invasion. For the rest of 1943, she was deployed for convoy defence in the western and central Mediterranean. In January 1944, \"Wishart\" was deployed for convoy escort duty at Gibraltar. On 24 February 1944, after a U.S. Navy PBY Catalina aircraft of Patrol Squadron 63 using magnetic anomaly detection equipment detected the German submarine \"U-761\" near Tangier while \"U-761\" was attempting to transit the Strait of Gibraltar, a U.S. Navy PV Ventura aircraft of Bombing Squadron 127 and a British Catalina of the Royal Air Forces No. 202 Squadron attacked the submarine and forced her to surface. \"Wishart\" and \"Anthony\" then approached \"U-761\", and the submarine scuttled herself within sight of the destroyers, suffering nine dead. \"Wishart\" and \"Anthony\" captured her 48 survivors. \"Wishart\" remained on convoy defence duty at Gibraltar until January 1945, when the Royal Navy decided to withdraw her from service and she steamed to the United Kingdom for deactivation. \"Wishart\" was decommissioned in February 1945. On 20 March 1945, she was sold for scrapping by Thos W Ward at Inverkeithing, Scotland. The ship arrived at the shipbreakers yard under tow sometime after the armistice with Japan brought World War II to a close on 15 August 1945. HMS Wishart (D67) HMS \"Wishart\" (D67) was a Modified W-class destroyer of the British Royal Navy that saw service in World War II. She spent most of her wartime career based at Gibraltar, engaged in convoy defence, but also served in various naval and military operations in the Mediterranean Sea. \"Wishart\", the first Royal Navy ship of the name, was ordered in January 1918 as part of the 13th Order of the 1918–1919 Naval Programme, and was laid down on 18 May 1918 by John I. Thornycroft & Company at Woolston, Hampshire. The pace of her construction slowed after the"
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"John Sandoe John Sandoe (10 July 1930 – 29 December 2007) was a British bookseller, and the founder in 1957 of the bookshop John Sandoe Books in what had previously been a poodle parlour in a side street off King's Road, near Sloane Square. John Sandoe was born in Felixstowe on 10 July 1930, the son of a stockbroker and moneylender, and the only child of two only children. He was educated at St Edward's School, Oxford. Sandoe's main competitor was Heywood Hill in Mayfair. Regulars included Mary Quant, Keith Richards, Lucian Freud, Chips Channon, Dirk Bogarde and Tom Stoppard. In 1962 he met the Canadian artist Paul Sinodhinos, who became his lifelong partner. John Sandoe Books still exists in its original location. John Sandoe John Sandoe (10 July 1930 – 29 December 2007) was a British bookseller, and the founder in 1957 of the bookshop John Sandoe Books in what had previously been a poodle parlour in a side street off King's Road, near Sloane Square. John Sandoe was born in Felixstowe on 10 July 1930, the son of a stockbroker and moneylender, and the only child of two only children. He was educated at St Edward's School, Oxford."
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"Abram-Perezville, Texas Abram-Perezville is a former census-designated place (CDP) in Hidalgo County, Texas. The population was 5,376 at the 2010 United States Census. It is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission Metropolitan Statistical Area. For the 2010 census, the CDP was split into Abram and Perezville. Abram-Perezville is located at (26.238767, -98.404720). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (3.61%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,444 people, 1,617 households, and 1,387 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,073.9 people per square mile (414.6/km²). There were 3,060 housing units at an average density of 603.6/sq mi (233.0/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 47.17% White, 0.22% African American, 0.06% Asian, 48.79% from other races, and 3.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 81.59% of the population. There were 1,617 households out of which 42.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.9% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.2% were non-families. 11.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.37 and the average family size was 3.67. In the CDP, the population was spread out with 32.8% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 14.0% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $22,532, and the median income for a family was $23,956. Males had a median income of $19,044 versus $18,188 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,195. About 32.4% of families and 41.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 56.8% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over. Abram-Perezville is served by the La Joya Independent School District. In addition, residents are allowed to apply to magnet schools operated by the South Texas Independent School District. Abram-Perezville, Texas Abram-Perezville is a former census-designated place (CDP) in Hidalgo County, Texas."
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"Embassy of Israel, Kathmandu The Embassy of Israel to Nepal is the diplomatic mission of Israel in Nepal. The Embassy was established in March 1961 after diplomatic relations were established between the two countries in June 1960, under the leadership of David Ben-Gurion, the first Prime Minister of Israel and B.P. Koirala, the first elected Prime Minister of Nepal. Israel opened its Embassy in Kathmandu in March 1961. Nepal opened a Consulate General in Israel in November 1993 and then the Embassy of Nepal in Israel on 17 August 2007. Israel has inked cooperation with Nepal in the following sectors: A Protocol of Cooperation between the Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry and the Federation of Israeli Chambers of Commerce was signed on 25 June 1993 in Tel-Aviv during a visit to Israel by prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala of Nepal. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the governments of Nepal and Israel relating to a scholarship program, 16 February 1995 was signed by the Joint Secretary, Ministry of Finance of Nepal and the Ambassador of Israel. A Framework Agreement on Cooperation in the field of Agriculture was signed in March 2010 between the governments of Israel and Nepal. Activities of Israel's Agency for International Development Cooperation (\"Mashav\") in Nepal started in the 1960s. Since then more than 1500 Nepalese professionals have participated in Mashav training courses in Israel and in Nepal. Mashav and Agricultural Development Bank Limited (ADBL) signed a MoU to enhance institutional efficiency and human resource development of ADBL. The cooperation is targeted to render banking services to rural small and medium-scale entrepreneurs to reduce the incidence of poverty, provide rural and modern banking services and ensure the financial viability and sustainability of ADBL. MASHAV and the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) signed a Memorandum of Cooperation (MOC) in the field of Water Management (Irrigation and Drinking Water System) on 26 February 2010. It is intended to encourage the open exchange of information and ideas that enhance capacity building program objectives and strengthen institutional capabilities; promote an exchange of relevant technical resources and assist to enhance impact and sustainability through capacity building and training activities; and dispatch experts to identify areas of collaboration. MASHAV, the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Save the Children (SC) signed a Memorandum of Cooperation (MOC) in the field of Early Childhood Education and Development (ECED) on 10 December 2010. It aims to encourage exchange of information and of relevant technical resources and assistance. In the first half of 2012 more than 50 professionals from Nepal participated in MASHAV courses in Israel. The governments of Israel and Nepal on 17 March 2010 signed an Agreement on cooperation on agricultural development, exchange of technical and scientific knowledge on agriculture, the exchange of data and experience on agricultural policies and their implementation and cooperation between the associations, organizations and private sector of both countries. Agriculture - 2 Education – 25 Community Development -2 Social Security - 2 Gender issues– 3 Medicine and Public Health – 2* Communication- 1* A number of official visits to Israel have been made over the years by Nepalese dignitaries, starting with King Mahendra in September 1963. President Zalman Shazar of Israel made a state visit to Nepal in March 1966. Embassy of Israel, Kathmandu The Embassy of Israel to Nepal is the diplomatic mission of Israel in Nepal. The Embassy was established in March 1961 after diplomatic relations were established between the two countries in June 1960, under the leadership of David Ben-Gurion, the first"
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"Willoughby Kipling Willoughby Kipling is a fictional character in the DC Comics and Vertigo Comics universe, created by Grant Morrison. Kipling appeared mostly in \"Doom Patrol\", originally intended as John Constantine, but at the time DC editorial policy forbade his use outside the Vertigo line; Kipling was created as a substitute, and was based upon Richard E. Grant's title character from the British cult film \"Withnail & I\". He appeared intermittently, helping the team against various threats, such as the Cult of the Unwritten Book and the Candlemaker. He is a member of the mystic Knights Templar, a coward who practises a bizarre form of black magic and is a self-proclaimed expert on the occult. Later, Kipling's voice-over appears in \"JLA Classified\" #15 (February 2006). He and several other magic-users use their knowledge to assist Oracle and the JLA defeat a mystic threat. Willoughby Kipling Willoughby Kipling is a fictional character in the DC Comics and Vertigo Comics universe, created by Grant Morrison. Kipling appeared mostly in \"Doom Patrol\", originally intended as John Constantine, but at the time DC editorial policy forbade his use outside the Vertigo line; Kipling was created as a substitute, and was based upon Richard E."
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"Idriss Saadi Idriss Saadi (; born 8 February 1992) is a professional football player who currently plays for Strasbourg and the Algeria national team. He operates primarily in the lead striker role. A former French youth international, Saadi now represents Algeria internationally after making his senior debut in 2017. Saadi started his professional career at Saint-Étienne, making his professional debut on 28 August 2010 in a league match against Lens in a 3–1 victory. During his time at Saint-Étienne, Saadi had loan spells at Reims and Ajaccio. In January 2014, Saadi joined Ligue 2 side Clermont, where he impressed with 20 goals in 42 games. On 31 August 2015, Saadi joined Championship side Cardiff City for an undisclosed fee. Manager Russell Slade stated that the club had been scouting Saadi for several months and described him as \"strong, powerful and technically good\". Due to an injury picked up the previous season, Saadi didn't make his debut till 7 November 2015, in a 2–0 win over Reading, where he had lasted 13 minutes before suffering another injury ruling him out for another 6 weeks. He made just one more substitute appearance during his first season at the Cardiff City Stadium, during a 2–1 defeat to Fulham on 9 April. In July 2016, Saadi joined Belgian side Kortrijk on loan. He made his debut in a 1–1 draw with Gent and went on to score his first and second goal against Club Brugge on 20 August. On 21 July 2017, Saadi joined Strasbourg for an undisclosed fee. Saadi is a former youth international for France. He debuted for the Algeria national football team in a friendly 1–0 win over Guinea on 6 June 2017. Idriss Saadi Idriss Saadi (; born 8 February 1992) is a professional football player who currently plays for"
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"Camden County Hall of Justice The Camden County Hall of Justice is the county courthouse for Camden County, New Jersey, located in the county seat, the City of Camden. It in the 4th vicinage for the New Jersey Superior Court. The complex was built in 1982 and was dedicated to Maria Barnaby Greenwald, the first woman surrogate in the county, in 1996. Camden County was formed on March 13, 1844, from portions of Gloucester County. The first courthouse, designed Samuel Sloan was completed circa 1853. A new building was built circa 1879 and demolished around 1904 to make way for the new one. which replaced it. That neo-classical courthouse and was demolished in the 1950s. At the time many county offices moved to Camden City Hall, where they remained into the 21st century. Also located in Camden is the United States Post Office and Courthouse and its annex. Camden County Hall of Justice The Camden County Hall of Justice is the county courthouse for Camden County, New Jersey, located in the county seat, the City of Camden. It in the 4th vicinage for the New Jersey Superior Court. The complex was built in 1982 and was dedicated to Maria Barnaby"
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"Esperanza mía (soundtrack) Esperanza mía is the official soundtrack of the eponymous 2015 Argentine telenovela. The soundtrack was released through Sony Music Entertainment on May 21, 2015. The album debuted and peaked at No. 1 in Argentina and Uruguay and received a platinum certification by Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (CAPIF) for selling 40,000 copies. Lali Espósito provides vocals to the entire album except \"Lo Juro Por Dios\", performed by Mexican singer Carlos Rivera and \"Hacia Adelante\", performed by Argentine actress Ángela Torres. Many tracks on the album were written by famous singers-songwriters as Paul Schwartz, Luciano Pereyra, Alejandro Sergi from Miranda!, Florencia Bertotti and Eduardo Frigerio. Prior to the soundtrack's release, the program was presented with a show in La Plata on March 25, 2015, in which there were performed some tracks of the album. On May 12, 2015, Espósito performed \"Tengo Esperanza\" at the tenth edition premiere of \"Bailando por un Sueño\". Later that year, Espósito performed the same song at the season finale of the program, along with \"Cómo Haremos\". Espósito performed the third track of the album, \"Júrame\", across the third and fourth leg of her \"A Bailar Tour\". The cast performed the soundtrack on their residency show, \"Esperanza Mía: el musical\", in Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Rosario. The album was nominated for \"Best Soundtrack Album\" at the 2016 Gardel Awards. \"Tengo Esperanza\", the theme song of the series, was sent to radio on April 6, 2015 as a promotional single off the album. The song won a Martín Fierro Award for Best Theme Song and received a nomination for the same category at the 2015 Tato Awards and another nomination for Favorite Song at the 2015 Nickelodeon Argentina Kids' Choice Awards, in which lost against another Lali Espósito song, \"Mil Años Luz\". Esperanza mía (soundtrack) Esperanza mía is the official soundtrack of the eponymous 2015 Argentine telenovela. The soundtrack was released through Sony Music Entertainment on May 21, 2015. The album debuted and peaked at No. 1 in Argentina and Uruguay and received a platinum certification by Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (CAPIF) for selling 40,000 copies. Lali Espósito provides vocals to the entire album except \"Lo Juro Por Dios\", performed by Mexican singer Carlos Rivera and \"Hacia Adelante\", performed by Argentine actress Ángela Torres. Many tracks on the album were written by famous singers-songwriters as Paul Schwartz, Luciano"
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"Faces Places Faces Places (stylized as FACES PLACES) is the second studio album by Globe released on March 12, 1997. Singles from the album were \"Is This Love\", \"Can't Stop Fallin' in Love\", \"Face\", \"Faces Places\" and \"Anytime Smokin' Cigarette\". Globe recorded the three songs \"Is This Love\", \"Can't Stop Fallin' in Love\" and \"Face\" by new arrangements on the album. \"Faces Places\" debuted at the number-one position within its first week with sales of over 1,648,000 copies on the Japanese Oricon weekly album charts. The album sold over three million copies and became the third best-selling album on the Oricon yearly album charts of 1997 behind GLAY's album \"Review\" and Mr. Children's album \"Bolero\". The album won the 12th Japan Gold Disc Award for 'Pop Album of the Year'. All composed and arranged by: Tetsuya KomuroLyric: Tetsuya Komuro & Mark (track: 2–4, 6–12), Mark (track: 5) Faces Places Faces Places (stylized as FACES PLACES) is the second studio album by Globe released on March 12, 1997. Singles from the album were \"Is This Love\", \"Can't Stop Fallin' in Love\", \"Face\", \"Faces Places\" and \"Anytime Smokin' Cigarette\". Globe recorded the three songs \"Is This Love\", \"Can't Stop Fallin' in Love\""
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"Neon Museum, Warsaw Neon Museum, also the Museum of Neon () is a museum located in Warsaw's Praga-Południe. The institution documents and protects Polish light advertisements created after World War II. It is the first in Poland and one of the few museums of neon signs in the world. The museum is located at ul. Mińska 25, on the premises of Soho Factory. It was established in 2012. The history of the museum began in 2005 when Ilona Karwińska saved the \"Berlin\" neon sign from Marszałkowska Street in Warsaw. The collection of the museum features about 100 neon lights from all over Poland Most of the neons come from the 1960s and 1970s. The nine largest neon signs including \"GŁÓWNA KSIĘGARNIA TECHNICZNA (MAIN TECHNICAL BOOKSTORE)\", \"Jubiler\", \"dworzec kolejowy CHODZIEŻ (CHODZIEŻ railway station)\", \"KINO PRAHA (PRAHA cinema)\" i \"WARSZAWA WSCHODNIA\" are located on different Soho Factory buildings. The museum also looks after some neon signs in Warsaw, including Mermaid on Grójecka Street. In 2013, the museum together with RWE organized \"Neon for Warsaw\" competition. Neon Museum, Warsaw Neon Museum, also the Museum of Neon () is a museum located in Warsaw's Praga-Południe. The institution documents and protects Polish light advertisements created"
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"Moinuddin Ahmad Art Gallery, Aligarh Muslim University Moinuddin Ahmad Art Gallery, Aligarh Muslim University is the art gallery of Aligarh Muslim University in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. It has been restored after 80 years. The history of Moinuddin Ahmad Art Gallery begins in the year 1928 when Prof. Moinuddin Ahmad got constructed this Gallery in AMU Campus. His vision was to disseminate the art of painting at Aligarh. On the eve of Sir Syed day 17 October 2013 the gallery was re-inaugurated by Dr. Aziz Quraishi, Governor of Uttrakhand. It organized an 'Images of India - a Fascinating Journey through Time' in collaboration with the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. Moinuddin Ahmad Art Gallery, Aligarh Muslim University Moinuddin Ahmad Art Gallery, Aligarh Muslim University is the art gallery of Aligarh Muslim University in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. It has been restored after 80 years. The history of Moinuddin Ahmad Art Gallery begins in the year 1928 when Prof. Moinuddin Ahmad got constructed this Gallery in AMU Campus. His vision was to disseminate the art of painting at Aligarh. On the eve of Sir Syed day 17 October 2013 the gallery was re-inaugurated by Dr. Aziz Quraishi, Governor of"
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"Te Dejo Madrid \"Te Dejo Madrid\" (English: \"I Leave You Madrid\") is a song recorded by Colombian singer Shakira for her fifth studio album, \"Laundry Service\" (2001). It was written by the singer about the city of Madrid, the capital of Spain. The music video for it featured the singer as a bullfighter. Although it was released as the fifth single from the album in several European countries in 2002, it was not released in the United States. \"Te Dejo Madrid\" was very successful in Italy and Spain, but the song did not repeat its success in Latin America, as it reached a peak position of forty-five in \"Billboard\"'s Hot Latin Tracks. In the music video, Shakira is seen lying on a bed and in front of a mirror in a bullfighting costume. The television shows scenes from a bullfighting performance. It shows Shakira then running to the stadium, where these performances are recorded, with a pair of large scissors. When she arrives, there is a man, who is the bullfighter, inside the ring, who is pictured throughout the video as maybe her lover, who is looking in the mirror at himself. Shakira flips the mirror around so she is facing the bullfighter. Shakira is shown with a bull mask on and she is portrayed as the bull. They come face to face and she touches his lips, but turns away and plays the harmonica solo. The video ends with Shakira cutting off her long hair in the mirror. Spanish bullfighter Julián López Escobar, better known by his stage name El Juli, filed a lawsuit against Shakira for using scenes of one of his performances in the music video for \"Te Dejo Madrid\" without his permission. She was sued for five million dollars for \"plagiarism of image in use and exercise of his profession\". In 2002 and 2003, Shakira performed the song live on her Tour of the Mongoose. However, the song was performed only on the Spanish-speaking countries which were visited for the tour. In 2006 and 2007, Shakira performed the song on every concert of her Oral Fixation Tour. In 2010 and 2011, Shakira performed the song on every concert of her The Sun Comes Out World Tour. Te Dejo Madrid \"Te Dejo Madrid\" (English: \"I Leave You Madrid\") is a song recorded by Colombian singer Shakira for her fifth studio album, \"Laundry Service\" (2001). It was written"
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"Peter Deilmann Cruises Peter Deilmann Cruises (German: Peter Deilmann Reederei GmbH & Co. KG) was a German cruise company which offered river cruises throughout Europe and several ocean cruises. It was headquartered in Neustadt in Holstein, Germany. The founder Peter Deilmann began by chartering coasters in 1968. In 1973 he started his first passenger service between Neustadt (West Germany) and Ronne (Bornholm) using the small ferry \"Nordlicht\". In 1976 and 1978 he acquired the elderly passenger ships Gripen and Frisia II (renamed \"Nordshau\" and \"Nordpaloma\") to start a ferry service between Neustadt and Rodby. Also in 1976, Deilmann acquired the Norwegian Rost (renamed \"Nordbrise\") and started a pioneer service between West and East Germany. \"Nordbrise\" was later used for his first cruise venture in Greenland. In 1979, Deilmann ordered his first new cruise ship, the \"Berlin\". She was owned by a consortium of German investors, and Deilmann only had a minority share. Whilst awaiting delivery, he also bought the \"Regina Maris\", which was sold to Kuwait in 1982 for conversion into a large private yacht. \"Berlin\" was chartered for far-eastern service as the \"Princess Mahsuri\" between 1982-85. The Deilmann charter of Berlin ended in 2004. In 1983, Deilmann acquired their first river cruise vessel, the \"Donauprinzessin\". In 1994 the first sailing cruise ship, the \"Lili Marleen\" was acquired. The impressive \"Deutschland\" was delivered in 1998. Following the insolvency of Peter Deilmann Reederei GmbH & Co. KG in 2009, with up to ten ocean and river cruise ships last, which had a turnover of around 50 million euros and around 50,000 passengers transported, was after the reestablishment of Reederei Peter Deilmann GmbH from 1 January 2010, the shipping company activity resumed. In October 2010, the new shipping company acquired a majority stake of the German industrial holding AURELIUS AG, which sold its stake to a minority share in early 2013 to the Callista Private Equity. On January 20, 2015, the insolvency administrator had canceled all scheduled tours of Germany. The last and unique ship MS Deutschland was sold in May 2015 to the Las Vegas United States Investor Donald Hoffman of Absolute Nevada LLC, who chartered the ship previously to Plantours for 4 cruises and since September 2015 to Semester at Sea. It followed a non more existent Administrative domain in \"Internet\". The company has been closed by the courts, a court appointed a lawyer, who had been settling the outstanding accounts with the money received from the sale of the last ship, about one third (US$ 21 million) of about 60 million loan, the holders lost, once all matters have been settled and approved by the court – which can take many months – all activities were to close down, due bankruptcy and all remained costs to be paid. Due to the weak economy, Peter Deilmann shut down their River Cruise Division in 2010. The vessels of the former fleet were: Around 2000 the cruise line made about $100 million United States dollars per year. In 2009 in the United Kingdom Peter Deilmann Cruises joined the Truly Independent Professional Travel Organisation (TIPTO) marketing consortium, becoming its 16th member. The company chartered the ill-fated Air France Flight 4590, the Concorde flight from Charles de Gaulle International Airport near Paris, France, to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, New York, United States (operated by Air France) which crashed on 25 July 2000 at Gonesse, France, killing all one hundred passengers and nine crew on board the flight, and four people on the ground. The flight was chartered by Peter Deilmann Cruises and all passengers were on their way to board the MS Deutschland cruise ship in New York City for a 16-day cruise to South America. Peter Deilmann Cruises Peter Deilmann Cruises (German: Peter Deilmann Reederei GmbH & Co. KG) was a German cruise company which offered river cruises throughout Europe and several ocean cruises. It was headquartered in Neustadt in Holstein, Germany. The founder Peter Deilmann began by chartering coasters in 1968. In 1973 he started his first passenger service between Neustadt (West Germany) and Ronne (Bornholm) using the small ferry \"Nordlicht\". In 1976 and 1978 he acquired the elderly passenger ships Gripen and Frisia II (renamed \"Nordshau\""
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"Strouss Strouss was a department store serving the U.S. states of Ohio and Pennsylvania. Originally known as Strouss-Hirshberg Co., it was long the leading department store in the greater Youngstown, Ohio and the Mahoning/Shenango Valleys. Under the ownership of May Department Stores, which purchased Strouss in 1947, its name was shortened to Strouss and was expanded throughout northern Ohio and western Pennsylvania under the leadership of C.J. Strouss, then president of Strouss. In 1986, May Company made a corporate decision to consolidate the Strouss division into Kaufmann's. May promptly shut down many of its former locations in 1987 in part due to the depressed economy of the Youngstown-Warren, Ohio/Sharon, Pennsylvania regional metropolitan area and a strategic decision by May Company to focus on mall-only retail locations within the Kaufmann's division. Although over 20 years have passed since the May Company divisional merger between Strouss and Kaufmann's, many older residents within the Mahoning and Shenango Valleys still refer to the now regional Macy*s department stores as \"Strouss\" or \"Strouss-Kaufmann's,\" the moniker used for the former Strouss stores for one year following the divisional consolidation. As late as 1992, Strouss credit cards were still accepted as a form of payment by Kaufmann's. Strouss Strouss was a department store serving the U.S. states of Ohio and Pennsylvania. Originally known as Strouss-Hirshberg Co., it was long the leading department store in the greater Youngstown, Ohio and the Mahoning/Shenango Valleys. Under the ownership of May Department Stores, which purchased Strouss in 1947, its name was shortened to Strouss and was expanded throughout northern Ohio and western Pennsylvania under the leadership of C.J. Strouss, then president of Strouss. In 1986, May Company made a corporate decision to consolidate the Strouss division into Kaufmann's. May promptly shut down many of its former locations in 1987 in part"
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"Commodore-in-Charge, Algiers The Commodore-in-Charge, Algiers was an administrative shore based appointment of the British Royal Navy established during World war II who was responsible for the berthing of all British convoys in Algeria and its sub-commands, facilities and staff from 1942 to 1946. The post holder was based at Allied Force Headquarters, Algiers. It was at first a sub-command of the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet then later the Commander-in-Chief, Levant. The post of Commodore-in-Charge, Algiers was established in December 1942. The office holder was shore based at Allied Forces Headquarters in Algiers. He was chiefly responsible for the berthing of convoys at all Algerian ports and bases and administering the RN establishments in Algeria including its naval base HMS Hannibal. its facilities, installations and staff. In addition he superintended the S.N.O. in Charge at the port of Bone. The S.N.O. Bone was responsible superintending the senior naval officers in charge at Bougie and Phillippeville naval bases. The post holder reported directly to the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet until February 1943 when that command was divided between operational and shore commands his reporting line transferred to the Commander-in-Chief, Levant. In January 1944 both commands were reunified under the single Mediterranean Fleet once more. The post holder was active from 1942 to 1944 when his post was abolished his sub-commands were gradually deactivated by 1946 when the shore establishment at Algiers HMS Hannibal was closed. \"The Naval Officer-in-Charge, Bone was a administrative shore based command appointment of British Royal Navy who was responsible superintending HMS Cannae including its facilities and staff from January to August 1943\". \"The Naval Officer-in-Charge, Bougie was a shore based command appointment the post who was responsible superintending HMS Byrsa at Bougie, Algeria including its facilities and staff from January to December 1943\" he then transferred to HMS Cannae from August to December 1943 to . \"The Naval Officer-in-Charge, Phillippeville was a administrative shore based command appointment of British Royal Navy who was initially responsible superintending HMS Elissa at Phillippeville, Algeria including its facilities and staff from January to August 1943\" he then transferred to HMS Cannae from August to December 1943\". Commodore-in-Charge, Algiers The Commodore-in-Charge, Algiers was an administrative shore based appointment of the British Royal Navy established during World war II who was responsible for the berthing of all British convoys in Algeria and its sub-commands, facilities and staff from 1942 to 1946. The post holder was based"
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"Todd Collins (quarterback) Todd Steven Collins (born November 5, 1971) is a former American football quarterback. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the second round of the 1995 NFL Draft. He played college football at Michigan. Collins played for the Kansas City Chiefs and Washington Redskins. After beginning his career as the \"heir apparent\" to Jim Kelly and largely failing in that position, he spent the rest of his NFL career as a backup quarterback, spending several years serving behind Elvis Grbac and Trent Green of the Chiefs. He holds the NFL record for longest gap between starts in post-merger history, ten years and two days. Collins is now the Offensive Coordinator for the Walpole High School varsity football team. Collins was born in Walpole, Massachusetts. Collins attended Walpole High School, located just a few miles from Foxboro, Massachusetts, the home of the New England Patriots. As a senior, he, along with prolific wide out Douglas Cantrell, led his football team to a state championship, a feat that helped earn him SuperPrep All-America honors. Cantrell went on to have a brief career in Germany. Collins was named New England Player of the Year by the \"Boston Globe\". As a junior, he held a 10–0 record for the baseball team as a right-handed pitcher. Also that year, he guided his basketball squad to the state semifinals, garnering 18 points and 10 rebounds a game along the way. Collins attended and played football at the University of Michigan from 1990 to 1994, though he was redshirted as a freshman in 1990. He completed one of two passes in the Rose Bowl as a redshirt freshman on January 1, 1992, after netting 15 completions on 24 attempts for 135 yards during the regular season. Collins started two games as a sophomore in 1992 when he completed 66 of 101 passes for 693 yards with seven touchdowns and three interceptions. As an All-Big Ten Conference Honorable Mention and Academic All-Big Ten as a junior in 1993, he led the squad to a 42–7 Hall of Fame Bowl victory over NC State. His best collegiate season came that junior year when he hit on 189 of 296 attempts for 2,509 yards with 17 touchdowns and just seven interceptions. In his senior season (1994), he connected on 186 of 288 attempts for 2,518 yards with 13 touchdowns and ten interceptions en route to a 24–14 Holiday Bowl win over Colorado State. Collins' collegiate passing totals read 457 completions on 711 attempts for 5,858 yards with 37 touchdowns and 20 interceptions, which comes out to a 145.0 career quarterback efficiency rating. Collins and Michigan's 1994 squad are most remembered for beating Notre Dame on a last second field goal by Remy Hamilton and for losing to Colorado on Kordell Stewart's Hail Mary pass known as the Miracle at Michigan. Collins was selected in the 1995 NFL Draft by the Buffalo Bills in the second round with the 45th overall pick. In 1995, he earned the Bills backup job, playing in seven games with one start. That season, he hit on 14 of 29 attempts for 112 yards with one interception. In 1996, Collins was the number two Bills quarterback behind Jim Kelly, and saw action in seven games (three starts), completing 55 of 99 attempts (55.6%) with four touchdowns and five interceptions. Collins was considered Kelly's \"heir apparent\" when Kelly announced his retirement following the 1996 season. In 1997, he won the Bills starting job at quarterback after beating out Alex Van Pelt and Billy Joe Hobert in training camp and saw duty in 14 games (13 starts) where he completed 215 of 391 passes (55.0%), good for 2,367 yards with 12 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions. Under Collins's leadership, the Bills missed the playoffs for only the second time since 1988, prompting the Bills to release Collins after one season as starter and sign Rob Johnson and Doug Flutie as his potential replacements. Collins signed with the Kansas City Chiefs in 1998, where he did not see any regular season game action the first three seasons. For his first three seasons, Collins was the third-string quarterback behind Rich Gannon and Warren Moon. Between 2001 and 2005, he was listed as the Chiefs’ backup quarterback in all the games, seeing action in 12 games. On March 14, 2006, Collins was signed by the Washington Redskins to a two-year, $2.5 million contract. Collins was brought in because of offensive coordinator Al Saunders having knowledge of Collins and knowing Collins could assist as a signal caller and backup. On December 6, 2007, Collins replaced Redskins quarterback Jason Campbell, who was injured. Taking charge of a team depleted by injuries and drained by the shooting death of safety Sean Taylor nine days earlier, Collins completed 15 of 20 passes for 224 yards and two touchdowns, leading the Redskins to a 24–16 victory. Collins won NFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for his performance against the Chicago Bears. Coach Joe Gibbs was particularly pleased with the performance, saying \"I don't know that I've ever had a better performance coming off the bench. Ever.\" Following the victory over the Chicago Bears (which improved the Redskins to 6-7), Collins led the Redskins to three more consecutive victories to close out the regular season. Those victories were over the New York Giants, the Minnesota Vikings, and a 27–6 win over the Dallas Cowboys in the season finale. The Redskins' four straight victories at the end of the season left them with a 9-7 record, securing the Redskins' bid for a wild card playoff berth against the Seattle Seahawks. Collins finished the season with a quarterback rating of 106.4. Following completion of the regular season, he was voted NFC Offensive Player of the Month for December. In the wild card playoff game against the Seahawks, Collins completed 29 of 50 passes for 266 yards and two touchdowns. He also threw two interceptions in the fourth quarter, both of which were returned for touchdowns by the Seahawks defense. These were Collins' first interceptions since the 1997 season. The Redskins lost the game by a score of 35–14, eliminating them from further postseason competition. In 2008 and 2009, Collins again backed up Jason Campbell. On February 29, 2008, despite interest from the Jacksonville Jaguars, Collins was re-signed by the Redskins. His three-year contract was worth an estimated $9 million. Collins took no snaps in the 2008 season. In the 2009 season he saw action in three games as a backup, throwing 12 for 23 for 144 yards. On October 3, 2009, Collins said he would retire after the 2009 NFL season. On March 4, 2010, Collins was released by the Redskins. In August 2010, Collins was signed by the Chicago Bears to a one-year deal. Terms of the deal were not disclosed. He started their fourth preseason game. Collins made the roster as the second-string quarterback after Jay Cutler and ahead of Caleb Hanie. Collins played for the Bears in the fourth game of the season, beginning the second half of the Week 4 matchup against the New York Giants when starter Jay Cutler suffered a concussion in the first half. Collins finished that game 4 for 11 for 36 yards, no touchdowns and one interception. The Bears lost 17–3, their first loss of the season, falling to 3–1. He would fill in for Cutler in Week 5 against the Carolina Panthers. In that start, Collins completed six of 16 passes for 32 yards, threw four interceptions and had a passer rating of 6.2. He was relieved at the end of the third quarter by Caleb Hanie. The Bears won 23–6. Collins also saw limited action in the Bears' 21–14 NFC Championship game loss to the Packers, relieving the injured Cutler in the third quarter before being replaced by Hanie after suffering a shoulder injury. This was the final game of his career. Career high in bold Todd Collins (quarterback) Todd Steven Collins (born November 5, 1971) is a former American football quarterback. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the second round of the 1995 NFL Draft. He played college football at Michigan. Collins",
"to 3–1. He would fill in for Cutler in Week 5 against the Carolina Panthers. In that start, Collins completed six of 16 passes for 32 yards, threw four interceptions and had a passer rating of 6.2. He was relieved at the end of the third quarter by Caleb Hanie. The Bears won 23–6. Collins also saw limited action in the Bears' 21–14 NFC Championship game loss to the Packers, relieving the injured Cutler in the third quarter before being replaced by Hanie after suffering a shoulder injury. This was the final game of his career. Career high in bold Todd Collins (quarterback) Todd Steven Collins (born November 5, 1971) is a former American football quarterback. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the second round of the 1995 NFL Draft. He played college football at Michigan. Collins played for the Kansas City Chiefs and Washington Redskins. After beginning his career as the \"heir apparent\" to Jim Kelly and largely failing in that position, he spent the rest of his NFL career as a backup quarterback, spending"
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"Austin Aztex The Austin Aztex were a soccer team based in Austin, Texas, United States. Founded in 2011 as a member of the Premier Development League, the team played the 2015 season in the United Soccer League, the third tier of the United States soccer pyramid. This was the second team to carry the name Austin Aztex; the first were founded in 2008 and relocated to Orlando in 2010. The Aztex played their home games at the 6,500-seat House Park just west of the downtown Austin core, until that stadium was severely damaged by the 2015 Memorial Day floods; for the remainder of that season, they played at Kelly Reeves Athletic Complex. On October 2, 2015, the Aztex announced that, due to the fact that neither House Park nor Kelly Reeves met league stadium standards, and to difficulty in procuring a stadium that meets those standards, the team would be on hiatus during the 2016 USL season. The Aztex planned to resume competition in 2018 after the stadium issue was resolved but will not return to the USL. USL will return to Austin as Austin Bold FC begin play in 2019. The latest incarnation of the Austin Aztex was founded by David Markley, who was a minority owner of the original Aztex. The previous team's majority owners moved the organization to Orlando, Florida at the end of the 2010 season and renamed the team Orlando City SC. In September 2011, Markley announced plans to create a new Austin Aztex team which would compete in the Premier Development League beginning in the 2012 season. The new Aztex played their first game on May 5, 2012 at Woodforest Bank Stadium, home of the Texas Dutch Lions, and defeated the hosts 4–0. The first Aztex goal was scored by midfielder Tony Rocha on a free kick in the 6th minute of play. The Aztex's first home game was played on May 19, 2012 against the El Paso Patriots before a crowd of 2,507. The Aztex rose to the occasion with a 6–1 win, with Kris Tyrpak providing three of the Aztex's six goals. The reborn Aztex finished their first season with 9 wins, 5 losses, and 2 draws. They won their first playoff game against the Ocala Stampede but fell to Orlando City U-23's in the Southern Conference final. In preparation for the move to USL Pro, the Aztex introduced a new logo and affiliated with the Columbus Crew SC, an MLS club which had also recently undergone a logo change. The Aztex kits were dark blue with gold numbers and gold trim. Their alternate kits were white with gold trim and numbering. Kits were provided by Admiral Sportswear. Emergo Group, an international regulatory consulting firm headquartered in Austin, served as the team's jersey sponsor from 2012 through 2014. The Aztex badge was blue and gold with a Texas lone star, a soccer ball, and the word \"AzTeX\" with an enlarged A, T, and X. \"ATX\" is shorthand for Austin, Texas. USL PDL Austin Aztex The Austin Aztex were a soccer team based in Austin, Texas, United States. Founded in 2011 as a member of the Premier Development League, the team played the 2015 season in the United Soccer League, the third tier of the United States soccer pyramid. This was the second team to carry the name Austin Aztex; the first were founded in 2008 and relocated to Orlando in 2010. The Aztex played their home games at the 6,500-seat House Park just west of the downtown Austin core, until that stadium was severely damaged by the 2015 Memorial Day floods; for"
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"Mobile-device testing Mobile-device testing function to assure the quality of mobile devices, like mobile phones, PDAs, etc. The testing will be conducted on both hardware and software. And from the view of different procedures, the testing comprises R&D testing, factory testing and certificate testing. Mobile-device testing involves a set of activities from monitoring and trouble shooting mobile application, content and services on real handsets. Testing includes verification and validation of hardware devices and software applications. Developing applications for the Android platform is a complicated business. You have to test with multiple operating system versions, hardware vendor interface layers, hardware configurations, device types and network capabilities. The testing matrix for Android-based applications can be a serious challenge, impacting your product's quality, time-to-market, and in the end, profitability. Listed companies like Keynote Systems, Capgemini Consulting and Mobile Applications and Handset testing company Intertek and QA companies like PASS Technologies AG, and Testdroid provide mobile testing, helping application stores, developers and mobile device manufacturers in testing and monitoring of mobile content, applications and services. Static code analysis is the analysis of computer software that is performed without actually executing programs built from that software (analysis performed on executing programs is known as dynamic analysis) Static analysis rules are available for code written to target various mobile development platforms. For Android applications, it is possible to use the Dexper tool, which transforms the Dalvik bytecode into the Soot/Jimple intermediate representation. Unit testing is a test phase when portions of mobile device development are tested, usually by the developer. It may contain hardware testing, software testing, and mechanical testing. Factory testing is a kind of sanity check on mobile devices. It is conducted automatically to verify that there are no defects brought by the manufacturing or assembling. Mobile testing contains: Certification testing is the check before a mobile device goes to market. Many institutes or governments require mobile devices to conform with their stated specifications and protocols to make sure the mobile device will not harm users' health and are compatible with devices from other manufacturers. Once the mobile device passes all checks, a certification will be issued for it. When users submit mobile apps to application stores/marketplaces, it goes through a certification process. Many of these vendors outsource the testing and certification to third party vendors, to increase coverage and lower the costs. Mobile-device testing Mobile-device testing function to assure the quality of mobile"
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"1994 Australian Open The 1994 Australian Open (also known as the 1994 Ford Australian Open for sponsorship purposes) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Flinders Park in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 82nd edition of the Australian Open and was held from 17–30 January 1994. Pete Sampras defeated Todd Martin 7–6, 6–4, 6–4 Steffi Graf defeated Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6–0, 6–2 Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis defeated Byron Black / Jonathan Stark 6–7, 6–3, 6–4, 6–3 Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva defeated Patty Fendick / Meredith McGrath 6–3, 4–6, 6–4 Larisa Neiland / Andrei Olhovskiy defeated Helena Suková / Todd Woodbridge 7–5, 6–7, 6–2 Ben Ellwood defeated Andrew Ilie 5–7, 6–3, 6–3 Trudi Musgrave defeated Barbara Schett 4–6, 6–4, 6–2 Ben Ellwood / Mark Philippoussis defeated Jamie Delgado / Roman Kukal 4–6, 6–2, 6–1 Corina Morariu / Ludmila Varmužová defeated Yvette Basting / Alexandra Schneider 7–5, 2–6, 7–5 1994 Australian Open The 1994 Australian Open (also known as the 1994 Ford Australian Open for sponsorship purposes) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Flinders Park in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 82nd edition of the Australian Open"
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"Gallia Celtica Gallia Celtica, meaning \"Celtic Gaul\" in Latin, was a cultural region of Gaul inhabited by Celts, located in what is now Switzerland, France, Luxembourg and the west bank of the Rhine in Germany. According to the Roman ethnography and Julius Caesar in his narrative Commentaries on the Gallic War, Gaul was divided into three main regions: Belgica, Aquitania and Celtica. The inhabitants of Belgica were called Belgae, those of Aquitania were called Aquitani. The inhabitants of the Celtica region called themselves Celts in their own language, and were later called Galli by Julius Caesar: A similar definition is given by Pliny the Elder: Gallia Celtica Gallia Celtica, meaning \"Celtic Gaul\" in Latin, was a cultural region of Gaul inhabited by Celts, located in what is now Switzerland, France, Luxembourg and the west bank of the Rhine in Germany. According to the Roman ethnography and Julius Caesar in his narrative Commentaries on the Gallic War, Gaul was divided into three main regions: Belgica, Aquitania and Celtica. The inhabitants of Belgica were called Belgae, those of Aquitania were called Aquitani. The inhabitants of the Celtica region called themselves Celts in their own language, and were later called Galli by Julius"
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"Stephen Palumbi Stephen (\"Steve\") R. Palumbi (born: October 17, 1956, in Baltimore, MD) is the present Jane and Marshall Steel Jr. Professor in Marine Sciences at Stanford University and the Harold A. Miller Director of the Hopkins Marine Station. He also holds a Senior Fellowship at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. Palumbi received his BA in biology from the Johns Hopkins University in 1978 and his PhD in zoology from the University of Washington in marine ecology in 1984. He received the Buell Award from the Ecological Society of America in 1984. From 1985 to 1996, he worked in the Department of Zoology at the University of Hawaii, winning the Matsuda Fellowship Award for Faculty Research in 1991 and a University of Hawaii Regents Medal for Excellence in Research in 1996. He was promoted to full professor in 1994 and appointed the director of the Kewalo Marine Laboratory in 1995. Palumbi moved to a professorship at Harvard University in 1996 and on to Stanford University in August 2002. In 2007, he was appointed the Harold A. Miller Director of the Hopkins Marine Station, and was appointed to the Jane and Marshall Steel Chair of Biology in 2009. In 1996, Palumbi was awarded a Pew Fellowhsip in Marine Conservation, which he used \"to develop more rapid, cost-efficient, nonradioactive genetic test procedures to identify threatened species of cetaceans found in products taken from whale meat markets ... allow[ing] the focus of management efforts to be the individual, rather than the species or stock, and enables the tracing of particular whales from fishery to market.\" In 2003, he was elected a Fellow of the California Academy of Sciences and was awarded the Peter Benchley Ocean Award for Excellence in Science in 2011. Palumbi's research interests include studying evolution and change using molecular genetics techniques, marine population biology and conservation, and the effects of human activity on ocean systems. In 2003, Palumbi participated in the documentary TV series \"The Future Is Wild\", appearing in his capacity as Harvard University Professor of Marine Sciences in the initial episode, Welcome to the Future, as well as in four other episodes where he was also credited as a principal scientific advisor: Waterland, Flooded World, The Endless Desert, and The Global Ocean. The series explored possible evolutionary changes in the future over the period of five to two hundred million years, and was developed over a period of four years by a team of scientists whose work was visualised through computer animation. Palumbi has written several books: He has also been an author of more than 200 scientific papers. Palumbi is married to a physician, Mary Roberts, and is the father two grown children. His interests include music, and was part of the group who founded the band \"Sustainable Sole\". Stephen Palumbi Stephen (\"Steve\") R. Palumbi (born: October 17, 1956, in Baltimore, MD) is the present Jane and Marshall Steel Jr. Professor in Marine Sciences at Stanford University and the Harold A. Miller Director of the"
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"The Edge Chronicles Twig Saga There are 12 books (but thirteen planned) in The Edge Chronicles that revolve around three central characters: Quintinius Verginix (also known as Cloud Wolf), Quintinius's son Twig, Twig's grandson Rook Barkwater, Nate Quarter, and Nate's nephew Cade, all in the time when they are about 13–17 years old. There are three books for Twig; \"Beyond the Deepwoods,\" \"Stormchaser,\" and \"Midnight over Sanctaphrax.\" The three books for Rook are \"The Last of the Sky Pirates,\" \"Vox,\" and \"Freeglader.\" There are 3 books for Quint: \"The Curse of the Gloamgloazer,\" \"The Winter Knights\" and \"Clash of the Sky Galleons.\" Nate has one extra-long book (\"The Immortals\") and Cade has 2: \"The Nameless One\" and \"Doombringer\". There will be one more book for Cade (\"The Descenders\", which will be released in March 2019. The first three books of the Edge Chronicles that were published make up the Twig Saga. They are: There is also one final book in the Twig saga: The Stone Pilot, a special book released in 2006 as an exclusive World Book Day book. Twig is a young lad, the hero of The Edge Chronicles' Twig Saga. He was raised by woodtrolls, Spelda and Tuntum Snatchwood, who raised him as their own. Cloud Wolf and Maris, his real parents had abandoned him because they were victims of a ship wreck and Twig wouldn't survive the journey. When Twig was close to his thirteenth birthday, the sky pirates visited his woodtroll village. Spelda, afraid Twig would be forced to join the crew, sent him to live with a cousin until things got better. Twig, however, strayed from the woodtroll path, something that no woodtroll should do, and got lost. He wandered through the Deepwoods finding many characters and creatures such as a halitoad, hoverworms; the Slaughterers in their village where he meets Gristle, Sinew, Mother Tatum and others; the Caterbird, a skullpelt; he was nearly killed by a bloodoak; gyle goblins in their colony, the GrossMother; the termagant trogs and Mag in the trog combs; a rotsucker and other Deepwooders and Deepwoods creatures. Later, back in the Deepwoods, Twig witnessed a sky ship, the Stormchaser, crash-land in the Deepwoods, and met a band of sky pirates. As they told stories, Twig suddenly realized that the sky pirate captain, Cloud Wolf, was the same captain who tried to recruit him, and that he was also his father. When Cloud Wolf realized this, he was emotionally tortured by the thought, and ran away while Twig was sleeping. Twig had to run from a forest fire, and ended up in the Edgelands. Twig encountered the Gloamglozer at the side of the Edge cliff. The Gloamglozer revealed that it was watching over Twig through his journeys and guiding him. The Gloamglozer then told Twig that he was special, and that he too could become a gloamglozer if he joined the demon. When Twig took his hand, the Gloamglozer threw him over the Edge. As Twig fell, he was rescued by the Caterbird, who took him to the Stormchaser. The book ended with Cloud Wolf promising Twig that he would never abandon him again, and the sky pirates setting off for Undertown. Twig came back two years later in his father's crew. He accidentally caused severe damage to the sky ship Stormchaser. Cloud Wolf had to return to Undertown and arrange a way to repay his debts with Mother Horsefeather. Meanwhile, in the city of Sanctaphrax, stormphrax and phraxdust supplies were running low, dangerously increasing the buoyancy of the Sanctaphrax rock and threatening to pollute the Undertown water to undrinkable levels. Against the wishes of the Most High Academe Vilnix Pompolnius, a deal was struck between Cloud Wolf, Mother Horsefeather, and the Professor of Light to erase Cloud Wolf's debts if he could return to Sanctaphrax with a supply of Stormphrax from the approaching Great Storm to save both cities from destruction. Cloud Wolf forbade Twig from joining them in their stormchasing voyage. The captain never told the crew Twig was his son, afraid Slyvo Spleethe would harm Twig in a mutiny. However, Spleethe finds out that Twig is Cloud Wolf's son and sneaked Twig into the Stormchaser. Inside the Great Storm, Spleethe and Mugbutt mutinied, threatening to murder Twig if Cloud Wolf refused to comply. Spleethe and Mugbutt were thwarted and killed, but the Stormchaser was being torn to pieces in the storm. The crew abandoned ship in the Twilight Woods, and Cloud Wolf stayed aboard to pursue his quest and is taken by the Great Storm into open sky. After landing, Twig reunited with the crew and the Professor of Light, who suggested the election of a new captain. He then revealed to the crew that Twig was Cloud Wolf's son, and they named him as their captain. As Twig and the rest of the crew make their way through the Twilight Woods, one by one they are lost to the sinister trickery of the forest. Hubble dies from his injuries in the Mire and later, Spiker is killed by the mysterious Screed Toetaker, formerly Screedius Tollinix, a knight academic (like Cloud Wolf). Screed tried to kill Maugin but Twig was able to kill Screed instead. The three remaining crew (Twig, the Stone Pilot, and the Professor of Light) reach Screeds old sky ship, and get it working again despite the death of the Professor. Finally, Twig and Maugin return to Sanctaphrax with the required stormphrax, and overthrow the tyrannical Most High Academe, Vilnix Pompolnius. The Professor of Darkness is the Most High Academe again and he proclaims Twig Honorary Academic Knight. Twig gets back to Undertown and gives Mother Horsefeather the secret of phraxdust safe production in trade of his first sky ship, the Edgedancer. He gathers a crew and, after spreading the secret of phraxdust production, he sets off to find his father in Open Sky, led by the Caterbird. At the beginning of this book, Twig sailed out into Open Sky with his new crew in the Edgedancer to find his missing father, Cloud Wolf, guided by the Caterbird. He entered a weather vortex and found Cloud Wolf still alive. His father warned Twig of the imminent return of the Mother Storm to the Edge. and that Sanctaphrax had to be unchained, or the Mother Storm would be blocked from reaching Riverrise, the place where the edge's only river began, and the Edge's ability to support life would fade. Cloud Wolf and the Stormchaser then faded away into the Mother Storm. However, an atmospheric explosion produced by a White Storm scattered pieces of Twig's sky ship and crew all over the Edge. Twig landed in the Stone Gardens, now glowing with a mysterious inner light. The Professor of Darkness thought he was a shooting star and went for him, but recognized the young sky pirate at once. Twig woke up and called for his father, but didn't say anything else, because his mind was quite troubled. The Professor of Darkness took him to Sanctaphrax. In Sanctaphrax, Cowlquape saved Twig from jumping into certain death. Twig suddenly regained and recovered part of his memory, but he still couldn't remember what happened after flying into open sky, so he knew nothing about his father or the Mother Storm. He then appointed Cowlquape his apprentice to protect him from being cast out of Sanctaphrax. Twig initially assumed that all of his crew members were killed, but he later discovered that they were blown back to the Edge, just as he was. He immediately set off on a quest with Cowlquape to locate his missing crew members. He discovered Tarp Hammelherd in the Lullabee Inn, Wingnut Sleet and Bogwitt in the sewers of Undertown, Spooler in the hold of the slave ship Skyraider, who died later on, Goom in the Wig-Wig Arena of the Great Shryke Slave Market, and Woodfish in the Woodtroll village where Twig himself grew up, and learned that his adoptive father, Tuntum Snatchwood had just died. Twig found Spelda, and also discovered that Woodfish had landed in the village and was staying with Taghair. Woodfish told Twig that he had been directing and guiding him throughout their whole voyage.",
"initially assumed that all of his crew members were killed, but he later discovered that they were blown back to the Edge, just as he was. He immediately set off on a quest with Cowlquape to locate his missing crew members. He discovered Tarp Hammelherd in the Lullabee Inn, Wingnut Sleet and Bogwitt in the sewers of Undertown, Spooler in the hold of the slave ship Skyraider, who died later on, Goom in the Wig-Wig Arena of the Great Shryke Slave Market, and Woodfish in the Woodtroll village where Twig himself grew up, and learned that his adoptive father, Tuntum Snatchwood had just died. Twig found Spelda, and also discovered that Woodfish had landed in the village and was staying with Taghair. Woodfish told Twig that he had been directing and guiding him throughout their whole voyage. Taghair had taught Woodfish to dream about the location of the other crew members, and he had seen everyone. He told Twig that the last crew member, Maugin, was waiting for them at Riverrise. Twig, Cowlquape, Goom, and Woodfish cross the Thorn Forests and the Nightwoods, and arrive at discover Riverrise at the dark heart of the Deepwoods. Maugin remembered everything that happened in the weather vortex because she was wearing the protective gear of a Stone Pilot. When she reminded him that Sanctaphrax had to be unchained, he and Cowlquape sky-fired themselves back to Undertown and released Sanctaphrax just in time to allow the Mother Storm to pass on safely to Riverrise. A lightning bolt from the Mother Storm struck the Stone Gardens, creating New Sanctaphrax, and Cowlquape became Most High Academe, a title conferred upon him by the Professor of Darkness moments before Sanctaphrax was unchained. The Professor of Darkness went into Open Sky with Old Sanctaphrax along with other professors. The book ended with Twig setting off for Riverrise to reunite with the crew members he left there, in the Skyraider his new sky ship. This is an exclusive story, tracing the history of Maugin, the Stone Pilot, who Twig meets in Stormchaser. Maugin is a termagant trog, destined to change from a beautiful delicate creature into the fearsomely impressive adult termagant at her first blooding, due very soon. But an ill-fated trip above ground to release her prowlgrin pet into the wild ends with her capture by mercenary Deepwoods slavers. Maugin's subsequent sale to a terrifying scientist - for use in some kind of macabre experiment - could be the end of her, but for the actions of a young sky pirate, Quint Verginix. When Quint takes her on board his father Wind Jackal's skyship, Maugin experiences a world a million miles away from her underground home and begins a new future as a Stone Pilot. Maugin reveals in this book that she and Twig were in love. Twig's caterbird can be seen at the end with the old Twig (continuing from Last of the Sky Pirates) which may indicate that they are about to reunite. The Edge Chronicles Twig Saga There are 12 books (but thirteen planned) in The Edge Chronicles that revolve around three central characters: Quintinius Verginix (also known as Cloud Wolf), Quintinius's son Twig, Twig's grandson Rook Barkwater, Nate Quarter, and Nate's nephew Cade, all in the time when they are about 13–17 years old. There are three books for Twig; \"Beyond the Deepwoods,\" \"Stormchaser,\" and \"Midnight over Sanctaphrax.\" The three books for Rook are \"The Last of the"
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"Socialist Labour Alliance The Socialist Labour Alliance was a far left political alliance in Ireland, seen by some of its members as a political party in process of formation. It was initiated in 1970 by the Socialist Labour Action Group (SLAG), composed of members of the Labour Party, including the Young Socialists, campaigning for a more left wing programme. In 1971 the inaugural conference took place in Dublin. The Alliance included individual members as well as People's Democracy, the Young Socialists, the League for a Workers Republic, and the Waterford Socialist Movement. Individual and affiliated members subsequently took the major part in founding the Socialist Workers' Movement (SWM) and the Revolutionary Marxist Group. The SWM soon disaffiliated on the grounds that it found the Alliance a debating group rather than a campaigning organisation, leaving the remaining groups to dissolve it. Socialist Labour Alliance The Socialist Labour Alliance was a far left political alliance in Ireland, seen by some of its members as a political party in process of formation. It was initiated in 1970 by the Socialist Labour Action Group (SLAG), composed of members of the Labour Party, including the Young Socialists, campaigning for a more left wing programme. In"
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