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"Battle of Concón The Battle of Concón was fought between the forces of the Congress of Chile and loyalists of President Jose Manuel Balmaceda. In mid-August 1891 the rebel forces were embarked at Iquique, numbering in all about 9,000 men, and sailed for the south. The expedition by sea was admirably managed, and on the 10th of August the congressist army was disembarked at Quintero, about 20 km. north of Valparaiso and not many miles out of range of its batteries, and marched to Concón, where the Balmacedists were entrenched. Balmaceda was surprised, but acted promptly. The first battle was fought on the Aconcagua river at Concón on the 21st. The eager infantry of the Congressional army forced the passage of the river and stormed the heights held by the Gobiernistas. A severe fight ensued, in which the troops of President Balmaceda were defeated with heavy loss. The killed and wounded of the Balmacedists numbered 1,600, and nearly all the prisoners, about 1,500 men, enrolled themselves in the rebel army, which thus more than made good its loss of 1,000 killed and wounded. Battle of Concón The Battle of Concón was fought between the forces of the Congress of Chile"
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"For a While (album) For A While is the sixth studio album by Chicago based alt-country band Dolly Varden and their first album since the 2007 \"The Panic Bell\" release. The official release date for the album was January 21, 2013 but pre-release copies were made available as early as October 2012. Steve Dawson took over all the song writing duties for this album and the songs have been described as some of his most accessible, autobiographical and cohesive. Dawson himself described the album as the \"most contented thematically\", citing agitation and frustration in some of the previous Dolly Varden albums, and as having themes of \"mortality, retrospection and gratitude.\" For a While (album) For A While is the sixth studio album by Chicago based alt-country band Dolly Varden and their first album since the 2007 \"The Panic Bell\" release. The official release date for the album was January 21, 2013 but pre-release copies were made available as early as October 2012. Steve Dawson took over all the song writing duties for this album and the songs have been described as some of his most accessible, autobiographical and cohesive. Dawson himself described the album as the \"most contented thematically\", citing"
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"Garth Fagan Gawain Garth Fagan, CD (born 3 May 1940) is a Jamaican modern dance choreographer. He is the founder and artistic director of Garth Fagan Dance, a modern dance company based in Rochester, New York. Fagan was born in Kingston, Jamaica to Oxford educated S.W. Fagan, former Chief Education Officer of Jamaica, and Louise I. Walker. It was a gymnastics class that initially drew his attention to dance early on. While attending Excelsior High school, he studied with Ivy Baxter at the Jamaica National Dance Company and performed at the inauguration of Cuban President Fidel Castro in 1959. Fagan was educated at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with sights on becoming a psychologist. Fagan worked at several dance companies in Detroit, and moved to Rochester New York in 1970, and there established his dance company originally named the \"Bottom of the Bucket BUT ... Dance Theatre\" in 1970. He was a Professor, at State University of New York, Brockport starting in 1970. Fagan choreographed for the Dance Theatre of Harlem, the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, and the Limón Dance Company in the 1970s. He has studied the works of Isadora Duncan, Martha Graham, Pearl Primus, Alvin Ailey, José Limón, and Katherine Dunham. He is also influenced by Caribbean and West African dances. Fagan's choreography incorporates elements of modern dance, ballet, Afro-Caribbean dance, and social dance. Many of his works are autobiographical or include themes of personal relevance. His untitled 1977 work chronicles the dissolution of his marriage, showing a couple beginning a relationship with affection and passion but eventually drifting apart due to inevitable obstacles. \"Griot New York,\" which premiered in 1991 at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, is about the experiences of the underprivileged living in New York City. The piece juxtaposes linear balletic movement with sharp angular gestures, twitching, and erotic partnering to represent the diversity and contrast found in big cities as well as conflict in his own life. In \"Moth Dreams,\" choreographed in 1992, Fagan celebrates his childhood, adolescence, and relationship with his mother. Fagan resides in Rochester, New York, is now divorced, and has two children. Fagan is a Distinguished University Professor at the State University of New York at Brockport. He has a Bachelor of Arts from Wayne State University, and earned a Doctor of Fine Arts from the University of Rochester in 1986, and holds \"honoris causa\" Doctors degrees from Juilliard School, Hobart College, William Smith College, and Nazareth College. Fagan received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1998, and a three-year Choreography Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts. He was made Commander in the Order of Distinction of Jamaica in August 2001, and was presented the Prime Minister's Award by Jamaican Prime Minister P. J. Patterson . In 2005 he received the Artist of the Year Award from the Arts & Cultural Council for Greater Rochester. In 2012, Fagan was named one of America's Irreplaceable Dance Treasures by the Dance Heritage Coalition. Garth Fagan Gawain Garth Fagan, CD (born 3 May 1940) is a Jamaican modern dance choreographer. He is the founder and artistic director of Garth Fagan Dance, a modern dance company based in Rochester, New York. Fagan was born in Kingston, Jamaica to Oxford educated S.W. Fagan, former Chief Education Officer of Jamaica, and Louise I. Walker. It was a gymnastics class that initially drew his attention to dance early on. While attending Excelsior High school, he studied with Ivy Baxter at the Jamaica National Dance Company and performed at the inauguration of Cuban President Fidel Castro in 1959."
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"Filip Krajinović Filip Krajinović (, ; born 27 February 1992) is a Serbian professional tennis player who achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 26 on 23 April 2018. He made his ATP World Tour debut at the 2009 Serbia Open, losing in the first round. His best individual result has been a Masters 1000 final and a Davis Cup semifinal. He holds victories over Novak Djokovic, Gastón Gaudio, Sam Querrey, Gilles Simon & John Isner. Krajinović started playing tennis in local tennis clinic TK Žak. In 2006, he reached the fourth round of 2006 Orange Bowl, losing to Bernard Tomic. Soon after, in 2007, he signed a contract with prestigious Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy in Bradenton, Florida. The same year, Krajinović won four junior singles titles — Pančevo, Atlanta, Texas and Boca Raton. In 2008 Krajinović won a junior title in Loverval. He reached the 3rd round of 2008 French Open, losing to Evgeny Donskoy. At the 2008 Wimbledon Championships, he reached his first junior grand slam semifinals, losing to eventual champion Grigor Dimitrov in straight sets. Krajinović also lost to Devin Britton (after winning the first set 1–6) in the semifinals of 2008 US Open. Throughout his junior career, Krajinović compiled a singles win/loss record of 54–9, reaching as high as No. 6 in the junior combined world rankings in February 2009. Krajinović made his professional debut at the Futures event in 2008 at Miami Beach, Florida, but lost in the first round. He played at several more futures and challengers, his best result being the semifinals in Knoxville, Tennessee, when he retired from his semifinals match against Bobby Reynolds due to a foot injury. In Knoxville he had a large group of supporters, mostly Serbian students attending the University of Tennessee. In February 2009 Krajinović played qualifications for 2009 SAP Open, but lost to Somdev Devvarman in the first round. In March Krajinović was invited by Serbia Davis Cup team captain Bogdan Obradović to be with the team for their 2009 Davis Cup World Group first round tie against Spain, but didn't play in an official match. In April he reached the quarterfinals of 2009 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships qualifications in Houston, Texas, losing in straight sets to Michael Russell. Krajinović received a wild card into the 2009 Serbia Open main draw, losing to Marcel Granollers in three sets in the first round. In the summer, he reached the finals of three events — Futures in Chico and Rochester and a Challenger in San Sebastián. In February 2010, he took part in Challenger tournament GEMAX Open in Belgrade, defeating Somdev Devvarman in the first round but losing to Alex Bogdanovic. Krajinović played the qualifications for the 2010 BNP Paribas Open. He defeated former French Open champion Gastón Gaudio in three sets in the first round, but then lost to Tim Smyczek in the second. During the tournament, Krajinović practiced along with world No. 1 player Roger Federer. Upon losing to Harel Levy in the second round of Challenger in Sunrise qualifying, he was awarded with a wild card for 2010 Sony Ericsson Open main draw, where he lost to former world No. 4 American player James Blake in three sets in the first round. Krajinović then earned a wild card for 2010 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell, where he lost to Juan Ignacio Chela in the first round. Receiving a wild card for 2010 Serbia Open, Krajinović collected his first ATP World Tour victory over Evgeny Donskoy. He then defeated Horacio Zeballos in the second round and won the first set against the first seed and world No. 2 Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals when Djokovic retired. Krajinović lost to the third seed and eventual tournament winner Sam Querrey in the semifinals. He then joined Viktor Troicki and Nenad Zimonjić in the team of Serbia at the 2010 ARAG ATP World Team Championship in Düsseldorf, Germany. Krajinović also made the second Challenger final of his career in Kosice, Slovakia. He missed first four months of 2011 due to a shoulder injury from previous year. He returned to tour for four tournaments during May and June; however, on 14 July, Krajinović took the option of having an operation to fix the persistent injury. Starting from scratch with a ranking of 1403, Krajinović returned to the ITF Futures circuit & ATP Challenger tour. In May, he made his Roland Garros debut, defeating 3 opponents, all of whom were ranked several hundred places above him, in the qualifying round and returning to the top 500 in the process. In November, he began training at \"Piatti Tennis Team\" camp where he was coached by Riccardo Piatti and Ivan Ljubičić among others. He was runner-up at four Futures tournaments and finished the year ranked 226. Krajinović won his first professional title on 6 April 2014 at the ITF tournament in Harlingen (TX, USA, 15k). He followed that up with another Futures title and his first Challenger final, in which he lost to Nick Kyrgios. Later that year, he won two Challenger titles on Italian clay courts, qualified for the US Open main draw, and entered the top 100. Krajinović earned his first direct-entry into the main draw of a major at the 2015 Australian Open; his first win at a major came at the US Open to Alejandro Gonzalez, before losing to David Ferrer in the second round. In both 2015 & 2016, Krajinović's efforts contributed to the Serbian team finishing two consecutive years in the Davis Cup quarterfinals. In 2016, he once again spent several months sidelined with injury, first in May and June, then ending his season in early September; as a result, he dropped out of the top 200. In 2017 he won five challenger tour titles, all on clay: the Neckar Cup, Marburg Open, Thindown Challenger Biella, BFD Energy Challenger in Rome, and the Almaty Challenger. Krajinović broke into the top 75 after reaching the second round of Moscow as a qualifier. He made an unexpected late-season run at the Paris Masters, qualifying for only his second ATP main draw of the year. After defeating Yūichi Sugita, Sam Querrey & Nicolas Mahut, his quarterfinal opponent, world No. 1 Rafael Nadal, withdrew from their match due to injury. He then beat John Isner to reach the final, becoming the first qualifier to reach the final at Masters level since Jerzy Janowicz in 2012 and the lowest ranked player to compete in a Masters 1000 final since world No. 191 Andrei Pavel in Paris in 2003. He lost to Jack Sock in the finals, but as the runner up, reached a career high ranking of 33, likely leaving the Challenger tour & qualifiers behind him in 2018. After an early exit in Qatar & missing the Australian Open due to injury, he found solid form making the final 16 in Rotterdam, losing a tight match to world No. 5 Grigor Dimitrov & a quarterfinal appearance at the Open 13. At the Dubai Tennis Championships, he made his first ATP 500 semifinal allowing him to reach the top 30. In Indian Wells he ran into world No. 1 Roger Federer in the third round, losing in straight sets. He did not compete at the 2018 French Open. With hard court as his favourite and double-handed backhand as a favourite shot, Krajinović is often compared to Andre Agassi, for which was named \"Agassi of Sombor\". In a 2008 article published by \"The Independent\", Nick Bollettieri himself compared him to younger Agassi. After signing a contract with prestigious Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy, Krajinović also signed a sponsorship deal with Nike. In 2009 he signed with Wilson Sporting Goods. He is currently managed by Olivier van Lindonk of IMG and coached by Petar Popovic. Krajinović was born on 27 February 1992 to Vera and Stjepan Krajinović in Sombor, Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia. He has a brother Damir and sister Katarina, and starting playing tennis at age five, \"This table is current through the 2018 Paris Masters.\" Filip Krajinović Filip Krajinović (, ; born 27 February 1992) is a Serbian professional tennis player who achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 26 on 23 April 2018.",
"Sombor\". In a 2008 article published by \"The Independent\", Nick Bollettieri himself compared him to younger Agassi. After signing a contract with prestigious Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy, Krajinović also signed a sponsorship deal with Nike. In 2009 he signed with Wilson Sporting Goods. He is currently managed by Olivier van Lindonk of IMG and coached by Petar Popovic. Krajinović was born on 27 February 1992 to Vera and Stjepan Krajinović in Sombor, Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia. He has a brother Damir and sister Katarina, and starting playing tennis at age five, \"This table is current through the 2018 Paris Masters.\" Filip Krajinović Filip Krajinović (, ; born 27 February 1992) is a Serbian professional tennis player who achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 26 on 23 April 2018. He made his ATP World Tour debut at the 2009 Serbia Open, losing in the first round. His best individual result has been a Masters 1000 final and a Davis Cup semifinal. He holds victories over Novak Djokovic,"
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"2008 Detroit Tigers season The Detroit Tigers 2008 season was the team's 108th season in Major League Baseball's American League. After being picked by many to win the AL Central Division and the World Series, the Tigers started the season a disappointing 0-7 after being swept by the Kansas City Royals and Chicago White Sox. Their first victory of the season came against the Boston Red Sox. The Tigers did not reach a .500 winning record until their 80th game of the season. Although they were eliminated from the pennant race by the season's final day (September 29), they nonetheless had to play a makeup game against the White Sox (who were trailing the Minnesota Twins by half a game), which Detroit had lost 8-2. The Tigers finished the season in last place in the AL Central, trailing the White Sox (who won the division by beating Minnesota in a one-game playoff the following day) by 14.5 games. Despite the disappointing performance, the Tigers drew a franchise-record home attendance of 3,202,645 for the season. The team ranked third in the American League and eighth in Major League Baseball for home attendance in 2008. The Tigers started the offseason by trading prospects Jair Jurrjens and Gorkys Hernández to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Édgar Rentería. Rentería took over the everyday shortstop job with Carlos Guillén moving to first base. Reliever Joel Zumaya underwent surgery on October 31, 2007 for an AC joint reconstruction and was expected to miss half the 2008 season. The Tigers continued their offseason trading by acquiring Miguel Cabrera and Dontrelle Willis from the Florida Marlins in exchange for highly touted prospects Cameron Maybin and Andrew Miller, along with Mike Rabelo, Eulogio De La Cruz, Burke Badenhop and Dallas Trahern. Willis would sign a three-year, 29-million dollar contract extension, while Cabrera would receive an eight-year, 152.3-million dollar deal, the biggest contract in Tigers history. During the offseason, the Tigers traded Omar Infante to the Chicago Cubs for Jacque Jones. They re-signed Todd Jones, and Kenny Rogers to one-year contracts. The Tigers also signed free agent Francisco Cruceta from the Texas Rangers organization to a one-year contract. Cruceta and Jacque Jones were eventually released during the season, and Todd Jones retired at the end of the season. The Tigers declined the option to sign Édgar Rentería at the end of the season. \"Note: Pos. = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\" \"Note: Pitchers' batting statistics not included\" \"<nowiki>*</nowiki> Statistics only include games with Tigers\" 2008 Detroit Tigers season The Detroit Tigers 2008 season was the team's 108th season in Major League Baseball's American League. After being picked by many to win the AL Central Division and the World Series, the Tigers started the season a disappointing 0-7 after being swept by the Kansas City Royals and Chicago White Sox. Their first victory of the season came against the Boston Red"
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"Albula Alps The Albula Alps are a mountain range in the Alps of eastern Switzerland. They are considered to be part of the Central Eastern Alps, more specifically the Western Rhaetian Alps. They are named after the river Albula. The Albula Alps are separated from the Oberhalbstein Alps in the west by the Septimer Pass and the valley of the Sursés; from the Plessur Alps in the north-west by the Landwasser valley; from the Silvretta group in the north-east by the Flüela Pass; from the Bernina Range in the south-east by the Maloja Pass and the Inn valley (upper Engadine). The Albula Alps are drained by the rivers Albula, Gelgia, Landwasser and Inn. The main peaks of the Albula Alps are: The Albula Alps are crossed by one railway tunnel, under the Albula Pass. The main mountain passes of the Albula Alps are: Albula Alps The Albula Alps are a mountain range in the Alps of eastern Switzerland. They are considered to be part of the Central Eastern Alps, more specifically the Western Rhaetian Alps. They are named after the river Albula. The Albula Alps are separated from the Oberhalbstein Alps in the west by the Septimer Pass and the"
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"Valentin Piseev Valentin Nikolaevich Piseev (; born 28 September 1941 in Volokolamsk) is a former general director of the Figure Skating Federation of Russia (until 2014) and the member of Russian Olympic Committee. He had been the president of the Russian Figure Skating Federation (from 1992 to 2010) before becoming a director, and the president of the Figure Skating Federation of the USSR (from 1988 to 1992, till the dissolution of the Soviet Union). His wife Alla Shekhovtsova is a figure skating judge. She is 23 years younger than her husband. He has a daughter Kristina (born 1974) from prior marriage, and a son Stanislav (born 1989) from Alla Shekhovtsova. Piseev was born in Volokolamsk, but his mother, Anna, soon left to her home village Khotrovo. He started skating at that time. In 1948 the family moved to Moscow. Piseev continued skating at the Young Pioneers rink, where he was noticed by a figure skating coach Igor Vonzblein and invited to his skating class. He was later coached by Tatiana Tolmacheva. He didn't achieve notable results in figure skating, competing at the local and regional competitions. Piseev stopped skating due to injury. Tatiana Tolmacheva advised him to try coaching. In 1964 he graduated from the Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism with a qualification of Physical Education Teacher. After graduation, he worked as a coach and later as a senior coach of the Young Pioneers rink. In 1965-1967 Piseev headed the All-Union Board of Judges. Since 1967 he had been working as the secretary of the Figure Skating Federation of the USSR. Since 1968 he monitored the work of other coaches. As a figure skating judge, he was among the judge crews at the European Figure Skating Championships, World Figure Skating Championships during 1972-1977. He also judged the Winter Olympic Games in 1972 and 1976. From 1977 he was a part of the International Skating Union (ISU) technical committee. In 1989 Piseev was elected the president of the Figure Skating Federation of the USSR and after its dissolution he the Federation of Russia. In 2010, he decided not to participate in the next presidential election and Aleksandr Gorshkov became a new president of the Federation. Before his retirement Piseev had been criticised by Anton Sikharulidze, Tatiana Tarasova and other notable figures in the figure skating world, especially after Russia's failures at the 2010 Winter Olympics. He was blamed for the confusion with Olympic accreditations, particularly because his daughter Kristina received the accreditation and was sent as an interpreter with the Russian snowboarding team, while Irina Zhuk, the coach of skaters Jana Khokhlova / Sergei Novitski, was not able to get the Olympic accreditation and had to stay in Russia. In 2010 interview Irina Rodnina criticised Pissev for not doing his job and for expecting others \"to do work for him\". She also commented that he has \"no authority, and no respect\" among international colleagues. Elena Tchaikovskaia stated that Piseev only listened \"to one adviser\", which was his wife, and criticized him for making a \"family business\" out of figure skating. She also told that he \"has hampered the work of coaches he does not like, got rid of opponents, and surrounded himself with people who agree with him\". Piseev was criticized for holding the position of the president for too long; for being too conservative; for pushing certain skaters at the expense of others and supporting only selected skaters. Anton Sikharulidze commented on the presidential election that functions of the president were changed and \"limited to representative\", and the whole post turned nominal, while real power belongs to the general director. However Tatiana Tarasova approved Piseev's appointment as a general director of the Figure Skating Federation, stating he \"is no friend of mine\", but \"not using his knowledge and international authority would be very wrong\". Valentin Piseev Valentin Nikolaevich Piseev (; born 28 September 1941 in Volokolamsk) is a former general director of the Figure Skating Federation of Russia (until 2014) and the member of Russian Olympic Committee. He had been the president of the Russian Figure Skating Federation (from 1992 to 2010) before becoming a director, and the president of the Figure Skating Federation of"
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"Michael Sollis Michael Sollis (born 1985 in Canberra, Australia) is an Australia composer and musician based in Canberra, Australia. Sollis is director of The Griffyn Ensemble and a noted collaborator, working with artists such as Jyll Bradley and scientist Fred Watson, and commissioned by groups such as the Australian Society of Music Educators. Sollis has published research analyzing the interplay between language and music, and has been influenced by the music and culture of Papua New Guinea. Sollis studied with, and later taught alongside, Jim Cotter and Dr Larry Sitsky at the ANU School of Music Festival Director Robyn Archer featured Sollis’ work in the Centenary of Canberra. Sollis has also been influenced by his participation in the semi-professional Canberra Raiders Cup, playing First Grade for Rugby League club the Gungahlin Bulls from the age of 16. In 2015 he developed The Dirty Red Digger, combining the stories of young Rugby League players with new music. In 2016 Sollis was appointed as the inaugural Artistic Director for Musica Viva Australia, Education, Australia's largest music education program. Michael Sollis Michael Sollis (born 1985 in Canberra, Australia) is an Australia composer and musician based in Canberra, Australia. Sollis is director of The"
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"retrieved": [
"Reginald Black Reginald James Black (19 March 1845 – 30 June 1928) was an Australian politician. He was born in Sydney to cashier John Henry Black, later general manager of the Bank of New South Wales, and Louisa Skinner. He attended Sydney Grammar School, and worked for the Bank of New South Wales from 1863. After working at Penrith, Bathurst, Goulburn and Glen Innes, he was assistant inspector and then manager of the Bathurst branch from 1875 to 1880. From 1882 he was a stockbroker. On 26 February 1883 he married Eleanor Rouse, with whom he had six children. In 1887 Black was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as a Free Trade member for Mudgee. Re-elected in 1889, he was defeated in 1891. In 1898 he became director of the Bank of New South Wales and also of the Australian Mutual Providence Society. He was appointed to the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1900, serving until his death at Wollstonecraft in 1928. Reginald Black Reginald James Black (19 March 1845 – 30 June 1928) was an Australian politician. He was born in Sydney to cashier John Henry Black, later general manager of the Bank of New"
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"Kashkar (East Syriac Diocese) Diocese of Kashkar, sometimes called Kaskar, was the senior diocese in the Church of the East's Province of the Patriarch. It see was in the city of Kashkar. The diocese is attested between the fourth and the twelfth centuries. The bishops of Kashkar had the privilege of guarding the patriarchal throne during the interregnum between the death of a patriarch and the appointment of his successor. As a result, they are often mentioned by name in the standard histories of the Nestorian patriarchs, so that a relatively full list of the bishops of the diocese has survived. According to legend, the diocese of Kashkar was the oldest diocese in Persia. It was said to have been founded by the apostle Mari in the first century, several decades before the establishment of a diocese in the Persian capital Seleucia-Ctesiphon. Although a first-century foundation date is highly unlikely, the diocese of Kashkar was certainly one of the oldest dioceses of the Church of the East. The antiquity of the diocese and its claim to an apostolic foundation were recognised at the synod of Isaac in 410, when it was ranked second after the patriarchal diocese of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and its bishop was appointed guardian of the patriarchal throne (\"natar kursya\"). The earliest-known bishop of Kashkar was ʿAbdishoʿ, who was one of several Persian bishops who opposed the claim to precedence put forward by the bishop Papa of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in 315. The last-known bishop of Kashkar was Sabrishoʿ, who was transferred from the diocese of Qaimar to Kashkar by the patriarch Eliya III (1176–90). By 1222 the guardianship of the vacant patriarchal throne, for centuries a privilege of the bishops of Kashkar, was in the hands of the metropolitans of Beth Huzaye. The bishop ʿAbdishoʿ of Kashkar was one of several Persian bishops who opposed the claim to precedence put forward by the bishop Papa of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in 315. The bishop Paul of Kashkar was martyred between 341 and 350, during the persecution of Shapur II. The bishop ʿAbda of Kashkar was martyred in 377. The bishop Maraï of Kashkar was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Isaac in 410. The bishop Abner of Kashkar was one of eleven named bishops listed in the acts of the synod of Dadishoʿ in 424 as having been reproved at the synods of Isaac in 410 and Yahballaha I in 420. The bishop ʿAbdishoʿ of Kashkar was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Acacius in 486. The bishop Emmanuel of Kashkar was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Babaï in 497. The bishop Shubhalmaran of Kashkar was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Joseph in 554. The bishop Maraï of Kashkar was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Ezekiel in 576. The bishop Shemʿon of Kashkar was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Ishoʿyahb I in 585. The bishop Theodore of Kashkar was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Gregory in 605. The bishop Yazdapneh of Kashkar was among the bishops present at the deathbed of the patriarch Ishoʿyahb III in 659. The patriarch Aba II was bishop of Kashkar before his election and consecration as patriarch in 740/1. The bishop Isaac of Kashkar assembled a synod of East Syriac bishops in 773 to elect a patriarch after the death of the patriarch Yaʿqob II. The bishop Brikh-Baroyeh of Kashkar was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Timothy I in 790. The bishop Zakarya of Kashkar was present at the consecration of the patriarch Ishoʿ Bar Nun in 823. The bishop Israel of Kashkar was appointed by the patriarch Sargis (860–72). The bishop Hnanishoʿ of Kashkar was \"natar kursya\" between the death of the patriarch Enosh and the consecration of his successor Yohannan II in 884. The bishop David of Kashkar was \"natar kursya\" between the death of the patriarch Yohannan IV in 905 and the consecration of his successor Abraham III in 906. The bishop Israel of Kashkar acted as \"natar kursya\" after the death of the patriarch Emmanuel I in 960, and was briefly elected patriarch himself in 961. The bishop Abraham of Kashkar was transferred from the diocese of Hamadan by the patriarch ʿAbdishoʿ I (963–86). He was deposed and excommunicated for seven years for misbehaviour, and was eventually restored to his old diocese at the request of the Nestorians of Hamadan. The bishop Ishoʿ (ʿIsa) was appointed for Kashkar by the patriarch Mari (987–99). The bishop Shemʿon, metropolitan of Beth Garmaï when Elijah of Nisibis completed his \"Chronography\" in 1018/19, was originally bishop of Beth Daraye and later bishop of Kashkar. The bishop Mari Ibn Kura of Kashkar died shortly before the patriarch Yohannan VII in 1057, requiring the office of \"natar kursya\" to be undertaken by the bishop of al-Nuʿmaniya. The bishop Hormizd of Kashkar was present at the consecration of the patriarch ʿAbdishoʿ II in 1074. The seat of the diocese of Kashkar appears to have been transferred to Wasit by the end of the eleventh century. The bishop Hormizd 'of Wasit' was present at the consecration of the patriarch Makkikha I in 1092. An unnamed bishop of Wasit was perfected by the patriarch Bar Sawma after his consecration in 1134. The bishop Sabrishoʿ of Qaimar was transferred to the diocese of Kashkar by the patriarch Eliya III (1176–90). The see of Kashkar is included, as an archiepiscopal titular see of the Chaldean Catholic Church, in the list of such sees recognized by the Catholic Church. Kashkar (East Syriac Diocese) Diocese of Kashkar, sometimes called Kaskar, was the senior diocese in the Church of the East's Province of the Patriarch. It see was in the city of Kashkar. The diocese is attested between the fourth and the twelfth centuries. The bishops of Kashkar had the privilege of guarding the patriarchal throne during the interregnum between"
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"John Wanton John Wanton (December 24, 1672 – July 5, 1740) was a governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, serving for six consecutive terms from 1734 to 1740. He was the son of Edward Wanton who was a ship builder, and who became a Quaker after witnessing the persecution of these people, also becoming a preacher of that religion. Edward Wanton had lived in York, Maine; Boston, Massachusetts; and Scituate, Massachusetts before coming to Rhode Island. John Wanton was a merchant, and like his father was a Quaker, and the Friends' records state that \"for many years he was a valuable public friend.\" He first entered public service in 1706 as a deputy from Newport serving for several years in that capacity, and also as the Speaker of the House of Deputies. He was called Colonel John Wanton in 1706 when he went after French privateers with John Dublin, who was wounded in the action. Between 1721 and 1734 Wanton was the Deputy Governor for the colony, and following the death of his brother, William Wanton, he became governor in 1734, serving continuously until his own death in 1740. He was buried in the Coddington Cemetery in Newport. Wanton was married to Mary Stover, the daughter of Sylvester and Elizabeth (Norton) Stover of Cape Neddick, York County, Maine, and had five children. Wanton's brother, William Wanton, preceded him as governor, and his nephews Gideon Wanton and Joseph Wanton were later governors of the colony. John Wanton John Wanton (December 24, 1672 – July 5, 1740) was a governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, serving for six consecutive terms from 1734 to 1740. He was the son of Edward Wanton who was a ship builder, and who became a Quaker after witnessing the"
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"Bjorn Anderson Bjorn Anderson is known for producing and directing independent features, and is the owner of the production company, Emerald City Pictures. His films typically feature the picturesque landscapes of Washington State. Anderson was raised on Mercer Island, Washington. There he met Joseph Cole and Marco Scaringi who would later collaborate with Anderson on his films. Anderson went on to Pacific Lutheran University where he met another collaborator, Mike Ash. He graduated in 2002 with his Bachelor of Arts Degree in Psychology. Anderson later went to Seattle Pacific University where he graduated in 2007 with his master's degree in Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Rather than going to film school, Anderson used his savings to make his first film. He quit his job on his 26th birthday to begin working on \"Warrior's End\". This medieval epic premiered at Seattle's True Independent Film Festival 2009 where it won the Mt. Rainier award. Anderson began his production company, Emerald City Pictures, to continue making films, but to also to make private and commercial videos. Anderson's next feature film was the horror movie, \"Eyes in the Dark\", which began production in 2008. It premiered in April 2010 at the Alabama International Film Festival. Anderson came up with the idea for the movie from a reoccurring nightmare where he was chased by an unknown monster. Anderson is currently working on a script to follow \"Eyes in the Dark\". Bjorn Anderson Bjorn Anderson is known for producing and directing independent features, and is the owner of the production company, Emerald City Pictures. His films typically feature the picturesque landscapes of Washington State. Anderson was raised on Mercer Island, Washington. There he met Joseph Cole and Marco Scaringi who would later collaborate with Anderson on his films. Anderson went on to Pacific Lutheran University where he"
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"2010–11 UEFA Women's Champions League The 2010–11 UEFA Women's Champions League was the tenth edition of the European women's championship for football clubs. The final was held in London, England on 26 May 2011 at Craven Cottage. French side Olympique Lyon won the competition after finishing runner-up the previous year. Lyon became the first French team to win the competition. On 14 June 2010 UEFA announced the entry list. A total of 51 teams from 43 UEFA associations will participate. This is two less than in 2009–10, as the title holder Turbine Potsdam also qualified through its domestic league, and the winners of the Maltese league were not entered. Countries are allocated places according to their 2009 UEFA league coefficient for women, taking into account performances in women's club competitions between 2004–05 and 2008–09. Associations 1–8 have two club qualify, the remaining associations have one team. Unlike the men's Champions League, not every association enters a team, and so the exact number of clubs in each round is only known shortly before the draw. The draw was held on 23 June 2010. 28 teams enter in the qualifying round, and were divided into seven groups of four teams, with one team from each seeding pot: Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 The seven hosts were confirmed by UEFA before the draw, and two hosts could not be placed in the same group. Brøndby, Gintra Universitetas, Krka, Osijek and Apollon Limassol also hosted tournaments last year. The other two hosts from last year (Linköping and Tikvesanka) did not enter the qualifying round this year. Each team plays the other teams in the group once. The matches were played between 5 and 10 August 2010. Teams in \"italic\" hosted a mini-league. As usual in UEFA competitions, three points are awarded for a win, and one point for a draw. If teams are equal on points after all matches have been played, the following criteria applies: Criteria 1–3 are reapplied until the tie cannot be resolved; only then is criteria 4 used. Matches were played at Brøndby IF's \"bane 2\" and Brøndby Stadium. Matches were played at Savivaldybė Stadium, Šiauliai and City Stadium, Pakruojis. Matches were played at Neo GSZ Stadium, Larnaca and Tsirion Stadium, Limassol. Matches were played at Kópavogsvöllur, Kópavogur and Vikin, Reykjavík. Matches were played at Matija Gubec Stadium, Krško and Ivančna Gorica Stadium, Ivančna Gorica. Matches were played at Gradski vrt, Osijek and Stadion HNK Cibalia, Vinkovci. Matches were played at the Showgrounds, Ballymena; Stangmore Park, Dungannon and Mill Meadow, Castledawson. The two best runners-up also qualify for the round of 32. The match against the fourth-placed team in the group does not count for the purposes of the runners-up table. The tie-breakers in this ranking are: The draw for the round of 32 and round of 16 was held on 19 August 2010. The draw for the quarter-finals and onwards was made on 19 November 2010. The bracket has been created in retrospect. 16 teams are seeded in this round, and play the second leg at home. Teams from the same association may not play each other. The first leg is scheduled for the week of 22 September 2010, the second leg for the week of 13 October 2010. The draw was made on 19 August 2010. The draws for this and all subsequent rounds are not seeded, and clubs from the same association may play each other. This round is scheduled for the week of 3 November and the week of 10 November 2010. The quarter final first ties were played on March 16 and 17, the second ties on March 23. \"Lyon won 1–0 on aggregate.\" \"3–3 on aggregate. Arsenal won on away goals\" \"Duisburg won 5–2 on aggregate.\" \"Potsdam won 9–2 on aggregate.\" The top goal scorers with the qualifying round excluded are: UEFA has scheduled the competition as follows. 2010–11 UEFA Women's Champions League The 2010–11 UEFA Women's Champions League was the tenth edition of the European women's championship for football clubs. The final was held in London, England on 26 May 2011 at Craven Cottage. French side Olympique Lyon won the competition after finishing runner-up the previous year. Lyon became the"
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"John Robinson (aviator) John Charles Robinson (November 26, 1903 – March 26, 1954) was an American aviator and activist who was hailed as the \"Brown Condor\" for his service in serving in the Imperial Ethiopian Air Force against Fascist Italy. Robinson pushed for equal opportunities for African-Americans during his early career, and was able to open his own eponymous aviation school in addition to initiating a program for black pilots at his college, the Tuskegee Institute. Robinson's achievements as an aviator were in stark contrast to the limited opportunities for most African-Americans in aviation careers, and were an important factor in reducing racially based prohibitions in the United States. Robinson is sometimes referred to as the \"Father of the Tuskegee Airmen\" for inspiring this all-black set of pilots who served during the United States' entry into World War II. Robinson was born in 1903, in Carrabelle, Florida, and spent his early years in Gulfport, Mississippi. His birth father died when he was a baby, leaving him and his four-year-old sister, Bertha, with their mother Celeste Robinson, who then married Charles Cobb. Robinson was inspired by flight at an early age. According to one account, in 1910, Robinson was seven years old when he witnessed a float-equipped biplane flown by John Moisant in Gulfport, Mississippi. Robinson completed his education at Gulfport High School for the Colored in 1919, where he developed a strong interest in mechanics and machinery. However, Robinson could not continue his education in Gulfport; African-Americans were barred from continuing their education beyond the tenth grade. Robinson subsequently made preparations to attend the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. He first attended college at the Tuskegee Institute in September 1921 to study automotive mechanical science, graduating three years later. In addition to studying automobiles, he learned math, literature, composition and history. He repeatedly applied to the Curtiss-Wright School of Aviation in Chicago, but was denied each time. He ended up getting a job there as a janitor and unofficially sat in on classes until an instructor managed to secure a place for him, and was the first black student at the school. Prior to entering college, Robinson held a short-term job as shoeshine man before getting a job as warehouse personnel. After finishing his college degree, Robinson was unable to find a suitable career in his hometown of Gulfport. Robinson attributed this to racial discrimination as many of the local garages were under white ownership; speaking to his father, he said, \"[The garage owners will] give me a job sweeping, filling gas tanks, changing tires, or washing, but I'm an engine man ... When I talk to [them] about automotive science they smile, look at each other, and then look at me like I belong behind a mule and a plow.\" Robinson consequently moved to the Detroit where jobs in the automotive industry might be more plentiful. There, he had difficulty finding a line of work that his college degree would have ensured him, mainly due to his extensive knowledge on the trade being unwelcome by those who could not keep up with his intellect. Robinson continued to refuse jobs sweeping or as a messenger boy, and managed to become a mechanic's assistant instead. Despite continued discrimination and failure to acknowledge his experience from some of his white coworkers, Robinson's skill was noticed and he was promoted to a full mechanic and was given a pay raise. Sometime later, he was approached by taxi cab owner named Fitzgerald who offered to double his pay to work for his garage. Robinson took the job, but was never comfortable working for a business that secretly bootlegged whiskey to Canada during Prohibition Age. Despite his successes as a mechanic, Robinson began searching for means to take to the air. He was eventually directed to a small field, where he met pilots Robert Williamson and Percy, and earned his first flight in Robert's WACO-9 after fixing the engine on Percy's Curtiss JN-4D (Jenny). Robinson was determined as ever to get back into the air, and sought his next best chance to do so in Chicago. After opening a garage for income, he repeatedly applied for the Curtiss-Wright School of Aviation. Robinson was rejected every time, but circumnavigated this roadblock altogether by becoming a janitor on Saturday nights, thereby being able to listen in on the lessons being taught in the evening class at the time. Becoming exposed to like-minded individuals in the subject, Robinson started the Aero Study Group, one that successfully manage to build its own airplane, tested out by the same night teacher whose class Robinson cleaned, Bill Henderson. Impressed by the plane, Henderson got Robinson a slot at the school, and, under the instructions of Mr. Snyder, Robinson became a licensed pilot. Before long, Robinson convinced the school to allow his peers from the Aero Study Group to enroll and become pilots as well. Later, Robinson, along with his friend Cornelius Coffey formed the Challenger Air Pilots Association for African Americans wanting to fly. Deciding that aviation school should not be closed to African-Americans, Robinson and his friend Cornelius Coffey opened their own airfield in Robbins, Illinois, the John Robinson School of Aviation. To further promote black pilots, Robinson convinced his old college, the Tuskegee Institute, to open up a school of aviation, as soon as funds were available to do so. In January 1935, Robinson announced his intentions to volunteer to defend Ethiopia in its ongoing conflict with Italy. The announcement took place at a meeting of black business owners and community leaders sponsored by the Associated Negro Press (ANP) in Chicago. Dr. Melaku Bayen, a cousin of Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie, became aware of Robinson's announcement and qualifications, and met with Robinson directly. Bayen subsequently made a favorable recommendation for Robinson to Selassie. In April 1935, Selassie wired an official invitation to Robinson offering an officer's commission in Ethiopian. Robinson's decision to accept the commission was based on several factors. First, Robinson and his colleagues were political and military activists motivated to aid Ethiopia as it was threatened by an imperialistic Italy under Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini; and as Ethiopia was non-colonized, it represented the larger idea of a free and independent Africa that Robinson supported. Second, opportunities for black aviators in the United States were limited, particularly in the U.S. Army Air Corps, where all African-Americans were explicitly prohibited from service. Lynchings by white mobs also continued to be common both in Robinson's hometown in Florida as well as in Mississippi. Finally, having already earned recognition for his all-black military aviation unit in Illinois as a part of the National Guard, Robinson was interested in building and maintaining a similar unit in Ethiopia to promote black political consciousness. After arriving in 1935, Robinson initially conducted pilot training at a recently opened officer training school close to Addis Ababa. On 8 August 1935, Robinson was assaulted by fellow aviator Hubert Julian at the Hotel de France in Addis Ababa. Julian, a recognized aviator from Trinidad who volunteered to help develop the Ethiopian Air Corps, was then ordered by the Emperor to leave the country. Soon after the incident, Robinson was then named the commander of the Ethiopian Air Force. The air force consisted of about two dozen aircraft, which included four Potez 25 biplanes, but all of the aircraft were weaponless. Early in his command, Robinson participated in a reconnaissance mission to provide supplies and soldiers from Addis Ababa to Adwa. The Italian invasion began on October 3, 1935. The eventual force totaled to 19 aircraft and 50 pilots. Ethiopian forces, however, were ultimately outmatched by the Italian",
"On 8 August 1935, Robinson was assaulted by fellow aviator Hubert Julian at the Hotel de France in Addis Ababa. Julian, a recognized aviator from Trinidad who volunteered to help develop the Ethiopian Air Corps, was then ordered by the Emperor to leave the country. Soon after the incident, Robinson was then named the commander of the Ethiopian Air Force. The air force consisted of about two dozen aircraft, which included four Potez 25 biplanes, but all of the aircraft were weaponless. Early in his command, Robinson participated in a reconnaissance mission to provide supplies and soldiers from Addis Ababa to Adwa. The Italian invasion began on October 3, 1935. The eventual force totaled to 19 aircraft and 50 pilots. Ethiopian forces, however, were ultimately outmatched by the Italian airforce, who had advantages in experience and in sheer numbers. On May 9, 1936, Italy annexed Ethiopia. Robinson was also a witness to an Italian bombing of the city of Adwa in October 1935. He observed that the city was unprepared for the attack, and resulted in much confusion and residents fleeing to the city outskirts. \"I saw a squad of soldiers standing in the street dumbfounded, looking at the airplanes. They had their swords raised in their hands,\" he described. For his service, Robinson received considerable press attention for his service through NBC Radio, the Transradio Press Service, and the \"Chicago Defender\". Robinson returned to the United States in 1936. Contemporary historians also recognize his achievements in Ethiopia. Robinson's documented achievements in Ethiopia are considered to be the catalyst that inspired demands for social equality to allow African-Americans to serve in the U.S. Army Air Corps, and allowed for the organization of the African-American military pilot group, the Tuskegee Airmen, during World War II. Robinson is therefore sometimes referred to as the \"Father of the Tuskegee Airmen\". In 1944, after Ethiopia's liberation by the Allies, Robinson returned to the country to establish a pilot training school. He also played a role in the foundation of Ethiopian Airlines. He died in Addis Ababa on March 27, 1954, from injuries he suffered in a plane crash. Robinson's Aero Club is the subject of the novel, \"The Challengers Aero Club\" by Severo Perez. On February 19, 2015, a reading garden at the U.S. Embassy in Ethiopia was dedicated to commemorate Robinson's contributions to Ethiopian aviation during and after war with Italy. A segment featuring John Robinson's story aired during an episode of \"Full Frontal with Samantha Bee\" on February 7, 2018. John Robinson (aviator) John Charles Robinson (November 26, 1903 – March 26, 1954) was an American aviator and activist who was hailed as the \"Brown Condor\" for his service in serving in the Imperial Ethiopian Air Force against Fascist Italy. Robinson pushed for"
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"Thomas III of Piedmont Count Thomas III (c. 1246 – 16 May 1282), called \"Thomas of Savoy\" or \"de Savoie\", was the lord of Piedmont and a claimant to the county of Savoy from 1268. He was the eldest son of Thomas II of Savoy and Beatrice di Fieschi, niece of Pope Innocent IV. Upon the death of his father, Thomas became Count in his paternal estates in Piedmont. When his first cousin Boniface, Count of Savoy died in 1263, the 15-year-old Thomas regarded himself as the successor of the deceased, and claimed the county and the headship of the house. However, his late father's younger brother Peter II, Count of Savoy, a sonless nobleman who had resided in England for much of his life, was recognized as count. After Peter's death in 1268, Thomas continued his claim although Philip of Savoy, archbishop of Lyon, the youngest surviving brother of his father and also sonless, succeeded in the county and was recognized. Thomas III, as he was the eldest son and heir of Thomas II, felt an injustice in being surpassed by younger brothers of his father, and claimed unsuccessfully Savoy from his uncles. Thomas III married in 1274 to Guia of Burgundy, the stepdaughter of his uncle Philip I of Savoy and they had five children: Philip and Thomas were in dispute much of their reigns 1268–82. Thomas' marriage was a rather unsuccessful attempt to patch up things and get Philip to recognize hims as the successor in Savoy, which would have belonged to Thomas, him being the eldest son of Thomas II and thus the founder of the genealogically senior line of the House of Savoy. Philip’s will charged his niece Eleanor of Provence and her son King Edward I of England with the inheritance of Savoy. Thomas III was fatally wounded in a border dispute with Humbert I of Viennois in 1282. Thomas III of Piedmont Count Thomas III (c. 1246 – 16 May 1282), called \"Thomas of Savoy\" or \"de Savoie\", was the lord of Piedmont and a claimant to the county of Savoy from 1268. He was the eldest son of Thomas II of Savoy and Beatrice di Fieschi, niece of Pope Innocent IV. Upon the death of his father, Thomas became Count in his paternal estates in Piedmont. When his first cousin Boniface, Count of Savoy died in 1263, the 15-year-old Thomas regarded himself"
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"O. P. Bhatt Om Prakash Bhatt was born on 7 March 1951 in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, is an Indian banker and was the Chairman of State Bank of India till 31 March 2011 Presently, he is independent director on the board of the highest profit earning 'Maharatna' Central Public Sector Enterprise - Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd (ONGC), Tata Steel Ltd and also Hindustan Unilever Ltd. (HUL). On 25 November 2016 he was made chairman of TATA Steel. Om Prakash Bhatt was born on 7 March 1951 in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. He was National Science Talent Search Scholar in Physics at DAV College, Dehradun. He did his MA in English literature from Meerut University. His favorite holiday spots are hills in Uttarakhand and North-East (he was Chief General Manager of NE Circle). O. P. Bhatt Started his career as a probationary officer in SBI in 1972. He also served as Managing Director, State Bank of Travancore from January 2005 to April 2006. Before becoming Managing Director of SBT he was Chief General Manager of North-East Circle and within a year he lifted the circle from bottom to No. 1 position. He was appointed Chairman of SBI in June 2006. He retired in March 2011 and had a long tenure as SBI Chairman in the recent past, one of the very few who served 5 years as Chairman. He is best known for transforming SBI and bringing efficiency and competitiveness in operations. Under his chairmanship, SBI adopted an aggressive strategy in marketing and operations. He was the Chairman of the Indian Banks' Association (IBA) for the year 2010–11. Currently he is working as an Independent Non-Executive director in Board member for TATA Steel Limited. Bhatt is a non-executive director of Standard Chartered. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-02/news/31275452_1_tcs-board-op-bhatt-tata-consultancy-services O. P. Bhatt Om Prakash Bhatt was born on"
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"Minuscule 2613 Minuscule 2613 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Dated paleographically to the 11th century. The codex contains the complete text of the four Gospels on 321 parchment leaves (18 cm by 14.4 cm). The text is written in one column per page, in 18 lines per page. Aland did not place it to any Category. According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual group M106 in Luke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20. The codex now is located in the Kenneth Willis Clark Collection of the Duke University (Gk MS 6) at Durham. Minuscule 2613 Minuscule 2613 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Dated paleographically to the 11th century. The codex contains the complete text of the four Gospels on 321 parchment leaves (18 cm by 14.4 cm). The text is written in one column per page, in 18 lines per page. Aland did not place it to any Category. According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual group M106 in Luke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20. The codex now is located in the Kenneth Willis Clark"
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"Lake Hancock Lake Hancock is north of Bartow, Florida in Polk County, Florida. It is ecologically important. Lake Hancock is located in the Polk Upland area between the Winter Haven Ridge and Lakeland Ridge. As part of the upper Peace River watershed, the lake has ecological importance throughout southwest Florida according to the Southwest Florida Water Management District. At , it is one of the largest lakes in Polk County; the center of the cities of Bartow, Lakeland, and Winter Haven roughly form an equilateral triangle with sides of and Lake Hancock forms over 25% of that triangle. The lake is shallow, with an average depth of and a maximum depth of . The lake is surrounded by cypress forests, with the understory primarily red maple and black willow. The open areas of the lake are relatively free from native vegetation, although hydrilla can occasionally be an issue and algae is abundant. There is a substantial American alligator presence along the shoreline feeding on one of the largest colonial wading bird rookeries in central Florida. Although many lakes in Polk County are utilized by sports fishermen, Lake Hancock has not been used for recreational fishing in decades. The dominant fish in the lake are blue tilapia and threadfin shad, and suckermouth catfish. The first settlements in the area occurred in 1849, when small farms were established in the area as a result of migration from a hurricane in the Tampa Bay area. The slave settlement of Minatti (meaning \"manatee\") was established on the south shore of the lake east of Saddle Creek after the First Seminole War. Oponay, an Okmulgee Upper Creek allied with Red Stick leader Red McQueen, lived across the lake about two miles away and had peach, corn, potatoes, rice, and other crops worked by his Black slaves in the village. The settlement was destroyed by the end of the Second Seminole War in 1842. The Polk County Sheriff's Office's Burnham-McCall Training Center occupies a site in front of the former settlement site. Lake Hancock Lake Hancock is north of Bartow, Florida in Polk County, Florida. It is ecologically important. Lake Hancock is located in the Polk Upland area between the Winter Haven Ridge and Lakeland Ridge. As part of the upper Peace River watershed, the lake has ecological importance throughout southwest Florida according to the Southwest Florida Water Management District. At , it is one of"
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"Planescape Campaign Setting The Planescape Campaign Setting is a boxed set for the \"Dungeons & Dragons\" fantasy role-playing game. The set was designed by David \"Zeb\" Cook and published in 1994. It introduced the Planescape setting and was highly praised by \"White Wolf\" and \"Pyramid\" magazines. The \"Planescape Campaign Setting\" boxed set details the planes of the \"Dungeons & Dragons\" game, which had been previously featured in books such as \"Deities and Demigods\" and the \"Manual of the Planes\". The set consists of a Player and DM Guide, a Monstrous Supplement, a guide to the town of Sigil and the Outlands, four color maps, and a DM screen. The Inner Planes of Air, Earth, Fire, and Water, the Paraelemental and Quasimental Planes, and the Positive and Negative Material Planes are discussed first. This includes their descriptions, physical and magical conditions, and native hazards. The Outer Planes are also detailed, with their layers and the realms possible on each layer. Important layers and realms are included in the descriptions of individual Outer Planes, including which gods (\"Powers\") make their home there. Also described with the Outer Planes are the four unique planar paths—the rivers Oceanus and Styx, the tree Yggdrasil, and Mount Olympus—which touch many layers of the various Outer Planes and can take travelers from one place to another. The largest of the set's guides is devoted to a description of the Outlands, which provides connections to all the other Outer Planes via corresponding towns or forts located at various sites. Sigil, the City of Doors, located atop the Outlands, is a place run by various factions, and which contains portals to any plane or layer. The ruler of Sigil is the Lady of Pain, a mysterious being who appears during times of internal or external turmoil. With the rules governing inter-planar travel, characters can move from plane to plane via portals, elemental vortices, and astral conduits. A vortex works like a doorway; a conduit is nothing more than a tunnel. Depending upon the parameters of the campaign, players may choose from the standard \"AD&D\" game archetypes, including humans, dwarves, and halflings, or opt for planar races, such as bariaur, githzerai, and tieflings. A player also may assign his PC to one of the character factions, which derive from philosophies and alignments, and most factions accept every class. Wizard and priest spells are affected in different ways based on the caster's location. The multiverse consists of three divisions. The first division, the Prime Material Plane, includes the worlds associated with the Dragonlance, Ravenloft, and Forgotten Realms settings. The second division is made up of the six Inner Planes, which correspond to the six elemental building blocks of the Prime Material Plane: Fire, Air, Earth, Water, Positive Energy, and Negative Energy. The Paraelemental Planes, subdivisions of the Inner Planes, appear where the Elemental Planes merge with one another. The Quasielemental Planes, another set of Inner Planes, arise along the borders of the Positive and Negative Planes. The third division is the Outer Planes, which take the form of broad rings, infinite in number and size. The three groups of Outer Planes are attuned to specific alignments: the Upper Planes of Good, the boundary Planes of Neutrality, and the Lower Planes of Evil. Sigil is centered in the Outlands, a stable area also known as Concordant Opposition, and contains doorways leading to every locale in the multiverse. As described in the 96-page \"Sigil and Beyond\" book, it resembles a medieval city \"built on the inside of a tire that hovers over the top of a gods-know-how-tall spike, which rises from a universe shaped like a giant pancake.\" Visitors can arrange for sedan chairs to carry them around, while Light Boys brighten the way with \"continual light\" wands. Overseeing the realm is the Lady of Pain, a mysterious being. The \"DM Guide\" contains a listing of noteworthy locations from the Inner and Outer Planes. The \"Planescape Campaign Setting\" was designed by David \"Zeb\" Cook. It was published by TSR as a boxed set and consisted of one 96-page book, one 64-page book, two 32-page books, four 32\" x 21\" double-sided map sheets, and one four-panel referee screen. Editing was by David Wise, the conceptual artist was Dana Knutson, illustrations were by Tony DiTerlizzi, graphic design was by Dee Barnett and Dawn Murin, and the cover was by Robh Ruppel. Gene Alloway reviewed the boxed set for \"White Wolf\" magazine, saying, \"Cook and company have created a cohesive and comprehensive campaign for every \"AD&D\"er who wants to venture beyond the Prime Material - and there's a lot of venturing to do.\" According to Alloway, the set brought together adventure, gods, philosophies, and magic in an exciting manner, and presented a setting that would work well with any \"AD&D\" campaign or on its own, and that it gave readers a solid sense of each plane, as well as an idea of the overall qualities common to all. He said that Planescape \"is a superb addition to the \"AD&D\" multiverse [...] it's clear that a great deal of thought and effort has gone into this product. The writing is clear, most topics are covered in detail and adventure ideas are either presented directly or dropped in as 'seeds' for you to pick up on.\" Alloway praised Cook's efforts to make the planes accessible and enjoyable for lower-level characters, and for developing an important part of the \"AD&D\" multiverse, and he appreciated the setting's emphasis on roleplaying and critical thinking rather than moving and hacking. Alloway considered Planescape the best \"AD&D\" setting since Greyhawk, with no end to its possibilities, and concluded the review by saying \"The Planescape campaign setting is enough to make me put down my other game systems and \"AD&D\" settings to reawaken the wonder I felt when I started roleplaying.\" Scott Haring reviewed the \"Planescape Campaign Setting\" for \"Pyramid\" #8 (July/August 1994). Haring began the review by saying, \"Normally, I start a review off slowly [...] Forget that noise. I'll cut to the chase — \"Planescape\" is the finest game world ever produced for \"Advanced Dungeons & Dragons\". Period.\" He describes the setting as \"adult\" in the sense that it is about more than just \"kick open the door, kill the monster, take the treasure, repeat\", with its \"sophisticated graphic look\" and the \"sense that it makes you think, and might even challenge your most basic ideas about life, the universe, and everything.\" He thought that what makes this work is the setting's focus on factions and their ideologies. Haring was also quite impressed with Cook's conversational writing style, calling it \"wonderful\" and stating that Cook \"is an old hand at the ways of the planes\", and that using the book's slang would \"enhance an already rich roleplaying experience\". He complimented the set's distinctive graphic looks, from \"the weathered-metal texture of the book covers to the bizarre headline typeface to the odd squiggles of brown and blue that are on nearly every page\". He commented that Tony DiTerlizzi's drawings reminded him a little of Dr. Seuss \"if he did highly-detailed dark fantasy\". He finished the review by stating that \"\"Planescape\" is a revolutionary product, a breakthrough for TSR. If you think you've 'graduated' from \"AD&D\", that you've evolved past it, go back and take a look at \"Planescape\". This is the game world that will get you playing \"AD&D\" again.\" Rick Swan reviewed the \"Planescape Campaign Setting\" for \"Dragon\" magazine #207 (July 1994). He declared that the original \"Manual of the Planes\" \"stands among the best role-playing supplements of the 1980s\" but \"never really caught fire\", speculating lack of interest, uncertainty by game designers of how to further support it, or confused players; Swan said that the book had in a sense been \"reincarnated as the Planescape setting, a spectacular boxed set and TSR's most ambitious",
"highly-detailed dark fantasy\". He finished the review by stating that \"\"Planescape\" is a revolutionary product, a breakthrough for TSR. If you think you've 'graduated' from \"AD&D\", that you've evolved past it, go back and take a look at \"Planescape\". This is the game world that will get you playing \"AD&D\" again.\" Rick Swan reviewed the \"Planescape Campaign Setting\" for \"Dragon\" magazine #207 (July 1994). He declared that the original \"Manual of the Planes\" \"stands among the best role-playing supplements of the 1980s\" but \"never really caught fire\", speculating lack of interest, uncertainty by game designers of how to further support it, or confused players; Swan said that the book had in a sense been \"reincarnated as the Planescape setting, a spectacular boxed set and TSR's most ambitious campaign world to date. Abandoning the straightforward but dry approach of the \"Manual\", the Planescape set reads less like a textbook and more like a story. Characters take precedence over game systems, high adventure supplants the physics lessons. It's designer Zeb Cook's finest effort since 1985's \"Oriental Adventures\" and may be his masterwork.\" He declared that the graphics and language were \"dramatically different from typical TSR fare. The five books boast color throughout, with generous space devoted to Tony DiTerlizzi's provocative illustrations. Streamers of what look like paraelemental toilet paper break paragraphs into jagged chunks. The quirky typeface [...] gives the text an unworldly feel. Oversized quotations sprinkled throughout the chapters [...] inform as well as entertain. Though the maps make better posters than play-aids—with its clusters of boxy buildings scattered across a barren plane, the map of Sigil looks like a lunar ant farm — they're attractive and well rendered. The referee's screen, however, seems superfluous, as many of its tables are lifted from the \"DMG\" and \"PH\". Thanks to Cook's informal prose, this goes down much easier than the \"Manual of the Planes\".\" Swan went on to note that \"Cook seasons his writing with liberal doses of slang based on the lingo of thieves and swindlers from the 16th-18th centuries\", but notes that while \"the slang gives the game a unique voice, it also can be awkward, even jarring\". He praised Cook for \"resisting the temptation to explain the physical laws of the planes in ponderous detail. Why do the planes assume such unusual shapes? Well, they just do. Why are some planes made of fire, some of ice? Well, they just are.\" Swan also felt that \"Cook insists that the mechanics serve the story, not vice versa, making this an extremely user-friendly multiverse.\" Commenting on the set's geography, Swan said \"With energetic, vividly imagined descriptions, Cook captures the magnitude of the multiverse and the diversity of its inhabitants. That's quite an accomplishment, considering that the multiverse encompasses all of TSR's campaign settings, past, present, and future.\" He commented that the \"Monstrous Supplement\" booklet \"presents an assortment of extraordinarily bizarre creatures\". He called \"The Rules of Threes\" the \"most compelling\" of the setting's innovations: \"it's a design philosophy that characterizes every element of the game as one third of a whole. Or, as Cook elegantly explains, \"Good things come in threes . . . so do bad things.\" Traditional \"AD&D\" game campaigns can be considered as sets of opposites: good and evil, night and day, up and down. The Planescape setting adds the intermediary: good, evil, and neutrality; night, day, and twilight; up, down, and sideways. If that sounds vague . . . well, it is. As presented, \"The Rule of Threes\" is just a guideline, a general principle to be explored and developed in supplements to come. Planescape Campaign Setting The Planescape Campaign Setting is a boxed set for the \"Dungeons & Dragons\" fantasy role-playing game. The set was designed by David \"Zeb\" Cook"
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"Manuel Tagüeña Manuel Tagüeña Lacorte (1913–1971) was a Spanish military officer of the Spanish Republican Army. Before the Spanish Civil War, he was a member of the socialist youth and studied matemathics and physics at the Madrid University. In July 1936 he led a militia column in the Somosierra front, in August on the Tagus front and took part in the defense of Madrid. He joined the PCE in November 1936 and was one of the first commanders of the mixed brigades. He rose through the ranks from company to army corps commander and he was promoted to Colonel. He was one of the Republican commanders in the retreat of Aragon. In the battle of the Ebro and in the Catalonia Offensive, he led the XV Army Corps of Modesto's Army of the Ebro. After Casado’s coup in March 1939 he fled from the Monovar airport to France. After the war, he came to Mexico, left the PCE and died there in 1971. Manuel Tagüeña Manuel Tagüeña Lacorte (1913–1971) was a Spanish military officer of the Spanish Republican Army. Before the Spanish Civil War, he was a member of the socialist youth and studied matemathics and physics at the Madrid"
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"Sweetheart Roland Sweetheart Roland is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, number 56. It combines several Aarne-Thompson types: type 1119, the witch killing her own children; type 313C, the girl helps the hero flee; and type 884, the forgotten fiancée. Others of the second type include The Master Maid, The Water Nixie, Nix Nought Nothing, and Foundling-Bird. Others of the third type include The Twelve Huntsmen and The True Bride. The Two Kings' Children, like this one, combines the 313C and the 884 types. A wicked witch had an evil daughter, whom she loved, and a good stepdaughter she hated. One day, the witch decided she would kill the stepdaughter at night, and the daughter was told to make sure she lay by the wall, and her stepsister in the front of the bed. The stepdaughter overheard this and, after her stepsister slept, shifted their places. The witch killed her own daughter, and the stepdaughter rose and went to her sweetheart Roland, telling what had happened, and that they had to flee. Roland said they must take the witch's magic wand. The stepsister went back to take it, leaving three drops of blood. When, in the morning, the witch called, the drops of blood answered her, but when she could not see her daughter where she heard the voice, she went into the bedroom and saw her dead daughter. Raging, she set out after them in seven league boots. The girl turned herself into a duck, and Roland into a pond, and the witch was unable to lure the duck to her, and had to return home that night. The girl and Roland went on, and when, the next day, the witch caught them again, the girl then turned Roland into a fiddler and herself into a beautiful flower in a brier-hedge. The witch asked permission to pick the flower, and got it, but when she crawled into the hedge, Roland played his fiddle. The magical music forced the witch to dance, and he kept playing until the thorns tore her to death. Roland went to his father to arrange for the wedding, and the girl remained as a red boundary-stone, but a woman made Roland forget her. Sad, the girl turned herself into a flower, thinking that someone would trample her. A shepherd picked her and took her home. He found that whenever he left, all the housework was done in his absence. At the advice of a wisewoman, he threw a white cloth when he saw something move in the morning, and this revealed the girl. She agreed to keep house for him. At Roland's wedding, all the girls about sang, as was the custom, and Roland recognized his true love and married her instead of his new bride. Sweetheart Roland Sweetheart Roland is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, number 56. It combines several Aarne-Thompson types: type 1119, the witch killing her own children; type 313C, the girl helps the hero"
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"USS Patrol No. 6 (SP-54) USS \"Patrol No. 6\" (SP-54), often rendered as USS \"Patrol #6\", was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919. \"Patrol No. 6\" was built as the private motorboat \"Bonita\" in 1916 by George Lawley and Son at Neponset, Massachusetts. The U.S. Navy purchased \"Bonita\" from Herman Oelrichs of Newport, Rhode Island on 16 June 1917 and commissioned her for service in World War I as USS \"Patrol No. 6\" (SP-54) on 29 June 1917. \"Patrol No. 6\" operated in the 2nd Naval District, headquartered at Newport, on patrol throughout the United States' participation in World War I. She was decommissioned postwar and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 7 November 1919. She was sold to George A. Crowley of New York City on 19 March 1921. USS Patrol No. 6 (SP-54) USS \"Patrol No. 6\" (SP-54), often rendered as USS \"Patrol #6\", was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919. \"Patrol No. 6\" was built as the private motorboat \"Bonita\" in 1916 by George Lawley and Son at Neponset, Massachusetts. The U.S."
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"Ron House Ron House is an American punk rock singer and songwriter from Columbus, Ohio. He was the frontman of the bands Great Plains and Thomas Jefferson Slave Apartments. He is known for his high-pitched, nasal singing voice. Originally from Wooster, Ohio, House moved to Columbus to attend Ohio State University. Early in his career, he was the frontman of Moses Carryout, Twisted Shouts, and Ron & the True Believers. His band Great Plains started in 1983 with the release of the EP \"Mark, Don & Mel\". It went on to release albums on Homestead Records and Shadowline Records later in the decade. After Great Plains had broken up, House started Thomas Jefferson Slave Apartments, of which he served as the lead singer throughout the 1990s. During this time, he also became part owner of the Columbus-based record store Used Kids, where he worked at the counter for twenty years. House's first solo studio album was \"Obsessed\", which he released on his own label, Moses Carryout Records, in 2002. It featured a more folk-centered sound than the punk music he had made with his previous bands. He later started another band, the Counter Intuits, with Times New Viking's Jared Phillips. Their debut album, \"Sheets of Hits\", was released in 2013 on House's own imprint, Pyramid Scheme. It was followed by 2016's \"Monosyllabilly\" and the 2018 single \"Edge\". Ron House Ron House is an American punk rock singer and songwriter from Columbus, Ohio. He was the frontman of the bands Great Plains and Thomas Jefferson Slave Apartments. He is known for his high-pitched, nasal singing voice. Originally from Wooster, Ohio, House moved to Columbus to attend Ohio State University. Early in his career, he was the frontman of Moses Carryout, Twisted Shouts, and Ron & the True Believers. His band Great"
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"Andy Picci Andrea Giuseppe Picci, better known as Andy Picci, (born February 9, 1989) is a conceptual artist and poet. Picci's artistic process focuses on two main subjects: celebrity and social medias. The profound quest for self-identity and its relation to ego in the new age of social media dominance are his obsession. Born in Lausanne on February 9, 1989, Andy Picci grows up in Switzerland. He studied photography at ECAL, visual communication at ESAM Design in Paris, and has a MFA from Central Saint Martins in London. On 22 September 2015, he staged a project in which he pranked a group of paparazzi, dressed up as Peter Doherty and duly found himself splashed over the cover of the Parisien newspaper, which had taken him for the real thing. \"\"By embodying a false Doherty on a photograph presented as a true one, the döppelganger joined an appropriationist art process in a Richard Prince’s style, questioning the construction of identity (hello Cindy Sherman) and tackled our society of the spectacle.\"\" stated the french newspaper Les Inrockuptibles. In June 2018, Picci unveiled a new body of work dedicated to Nabilla Benattia. The exhibition at Joseph Saint Martin gallery in Paris consisted of a series of paintings by classic masters – including the Mona Lisa – reworked into the likeness of reality TV star Benattia. Nabilla herself said she was \"\"very flattered\"\" by the exhibition. \"Artist Andy Picci is questioning identity in the age of social media\" Vogue Hommes International - By Hugo Compain, translated by Hannah Larvin on 20 September 2018 Andy Picci Andrea Giuseppe Picci, better known as Andy Picci, (born February 9, 1989) is a conceptual artist and poet. Picci's artistic process focuses on two main subjects: celebrity and social medias. The profound quest for self-identity and its relation to"
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"Beta Lyrae variable Beta Lyrae variables are a class of close binary stars. Their total brightness is variable because the two component stars orbit each other, and in this orbit one component periodically passes in front of the other one, thereby blocking its light. The two component stars of Beta Lyrae systems are quite heavy (several solar masses () each) and extended (giants or supergiants). They are so close, that their shapes are heavily distorted by mutual gravitation forces: the stars have ellipsoidal shapes, and there are extensive mass flows from one component to the other. These mass flows occur because one of the stars, in the course of its evolution, has become a giant or supergiant. Such extended stars easily lose mass, just because they are so large: gravitation at their surface is weak, so gas easily escapes (the so-called stellar wind). In close binary systems such as beta Lyrae systems, a second effect reinforces this mass loss: when a giant star swells, it may reach its Roche limit, that is, a mathematical surface surrounding the two components of a binary star where matter may freely flow from one component to the other. In binary stars the heaviest star generally is the first to evolve into a giant or supergiant. Calculations show that its mass loss then will become so large that in a comparatively very short time (less than half a million years) this star, that was once the heaviest, now becomes the lighter of the two components. Part of its mass is transferred to the companion star, the rest is lost in space. The light curves of beta Lyrae variables are quite smooth: eclipses start and end so gradually that the exact moments are impossible to tell. This is because the flow of mass between the components is so large that it envelopes the whole system in a common atmosphere. The amplitude of the brightness variations is in most cases less than one magnitude; the largest amplitude known is 2.3 magnitudes (V480 Lyrae). The period of the brightness variations is very regular. It is determined by the revolution period of the binary, the time it takes for the two components to once orbit around each other. These periods are short, typically one or a few days. The shortest known period is 0.29 days (QY Hydrae); the longest is 198.5 days (W Crucis). In beta Lyrae systems with periods longer than 100 days one of the components generally is a supergiant. Beta Lyrae systems are sometimes considered to be a subtype of the Algol variables; however, their light curves are different (the eclipses of Algol variables are much more sharply defined). On the other hand, beta Lyrae variables look a bit like W Ursae Majoris variables; however, the latter are in general yet closer binaries (so-called contact binaries), and their component stars are mostly lighter than the beta Lyrae system components (about ). The prototype of the β Lyrae type variable stars is β Lyrae, also called Sheliak. Its variability was discovered in 1784 by John Goodricke. Nearly a thousand β Lyrae binaries are known: the latest edition of the General Catalogue of Variable Stars (2003) lists 835 of them (2.2% of all variable stars). Data for the ten brightest β Lyrae variables are given below. (See also the list of known variable stars.) Beta Lyrae variable Beta Lyrae variables are a class of close binary stars. Their total brightness is variable because the two component stars orbit each other, and in this orbit one component periodically passes in front of the other one, thereby blocking its light."
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"Aero Fighters Aero Fighters, known as in Japan, is a vertical-scrolling shoot 'em up arcade game originally released in 1992 by \"Video System\" and ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1993. It was the first in the \"Aero Fighters\" series, and a spiritual successor to the 1991 \"Turbo Force\". This game uses basic shooter mechanics. Press button 1 to fire normal weapons; this can be upgraded by collecting P or the rare F items, though the maximum power level has a hidden ammo count, after which you will return to the previous power level. Press button 2 to use a powerful special attack; uses are limited to how many B items you've collected (every life starts with two). Some ground enemies will drop score items when destroyed; they appear as the currency of the selected character's nation. By default, you start with three lives, and can acquire one more at 200,000 points. \"Aero Fighters\" is famous for its large cast of characters, unheard of in 1992. Each pair of characters represents one of four nations. The two player sides may only select the four characters given (one for each nation). In a two player game, only a single nation can be chosen. The game has seven stages divided into two parts. The first three stages are selected randomly from a group of four, with one for each character's nation; however, a character will never go to its nation's stage. The other four stages are fixed. After beating all seven stages, you see the character's ending, then play much harder versions of those stages, after which the game truly ends. Although \"Video System's\" main headquarters opened in Japan, they eventually opened a U.S. branch office. Sometime in 1992, \"Video System's\" U.S. office changed its name to \"McO'River, Inc.\", and was given the licensing rights to distribute \"Aero Fighters\" arcade machines throughout the United States. \"Aero Fighters\" was ported to the Super NES in 1993, first released in Japan. This version is different from the arcade original, but based heavily on it. It adds Rabio (player 1 side) and Lepus (player 2 side) from \"Video System's\" earlier \"Rabio Lepus\" as playable characters. The same year, \"McO'River\" was supposed to publish 3 Super Famicom ports of arcade games in the U.S. While \"Video System\" developed and published numerous titles in Japan, \"McO'River\" was only able to publish 2 of them in the U.S.: \"Hyper V-Ball\" in June, 1994; and \"Aero Fighters\" in November, 1994. While the former is an easy-to-find game, the latter is considered by video game collectors to be one of the rarest games ever released on the Super NES. An emulated version of the game was released in 2005 for the PlayStation 2 as part of the Japan-exclusive \"Oretachi Gēsen Zoku\" series. \"GamePro\" gave the Super NES version a negative review, saying the weapons are imaginative but the game suffers from slowdown, mediocre graphics, weak sound effects, and \"monotonous\" music, concluding \"\"Aero Fighters\"' action won't stay with you - it's a temporary thrill that eventually retreats to the hanger.\" Shin Nakamura, the main designer of \"Aero Fighters\" and a number of other \"Video System\" games, disliked the company's plan to start developing on the Neo Geo. He wanted to make more vertical games like \"Aero Fighters\", but found it hard to do so on a horizontal monitor. He and other like-minded employees left to found Psikyo, with the similar \"Samurai Aces\" being their first game. \"McO'River\" would never publish another title under that name. Back at \"Video System\", meanwhile, other employees teamed up with the remaining \"Aero Fighters\" staff to begin work on sequels. \"Aero Fighters 2\" and \"Aero Fighters 3\" were released for the Neo Geo. \"Sonic Wings Special\", a sort of \"dream match\" game based on the three previous entries, was released for the Sega Saturn and later for the PlayStation. Soon after, \"Special\" was reworked for the arcades into \"Sonic Wings Limited\". In 1997, \"McO'River, Inc.\" changed its name to \"Video System U.S.A., Inc.\" A year later, \"Paradigm Entertainment\" developed \"Aero Fighters Assault\" for \"Video System\". \"Sonic Wings Special\" and \"Limited\" were both made for a vertical monitor like the first game. Similarly, Nakamura would make \"Strikers 1945 Plus\" for the Neo Geo a few years later. was a software company that was founded and ran by software designer Koji Furukawa in Kyoto, Japan in December 1984. It was best known for making video game titles for the arcades, though it also made games for other platforms, including the Super NES, Neo-Geo and Nintendo 64. Video System released arcade games throughout Japan and the U.S., such as \"Tail to Nose\", the \"F1 Grand Prix\" series, \"Karate Blazers\", \"Tao Taido\", \"Rabbit Punch\" (known as \"Rabio Lepus\" in Japan), \"Turbo Force\", \"Super Volleyball\", Super Slams (published by Kaneko), and the \"Aero Fighters\" series. YouTube celebrity and famous author John Green, having coming across the game in the Savannah Airport, mistakenly read the title as \"Nerd Fighters\" while filming a video post addressing his brother Hank Green on the popular YouTube channel Vlogbrothers on February 17, 2007 . \"Nerdfighters\" and \"Nerdfighteria\" eventually became the collective title of the Vlogbrothers' fan community. On September 2013, he was given an \"Aero Fighters\" arcade cabinet as a gift. Aero Fighters Aero Fighters, known as in Japan, is a vertical-scrolling shoot 'em up arcade game originally released in 1992 by \"Video System\""
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"Haken manifold In mathematics, a Haken manifold is a compact, P²-irreducible 3-manifold that is sufficiently large, meaning that it contains a properly embedded two-sided incompressible surface. Sometimes one considers only orientable Haken manifolds, in which case a Haken manifold is a compact, orientable, irreducible 3-manifold that contains an orientable, incompressible surface. A 3-manifold finitely covered by a Haken manifold is said to be virtually Haken. The Virtually Haken conjecture asserts that every compact, irreducible 3-manifold with infinite fundamental group is virtually Haken. This conjecture was proven by Ian Agol. Haken manifolds were introduced by . proved that Haken manifolds have a hierarchy, where they can be split up into 3-balls along incompressible surfaces. Haken also showed that there was a finite procedure to find an incompressible surface if the 3-manifold had one. gave an algorithm to determine if a 3-manifold was Haken. Normal surfaces are ubiquitous in the theory of Haken manifolds and their simple and rigid structure leads quite naturally to algorithms. We will consider only the case of orientable Haken manifolds, as this simplifies the discussion; a regular neighborhood of an orientable surface in an orientable 3-manifold is just a \"thickened up\" version of the surface, i.e. a trivial \"I\"-bundle. So the regular neighborhood is a 3-dimensional submanifold with boundary containing two copies of the surface. Given an orientable Haken manifold \"M\", by definition it contains an orientable, incompressible surface \"S\". Take the regular neighborhood of \"S\" and delete its interior from \"M\", resulting in \"M' \". In effect, we've cut \"M\" along the surface \"S\". (This is analogous, in one less dimension, to cutting a surface along a circle or arc.) It is a theorem that any orientable compact manifold with a boundary component that is not a sphere has an infinite first homology group, which implies that it has a properly embedded 2-sided non-separating incompressible surface, and so is again a Haken manifold. Thus, we can pick another incompressible surface in \"M' \", and cut along that. If eventually this sequence of cutting results in a manifold whose pieces (or components) are just 3-balls, we call this sequence a hierarchy. The hierarchy makes proving certain kinds of theorems about Haken manifolds a matter of induction. One proves the theorem for 3-balls. Then one proves that if the theorem is true for pieces resulting from a cutting of a Haken manifold, then it is true for that Haken manifold. The key here is that the cutting takes place along a surface that was very \"nice\", i.e. incompressible. This makes proving the induction step feasible in many cases. Haken sketched out a proof of an algorithm to check if two Haken manifolds were homeomorphic or not. His outline was filled in by substantive efforts by Waldhausen, Johannson, Hemion, Matveev, et al. Since there is an algorithm to check if a 3-manifold is Haken (cf. Jaco-Oertel), the basic problem of recognition of 3-manifolds can be considered to be solved for Haken manifolds. The hierarchy played a crucial role in William Thurston's hyperbolization theorem for Haken manifolds, part of his revolutionary geometrization program for 3-manifolds. Note that some families of examples are contained in others. Haken manifold In mathematics, a Haken manifold is a compact, P²-irreducible 3-manifold that is sufficiently large, meaning that it contains a properly embedded two-sided incompressible surface. Sometimes one considers only orientable Haken manifolds, in which case a Haken manifold is a compact, orientable, irreducible 3-manifold that contains an orientable, incompressible surface. A 3-manifold finitely covered by a Haken manifold is said to be virtually Haken. The Virtually Haken conjecture asserts that every compact, irreducible 3-manifold"
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"The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay is a first-person action and stealth video game developed by Starbreeze Studios and published by Vivendi Universal Games. Released for the Xbox and Windows in 2004, the game is a tie-in prequel to the futuristic science fiction film \"The Chronicles of Riddick\". Actor Vin Diesel—who was involved in the game's development—reprises his role as that film's protagonist, Richard B. Riddick. The game follows Riddick, the anti-hero of the two films \"Pitch Black\" and \"The Chronicles of Riddick\", as he attempts to escape from a maximum-security prison called Butcher Bay. \"Escape from Butcher Bay\"s designers focused on exploring Riddick's character in a prison break setting to differentiate the game from the film. The game's influences include the film \"Escape from Alcatraz\", and video games such as \"Half-Life\" and \"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell\". \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" was praised by critics, who lauded its graphics and its implementation of stealth, action and adventure elements. However, they commonly lamented its brevity and lack of multiplayer components. The game went on to win several accolades, including the Golden Joystick Award for Unsung Hero Game of the Year and the Spike Video Game Award for Best Game Based on a Movie. An enhanced remake of the game, included in \"\", was released in 2009. In \"Escape from Butcher Bay\", the player takes the role of Richard B. Riddick and attempts to break out of Butcher Bay prison. The game incorporates elements from video game genres such as first-person shooter, adventure and stealth, and is played primarily from a first-person perspective, though the camera switches to a third-person perspective during certain scenes. Unlike many first-person shooters, the game contains no head-up display; on-screen cues are limited to flashes when a new weapon is selected, and small, white boxes that display the player character's health when damage is taken. Health can be replenished in designated areas throughout the game. By finding cigarette packs hidden in levels, the player can unlock concept art and video files. The player may interact with and receive quests from the prison's residents, and earns information, tools and other rewards by completing quests. Violent conflict often occurs between the player, inmates and prison guards. The player attacks with Riddick's bare hands, or with improvised weapons such as shivs and clubs. Combos are created by stringing together punches. A DNA-scanning security system initially prevents Riddick from using firearms, but a limited arsenal later becomes available. A \"stealth mode\" is activated when the player character crouches, allowing the player to move silently and tinting the edges of the screen blue when the player is hidden. While in stealth mode, the player can drag bodies out of sight and hide from enemies. The mode grants attacks that quickly kill enemies; the player may drop on enemies from above, or execute them from behind. During the game, Riddick acquires \"eyeshine\", allowing him to see in the dark but temporarily blinding him if used in brightly lit areas. \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" is set in the futuristic science fiction universe of the \"Chronicles of Riddick\" franchise, and is a prequel to the film \"Pitch Black\". The game takes place inside Butcher Bay, a maximum-security prison from which no prisoner has escaped. The facility—constructed on a barren planet—contains three increasingly secure holding areas, and a subterranean mining operation. The game's protagonist is Richard B. Riddick (reprised by Vin Diesel), a murderer recently confined in Butcher Bay. Riddick is resourceful, and seeks to break out of the prison by any means necessary. His capturer is the bounty hunter William J. Johns (Cole Hauser); the two have had previous encounters. Butcher Bay's warden is a man named Hoxie (Dwight Schultz), while Abbott (Xzibit) is a prison guard disliked by the inmates. The inmate Pope Joe (Willis Burks II) is an insane old man, who lives in the sewer tunnels beneath the prison. The opening cinematic shows Riddick in hiding, having grown out his hair and beard, before the opening scene of the \"Chronicles of Riddick\" movie. He hunts an animal and after killing it, a disembodied voice starts talking to him asking him where he got his eyes. He states that he received them from a \"slam preacher\" and this causes him to remember his time at Butcher Bay. The game takes place in a flashback. Another opening cinematic takes place in which Riddick is being transported for collection on the bounty. He and Johns have a brief conversation in which Riddick tells Johns that there is no way he is going to get the price he wants. Riddick wakes up as they land and stands out front of Butcher Bay waiting for the warden. He sneaks up behind Johns and breaks his neck and proceeds to escape. After getting his hands on a gun, he goes through the ventilation ducts and seemingly escapes into the desert. Everything fades to white as Riddick hears Johns saying \"Rise and shine, Riddick.\" It turns out this escape was simply a dream. Riddick wakes up and Johns escorts him off the ship. Johns meets with Hoxie to negotiate his pay, while Abbott escorts Riddick to his cell in the \"single-max\" security area. After making enemies with and killing a gang leader named Rust, Riddick familiarizes himself with the facility, and soon instigates a riot; during the confusion, he escapes into the prison's sewer system. Armed with a shotgun and a dying flashlight, Riddick discovers he is not alone in the sewers. Fighting through the sewers against mutant \"dwellers\", Riddick eventually meets Pope Joe, for whom he retrieves a lost radio, which Joe calls a blessed voicebox. A woman named Shirah (Kristin Lehman) tells Riddick that he \"has been blind too long\", and he gains his trademark \"eyeshine\" night vision. Afterwards, he accuses Pope Joe of tampering with his eyes; Joe says that he merely treated Riddick's injured arm. Riddick then continues his escape, while using the eyeshine to his advantage. After emerging from a manhole in the showers of the guard living quarters, Riddick uses a guard uniform to blend in as he makes his way to the space port and his chance at escape. Realizing he requires a guard to get through the retinal scanner that locks the doors to the space port, Riddick decides to go after Abbott and take his eyes. He gains access to Abbott's apartment by telling him there is a delivery for him. A fire fight ensues and after that, as Abbott bleeds out on the floor, Riddick moves in for the kill but is stopped by Johns. Riddick is captured and transferred to the \"double-max\" security area. Gaining the trust of the inmates by participating in fighting matches, Riddick eventually kills the champion of the fighting matches, a guard named Bam. This leads him to be taken to a room where no surveillance is seen and several guards await to kill Riddick. Abbott walks into the room, fully healed, holding a baseball bat. Shirah returns to him and tells him that the fury of all of his kind is within him, and he can release it if he chooses. A blast of energy called the 'Rage of Furya' kills all the guards around him except Abbott, who hides and then panics and attacks Riddick. Riddick kills Abbott and proceeds to find another way to escape. Using a secret entrance to an elevator, he infiltrates a mining facility. He meets an inmate of great influence in the area named Jagger Valance (Ron Perlman), who wishes to escape with him. He makes a bomb and plants it in a mining site with a massive gas leak. However, Riddick is discovered and caught by the guards. During his transfer to another section, the prison is disrupted by an outbreak of creatures called \"Xeno\", due to the bomb Riddick planted, in order to create the confusion necessary for his escape, and Riddick attempts to escape with Valance. His plans are foiled",
"chooses. A blast of energy called the 'Rage of Furya' kills all the guards around him except Abbott, who hides and then panics and attacks Riddick. Riddick kills Abbott and proceeds to find another way to escape. Using a secret entrance to an elevator, he infiltrates a mining facility. He meets an inmate of great influence in the area named Jagger Valance (Ron Perlman), who wishes to escape with him. He makes a bomb and plants it in a mining site with a massive gas leak. However, Riddick is discovered and caught by the guards. During his transfer to another section, the prison is disrupted by an outbreak of creatures called \"Xeno\", due to the bomb Riddick planted, in order to create the confusion necessary for his escape, and Riddick attempts to escape with Valance. His plans are foiled again by Johns. After a fist fight, Riddick and Johns are both shot by Valance (who only meant to hit Johns) and Valance is killed by the guards. After meeting again with the warden, and telling him that he is just getting started, Riddick is placed in the \"triple-max\" area, where inmates are kept in cryonic sleep. They are awakened daily for two minutes of exercise; during this time, Riddick discovers a flaw in the system and escapes. He then hijacks a large robot and fights his way through Butcher Bay to reach Hoxie. Tired of dealing with the prison officials, Johns helps Riddick to elude the guards. Riddick knocks Johns out and flies the ship into the warden's office. The warden calls in two robot guards with cloaking abilities and Riddick defeats them. After Hoxie surrenders, Riddick receives the codes to Hoxie's ship and Riddick and Johns escape disguised as a guard and prisoner. Two guards enter Hoxie's room, where Hoxie is bound and covered in Riddick's former attire. They mistake him for Riddick and kill him. Riddick and Johns take off in Hoxie's ship, ending the game. \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" was developed by Swedish company Starbreeze Studios, and published by Vivendi Games and the Vin Diesel-founded Tigon Studios. Universal Studios Consumer Products Group granted \"The Chronicles of Riddick\" license to Vivendi Games; both companies were owned by Vivendi Universal. The game was announced in March 2004 as an Xbox title. Tigon Studios' Cos Lazouras said, \"[The game] features an original storyline that provides insight into how Riddick evolved into such a complex character\". In contrast to other film tie-in games, which often closely follow the events of their source material, the development team of \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" focused on differentiating the game from \"The Chronicles of Riddick\". They sought to explore Riddick's character in a prison break setting, and took inspiration from films such as \"Escape from Alcatraz\". Starbreeze was also inspired by video games such as \"GoldenEye 007\" and the \"Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell\" series. The opening sequence, in which Riddick is escorted into Butcher Bay, is a tribute to \"Half-Life\", and the game's hand-to-hand combat was inspired by \"Punch-Out!!\". Starbreeze focused solely on developing the game's single-player mode, and did not include multiplayer; the company believed that such a mode would require a design team twice as large and another year of development. Vin Diesel, the lead actor of \"The Chronicles of Riddick\", provided his voice and likeness for Riddick. He and director David Twohy also contributed to the game's plot and character design; the game's story was developed in conjunction with the film's. Per the filmmakers' instructions, the designers made the origin of Riddick's \"eyeshine\" vague. Diesel offered guidance to the game's lead writer during voice recording sessions; this included dialogue rewrites to reduce Riddick's lines, as Diesel believed the character spoke too often. Starbreeze intended for \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" to feature more complex role-playing game systems, but feedback from Diesel and game testers dissuaded them. Starbreeze senior producer Peter Wanat said, \"We tried to limit the number of really hard or really intricate RPG elements, and that was a choice because we wanted the game to be playable.\" Other removed features include an electric bullwhip for the guard Abbott, and a 25-minute final boss fight. A PlayStation 2 version that was in development was cancelled so the company could focus on the Xbox version. The game uses normal mapping, which allows detailed textures to be drawn on models with lower polygon counts; this increases visual fidelity, without sacrificing higher frame rates. It also featured dynamic lighting with per-pixel stencil shadowing and self-shadowing \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" was completed in 18 months. Vin Diesel promoted the game and the accompanying movie at the May 2004 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) video game convention. The game was released in North America on June 1, 2004, shortly before \"The Chronicles of Riddick\". North American pre-orders of the game included a DVD of promotional content, such as a partial interactive walkthrough and footage from the film. The game's soundtrack, composed by Gustaf Grefberg, was released by Vivendi as a free download on June 24, 2004. Following rumors, Vivendi confirmed in July 2004 that a Windows port of \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" was in development, entitled \"\"The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay Director's Cut\"\". The game features a higher display resolution, additional cigarette packs, and new scenes where Riddick steals mechanized riot armor. It includes developer commentary which details the game's creation and design decisions. The game was released on December 8 in North America. In May 2007, Vivendi announced that \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" was being remade by Starbreeze Studios for PC, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. Entitled \"The Chronicles of Riddick: Assault on Dark Athena\", the game was referred to by Vivendi as a \"reinvention\" of \"Escape from Butcher Bay\"; it would include a multiplayer mode and new single-player content. It was planned that Vivendi-subsidiary Sierra Entertainment would publish the game in late 2007. In December 2007, Activision and Vivendi Games merged to become Activision Blizzard; the new company announced the dismissal of \"Assault on Dark Athena\", \"Brütal Legend\", \"\" and others from its roster in July 2008. The titles were put up for sale to other publishers. In September 2008, Starbreeze Studios confirmed that the game was still in development, and that it was nearing completion. The following month, Atari reportedly paid a flat fee for the publishing rights to \"Assault on Dark Athena\" and \"\"; Atari later confirmed that it had picked up both titles. The company also stated that it had struck a deal with Universal Studios to develop more \"Chronicles of Riddick\" games. \"Assault on Dark Athena\" was released in April 2009 in North America, Europe, and Australia. \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" received critical acclaim. Certain reviewers preferred the game over its film counterpart, and considered it an exception to the general mediocrity of film tie-in games. The Xbox version of the game sold 159,000 copies in August 2004, and was among the best-selling games on any platform during June 2004; it was later re-released as a Platinum Hits title. Conversely, the PC version sold 32,500 after six months on shelves. \"Escape from Butcher Bay\"s gameplay was compared to first-person shooters like \"Far Cry\" and \"Half-Life\", and to stealth game series like \"Splinter Cell\", \"Metal Gear\", and \"Thief\". Reviewers enjoyed the variety of gameplay elements: \"Game Informer\"'s Jeremy Zoss noted that \"every aspect of play is expertly implemented\", and GameSpot's Greg Kasavin believed that the game \"effectively and innovatively combines excellent shooting, hand-to-hand combat, stealth, and adventure elements\". While the game's stealth mechanics were praised, certain critics received its first-person shooter elements with less enthusiasm. Reviewers applauded the control scheme, such as the",
"June 2004; it was later re-released as a Platinum Hits title. Conversely, the PC version sold 32,500 after six months on shelves. \"Escape from Butcher Bay\"s gameplay was compared to first-person shooters like \"Far Cry\" and \"Half-Life\", and to stealth game series like \"Splinter Cell\", \"Metal Gear\", and \"Thief\". Reviewers enjoyed the variety of gameplay elements: \"Game Informer\"'s Jeremy Zoss noted that \"every aspect of play is expertly implemented\", and GameSpot's Greg Kasavin believed that the game \"effectively and innovatively combines excellent shooting, hand-to-hand combat, stealth, and adventure elements\". While the game's stealth mechanics were praised, certain critics received its first-person shooter elements with less enthusiasm. Reviewers applauded the control scheme, such as the Xbox version's analog stick-based hand-to-hand combat. The implementation of Riddick's eyeshine ability was also generally praised, but \"Computer and Video Games\" believed that it was no different from night vision goggles in other first-person shooters, and said that it \"could've been developed into so much more.\" The game's visuals—particularly the Xbox version's—were acclaimed, and compared to those of \"Doom 3\" and \"Half-Life 2\". GameZone's Michael Lafferty said that the game's graphics \"[take] the genre to the next level\". The textures and lighting were cited as high points, particularly because of the gameplay role of shadows. Character models and facial animations were considered highly realistic; much praise was given to those of Riddick. GameSpot appreciated the developers' attention to graphical detail; they noted that recent bullet-holes glow red and smoke, but gradually cool and darken. Certain reviewers complained about graphical glitches, such as \"seams\" and \"clipping\", and gave as an example the visibility of bullet tracers through walls. The portrayal of Butcher Bay was considered convincing, and 1UP's Shawn Elliott compared it to the settings of the \"Alien\" franchise. The audio of \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" was generally well received, and critics praised its voice acting; the performances of Vin Diesel and Cole Hauser were given special commendation. In regard to the music, FiringSquad's Jakub Wojnarowicz stated, \"It's not good enough to sweep you away[,] but it's also not bad enough to stick out like a sore thumb\". IGN said, \"The music isn't memorable, but it's not bad\". The \"Sunday Herald Sun\" called the voice acting \"Surprisingly good\". The game's length was commonly criticized. Reviewers noted that it could be completed in eight to fifteen hours, and IGN said, \"If you consider around 12 hours of gameplay short, then Riddick is just that.\" Several reviewers were displeased by the game's lack of multiplayer components; \"Computer and Video Games\" referred to it as a \"missed opportunity\". \"Game Informer\" said, \"Since the main quest is short [...] and there is no multiplayer, it’s not a ton of game for your money.\" Professor James Paul Gee, a researcher of video games, has used \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" in his studies. He discussed the relation of Garrett from \"Thief\" and the nameless soldier from \"Full Spectrum Warrior\" with the character of Riddick, saying that the games \"allow players to take a projective stance to the (virtual) world, but a stance that is rooted in the knowledge, values, and ways of seeing and being in the world of an authentic professional, an 'expert'.\" Both versions of the game were given editor’s choice awards from IGN, GameSpot, and GameSpy. The PC version was IGN's PC Game of the Month for December 2004. The editors of \"Computer Gaming World\" presented \"Butcher Bay\" with their 2004 \"Action Game of the Year\" award, and hailed it as \"the best movie prequel ever produced\". \"Computer Games Magazine\" named \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" the tenth-best computer game of 2004. IGN later ranked \"Butcher Bay\" 12th on its list of the 25 greatest Xbox games of all time. Game Informer placed \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" as the 8th best on their list of 25 greatest Xbox games of all time. \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" was nominated for GameSpot's Game of the Year award for 2004, but it lost to \"World of Warcraft\". Computer and Video Games called the PC version the 98th best PC game of all time. \"Billboard's\" Digital Entertainment Conference nominated Riddick as its Best Character in a Game and a Golden Joystick Award for \"Unsung Hero Game of the Year\". GamesRadar placed \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" in their \"Top 7 movie games that don't suck\" list, and said that \"\"Escape from Butcher Bay\" was a triumph on almost every level.\" In 2013, IGN ranked \"Escape from Butcher Bay\" as the 27th greatest first-person shooter of all time. The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay is a first-person action and stealth video game developed by Starbreeze Studios and published by Vivendi Universal Games. Released for the Xbox and Windows in 2004, the game is a tie-in prequel to the futuristic science fiction film \"The Chronicles of Riddick\". Actor Vin Diesel—who was involved in the game's development—reprises his role as that film's protagonist, Richard B. Riddick. The game follows Riddick, the anti-hero of the two films \"Pitch Black\" and \"The Chronicles of Riddick\","
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"Laplace's equation In mathematics, Laplace's equation is a second-order partial differential equation named after Pierre-Simon Laplace who first studied its properties. This is often written as: where is the Laplace operator (see below) and formula_2 is a scalar function. Laplace's equation and Poisson's equation are the simplest examples of elliptic partial differential equations. The general theory of solutions to Laplace's equation is known as potential theory. The solutions of Laplace's equation are the harmonic functions, which are important in many fields of science, notably the fields of electromagnetism, astronomy, and fluid dynamics, because they can be used to accurately describe the behavior of electric, gravitational, and fluid potentials. In the study of heat conduction, the Laplace equation is the steady-state heat equation. In three dimensions, the problem is to find twice-differentiable real-valued functions \"f\", of real variables \"x\", \"y\", and \"z\", such that In Cartesian coordinates In cylindrical coordinates, In spherical coordinates, In curvilinear coordinates, or This is often written as or, especially in more general contexts, where is the Laplace operator or \"Laplacian\" where ∇ ⋅ is the divergence operator (also symbolized \"div\") which maps vector functions to scalar functions, and ∇ is the gradient operator (also symbolized \"grad\") which maps scalar functions to vector functions. Hence the Laplacian Δf ≝ div grad f maps the scalar function f to a scalar function. If the right-hand side is specified as a given function, , i.e., if the whole equation is written as then it is called \"Poisson's equation\". The Laplace equation is also a special case of the Helmholtz equation. The Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation consists of finding a solution \"φ\" on some domain \"D\" such that \"φ\" on the boundary of \"D\" is equal to some given function. Since the Laplace operator appears in the heat equation, one physical interpretation of this problem is as follows: fix the temperature on the boundary of the domain according to the given specification of the boundary condition. Allow heat to flow until a stationary state is reached in which the temperature at each point on the domain doesn't change anymore. The temperature distribution in the interior will then be given by the solution to the corresponding Dirichlet problem. The Neumann boundary conditions for Laplace's equation specify not the function \"φ\" itself on the boundary of \"D\", but its normal derivative. Physically, this corresponds to the construction of a potential for a vector field whose effect is known at the boundary of \"D\" alone. Solutions of Laplace's equation are called harmonic functions; they are all analytic within the domain where the equation is satisfied. If any two functions are solutions to Laplace's equation (or any linear homogeneous differential equation), their sum (or any linear combination) is also a solution. This property, called the principle of superposition, is very useful, e.g., solutions to complex problems can be constructed by summing simple solutions. The Laplace equation in two independent variables has the form The real and imaginary parts of a complex analytic function both satisfy the Laplace equation. That is, if , and if then the necessary condition that \"f\"(\"z\") be analytic is that the Cauchy–Riemann equations be satisfied: where \"u\" is the first partial derivative of \"u\" with respect to \"x\". It follows that Therefore \"u\" satisfies the Laplace equation. A similar calculation shows that \"v\" also satisfies the Laplace equation. Conversely, given a harmonic function, it is the real part of an analytic function, \"f\"(\"z\") (at least locally). If a trial form is then the Cauchy–Riemann equations will be satisfied if we set This relation does not determine \"ψ\", but only its increments: The Laplace equation for \"φ\" implies that the integrability condition for \"ψ\" is satisfied: and thus \"ψ\" may be defined by a line integral. The integrability condition and Stokes' theorem implies that the value of the line integral connecting two points is independent of the path. The resulting pair of solutions of the Laplace equation are called conjugate harmonic functions. This construction is only valid locally, or provided that the path does not loop around a singularity. For example, if \"r\" and \"θ\" are polar coordinates and then a corresponding analytic function is However, the angle \"θ\" is single-valued only in a region that does not enclose the origin. The close connection between the Laplace equation and analytic functions implies that any solution of the Laplace equation has derivatives of all orders, and can be expanded in a power series, at least inside a circle that does not enclose a singularity. This is in sharp contrast to solutions of the wave equation, which generally have less regularity. There is an intimate connection between power series and Fourier series. If we expand a function \"f\" in a power series inside a circle of radius \"R\", this means that with suitably defined coefficients whose real and imaginary parts are given by Therefore which is a Fourier series for \"f\". These trigonometric functions can themselves be expanded, using multiple angle formulae. Let the quantities \"u\" and \"v\" be the horizontal and vertical components of the velocity field of a steady incompressible, irrotational flow in two dimensions. The continuity condition for an incompressible flow is that and the condition that the flow be irrotational is that If we define the differential of a function \"ψ\" by then the continuity condition is the integrability condition for this differential: the resulting function is called the stream function because it is constant along flow lines. The first derivatives of \"ψ\" are given by and the irrotationality condition implies that \"ψ\" satisfies the Laplace equation. The harmonic function \"φ\" that is conjugate to \"ψ\" is called the velocity potential. The Cauchy–Riemann equations imply that Thus every analytic function corresponds to a steady incompressible, irrotational fluid flow in the plane. The real part is the velocity potential, and the imaginary part is the stream function. According to Maxwell's equations, an electric field in two space dimensions that is independent of time satisfies and where \"ρ\" is the charge density. The first Maxwell equation is the integrability condition for the differential so the electric potential \"φ\" may be constructed to satisfy The second of Maxwell's equations then implies that which is the Poisson equation. The Laplace equation can be used in three-dimensional problems in electrostatics and fluid flow just as in two dimensions. A fundamental solution of Laplace's equation satisfies where the Dirac delta function \"δ\" denotes a unit source concentrated at the point . No function has this property: in fact it is a distribution rather than a function; but it can be thought of as a limit of functions whose integrals over space are unity, and whose support (the region where the function is non-zero) shrinks to a point (see weak solution). It is common to take a different sign convention for this equation than one typically does when defining fundamental solutions. This choice of sign is often convenient to work with because −Δ is a positive operator. The definition of the fundamental solution thus implies that, if the Laplacian of \"u\" is integrated over any volume that encloses the source point, then The Laplace equation is unchanged under a rotation of coordinates, and hence we can expect that a fundamental solution may be obtained among solutions that only depend upon the distance \"r\" from the source point. If we choose the volume to be a ball of radius \"a\" around the source point, then Gauss' divergence theorem implies that It follows that on a sphere of radius \"r\" that is centered on the source point, and hence Note that, with the opposite sign convention (used in physics), this is the potential",
"does when defining fundamental solutions. This choice of sign is often convenient to work with because −Δ is a positive operator. The definition of the fundamental solution thus implies that, if the Laplacian of \"u\" is integrated over any volume that encloses the source point, then The Laplace equation is unchanged under a rotation of coordinates, and hence we can expect that a fundamental solution may be obtained among solutions that only depend upon the distance \"r\" from the source point. If we choose the volume to be a ball of radius \"a\" around the source point, then Gauss' divergence theorem implies that It follows that on a sphere of radius \"r\" that is centered on the source point, and hence Note that, with the opposite sign convention (used in physics), this is the potential generated by a point particle, for an inverse-square law force, arising in the solution of Poisson equation. A similar argument shows that in two dimensions where log(\"r\") denotes the natural logarithm. Note that, with the opposite sign convention, this is the potential generated by a pointlike sink (see point particle), which is the solution of the Euler equations in two-dimensional incompressible flow. A Green's function is a fundamental solution that also satisfies a suitable condition on the boundary \"S\" of a volume \"V\". For instance, may satisfy Now if \"u\" is any solution of the Poisson equation in \"V\": and \"u\" assumes the boundary values \"g\" on \"S\", then we may apply Green's identity, (a consequence of the divergence theorem) which states that The notations \"u\" and \"G\" denote normal derivatives on \"S\". In view of the conditions satisfied by \"u\" and \"G\", this result simplifies to Thus the Green's function describes the influence at of the data \"f\" and \"g\". For the case of the interior of a sphere of radius \"a\", the Green's function may be obtained by means of a reflection : the source point \"P\" at distance \"ρ\" from the center of the sphere is reflected along its radial line to a point \"P\"' that is at a distance Note that if \"P\" is inside the sphere, then \"P\"' will be outside the sphere. The Green's function is then given by where \"R\" denotes the distance to the source point \"P\" and \"R\"′ denotes the distance to the reflected point \"P\"′. A consequence of this expression for the Green's function is the Poisson integral formula. Let \"ρ\", \"θ\", and \"φ\" be spherical coordinates for the source point \"P\". Here \"θ\" denotes the angle with the vertical axis, which is contrary to the usual American mathematical notation, but agrees with standard European and physical practice. Then the solution of the Laplace equation with Dirichlet boundary values \"g\" inside the sphere is given by where is the cosine of the angle between and . A simple consequence of this formula is that if \"u\" is a harmonic function, then the value of \"u\" at the center of the sphere is the mean value of its values on the sphere. This mean value property immediately implies that a non-constant harmonic function cannot assume its maximum value at an interior point. In free space the Laplace equation of any electrostatic potential must equal zero since \"ρ\" (charge density) is zero in free space. Taking the gradient of the electric potential we get the electrostatic field Taking the divergence of the electrostatic field, we obtain Poisson's equation, that relates charge density and electric potential In the particular case of the empty space () Poisson's equation reduces to Laplace's equation for the electric potential. Using a uniqueness theorem and showing that a potential satisfies Laplace's equation (second derivative of \"V\" should be zero i.e. in free space) and the potential has the correct values at the boundaries, the potential is then uniquely defined. A potential that doesn't satisfy Laplace's equation together with the boundary condition is an invalid electrostatic potential. S. Persides solved the Laplace equation in Schwarzschild spacetime. Using the canonical variables \"r\", \"θ\", \"φ\" the solution is where is a spherical harmonic function, and Here \"P\" and \"Q\" are Legendre functions of the first and second kind, respectively, while \"r\" is the Schwarzschild radius. The parameter \"l\" is an arbitrary non-negative integer. Laplace's equation In mathematics, Laplace's equation is a second-order partial differential equation named after Pierre-Simon Laplace who first studied its properties. This is often written as: where is the Laplace operator (see below) and formula_2 is a scalar function. Laplace's equation and Poisson's equation are the simplest examples of elliptic partial differential"
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"Ramavarappadu Ramavarappadu is a neighbourhood of Vijayawada in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Vijayawada (rural) mandal of Vijayawada revenue division. As per the G.O. No. M.S.104 (dated:23-03-2017), Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, it became a part of Vijayawada metropolitan area. Census of India, the town had a population of . The total population constitute, males, females and children, in the age group of 0–6 years. The average literacy rate stands at 81.02% with literates, significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%. Ramavarappadu lies on National Highway 16. APSRTC runs buses from Vijayawada bus station. Ramavarappadu railway station serves as a satellite railway station to . It is located on Vijayawada-Gudivada section of South Central Railway zone. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the \"School Education Department\" of the state. Ramavarappadu Ramavarappadu is a neighbourhood of Vijayawada in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Vijayawada (rural) mandal of Vijayawada revenue division. As per the G.O. No. M.S.104 (dated:23-03-2017), Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, it became a part of Vijayawada metropolitan area. Census of India,"
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"Harriet Duncan Hobart Harriet Duncan Hobart (1825–1898) was an American schoolteacher and women's rights advocate. After teaching in New York City, she came to Minnesota in 1868 and became an advocate for temperance and women's suffrage. She was president of the Minnesota Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) for seventeen years and urged the WCTU to work on behalf of women's rights more broadly. Harriet A. Duncan, born in the north of Ireland in 1825, immigrated to the United States and landed in New York City in 1843. She became a successful teacher, working in classrooms for twenty-five years. She also doubled as a principal for fifteen of those years. In April 1868, Duncan came to Red Wing, Minnesota, to marry a recently widowed Methodist Episcopal churchman, Chauncey Hobart. Her groom had built an impressive reputation serving Methodists in Illinois and Wisconsin frontier towns before reaching Minnesota. Hobart became part of the Temperance Movement. She took an active role in the 1874 Minnesota Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) convention in Red Wing. She was a speaker at the meeting, along with Julia Bullard Nelson and Elizabeth Hutchinson. These three WCTU leaders also believed women should have the right to vote, and argued successfully for a vote in support of women's suffrage. In 1877, Hobart helped to organize the local Red Wing Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She became president and continued in that role for seventeen years. Seen by her colleagues as an effective leader and speaker, Hobart became president of the Minnesota WCTU in 1881. She held that position for thirteen years. Her tenure as president proved the longest in the group's history. Hobart's 1891 speech before the Minnesota WCTU's Fifteenth Convention argued for women's rights broadly. She and other leaders were widening the scope of their organization. Some critics within the WCTU felt such efforts were a sideshow that weakened the struggle against liquor. But Hobart believed strongly in women's equality. Hobart, like many of her WCTU sisters, believed that getting the vote would empower women and eventually bring about equal rights. This strength would help them in their war on intoxicating beverages. During her 1892 presidential address before the WCTU, Hobart told of the Union's power to influence others. She told members to share their views about regulation of the liquor traffic with every man they dealt with-husbands, brothers, sons, friends, merchants, and workmen. Hobart died in 1898 at age 74. Harriet Duncan Hobart Harriet Duncan Hobart (1825–1898) was an American schoolteacher and women's rights advocate. After teaching in New York City, she came to Minnesota in 1868 and became an advocate for temperance and women's suffrage. She was president of the Minnesota Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) for seventeen years and urged the WCTU to work on behalf of women's rights more broadly. Harriet A. Duncan, born in the north of Ireland in 1825, immigrated to the United States and landed in New York City in 1843. She became a successful teacher, working in classrooms for twenty-five years."
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"Life 24 Life 24 was a British television channel owned and operated by Life TV Media, it was the second television channel from the company. Life TV Media had also launched three other channels to complement Life 24; Life TV, Life Showcase TV and Life One. It was launched on 24 July 2006. and closed on 20 August 2007 On 20 August 2007 Life 24 and two of its other sister channels were closed down and integrated into the channel Life One. The Channel Four Television Corporation bought their three Sky Digital EPG slots and moved their own channels to the slots. Life 24 Life 24 was a British television channel owned and operated by Life TV Media, it was the second television channel from the company. Life TV Media had also launched three other channels to complement Life 24; Life TV, Life Showcase TV and Life One. It was launched on 24 July 2006. and closed on 20 August 2007 On 20 August 2007 Life 24 and two of its other sister channels were closed down and integrated into the channel Life One. The Channel Four Television Corporation bought their three Sky Digital EPG slots and moved their own"
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"Doug Reynolds (politician) Douglas Vernon Reynolds (born February 8, 1976 in Huntington, West Virginia an American politician, businessman, and a former Democratic member of the West Virginia House of Delegates representing District 17 from January 12, 2013 to January 2017. Reynolds served consecutively from January 2007 until January 2013 in the District 16 seat. In 2016 Reynolds decided against running for his seat again, instead opting to run for the Attorney General of West Virginia position. Reynolds is also an attorney, the president of Energy Services of America, a pipeline construction company, and HD Media the publisher of the Herald-Dispatch and five other newspapers throughout West Virginia. Reynolds earned his BA from Duke University and his JD from the West Virginia University College of Law. Doug Reynolds (politician) Douglas Vernon Reynolds (born February 8, 1976 in Huntington, West Virginia an American politician, businessman, and a former Democratic member of the West Virginia House of Delegates representing District 17 from January 12, 2013 to January 2017. Reynolds served consecutively from January 2007 until January 2013 in the District 16 seat. In 2016 Reynolds decided against running for his seat again, instead opting to run for the Attorney General of West Virginia"
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"Dave Koslo George Bernard \"Dave\" Koslo (né \"Koslowski\", March 31, 1920 – December 1, 1975) was a professional baseball left-handed pitcher over parts of twelve seasons (1941–1942, 1946–1955) with the New York Giants, Baltimore Orioles and Milwaukee Braves. On April 18, 1947, Koslo gave up Jackie Robinson's first major league home run, hit in the third inning. He was the National League ERA champion in 1949 with New York. For his career, he compiled a 92–107 record in 348 appearances, with a 3.68 ERA and 606 strikeouts. Koslo was the winning pitcher in the opening game of the 1951 World Series and the losing pitcher of its final game. He was born and later died in Menasha, Wisconsin, at the age of 55. Dave Koslo George Bernard \"Dave\" Koslo (né \"Koslowski\", March 31, 1920 – December 1, 1975) was a professional baseball left-handed pitcher over parts of twelve seasons (1941–1942, 1946–1955) with the New York Giants, Baltimore Orioles and Milwaukee Braves. On April 18, 1947, Koslo gave up Jackie Robinson's first major league home run, hit in the third inning. He was the National League ERA champion in 1949 with New York. For his career, he compiled a 92–107 record"
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"196th Infantry Brigade (United States) The 196th Infantry Brigade (\"Chargers\"), also known as the Charger Brigade was first formed on 24 June 1921 as part of the United States Army Reserve's 98th Division with the responsibility of training soldiers. During World War II, the 98th initially defended Kauai, Hawaii and Maui, Hawaii, and finally responsible for defending Oahu, Hawaii later in the war. The Division began intensive training in May 1945 to prepare for the invasion of Japan, but the war ended before they could depart Hawaii. However, the unit arrived in Japan for occupation duty as the 3rd Platoon, 98th Reconnaissance Troop Mechanized, of the 98th Infantry Division, where it eventually was inactivated on 16 February 1946, in Charlotte, NC. The 196th served in Vietnam from 15 July 1966 through 29 June 1972. The Brigade was reactivated in September 1965 at Fort Devens Massachusetts, where it was originally scheduled to be sent to the Dominican Republic. Instead the Army rushed it to Vietnam, the Brigade departing on 15 July 1966 via transport ships and arriving on 14 August 1966 at Tây Ninh Combat Base. It began operations almost immediately in the western area of III Corps Tactical Zone. The 196th conducted Operation Cedar Falls, Gadsden, Lancaster, Junction City, Benton, and Attleboro (in War Zone C of Tay Ninh Province). Attleboro turned into a major action after a large enemy base camp was found on 19 October 1966. In April 1967, Gen. William Westmoreland ordered the formation of a division sized Army task force to reinforce American forces in I Corps Tactical Zone. The 196th was selected to form a part of the task force. Task Force Oregon became operational on April 20, 1967, when troops from the 196th landed at Chu Lai Base Area in I Corps. Over the next month, it was joined by the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division and the 3rd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division (later redesignated the 3rd Brigade, 4th Infantry Division). In September 1967 Task Force Oregon was redesignated the 23rd Infantry Division (Americal) and an official change of colors ceremony was held on 26 October 1967. Later, the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne and the 3rd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division were replaced by the 198th and 11th Light Infantry Brigades. As part of the 23rd, the 196th participated in Operations Wheeler/Wallowa, Golden Fleece, Fayette Canyon, Frederick Hill, Lamar Plain, Elk Canyon I and Elk Canyon II. In early May 1968, the 2-1 Infantry of the 196th was flown in to assist at the Battle of Kham Duc. On 29 November 1971, the 196th became a separate temporary entity to safeguard this same area of operations. In April 1971, the 196th moved to Da Nang to assist in port security duties, and finally left Vietnam on 29 June 1972 as the last combat brigade to leave in Vietnam. The brigade suffered 1,188 KIA, and 5,591 WIA in Vietnam. Operations as a separate Brigade (15 July 1966 – 25 September 1967) Operations as a part of the Americal Division (25 September 1967 – June 1972) Headquarters locations during the Vietnam War ORDER OF BATTLE Brigade Infantry & Brigade Artillery Brigade Reconnaissance Brigade Support On 26 May 1998, the 196th was reactivated during a ceremony at Fort Shafter, Hawaii. The new brigade assists reserve units in Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, American Samoa, Arizona, and Saipan, as a Training Support Brigade, providing support to Reserve Component Forces throughout the Pacific area. Since 2001, the 196th Infantry Brigade has trained nearly 10,000 Soldiers that deployed to support combat operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Horn of Africa, and the Southern Philippines. The 196th Infantry Brigade also supports annual USARPAC and JCS Theater Security Cooperation Program (TSCP) exercises such as Balikatan, Cobra Gold, Yama Sakura, Talisman Saber, Garuda Shield, and Terminal Fury. The brigade also exercises training and readiness oversight (TRO) for the Hawaii, Guam, and Alaska Civil Support Teams. Annually the 196th Infantry Brigade conducts \"Kaimalu O Hawaii\" and \"Konfitma\" All Hazard CST Field Training Exercises in Hawaii and Saipan respectively. In 2007, the 196th Infantry Brigade was awarded the Army Superior Unit Award for its support to the War on Terror in preparing RC units and Soldiers for combat duty. As of 2012, the 196th Infantry Brigade consisted of: On July 31, 2017 President Donald Trump awarded the Medal of Honor to Specialist 5 James McCloughan McCloughan received his medal 48 years after his actions while servings as combat medic with C Company, 3rd Battalion 21st Infantry, 196th Light Infantry Brigade. Other recipients of the Medal of Honor include: The dramatic TV series \"Tour of Duty\", which ran on CBS from 1987–90, depicted a platoon of infantrymen from the 196th in Vietnam. In Season 2, episode 4 of the TV series \"Prison Break\", Theodore \"T-Bag\" Bagwell pretends to be a soldier from the 196th Brigade to a police officer. 196th Infantry Brigade (United States) The 196th Infantry Brigade (\"Chargers\"), also known as the Charger Brigade was first formed on 24 June 1921 as part of the United States Army Reserve's 98th Division with the responsibility of training soldiers. During World War II, the 98th initially defended Kauai, Hawaii and Maui, Hawaii, and finally responsible for defending Oahu, Hawaii later in the war. The Division began intensive training in May 1945 to prepare for the invasion of Japan, but the war ended before they could depart Hawaii. However, the unit arrived in"
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"Lodhi (caste) The Lodhi (or Lodha, Lodh) is a community of agriculturalists, found in India. There are many in Madhya Pradesh, to where they had emigrated from Uttar Pradesh. The Lodhi are categorised as an Other Backward Class but claim Rajput ties and prefer to be known as \"Lodhi-Rajput\", although they have no account of their Rajput origin or prevailing Rajput traditions. Robert Vane Russell, an administrator of the British Raj, described several possible etymologies for \"Lodhi\", including derivation from \"lod\" (\"clod\"), or \"lodh\", a tree whose bark the Lodhi of Northern India gather to make dye. Russell also stated that \"Lodha\" was the original term, later corrupted to \"Lodhi\" in the Central Provinces. Another theory derives the name from the district of Ludhiana, supposing it the Lodhi homeland. British sources described the Lodhi as \"immigrants from the United Provinces\", who spread from that area, and in doing so were able to raise their social status, becoming landholders and local rulers ranking only below the Brahmin, Rajput, and Bannia. Some of these large landholders gained the title of thakur, and some Lodhi families in Damoh and Sagar were labeled as rajas, diwans and lambardars by the Muslim Raja of Panna. These now-powerful Lodhi played a significant role in the 1842 Bundela rising. In the 1857 Indian uprising, the Lodhi fought against the British in multiple areas of India. The Talukdar of Hindoria, a proprietor of Lodhis, \"marched on the District headquarters and looted the treasury\", while the Lodhi Thakur of Sharpura likewise routed the police of that area. Damoh District was in particularly disarray, with \"nearly every Lodhi landholder\" joining the uprising, save the Raja of Hatri. The Ramgarh family of Mandla was stripped of its estates for taking up arms against the British, and a Gughri estate of some 97 villages was confiscated from its Lodhi owners and granted to a \"Native\" officer who fought for the British. In contrast, a Lodhi village in Narshingpur instead opposed the uprisers, who came to the village from Saugor, as did the matchlockmen of Rao Surat Singh Lodhi of Imjhira, though the Rao's men were defeated by the rebels, who captured Imjhira. Following the 1911 census of India, the Lodhi began to further organise politically, and prior to the 1921 census of India claimed the name \"Lodhi-Rajput\" at a conference in Fatehgarh. At the 1929 conference, the \"Akhil Bharatiya Lodhi-Kshatriya (Rajput) Mahasabha\" was drafted. The first part of the century also saw the publication of various books outlining Lodhi claims to the status of Rajput and Kshatriya, including the 1912 \"Maha Lodhi Vivechana\" and 1936 \"Lodhi Rajput Itihas\". Lodhi (caste) The Lodhi (or Lodha, Lodh) is a community of agriculturalists, found in India. There are many in Madhya Pradesh, to where they had emigrated from Uttar Pradesh. The Lodhi are categorised as an Other Backward Class but claim Rajput ties and prefer to be known as \"Lodhi-Rajput\", although they have no account of their Rajput origin or prevailing Rajput traditions. Robert Vane"
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"Gemini Residence Gemini Residence is a residential building on the Islands Brygge waterfront in Copenhagen, Denmark. Built to the design of MVRDV, the building has been created by converting two former seed silos. It is located at the end of Bryggebroen, connecting Amager-side Islands Brygge to Zealand-side Vesterbro across the harbour, and close to the southern end of Havneparken. With a reference to the twin silos that have given the building its shape, Gemini Residence takes its name from the Astrological sign Gemini, the Latin name of the Zodiac sign The Twins. Dansk Soyakagefabrik (English: Danish Soybean Cake Factory) was a soybean processing plant establishing in the Islands Brygge area in 1909. It produced oil and animal feed and grew to the largest employer in the area, in the 1950s employing 1,200 mainly local workers. The two silos now converted into Gemini Residence were built in 1963. After the plant closed in the 1990s, the area was redeveloped to a new district with both residential and office buildings. The conversion of the two seed silos was carried out from 2002-05. The converted twin silos were raw concrete cylinders, standing 42 metres tall and 25 metres wide. The hollow cores of the silos are used for the infrastructure of the building, stairs, elevators and hallways. The two silos are connected on each floor, giving the building a basic layout resemblying the infinity symbol, ∞. The two rotundas are capped with a Texlon roof for natural light, creating a lobby area as tall as the building itself, within which residents and visitors can move up and down. The apartments have been clipped to the exterior of the silos. The apartments have floor to ceiling windows and balconies along their entire length. At the foot of the silos, the raw concrete has been left uncovered to highlight the origin and history of the structure. This creates a marked horizontal overhang above the quayside esplanade passing below, while the narrow chasm it leaves at ground level creates a passage between dockside and streetside. Gemini Residence Gemini Residence is a residential building on the Islands Brygge waterfront in Copenhagen, Denmark. Built to the design of MVRDV, the building has been created by converting two former seed silos. It is located at the end of Bryggebroen, connecting Amager-side Islands Brygge to Zealand-side Vesterbro across the harbour, and close to the southern end of Havneparken. With a"
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"Natural apophyseal glides Natural apophyseal glides (NAGS) refers to a spinal physical therapy treatment technique developed by Brian Mulligan. NAGS involves a mid to end-range facet joint mobilisation applied anterocranially along the plane of treatment within the desired joint, combined with a small amount of manual traction. The purpose of this treatment is to increase movement within the spine, and decrease symptomatic pain. Sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGS) are a separate technique involving a combination of a sustained facet glide with active motion, which is then followed by overpressure. A 2010 study concluded that whilst both NAGS and SNAGS showed signs of effectiveness, SNAGS demonstrated greater statistically significant efficacy over NAGS in reducing pain and disability in subjects with chronic neck pain. Another study suggested that Mulligan's mobilisation (i.e. NAGS and SNAGS), Maitland's mobilisation and the McKenzie approach were all effective in relieving pain and improving range of motion in cases of chronic cervical spondylosis with unilateral radiculopathy. A 2008 randomised controlled trial by Reid et al. suggested a statistically significant correlation between SNAGS treatment and reduced dizziness, cervical pain and disability caused by cervical dysfunction, whilst another randomised controlled trial in 2007 by Hall et al. suggested that a self-sustained C1-C2 SNAG technique was effective in managing cervicogenic headache. A 2008 study by Moutzouri et al. suggested that SNAG mobilisation did not demonstrate significant effectiveness to increase the range of motion in patients with low back pain. Natural apophyseal glides Natural apophyseal glides (NAGS) refers to a spinal physical therapy treatment technique developed by Brian Mulligan. NAGS involves a mid to end-range facet joint mobilisation applied anterocranially along the plane of treatment within the desired joint, combined with a small amount of manual traction. The purpose of this treatment is to increase movement within the spine, and decrease symptomatic"
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"Rogowo Rogowo is a village (formerly a town) in Żnin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Rogowo. It lies approximately south of Żnin and south-west of Bydgoszcz. The village has an approximate population of 2,000. Its history can be traced back to 1311, but it was in 1380 when Rogowo received town rights. These rights were lost on March 23, 1933. Rogowo is home to the field hockey team Ludowy Klub Sportowy (LKS) Rogowo. Many of its players played in the Polish National team in many international events. Rogowo is surrounded by many lakes, which offer great attractions mostly to fisherman and campers. The biggest attraction is the newly established Dinosaur Theme Park, Zaurolandia, which opened in April 2007. Church of Saint Dorothy is a Roman Catholic church situated approximately 700 meters from city center. Building was finished in year 1831, and was consecrated in year 1906. Construction was led by Józef Korytowski. On March 30, 2014 roof and pipe organs of the church got burned in a fire. Nothing inside has been burned, but water used to extinguish the fire, damaged some of church's equipment. As of Today, nobody knows why church caught on fire. <br> Rogowo Rogowo is a village (formerly a town) in Żnin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Rogowo. It lies approximately south of Żnin and south-west of Bydgoszcz. The village has an approximate population of 2,000. Its history can be traced back to 1311, but it was in 1380 when Rogowo received town rights. These rights were lost on March 23, 1933. Rogowo is home to the field hockey team Ludowy Klub Sportowy (LKS) Rogowo. Many of its players played in the"
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"Pussy torture Pussy torture or cunt torture or vagina torture is a BDSM or sexual activity involving the application of pain or pressure to the vulva or vagina, typically in the context of dominance and submission. The pain or pressure is applied through activities such as: All of this is meant to be done consensually in the case of BDSM; the recipient may do it as she receives pleasure from it, or she may agree to it in order to provide pleasure to the sadistic dominant, or both. The dominant can be of any gender. Many of these practices carry significant health risks and need adequate precaution. Pussy torture Pussy torture or cunt torture or vagina torture is a BDSM or sexual activity involving the application of pain or pressure to the vulva or vagina, typically in the context of dominance and submission. The pain or pressure is applied through activities such as: All of this is meant to be done consensually in the case of BDSM; the recipient may do it as she receives pleasure from it, or she may agree to it in order to provide pleasure to the sadistic dominant, or both. The dominant can be of"
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"Terowie railway station Terowie railway station was located on the Gawler–Peterborough line in the South Australian town of Terowie. Terowie station opened in 1880 when the broad gauge line from Adelaide was completed. In 1881, it became a junction station when the narrow gauge line from Peterborough opened. This resulted in Terowie becoming an important transshipment point on the South Australian Railways network. The opening of the Trans-Australian Railway in 1917 further increased the amount of traffic, this ceased operating via Terowie in 1937 when the Adelaide to Redhill line was extended to Port Pirie. With the opening of the Leigh Creek coalfields in the 1940s, the volume of freight transhipped increased again. This ceased with the opening of the Stirling North to Marree line on 27 July 1957. As part of the conversion of the Port Augusta to Broken Hill line to standard gauge, the line north of Terowie to Peterborough was converted to broad gauge on 12 January 1970, thus making Peterborough the break of gauge point. Terowie was reduced to a crossing loop with the line closing on 26 July 1988. Whilst changing trains in Terowie on 20 March 1942, United States General Douglas MacArthur made his famous speech regarding the Battle of the Philippines in which he said: \"I came out of Bataan and I shall return\". The event is commemorated by a plaque on the platform. Terowie railway station Terowie railway station was located on the Gawler–Peterborough line in the South Australian town of Terowie. Terowie station opened in 1880 when the broad gauge line from Adelaide was completed. In 1881, it became a junction station when the narrow gauge line from Peterborough opened. This resulted in Terowie becoming an important transshipment point on the South Australian Railways network. The opening of the Trans-Australian Railway"
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"The Naming of the Dead The Naming of the Dead is a crime novel by Ian Rankin. It is the sixteenth of the Inspector Rebus novels. It is set in Edinburgh in July 2005, in the week of the G8 summit in Gleneagles. An underlying thread throughout the book is that of familial relationships; the book opens with Detective Inspector John Rebus attending the funeral of his brother Michael, who has died suddenly from a stroke. The parents of Detective Sergeant Siobhan Clarke arrive in Edinburgh as part of the protests, demonstrations, and scuffles that surrounded the G8 summit at Gleneagles, keeping the police busy. Clarke defied her parents by becoming a police officer; she now wants to feel like a daughter. Rebus is nearing retirement (\"nobody would blame you for coasting\"), and becomes sidelined until the apparent suicide of MP Ben Webster occurs at a high-level meeting in Edinburgh Castle. It emerges that Webster was campaigning against the arms trade, and Richard Pennen of Pennen Industries, a dealer in weapons technology, comes under suspicion. At the same time, a serial killer seems to be killing former offenders, helped by a website set up by the family of a victim. Clues have been deliberately left at Clootie Well (duplicated from the Black Isle to Auchterarder for the purposes of the plot), a place where items of clothing are traditionally left for luck. Siobhan Clarke is placed in charge of the investigation, although she is outranked by Rebus, and finds herself having to compromise with Edinburgh gangster Morris Cafferty (for whom one of the victims was working as a bouncer) in hunting down the identity of the riot policeman who apparently assaulted her mother at a demonstration. Cafferty is also getting older, though his insecurity is balanced somewhat by his having had a biography ghost-written by local journalist Mairie Henderson. She is enlisted by Rebus and Clarke to help solve the crimes. The new Chief Constable of Lothian and Borders Police, James Corbyn, is keen to put any potential controversy from the investigation of these sordid crimes on hold until the focus of the world's media has moved on. He puts Rebus and Clarke under suspension when they disobey him and they need to rely on Ellen Wylie for help. David Steelforth, the London-based Special Branch (SO12) Commander who is overseeing the policing of the G8 summit, seems to be holding back Rebus' work at every turn. Rebus and Clarke blow the cover of one of his agents who is photographing demonstrators. Former preacher Councillor Gareth Tench seems to Rebus to be involved due to his apparent closeness to one of the suspects, Niddrie thug Keith Carberry. The book is set in real time; within it, some real events occur, such as the 7/7 London bombings, the 2012 Olympic bid and George W. Bush falling off his bicycle whilst waving at police officers: \" 'Did we just do that?' Siobhan asked quietly.\" The title refers to: the ceremony Clarke's ageing left-wing parents attend, where the names of a sampling of the dead from the Iraq War are read out; the list of victims created by Rebus and Clarke as they try to unravel the crime; and also to John Rebus' evocation of grief in naming the many of his own friends and family who have died in the course of his life. By the end of the book, Clarke realises that she has grown closer than ever to understanding Rebus: \"It's not enough, is it?\" she repeated. \"Just...symbolic...because there's nothing else you can do.\" <br>\"What are you talking about?\" he asked, with a smile. <br>\"The naming of the dead,\" she told him, resting her head against his shoulder. (p410) She increasingly fears that she is becoming more like him: \"obsessed and sidelined, thrawn and distrusted. Rebus had lost family and friends. When he went out drinking, he did so on his own, standing quietly at the bar, facing the row of optics.\" The book, which shows how crime permeates society, has been called \"Ian Rankin's finest novel... more than a crime novel\". Rebus was compared with Raymond Chandler's fictional detective Philip Marlowe and the book described as \"dark, murky and less immediate than his other novels, but still zinging with wit and his inimitable gift for plot. His richest and most complex work to date\". There are also references in the book to the TV series \"Columbo\", of which Rankin is a fan. The Naming of the Dead The Naming of the Dead is a crime novel by Ian Rankin. It is the sixteenth of the Inspector Rebus novels. It is set in Edinburgh in July 2005, in the week of the G8 summit in Gleneagles. An underlying thread throughout the book is that of familial relationships; the book opens with"
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"Nūram Mūbin Nūram Mubīn is a Gujarati Nizari Ismaili text written by Ali Muhammad Jan Muhammad Chunara (1881–1966) and first published in 1936. It tells of the lives of the Ismaili Imams from the seventh to the twentieth centuries, and is notable for being the first authorized Ismaili history written in an Indian vernacular language. The Recreation Club Institute, a group established by Aga Khan III to promote the study of Ismaili history and literature, commissioned Chunara to write a Gujarati history of the Ismailis in 1919. Their choice of Gujarati reflected the dominant language of the Khoja community, and marked an important shift away from Arabic and Persian, the traditional languages of Ismaili scholarship. Chunara himself had been a secretary to Aga Khan III, but was probably best known as a journalist and editor of a biweekly journal, The Ismaili. Chunara, together with several colleagues from the journal, spent eight years researching relevant sources in several languages. Among the principal sources for Nūram Mubīn were the ginans, a multilingual body of literature that has played a central role in the devotional practices of the Ismaili Khoja community. The hagiographic quality of Nūram Mubīn likely owes much to its reliance on these texts, many of which attribute miracles and other phenomena to the Ismaili Imams. Although the text of Nūram Mubīn was in Gujarati, its Arabic title reflected wider efforts by Aga Khan III and others to emphasize the essentially Islamic nature of the Ismaili tradition. More specifically, its title connected the Ismaili notion of the “Light of the Imamate” with the Qur'anic line, “We have sent down to you a clear light [nūran mubīn]” (4:174), thus underscoring the Qur'anic basis for the Ismaili Imamate. Similarly, the text’s subtitle, though in Gujarati, connected the Imamate to another Qur'anic concept, the “rope of God.” The completed text—which documented the lives of the Ismaili Imams until 1935—was presented in 1936, on the occasion of Aga Khan III’s Golden Jubilee. In his own preface to the work, Chunara stated that he hoped that the text would better educate Ismailis about their faith and that it could aid them in responding to criticisms from other Muslim groups. He believed that by understanding the Qur'anic basis of Ismaili ideas and institutions, such as the ginans and the Ismaili Imamate, Ismailis would be able “to stand on both feet” and defend their tradition against anti-Ismaili polemic. Endorsed by the Aga Khan himself, the first edition of Nūram Mubīn was a huge success among the Ismaili community, leading to several re-printings. The popularity of the text gradually waned, however, and by the end of the twentieth century it was withdrawn from circulation entirely. Asani has suggested that the demise of the text derives from both changing sociopolitical contexts and its hagiographic nature. Reflecting the latter concern, subsequent authorized histories of the Ismaili Imams have adopted increasingly scholarly historical methods. Nūram Mubīn was translated into Urdu in 1940, and revised versions of the original Gujarati text appeared in 1950, 1951, and 1961. Nūram Mūbin Nūram Mubīn is a Gujarati Nizari Ismaili text written by Ali Muhammad Jan Muhammad Chunara (1881–1966) and first published in 1936. It tells of the lives of the Ismaili Imams from the seventh to the twentieth centuries, and is notable for being the first authorized Ismaili history written in an Indian vernacular language. The Recreation Club Institute, a group established by Aga Khan III to promote the study of Ismaili history and literature, commissioned Chunara to write a Gujarati history of the Ismailis in 1919. Their choice of Gujarati reflected the dominant language of"
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"Global Energy Network Institute The Global Energy Network Institute (GENI) is a research and education organization founded by Peter Meisen in 1986 and registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in 1991. GENI's focus is on the interconnection of electric power transmission networks between nations and continents, emphasizing tapping abundant renewable energy resources, and utilizing the efficiencies of seasonal, time of day, and load differences around the world. GENI's goal is to educate world leaders and policy makers on the benefits of this global strategy. The concept of an interconnected global grid linked to renewable resources was first suggested by Buckminster Fuller in the World Game simulation in the 1970s. Fuller concluded that this strategy is the highest priority of the World Game simulation, (see page 206 of Fuller's book \"Critical Path\" (1981, ). GENI has organized international workshops on international electricity transmission grids and coordinated workshops on renewable energy generation, the latter hosted by the IEEE Power Engineering Society. GENI is one of the original members of American Council on Renewable Energy and has been a regular presence at the World Energy Congress, held internationally every 3 years. GENI has stated that one reason technologies to accelerate the use of renewable energy and to avert climate change were not making headway in the marketplace has been the lack of ways for investors to track and easily invest in these technologies. Because of this, in 2004, GENI partnered with KLD, who creates socially conscious investing stock indexes in the US, to create the KLD Global Climate 100 stock index. The index became available for investment in Japan in 2005 and in the U.S. on April 24, 2007. GENI's research includes information about national electricity power grids; location and availability of renewable energy resources; international integrated energy models; current national energy usage (by fuel type) and global issues that are addressed by the GENI concept, such as international relations, human security, peace and disarmament, the environment, conflict and development, and global health. Numerous articles have been published on and about the organization, the concept, and its personnel in the following publications. Some are in academic and professional publications: A.A. Bolonkin and R.B. Cathcart, \"Antarctica: a southern hemisphere wind power station?\", INT. J. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 8: 262-273 (2008). [They propose windpower base of 450 GW output connected to the Global Energy Electric Grid via undersea HVDC cable.] Some are in general one: The Global Energy Network Institute (or GENI) is a research and education organization founded in 1986. It was officially registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit Corporation in 1991. Global Energy Network Institute The Global Energy Network Institute (GENI) is a research and education organization founded by Peter Meisen in 1986 and registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in 1991. GENI's focus is on the interconnection of electric power transmission networks between nations and continents, emphasizing tapping abundant renewable energy resources, and utilizing the efficiencies of seasonal, time of day, and load differences around the world. GENI's goal is to educate world"
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"International Society of Zoological Sciences The International Society of Zoological Sciences (ISZS) was founded to encourage research, education, and communication in zoology. The society includes both individual scholars, and professional organizations. It particularly tries to increase the availability of research resources and enhance cooperation between different branches of zoology. To summarize from Francis Dov Por's \"The Road to the International Society of Zoological Sciences\" \"Zoology ... was among the very first disciplines to build an international organization. Congresses of Zoology started in 1889 on the initiative of the Société zoologique de France on the occasion of the International Exposition in Paris. Congresses were then held at regular intervals and attendance increased from congress to congress, from a few tens in Paris and in Moscow to 700 in Budapest in 1927. The London Congress set a target of 1000 and in Washington the number reached 2500. The Congresses were also growing in complexity, resulting in part because of the emerging specialization of different fields of zoology. In London in 1958 there were eight to nine daily parallel sessions. In Washington an attempt was made to organize symposia instead and there were no less than 29: the problem of unifying subjects became more important than the numbers of participants. The Washington Congress decided that the Board of the Division of Zoology of the newly founded IUBS, would assume in the future the role of the 'Comite Permanent' and would be responsible for ensuring the continuity of Zoological Congresses. This did not work and the new International Congresses of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology (ICSEB) took over the role of the Zoological Congresses. A gallant effort was made in 1972 by Vaissiere and French colleagues to convene a XVII International Congress of Zoology in Monte Carlo. However, attendance was poor and the proceedings were never published. A long hiatus then began. An international focus became the problem of vanishing species. Instead, what followed in the next two decades was the vanishing of zoology from the international academic agenda. The names of university departments and research centers were rapidly changed in order to avoid use of the word 'zoology'. With the aid of modern communications and technology a reunification of the fractured specialties of zoology became possible. The concept of an integrative zoology, synthesizing data and results ranging from molecular biology to behavior, gained wide acceptance. The XVIII International Congress of Zoology was held in Athens in Greece in August 2000. The symposium program of the Congress presented a cross-zoological picture of the many levels of zoological inquiry, both horizontal and vertical. Attendance in Athens was far from the incommunicable thousands in the last congresses, but was considered by all as an unmitigated success. Subsequently, the IUBS approved the (re)formation of an international zoological body (the ISZS) as proposed by Zhibin Zhang, John Buckeridge and Francis Dov Por in Beijing in 2004, and an Executive Committee was elected and charged with organizing International Congresses of Zoology and providing a global voice for zoologists.\" As if at the end of 2013,the ISZS has 1032 individual members and 113 institutional members, having a coverage of over 30,000 zoologists,scientists and research workers all over the world. The Institutional Members include national zoological organizations, universities, non-governmental organizations and academies of science. ISZS is managed by an international Executive Committee. The current President is Zhibin Zhang (China). Immediate Past Presidents include: Jean-Marc Jallon (France), John Buckeridge (Australia) and Dov Por (Israel). The Secretariat of the ISZS is located at C-506, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.The current Secretary General is Chunxu Han (China). Meetings of the International Congress of Zoology have been held every four years, but with gaps and irregularities. International Symposia of Integrative Zoology are held between Congresses, and provide a more intimate avenue for zoological exchange and research networking. They commenced in 2006 and are heavily supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Integrative Zoology is the official journal of the ISZS and published jointly by Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons and the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is a quarterly, peer-reviewed and multidisciplinary journal publishing original research, reviews, essays and opinion pieces on the zoological sciences. The Editor-in-Chief is Zhibin Zhang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Honorary Editor-in-Chief is John Buckeridge of RMIT University. The ISZS coordinates and funds a number of multidisciplinary programs. Currently, the society is undertaking an international research program titled 'Biological Consequences of Global Change (BCGC)'. Focus The focus of the BCGC program is to organize a diverse group of international experts, with expertise in many scientific disciplines, and develop an understanding of the consequences of global change and human activity on evolutionary mechanisms, biological structures, endangered species and biological disasters. The BCGC program provides a platform for scientists around the world to collaborate on topics, such as the impact of global change on biodiversity, ecological infectious diseases, agricultural pests, invasive species and many other topics of interest. The program is expanding its research networks to include more scientists and scientific disciplines from various places around the globe. Goals Promote understanding of BCGC and improve management of the earth Promote international collaboration Promote influence and leadership of IUBS and ISZS through the BCGC program Questions to address Impact of global change on biological disasters like disease and pest outbreaks Impact of global change and its relation to alien species invasion Impact of global change on abundance and range shifts of endangered species Impact of global change on community structure and biodiversity of various ecosystems Nonlinearity and interactions of global change in affecting biological populations Action plan for 2013–2015 Program network expansion Website and database construction International symposia or workshops Publications International training courses Get involved To find out more information about how to get your research team involved Visit www.globalzoology.org Or email iszs2@ioz.ac.cn International Society of Zoological Sciences The International Society of Zoological Sciences (ISZS) was founded to encourage research, education, and communication in zoology. The"
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"Isao Aoki Aoki was born in Abiko, Chiba, Japan. He was introduced to golf while caddying at the Abiko Golf Club as a schoolboy. He turned professional in 1964. He went on to win more than fifty events on the Japan Golf Tour between 1972 and 1990, trailing only Masashi \"Jumbo\" Ozaki on the list of golfers with most Japan Golf Tour wins. He won the Japan Golf Tour money list five times in six years: 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1981. His career earnings are 980 million yen. In 1983, Aoki won the Hawaiian Open on the U.S.-based PGA Tour and the Panasonic European Open on the European Tour. He also won the prestigious World Match Play Championship in England in 1978, which was not a European Tour event at that time, and picked up a win on the PGA Tour of Australasia. Aoki is also one of nine players in the history of the Open Championship to shoot a round of just 63 shots (which he achieved in the third round of the 1980 event). Despite this being the joint-best round in the history of the tournament at the time, Aoki would only finish tied for 12th that year. Aoki played 165 times on the PGA Tour between 1974 and 1999, primarily from 1981 to 1990. His best finish in a major championship was a second-place finish to Jack Nicklaus (by two strokes) in the 1980 U.S. Open. That finish, combined with his recent record in Japan and around the globe, meant that Aoki would finish 1980 ranked third in the unofficial McCormack's World Golf Rankings, a position he would hold at the end of 1981. After the Official World Golf Rankings debuted in 1986, he was ranked in the top-10 for several weeks in 1987. In December 1984 after receiving an invitation from Gary Player, Aoki traveled to South Africa to participate in the Million Dollar Challenge. Aoki did this in spite of Japanese government efforts to dissuade him from making the trip. As a senior, Aoki has played mainly in the United States on the Champions Tour, winning nine times between 1992 and 2003. He has eight senior victories outside the United States, including five victories in the Japan Senior Open where he shot his age, 65, during his most recent triumph in 2007. The lists from the PGA Tour and World Golf Hall of Fame sites, contain 52 wins, the 1974 Kanto Open is missing from those. His profile on the Japan Golf Tour site says he has 51 wins from 1973 (the official start of the tour). Champions Tour playoff record (1–4) CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1977 Open Championship)<br> \"T\" = tied \"Results are not in chronological order before 2012.\" \"Note: The Senior British Open Championship did not become a major until 2003.\"<br> DNP = did not play<br> CUT = missed the halfway cut<br> DQ = disqualified<br> \"T\" indicates a tie for a place<br> Yellow background for top-10. Isao Aoki Aoki was born in Abiko, Chiba, Japan. He was introduced to golf while caddying at the Abiko Golf Club as a schoolboy. He turned professional in 1964. He went on to win more than fifty events on the Japan Golf Tour between 1972 and 1990, trailing only Masashi \"Jumbo\" Ozaki on the list of golfers with most Japan Golf Tour wins. He won the Japan Golf Tour money list five times in six years: 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1981. His career earnings are 980 million yen. In 1983, Aoki won the Hawaiian Open on the U.S.-based PGA"
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"2011 Seguros Bolívar Open Cali The 2011 Seguros Bolívar Open Cali was a professional tennis tournament played on Clay courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2011 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Cali, Colombia between 19 and 25 September 2011. The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: The following players received entry as an Lucky Loser into the singles main draw: Alejandro Falla def. Eduardo Schwank, 6–4, 6–3 Juan Sebastián Cabal / Robert Farah def. Facundo Bagnis / Eduardo Schwank, 7–5, 6–2 2011 Seguros Bolívar Open Cali The 2011 Seguros Bolívar Open Cali was a professional tennis tournament played on Clay courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2011 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Cali, Colombia between 19 and 25 September 2011. The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: The following players received entry as an Lucky Loser into the singles main draw: Alejandro Falla def. Eduardo Schwank, 6–4, 6–3 Juan Sebastián Cabal / Robert Farah def. Facundo"
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"Ben Halverson Ben Halvorson (September 18, 1863 – November 6, 1933) was an American farmer, businessman, and politician. Born in the town of New Hope, Portage County, Wisconsin, Halverson went to Stevens Point High School in Stevens Point, Wisconsin. He was a farmer and a dealer in pumps and windmills. From 1903 to 1907, Halverson was the county treasurer for Portage County. He also served as the New Hope town chairman. Halverson was chairman of the Portage County Board of Supervisors and was a Republican. In 1923 and 1925, Halverson served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Halverson died at his farm house in New Hope, Wisconsin. Ben Halverson Ben Halvorson (September 18, 1863 – November 6, 1933) was an American farmer, businessman, and politician. Born in the town of New Hope, Portage County, Wisconsin, Halverson went to Stevens Point High School in Stevens Point, Wisconsin. He was a farmer and a dealer in pumps and windmills. From 1903 to 1907, Halverson was the county treasurer for Portage County. He also served as the New Hope town chairman. Halverson was chairman of the Portage County Board of Supervisors and was a Republican. In 1923 and 1925, Halverson served in the Wisconsin"
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"Masindi District Masindi District is a district in Western Uganda. Like many other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town' of Masindi, the location of the district headquarters. Masindi District is bordered by Nwoya District to the north, Kiryandongo District to the east, Nakasongola District and Nakaseke District to the southeast, Kyankwanzi District to the south, Hoima District to the southwest and Bulisa District to the northwest. Masindi, the 'chief town' of the district is located approximately , by road, west of Uganda's capital Kampala. The coordinates of the district are: 01 41N, 31 44E. Masindi District comprises a total area of , of which (86.7%) is land, (30.5%) national wild reserve area, (11.1%) is national forest reserve and is open water. Approximately (2.1%) of the district are permanent wetlands. The region of the country in which the district is located is comparatively dry, but is fertile enough to support a predominantly agriculturalist population. Most of the district residents are both poor and rural. The district, as configured currently, had population of about 129,700 during the 1991 national population census. Eleven years later, during the national census of 2002, the population had increased to about 208,420. At that time, 50.1% of the population were males and 49.9% were females. The annual population growth rate in the district at that time was 5.1%. During 2012, the mid-year population of the district was estimated at approximately 352,400. Masindi District has a diverse ethnic composition of 55 tribes, with the dominant tribes, the Banyoro and the Bagungu, forming about 59.9% of the population. The Alur, the Jonam and the Aringa form 5.3%. The Baruli form 4.5%. People from Rwanda, Kenya, South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have also settled permanently in the district. The average household size is about 4.86 persons, lower than the regional average of 5.2. The population is predominantly rural, with only 5.43% of the residents living in urban areas. Agriculture is the main economic activity in the district. Crops grown include: Fishing is practiced in the rivers and on Lake Albert. Fish farming is an important economic activity with over 250 ponds in the district. Bee keeping for honey production is an increasing practice in the district. Tourism is also increasing with a steady stream of visitors to Murchison Falls National Park. 73.1% of the population in the district are engaged in smallholder agricultural activities. About 6.2% of the total farmland is under large scale commercial farming. The district is the leading producer of maize in the region. In Uganda, only Iganga District and Kapchorwa District produce more maize than Masindi District. The following points of interest are found in Masindi District: Masindi District Masindi District is a district in Western Uganda. Like many other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town' of Masindi, the location of the district headquarters. Masindi District is bordered by Nwoya District to the north, Kiryandongo District to the east, Nakasongola District and Nakaseke District to the"
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"Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan, BWV 100 ' (What God does is done well), ', is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in Leipzig between 1732 and 1735. The chorale cantata is based on the hymn \"\" Samuel Rodigast (1674). Bach had composed a chorale cantata on the same hymn before as part of his chorale cantata cycle, but in this late work he set the complete hymn text unchanged. He followed the format of the chorale cantatas, framing solo movements with an opening chorale fantasia and a closing chorale. The inner movements are four new arias, the first a duet. For both chorale movements, he reused earlier compositions, expanding their instrumentation for a festive occasion which may have been a wedding. This work is a late chorale cantata for an unspecified occasion. Bach likely composed and first performed it in Leipzig between around 1734. This is considered one of Bach's latest extant church cantatas. The cantata is based on the hymn \"\" (1674) by Samuel Rodigast. This chorale was traditionally used in Leipzig as a song for weddings. Bach used the text unchanged, while in most of his earlier chorale cantatas the inner stanzas were paraphrased by a contemporary librettist. Bach followed the format of that cycle by composing the outer movements as a chorale fantasia and a four-part chorale setting, but the inner movements as solo works independent of the chorale tune, here a succession of four arias. For the outer movements, he reused earlier compositions from two different cantatas, adding to their orchestration for a festive occasion. Bach performed the cantata again in 1737 and 1742. Bach structured the cantata in six movements. The first and last are set for choir as a chorale fantasia and a closing chorale. They frame four arias, the first one being a duet. Bach scored the work for four vocal soloists (soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T) and bass (B)), a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble: two horns (Co), timpani (Ti), flauto traverso (Ft), oboe d'amore (Oa), two violins (Vl), viola (Va), cello (Vc), violone (Vo) and basso continuo (Bc). The duration of the cantata is given as around 25 minutes. In the following table of the movements, the scoring follows the Neue Bach-Ausgabe. The keys and time signatures are taken from the book by Bach scholar Alfred Dürr, using the symbols for common time (4/4) and \"alla breve\" (2/2). The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings, while the continuo, playing throughout, is not shown. As all stanzas begin with \"\", the second lines of the movements are shown. Only the first and last movements use the chorale melody, while the inner movements adopt \"carefully graduated sound colors\". The rising fourth of the chorale melody, however, recurs throughout the cantata. The first movement draws on Bach's earlier chorale cantata on the same hymn, , with added horn and timpani parts. The change in instrumentation makes the mood \"celebratory and jovial\", in contrast to the intimate atmosphere of the original. The movement opens with a presentation of two instrumental themes, which repeat when the soprano enters with the chorale melody. The instrumental lines are complex compared to the vocal part. The alto and tenor duet, according to Ludwig Finscher, reflects the \"Italian chamber duet (Steffani, Handel) on account of the motet-style arrangement of the text and the imitatory interweaving of the vocal parts\". The melody enters in imitative layers based on the ascending-fourth interval. The continuo line is a four-bar mostly scalar motif that repeats in several related keys. The soprano aria is accompanied by what John Eliot Gardiner terms \"the most technically challenging of all Bach's flute obbligati, with its roulades of twenty-four successive demisemiquavers per bar\". The \"jaunty\" bass aria is accompanied by \"lilting\" syncopated strings. The \"splendid spacious\" melody is remarkable for its concluding descending motif. As in the galant style, the accompanying violins play parallel thirds and sixths. The formal structure of the movement is unusual: rather than the conventional final reprise of the A section expected in da capo form, the B section is followed immediately by the closing ritornello. The alto aria is in 12/8 time and the minor mode, and is accompanied by oboe d'amore and continuo. It focuses on imagery of bitterness. The aria is introduced by a flowing oboe d'amore solo melody. The closing chorale is similar to the version that appeared twice in \"Die Elenden sollen essen\", BWV 75, the first cantata that Bach performed in his position as Thomaskantor. Compared to the previous work, in this one Bach added horns and timpani for more festivity and for symmetry with the opening movement, and expanded the imitative instrumental entries. Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan, BWV 100 ' (What God does is done"
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"Early league football in Dumfries and Galloway Before the South of Scotland Football League was formed in 1946, there had been previous attempts to introduce league competitions in the Dumfries and Galloway region of Scotland since the 1890s. These early attempts invariably foundered because of the very small townships in the area and a tendency for the clubs to concentrate on the myriad of cup competitions that were in operation. The various leagues are detailed below. This league ran in 1892–93. The member clubs were: 5th Kirkcudbrightshire Rifle Volunteers, Queen of the South Wanderers, Mauchline, Cronberry Eglinton, Lugar Boswell, Springbank and Lanemark. The competition was abandoned without being completed. A Kirkcudbrightshire based league, this competition was formed in 1894–95 by St Cuthbert Wanderers, Barholm Rovers, 6th Galloway Rifle Volunteers, Vale of Fleet and Douglas Wanderers. The first season's competition was once again unfinished. In 1895–96 St Cuthbert Wanderers, Douglas Wanderers and Barholm Rovers were the sole entrants and finished in that order. The league's last season, 1896–97, saw Barholm Rovers replaced by the returning 6th Galloway Rifle Volunteers, who duly won the St Cuthbert's Cup. In 1920–21 this competition is known to have included St Cuthbert Wanderers, Dalbeattie Star, Creetown and Douglas Wanderers. In 1921, it was renamed the Stewartry Football League, with Vale of Fleet replacing Dalbeattie Star. Clubs known to have competed in this league are as follows: \"Key: SoS - South of Scotland League, Stew - Stewartry League, SCos - Southern Counties League, Wig - Wigtownshire League, Kirk - Kirkcudbrightshire League\" In 1927, the Southern Counties Football League was re-formed. Early league football in Dumfries and Galloway Before the South of Scotland Football League was formed in 1946, there had been previous attempts to introduce league competitions in the Dumfries and Galloway region of Scotland since the"
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"USS Joseph Strauss USS \"Joseph Strauss\" (DDG-16), named for Admiral Joseph Strauss USN (1861–1948), was a guided missile destroyer of the United States Navy. \"Joseph Strauss\"s keel was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden in New Jersey on 27 December 1960. The vessel was launched on 9 December 1961 by Mrs. Lawrence Haines Coburn, granddaughter of Admiral Joseph Strauss and commissioned on 20 April 1963. During the Vietnam War \"Joseph Strauss\" served as plane guard for aircraft carriers on Yankee Station in the Tonkin Gulf, participated in Sea Dragon operations, patrolled on search and rescue duties and carried out naval gunfire support missions. \"Joseph Strauss\" departed Philadelphia on 6 June 1963 for a brief cruise to Puerto Rico and Willemstad, Curaçao, and then transited the Panama Canal to join the Pacific Fleet on the western seaboard. She arrived at Long Beach Naval Shipyard on 13 July 1963 for alterations, followed by tactics out of San Diego north to Seattle, Washington. As flagship of Destroyer Squadron 3, \"Joseph Strauss\" sailed from Long Beach on 30 June 1964. After calling at Pearl Harbor and Midway Atoll, she arrived in Yokosuka, Japan on 18 July. While in port at Yokosuka, the crew of \"Joseph Strauss\" learned that North Vietnamese torpedo boats had attacked the U.S. destroyer in the Tonkin Gulf, and the ship hurried out of port with other squadron ships to join carrier forces in the South China Sea. She departed 3 August 1964 to rendezvous off Okinawa on 6 August with the aircraft carrier . During this time, U.S. Naval aircraft from \"Constellation\" conducted air strikes over North Vietnam. She then patrolled off the Vietnam coast and the South China Sea with task forces built around \"Constellation\", and . Brief sweeps were made to the Philippines and ports of Japan. \"Joseph Strauss\" arrived in Yokosuka on 15 December 1964 for upkeep, sailing again on 21 January 1965 to support U.S. Forces in Vietnam until 1 March. During this period, she operated with , , , and . Following upkeep in Subic Bay from 1–10 March, \"Joseph Strauss\" sailed with ships of the Royal Thai Navy for exercises in the Gulf of Thailand. She was briefly flagship of the 7th Fleet from 22–26 March during the official visit of Vice Admiral Paul B. Blackburn, Jr., to Bangkok, Thailand. She departed Yokosuka on 19 April for operations that brought recognition and honor to both the ship and her crew. From 24 April 1965, \"Joseph Strauss\", together with , was part of the first advanced search and rescue/anti-air warfare (SAR/AAW) picket team in the Gulf of Tonkin to support U.S. air strike operations against North Vietnam. From 16 through 21 May, she observed operations of a Russian task unit. She returned to Yokosuka from 23 May to 4 June, then again sailed for the Gulf of Tonkin. Her ensuing 27 days as flagship of the SAR/AAW picket unit were highly successful, establishing operational procedures and capabilities which remain destroyer standards. On 17 June 1965, two F4B Phantoms from , under \"Joseph Strauss\" advisory control, shot down two MiG-17s, accounting for the first two hostile aircraft downed by U.S. forces in aerial combat since 1953. Three days later, two propeller-driven Skyraiders, also from \"Midway\" and under \"Joseph Strauss\" advisory air control shot down another MiG-17. As a result, members of \"Strauss\" Combat Information Center team were decorated by the Secretary of the Navy. \"Joseph Strauss\" arrived in Hong Kong on 6 July 1965, putting out to sea 14 to 16 July to avoid Typhoon Freda, and again 18 to 19 July to carry the 7th Fleet Salvage Officer to Pratus Reef to assist in refloating . She departed Hong Kong 21 July for Yokosuka. The following day she took a disabled Nationalist Chinese fishing boat in tow and delivered it safely to Keelung on 23 July, thence sailed to Yokosuka, arriving 25 July for upkeep. On 3 September 1965, she successfully fired two improved Tartar missiles off Okinawa. After a 1-day stop at Sasebo, \"Joseph Strauss\" proceeded south in the screen of . Upon arrival in the South China Sea, she was detached for picket patrol in the Gulf of Tonkin during the last three weeks of September She spent the first two weeks of October supporting operations off Vietnam in the screen of \"Bon Homme Richard\" and . She then returned to Subic Bay for naval gunfire support training which continued off Da Nang, South Vietnam. On 28 October 1965, she fired her first shots in anger, expending 217 5-inch shells in support of a combined ARVN-Marine Corps search-and-destroy operation against the Viet Cong. \"Joseph Strauss\" thus became the first U.S. Navy guided missile destroyer to fire her guns at enemy targets. As a result of this action, the ship's crew received a commendation from the Commanding General, 2nd U.S. Marine Division. Throughout November she formed an advanced SAR/AAW picket team with in the Gulf of Tonkin. She returned to Yokosuka on 7 December 1965 for upkeep and preparations to resume operations off South Vietnam. \"Joseph Strauss\" returned to the Gulf of Tonkin 10 February 1966 and remained active in the war zone until heading for Hong Kong exactly one month later. Back in the fighting 26 April, she remained in the war zone until returning to Yokosuka 15 June. That day her home port was changed to Pearl Harbor which she reached 26 July. \"Joseph Strauss\" operated in the Hawaiian area until heading back for the Western Pacific 14 January 1967. She remained in the Far East until returning to Pearl Harbor on 17 June. On 14 April 1988, the frigate sighted three mines floating approximately one-half mile from the ship. Twenty minutes after the first sighting, as \"Samuel B. Roberts\" was backing clear of the minefield, she struck a submerged mine nearly ripping the warship in half. The crew stabilized the ship. \"Samuel B. Roberts\" was sent back to the United States for repair. On 18 April 1988, Operation Praying Mantis took place which was an attack by U.S. Naval forces in retaliation for the Iranian mining of the Persian Gulf and damage to an American ship (\"Samuel B. Roberts\"). The battle, the largest for American surface forces since World War II, sank two Iranian warships and it also marked the first surface-to-surface missile engagement in U.S. Navy history. The Americans attacked with several groups of surface warships, plus aircraft. In the middle of the action, \"Joshan\", an Iranian \"Kaman\"-class fast attack craft, challenged the cruiser and Surface Action Group Charlie, firing a Harpoon missile at them. The frigate responded to the challenge by firing four Standard missiles, while \"Wainwright\" followed with two Standard missiles. The attacks destroyed the Iranian ship's superstructure but did not immediately sink it. The three ships of SAG Charlie (\"Wainwright\", \"Simpson\", and ) closed on \"Joshan\", destroying the Iranian vessel with naval gunfire. Fighting continued when the departed Bandar Abbas and challenged elements of an American surface group. The frigate was spotted by two VA-95 A-6Es while they were flying surface combat air patrol for \"Joseph Strauss\". \"Sahand\" fired missiles at the A-6Es, and the Intruders replied with two Harpoons and four laser-guided Skipper bombs. \"Joseph Strauss\" added a Harpoon missile. Most, if not all, of the U.S. weapons hit the Iranian ship. Fires blazing on \"Sahand\"s decks eventually reached her magazines, causing an explosion that helped sink the ship. Despite the loss of \"Sahand\", one of Iran's most modern ships, the Iranian navy continued to fight. Late in the day, a sister ship of \"Sahand\", , departed from its berth and fired a surface-to-air missile at several A-6Es from VA-95. Intruder pilot Engler dropped a laser-guided bomb on \"Sabalan\", leaving the ship dead in the water. The Iranian frigate, stern partially submerged, was taken in tow by an Iranian tugboat. \"Joseph Strauss\" was decommissioned on 1 February 1990, transferred to Greece on 1 October 1992 and renamed",
"two Harpoons and four laser-guided Skipper bombs. \"Joseph Strauss\" added a Harpoon missile. Most, if not all, of the U.S. weapons hit the Iranian ship. Fires blazing on \"Sahand\"s decks eventually reached her magazines, causing an explosion that helped sink the ship. Despite the loss of \"Sahand\", one of Iran's most modern ships, the Iranian navy continued to fight. Late in the day, a sister ship of \"Sahand\", , departed from its berth and fired a surface-to-air missile at several A-6Es from VA-95. Intruder pilot Engler dropped a laser-guided bomb on \"Sabalan\", leaving the ship dead in the water. The Iranian frigate, stern partially submerged, was taken in tow by an Iranian tugboat. \"Joseph Strauss\" was decommissioned on 1 February 1990, transferred to Greece on 1 October 1992 and renamed \"Formion\", for the Athenian Admiral Phormio, and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 11 January 1995. Greece decommissioned \"Formion\" on 29 July 2002 and the ship was sold as scrap 19 February 2004. USS Joseph Strauss USS \"Joseph Strauss\" (DDG-16), named for Admiral Joseph Strauss USN (1861–1948), was a guided missile destroyer of the United States Navy. \"Joseph Strauss\"s keel was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden in New Jersey"
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"Rob Smedley Rob Smedley (born 28 November 1973 in Normanby, Middlesbrough, England) is the Head of Vehicle Performance at the Williams Martini Racing Formula One team. Prior to joining Williams, he was the race engineer for Felipe Massa at Ferrari. After eight years, both moved to Williams; Smedley as Head of Vehicle Performance, and Massa as driver. Smedley's radio transmissions to Massa have even achieved cult status, with many Ferrari fans putting his messages on their mobile phones as ringtones. Smedley attended St Peter's School in South Bank before going to St Mary's Sixth Form College. He lived in Normanby until he was 18, before going to Loughborough University and beginning his rise through the ranks in motorsport. He initially studied a degree in mathematics and mechanical engineering, before going on to complete a master's degree. With his main field of activity in chassis engineering, after leaving university, Smedley began working with Pilbeam Racing Designs on the MP80 Peugeot in 1997 where he worked as a suspension design engineer for the touring car team. He then went on to work in Formula 3000 and the Williams touring car team before making his first foray into Formula One with the Jordan Grand Prix team. Initially at Jordan, Smedley worked as a data acquisition engineer, overviewing all of the telemetric data that was used by the team's race engineer to support the racing driver. During 2002 and 2003 he went on to be a track engineer for Jordan, before moving to the Ferrari test team at the end of the 2003 season. Smedley initially chose to work on the Ferrari test team because of the possibility to make more technical input, something which is more limited in the race team. In the middle of the 2006 season, he replaced Gabriele Delli Colli as Felipe Massa's race engineer. Almost immediately Massa's form improved; his previously common errors became less frequent, and in August 2006, Massa took his first Formula One pole position and victory at the Turkish Grand Prix. Smedley is noted for his very frank and occasionally humorous radio transmissions to Massa. This includes at the 2009 Malaysian Grand Prix when he was heard clearly saying \"Felipe baby, stay cool\" after Massa was complaining about not having a clear visor for the wet race which was being restarted. Following Massa's injury at the 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix, Smedley carried on with the role of race engineer for stand-in drivers Luca Badoer and Giancarlo Fisichella as they took over Massa's seat for the remainder of the 2009 season. Smedley had previously worked with Fisichella at Jordan. On 31 January 2014 it was announced by Ted Kravitz (Sky Sports F1) on the last day of testing at Jerez, that Smedley would once again resume his professional relationship with Massa by joining Williams for the 2014 season. In November 2018, Smedley announced he would leave Williams at the end of the 2018 season. Smedley was awarded an honorary degree (\"Doctor of Professional Studies\") from Teesside University in 2009. In July 2015 he was also awarded an honorary Doctor of Technology from Loughborough University in recognition of his outstanding contribution to Formula 1 and race engineering. At Hockenheim Smedley delivered a very terse radio instruction, \"OK, so, Fernando is faster than you. Can you confirm you understood that message?\", towards the end of the race when Massa was in the lead. Massa then allowed Alonso to overtake him and win the race. Following the pass on lap 49 Smedley added 'OK mate good lad, stick with him now, sorry.' After the race Ferrari were fined $100,000 for breaching race regulations concerning team orders but the result was allowed to stand. Smedley is married to Lucy. They have 2 sons. They hold fundraising events on Teesside to support the Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Society (SANDS) after the death of their daughter Minnie in 2007. They are also patrons of Zöe's Place Baby Hospice, a charity for sick babies and young children. Rob Smedley Rob Smedley (born 28 November 1973 in Normanby, Middlesbrough, England) is the Head of Vehicle Performance at the Williams Martini Racing Formula One team. Prior to joining Williams, he was the race engineer for"
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"Skyfall (Adele song) \"Skyfall\" is the theme song of the \"James Bond\" film of the same name, performed by English singer Adele. It was written by Adele and the producer Paul Epworth and features orchestration by J. A. C. Redford. The film company Eon Productions invited the singer to work on the theme song in early 2011, a task that Adele accepted after reading the film's script. While composing the song, Adele and Epworth aimed to capture the mood and style of the other Bond themes, including dark and moody lyrics descriptive of the film's plot. \"Skyfall\" was released at 0:07 BST on 5 October 2012 as part of the Global James Bond Day, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the release of \"Dr. No\", the first \"James Bond\" film. \"Skyfall\" became a major commercial success. The song reached number one in 11 countries and top 5 in many more regions. It quickly went to the top of the iTunes chart and peaked at number two in the UK and number eight in the US on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. As of 2018, \"Skyfall\" has sold over 7 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling digital singles of all time. \"Skyfall\" received various accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Original Song, Brit Award for British Single of the Year, Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media, thus making it the first Bond theme to win all the aforementioned awards. During the 85th Academy Awards, Adele performed the song live for the first time. In early 2011, Sony Pictures President of Music Lia Vollack suggested to the James Bond film producers at Eon Productions that they ask Adele to record a theme song for their next Bond film, later revealed to be titled \"Skyfall\". Vollack thought that Adele would be a good choice to ask to record a Bond theme song because her music had a \"soulful, haunting, evocative quality\", which Vollack considered would bring back the \"classic Shirley Bassey feel\" associated with several early Bond films. Adele, who had just released her second album, \"21\", admitted that initially she was a \"little hesitant\" about agreeing to write a Bond theme song. On meeting with the \"Skyfall\" film crew, the singer had told \"Skyfall\" director Sam Mendes that she felt as though she was not the person they were looking for because \"my songs are personal, I write from the heart\". Mendes simply replied \"just write a personal song\", telling her to use Carly Simon's \"Nobody Does It Better\" from \"The Spy Who Loved Me\" as an inspiration. Adele left the meeting with the script of \"Skyfall\" and upon reading it, decided that it was a \"no-brainer\", as she \"fell in love\" with the film's plot. Producer Paul Epworth, who had worked with Adele on \"21\", was brought in to help her write the song. Adele stated that she enjoyed working to a brief and set of guidelines, even though it was something she had never done before. Production of \"Skyfall\", from the first contact with Adele to the song's release, took 18 months to complete. Vollack stated that the reason for this was \"fine-tuning\" the song, as Adele and Epworth wanted to ensure that they \"were getting it right\". The first cut of the song was completed in October 2011, as Adele had free time after cancelling the final concerts of her Adele Live tour due to vocal problems. During an interview at their post-Academy Award for Best Original Song win in February 2013, Adele revealed that the first draft of the song was written in 10 minutes. After Adele underwent throat microsurgery for vocal problems, she recorded a demo of the track and sent it to Mendes, who was doing the principal photography of \"Skyfall\". The director in turn played the demo for film producer Barbara Broccoli and Bond actor Daniel Craig, both of whom \"shed a tear\". Adele stated that the final cut of the song lasted two studio sessions at Abbey Road Studios in London. It features a 77-piece orchestra conducted by J. A. C. Redford. \"Skyfall\" is an orchestral pop song with a duration of four minutes and forty-six seconds. Epworth stated that although \"Skyfall\" is an original composition, he and Adele had worked to capture \"the James Bond feeling\" of previous theme songs. The song intentionally references Monty Norman's \"James Bond Theme\" after the first chorus. Norman said that the song had his seal of approval and that including the leitmotif he wrote for the Bond character was \"a pretty sensible thing to do, if you want to feel the 'James Bond quality' of the music\". Epworth said that while \"Skyfall\" was his first experience writing film music, he had been involved with the production of James Bond music before: while Epworth was a tape operator at AIR Studios, he recorded some film soundtracks including David Arnold's \"Tomorrow Never Dies\". Epworth stated that the producers' request was for \"a dramatic ballad\", so he and Adele tried to \"do something that was simultaneously dark and final, like a funeral, and to try and turn it into something that was not final. A sense of death and rebirth\". Epworth watched the first thirteen Bond films seeking the \"musical code\" of the songs, \"whatever the modal structure or the chord that always seemed to unify those songs\" and contributed to the mood and \"that kind of '60s jazzy quality\". Epworth identified as a uniting factor \"a minor ninth as the harmonic code ... the Bond songs, they have that elaboration to it\" and wrote what would become the instrumental part of \"Skyfall\". He described it as \"a bit of a 'Eureka!' moment\". \"Skyfall\" was composed in the key of C minor using common time at 76 beats per minute (Adagietto). Adele's vocal range spans over one octave, from the low note of G to the high note of C, on the song. The lyrics closely follow the plot of the film rather than focusing on romanticism. According to Epworth, the song is about \"death and rebirth\", saying \"It's like, when the world ends and everything comes down around your ears, if you've got each other's back, you can conquer anything. From death to triumph, that was definitely something we set out to try and capture\". \"The Daily Telegraph\" writer Neil McCormick described the lyrics as \"slightly sinister\" and containing references to a number of Bond tropes and motifs. The theme song, and the identity of its singer, was kept secret, but rumours of Adele's involvement still emerged. Adele first mentioned recording a \"special project\" in September 2011 in an interview on \"The Jonathan Ross Show\", leading to speculation in the media that she was recording a Bond theme. In an interview with NRJ in April 2012, the singer stated that she intended to release a new single by the end of the year; however, it would not be preceding a new album. Further rumours about Adele's involvement circulated in September 2012, when she was reportedly seen at Abbey Road Studios where Thomas Newman was recording \"Skyfall\"s . The song's title was originally rumoured to be \"Let the Sky Fall\". In September 2012, OneRepublic vocalist Ryan Tedder posted a message on Twitter claiming he had heard the title track and that it was \"the best James Bond theme in his lifetime\". Adele's publicist, Paul Moss, mentioned the song on his Twitter feed; both later deleted their messages. The artwork for the song was leaked online, but Adele's involvement in the project was not officially confirmed until 1 October. \"Skyfall\" was released at 0:07 BST on 5 October 2012 as part of the \"Global James Bond Day\", celebrating the 50th anniversary of the release of \"Dr. No\", the first James Bond film. A 12-inch single featuring unofficial remixes of the song was sold in Germany to promote the song. The song was not included on , marking the second time in the Bond series that the theme song was split from the soundtrack album, following \"You Know My Name\" from \"Casino Royale\" in 2006. Wilson and Broccoli still asked composer Thomas Newman to include a reference to \"Skyfall\" in the film's score",
"Paul Moss, mentioned the song on his Twitter feed; both later deleted their messages. The artwork for the song was leaked online, but Adele's involvement in the project was not officially confirmed until 1 October. \"Skyfall\" was released at 0:07 BST on 5 October 2012 as part of the \"Global James Bond Day\", celebrating the 50th anniversary of the release of \"Dr. No\", the first James Bond film. A 12-inch single featuring unofficial remixes of the song was sold in Germany to promote the song. The song was not included on , marking the second time in the Bond series that the theme song was split from the soundtrack album, following \"You Know My Name\" from \"Casino Royale\" in 2006. Wilson and Broccoli still asked composer Thomas Newman to include a reference to \"Skyfall\" in the film's score \"so that it didn't appear as a kind of 'one off' at the top of the movie\". Newman opted to include an interpolation in the track \"Komodo Dragon\", used in a scene where Bond enters a casino in Macau. According to Newman, the scene had \"a real moment of 'Bond' swagger\", and the music fit the scene accordingly. Epworth was visited by Newman for advice, and Redford, who was already doing the score's orchestration, was requested to arrange \"Komodo Dragon\"; Newman was unable to do the arrangement because he felt that his task \"was already so huge and daunting\". \"Skyfall\" received widespread critical acclaim. \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote that there is \"finally\" a great James Bond theme. \"The Huffington Post\" described the song as a \"brassy and soulful tune [that] fits perfectly alongside the work of Shirley Bassey in the oeuvre of James Bond title tracks\". \"RedEye\" gave the song four out of four stars and declared that it \"is a return to form, and if it doesn't get you hyped for the movie, you're not a Bond fan\". The \"Daily Record\" named \"Skyfall\" its \"Single of the Week\" and gave the song five stars out of five. PopCrush gave the song four-and-a-half stars out of five and called it \"wholly satisfying and worth the wait\". Idolator wrote that \"during the song's final third, Adele does, in fact, make the sky fall, in typical Adele fashion\". Consequence of Sound commented that \"rousing instrumentation elevates the vocals to soaring heights\", while HitFix called the song a \"majestic ballad\" and a \"classic James Bond theme\". \"Newsday\" was also very positive, writing that \"Skyfall\" is \"unlike anything else she's done in her young career. It's self-assured and grand, drawing inspiration from Dame Shirley Bassey, while adding her own powerful phrasing to make it her own. Adele's style so far has been to downplay her massive voice with lyrics that are questioning and self-deprecating. On 'Skyfall,' though, it sounds like the diva point of view suits her, too\". The \"Los Angeles Times\" complimented the song and said that the song \"tells good things for this winter's blockbuster-to-be. It's not a reimagining or a musical departure, but simply a righting of the ship. The song is big, bold and seems to have a little spot-o-fun\". MTV was also positive, stating that \"Adele's lush song fits right in with classics by Shirley Bassey, Paul McCartney and Carly Simon\". \"The Wall Street Journal\" felt similarly, writing that the song \"has sweep and drama, [with] orchestral support [that] gives it a classical timelessness that sets it apart from typical pop songs. Because it is a theme for a Bond film, after all, the song is also shot through with the threat of violence and death\". \"E! Online\" wrote that Adele's song was \"a cross, and a good one at that, between the 1971 Bassey classic and a more-focused version of Garbage's 'The World Is Not Enough'.\" \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote that the song \"instantly feels like a Bond theme, with the singer's sultry voice set against a minor chord progression. Done in big, orchestral style, the mood – like the singer – is all 1960s throwback, back when Bond themes like 'Goldfinger' were smooth, seductive and larger than life\". Jim Farber of the New York-based \"Daily News\" wrote in his review: \"It suffers from a similarly meandering melody and ponderous progression. The grandeur of its arrangement easily upstages the tune\", but \"even so, the luster of Adele's tone, and the bravura arc of her vocal, makes it enjoyable enough. And, fifty years down the line, isn't that all we really expect from a Bond product these days?\" Yahoo!'s Rob O'Connor gave the standalone song a positive review but felt that it was too soon to tell how the song would fit into the wider canon of Bond theme songs. Neil McCormick of the \"Daily Telegraph\" was less complimentary, describing the song as \"classy\" but at the same time, \"overly predictable\". The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, which had been the first Bond theme to receive an Academy Award nomination since the 1982 song \"For Your Eyes Only\" and was the first Bond theme to win the award. It also won the Critics' Choice Award for Best Song, the Golden Globe for Best Original Song, and the Brit Award for British Single of the Year. Adele gave her acceptance speech at the last of those awards through a video message, as she was in Los Angeles preparing for her Academy Award performance. It was also nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Original Song but lost to \"Suddenly\" from \"Les Misérables\". \"Skyfall\" was also named the Best Original Song by the film critics associations of Houston, Las Vegas, and Phoenix. The song won at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media. The song went to number one at the UK's iTunes online store less than ten hours after it was released, surpassing \"Diamonds\" by Rihanna. At 6 am on 5 October, Clear Channel began airing \"Skyfall\" on 180 radio stations around the United States every hour, on the hour; within 24 hours, \"Skyfall\" had garnered 10 million audience impressions and had already begun to rank within the top 50 of the Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems-based Radio Songs chart. On 7 October, \"Skyfall\" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 4 after less than 48 hours on sale. The single sold 84,000 copies in the UK during its first two days of release. On 14 October, \"Skyfall\" rose to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart with sales of 92,000 copies. This tied \"Skyfall\" with Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\" as the highest-charting James Bond theme song on the UK Singles Chart. This has since been broken when, in 2015, Sam Smiths \"Writing's on the Wall\" debuted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was the 20th best-selling song of 2012 in the UK with 547,000 sold. \"Skyfall\" debuted at number one in Ireland. It also charted at number one on the French Singles Chart for six weeks and spent 24 weeks in the top 10. The song entered the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 8 for the week ending 20 October 2012, becoming Adele's first song to debut in the top 10 with 261,000 copies sold in the United States during its first three days. Although \"Skyfall\" debuted at number 8, it was actually the third best-selling single in the US that week – the Hot 100 ranks songs based on sales, radio airplay, and online streaming. \"Skyfall\" is the first James Bond theme to chart within the top 10 in the US since Madonna's \"Die Another Day\" a decade earlier and is the first James Bond theme to debut in the top 10. Interest in \"Skyfall\" led to a 10% increase in sales of Adele's last album, \"21\", in the US. For the week ending 27 October 2012, the second week after its release, the song fell from number 8 to number 13. After \"Skyfall\" was released in cinemas in North America, Adele's song saw a sales increase of 66%. In January 2013, unofficial remixes also warranted the song an inclusion on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Songs chart, peaking at the 10th spot. After Adele won the Oscar for the song, sales in the US increased by 56% with 56,000 downloads. The following week, \"Skyfall\" sold an additional 103,000 downloads and climbed 28 spots on the",
"theme to chart within the top 10 in the US since Madonna's \"Die Another Day\" a decade earlier and is the first James Bond theme to debut in the top 10. Interest in \"Skyfall\" led to a 10% increase in sales of Adele's last album, \"21\", in the US. For the week ending 27 October 2012, the second week after its release, the song fell from number 8 to number 13. After \"Skyfall\" was released in cinemas in North America, Adele's song saw a sales increase of 66%. In January 2013, unofficial remixes also warranted the song an inclusion on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Songs chart, peaking at the 10th spot. After Adele won the Oscar for the song, sales in the US increased by 56% with 56,000 downloads. The following week, \"Skyfall\" sold an additional 103,000 downloads and climbed 28 spots on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. As of July 2013, \"Skyfall\" has sold over five million copies worldwide. As of January 2013, it had sold 1,600,000 copies in the US according to Soundscan and is the first Bond song to sell a million digital copies. Adele performed the song live for the first time at the 85th Academy Awards ceremony on 24 February 2013, prior to learning that she had won the award. In preparation for the performance, the singer took advice about breathing technique from Ayda Field, wife of Robbie Williams, to combat stage fright. Earlier in the ceremony, Shirley Bassey had performed another Bond theme, \"Goldfinger\", from the film of the same name, as part of an unrelated tribute to James Bond in film. Adapted from Discogs. Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Skyfall\", XL Recordings. Skyfall (Adele song) \"Skyfall\" is the theme song of the \"James Bond\" film of the same name, performed by English singer Adele. It was written by"
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"Family Guy (season 3) \"Family Guy\" third season first aired on the Fox network in 22 episodes from July 11, 2001, to November 9, 2003, before being released as a DVD box set and in syndication. It premiered with the episode \"The Thin White Line\" and finished with \"Family Guy Viewer Mail#1\". An episode that was not part of the season's original broadcast run, \"When You Wish Upon a Weinstein\", was included on the DVD release and later shown on both Adult Swim and Fox. The third season of \"Family Guy\" continues the adventures of the dysfunctional Griffin family—father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie and Brian, the family pet, who reside in their hometown of Quahog. The executive producers for the third production season were Dan Palladino and series creator Seth MacFarlane. The aired season also contained nine episodes which were holdovers from season two, which were produced by MacFarlane and David Zuckerman. Although \"Family Guy\" was initially canceled in 2000 due to low ratings, following a last-minute reprieve, the series returned for a third season in 2001. The series was canceled again in 2002; however, high ratings on Adult Swim and high DVD sales renewed Fox's interest in the series. The series returned for a total of 30 new episodes in 2005. \"Family Guy\" was first canceled in 2000 following the series' second season, but following a last-minute reprieve, it returned for a third season in 2001. In 2002, the series was canceled again after three seasons due to low ratings. Fox attempted to sell the rights for reruns of the show, but it was difficult to find networks that were interested; Cartoon Network eventually bought the rights, \" basically for free\", according to the president of 20th Century Fox Television Production. When the reruns were shown on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim in 2003, \"Family Guy\" became Adult Swim's most-watched show with an average 1.9 million viewers an episode. Following \"Family Guy\"s high ratings on Adult Swim, the first season was released on DVD in April 2003. Sales of the DVD set reached 2.2 million copies, becoming the best-selling television DVD of 2003 and the second highest-selling television DVD ever, behind the first season of Comedy Central's \"Chappelle's Show\". The second season DVD release also sold more than a million copies. The show's popularity in both DVD sales and reruns rekindled Fox's interest in it. They ordered 35 new episodes in 2004, marking the first revival of a television show based on DVD sales. Fox president Gail Berman said that it was one of her most difficult decisions to cancel the show, and was therefore happy it would return. The network also began production of a film based on the series. Dan Povenmire, who became a director on \"Family Guy\" during the series' second season, took a more prominent role in directing by the third season, having directed five episodes. Creator Seth MacFarlane granted Povenmire substantial creative freedom. Povenmire recalled that MacFarlane would tell him \"We've got two minutes to fill. Give me some visual gags. Do whatever you want. I trust you.\" Povenmire praised this management style for letting him \"have [...] fun.\" Povenmire brought realism, and material from his own experiences, to the visual direction of \"Family Guy\". For \"One If by Clam, Two If by Sea\", several characters carried out fosse moves in prison — Povenmire went into the office of a color artist, Cynthia Macintosh, who had been a professional dancer, and had her strike poses in order for him to better illustrate the sequence. In the episode \"To Love and Die in Dixie\" Povenmire drew on his childhood in the deep south to sequence a background scene where the \"redneck\" character nonchalantly kicks a corpse into the nearby river. The episode \"Brian Wallows and Peter's Swallows\" won an Emmy Award for Best Song. Creator MacFarlane, the recipient of the award, noted that the episode's director Dan Povenmire deserved to have received the award for the contribution the visuals made to the episode's win. Povenmire jokingly responded \"That's a nice sentiment and all, but did he offer to give me his? No! And it's not like he doesn't already have two of his own just sitting in his house!\" The third season has received positive reviews from critics. In his review for the \"Family Guy\" Volume 3 DVD, Aaron Beierle of DVD Talk stated \"Often brilliant, extremely witty and darkly hilarious, \"Family Guy\" was unfortunately cancelled after Fox bumped it around six or seven different time slots. Although this third season wasn't as consistent as the first two, it's still hilarious and fans of the show should definitely pick up this terrific set.\" <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Family Guy (season 3) \"Family Guy\" third season first aired on the Fox network in 22 episodes"
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"John Naber John Phillips Naber (born January 20, 1956) is an American former competition swimmer, five-time Olympic medalist, and former world record-holder in multiple events. Born in Evanston, Illinois, Naber studied in England and Italy where his father worked as a management consultant. He graduated from Woodside High School in northern California, and then completed his bachelor's degree in psychology in 1977 at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. While at USC, he led the Trojans to four consecutive NCAA titles (1974–1977). At age twenty, Naber won four gold medals at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec. Each of these victories was swum in world-record time; he swept the two backstroke events and was a member of two winning relay teams. He also won a silver medal in the 200-meter freestyle, part of a U.S. sweep in that event. One of Naber's gold medals was for the first 200-meter backstroke completed in under two minutes; his world record time of 1:59.19 stood for seven years. His world record of 55.49 seconds in the 100 meter backstroke also stood for seven years. For these accomplishments in Montreal and elsewhere, Naber won the 1977 James E. Sullivan Award, which is presented to the top American amateur athlete of the year. He was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an \"Honor Swimmer\" in 1982. Naber joined The Walt Disney Company in 1977 as a marketing representative, then became a full-time \"roving ambassador\" for the swimwear maker Speedo. He later was a sports broadcaster, motivational speaker, and professional writer. He was a member of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics Organizing Committee. In May 2014, Naber was inducted into Woodside High School's Community Hall of Fame. John Naber John Phillips Naber (born January 20, 1956) is an American former"
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"Robert Howlett Robert Howlett (born 3 July 1831 in Theberton, Suffolk, and died at 10 Bedford Place, Campden Hill, Kensington, London on 2 December 1858), was a pioneering British photographer whose pictures are widely exhibited in major galleries. Howlett produced portraits of Crimean War heroes, genre scenes and landscapes. His photographs include the iconic picture of Isambard Kingdom Brunel which was part of a commission by the \"Illustrated Times\" ) to document the construction of the world's largest steamship, the SS \"Great Eastern\". He exhibited at the London Photographic Society and published \"“On the Various Methods of Printing Photographic Pictures upon Paper, with Suggestions for Their Preservation.”\" He worked in partnership with Joseph Cundall at \"The Photographic Institution\" at New Bond Street, London. Howlett made photographic studies for the artist William Powell Frith's painting of \"Derby Day\" which was exhibited at the Royal Academy of Art. Howlett was commissioned by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to photograph the frescoes in the new drawing-room at Buckingham Palace, make copies of the paintings by Raphael and make a series of portraits called 'Crimean Heroes' which was exhibited in 1857 the Photographic Society of London's annual exhibition. Howlett died in 1858, aged 27. His death was apparently due to typhoid (rather than as a result of over-exposure to dangerous chemicals, as was suggested by some at the time, a myth that has continued to this day). The \"Illustrated Times\" praised him as \"one of the most skillful photographers of the day\". Prints from Howlett's photographs were published posthumously by his late partners Cundall & Downes under their own name, and by the London Stereoscopic and Photographic Company. Robert Howlett was the second of four sons of Reverend Robert Howlett and Harriet Harsant. Two brothers died in infancy and his younger brother Thomas became a farmer. He was born in Theberton, Suffolk and the family had moved to Longham, Norfolk by the time he was 9 years old. His maternal grandfather, Thomas Harsant, a surgeon, constructed telescopes, microscopes, electrical machines, implements and instruments. Robert built his own microscope when a child. Thomas Harsant died in 1852 and left him £1000 plus his “turning lathe and all the apparatus and tools belonging thereto.” Thus he was able to move to London In London Howlett rose to prominence while working for the Photographic Institution at 168 New Bond Street, London, which was a leading establishment for the commercial promotion of photography through exhibitions, publications, and commissions. Although the Photographic Institution was established in 1853 by Joseph Cundall and Philip Henry Delamotte, it is believed that Howlett replaced Delamotte, who became professor of drawing at King's College London. He was elected to membership of the Photographic Society of London, later the Royal Photographic Society, in December 1855 and remained a member until his death. By 1856 Howlett was mentioned in the photographic press. He sent prints to the annual exhibitions of photographic societies in London, Manchester, and Norwich. These included landscape studies, \"In the Valley of the River Mole, Mickleham\", and \"Box Hill, Surrey\", which are presumed to have been taken in 1855. He exhibited at the London Photographic Society and in 1856 published a booklet \"“On the Various Methods of Printing Photographic Pictures upon Paper, with Suggestions for Their Preservation.”\" He also designed and sold 'dark room tents' and worked in partnership with Joseph Cundall at \"The Photographic Institution\" at 168 New Bond Street, London. Howlett undertook the first of a number of commissions for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1856, working for the Photographic Institution. These included copying the works of Raphael for Prince Albert, and making a series of portraits of heroic soldiers from the Crimean War. These were first exhibited in 1857 as 'Crimean Heroes' at the Photographic Society of London's annual exhibition. In 2004 Cundall and Howlett’s portraits of Crimean war veterans, were used by the Royal Mail for a set of six postage stamps to mark the 150th anniversary of the conflict. Howlett's studio portraits at 'The Photographic Institute' included eminent 'fine artists' such as William Powell Frith, Frederick Richard Pickersgill, John Callcott Horsley, and Thomas Webster which were among a larger group exhibited at the Art Treasures Exhibition in Manchester in 1857. Howlett was commissioned to make photographic studies of the crowd at the 1856 Epsom Derby for the painter William Powell Frith, who used them in 1858 for his painting of \"The Derby Day\" which was exhibited at the Royal Academy of Art in 1859. The photographs were taken from the roof of a cab. Howlett's major work was the commission by the \"Illustrated Times\") to document the construction of the world's largest steamship, the SS \"Great Eastern\". His images were translated into wood-engravings by Henry Vizetelly for the \"Illustrated Times\". They reflected and stimulated the widespread interest in this feat of engineering. This project included the well-known portrait of the \"Great Eastern\"’s creator and engineer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, standing in front of the giant launching chains on the 'checking drum' braking mechanism at John Scott Russell’s Millwall shipyard. It was taken to celebrate the launch of the world’s largest steamship, in November 1857. This image, which depicts Brunel in an industrial setting instead of a more traditional background for a portrait, has been described as \"one of the first examples of environmental portraiture\". Howlett died in 1858, aged 27, at his home and studio at 10 Bedford Place, Campden Hill, shortly after returning from a trip to France to try out a new 'wide angle lens'. The cause of death was apparently due to typhoid, rather than (as suggested by some at the time) to over-exposure to the chemicals used in the Collodion photographic process invented by Frederick Scott Archer in about 1850. The Illustrated Times praised him as \"one of the most skillful photographers of the day\". The death certificate simply states 'febris' (fever), 20 days. Howlett had originally told his friend Thomas Frederick Hardwich that he had a cold. He is buried not in London, but at the church of St Peter and St Paul, Wendling, Norfolk, where his father was Perpetual Curate. His gravestone is to the east of the chancel. In 2008, photojournalist David White recreated both Howlett's camera and the Brunel commission, travelling across south and west England. <br> In 2009, the article The Light Shone and Was Spent: Robert Howlett and the Power of Photography by David White was published. Notes Robert Howlett Robert Howlett (born 3 July 1831 in Theberton, Suffolk, and died at 10 Bedford Place, Campden Hill, Kensington, London on 2 December 1858), was a pioneering British photographer"
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"Lei Clijsters Leo Albert Jozef \"Lei\" Clijsters (6 November 1956 – 4 January 2009) was a Belgian professional footballer, who played as a central defender. Throughout his extensive senior career, the tough stopper was mainly associated with KV Mechelen, with whom he won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Super Cup. Also a prominent member of the Belgian national team, he was the father of tennis players Kim and Elke Clijsters. Lei Clijsters was born on 6 November 1956 in Opitter, started his football career with local Opitter FC. Later, he played for Club Brugge KV, but left the club after a disappointing two-year stint; he started his career as a midfielder. Subsequently, Clijsters represented K.S.K. Tongeren, K. Patro Maasmechelen, K. Waterschei S.V. Thor Genk, KV Mechelen and R.F.C. de Liège. With Mechelen, he won the Belgian Cup in 1987, going on to conquer the subsequent UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and European Super Cup. He added the Belgian League in 1988–89, always as club captain. In 1988, Clijsters also won the Golden Shoe award as league's MVP, and eventually retired with Liège at almost 37. Immediately, he starting working as a manager with former club Patro Eisden, then moving to K.A.A. Gent, K.F.C. Lommel S.K. (July–December 1998), K. Tesamen Hogerop Diest (two spells, in 1999–2000 and November 2000 – June 2001) and Mechelen (July–November 2000). Clijsters was endorsed by Diadora. Afterwards, Clijsters managed the professional tennis career of his daughter Kim. After her retirement, \"Lei\" became coach of third division club Tongeren, with which he had also played, in October 2007. He resigned in January 2008, after his family announced that he was suffering from a serious illness. Details were kept secret, but in February the Belgian press reported it to be metastatic melanoma and that treatment was not working. Clijsters played in 40 international matches for the Belgian national team, participating at UEFA Euro 1984 and the 1986 and 1990 FIFA World Cups. In the 1986 edition, as Belgium reached the last four, he only appeared in two matches (being used as a substitute in the 2–1 win over Iraq and the famous round of 16 4–3 victory over the USSR. In 1990, Clijsters saw action against South Korea (2–0 win), Uruguay (in which he scored a stunning header in a 3–1 triumph) and England (lost 0–1 after extra time). Clijsters was married to Els Vandecaetsbeek until 2005. On 4 January 2009, Leo Clijsters succumbed to the illness at age 52. Upon his death, Belgian newspapers like \"Het Laatste Nieuws\" revealed that he suffered from a recurrence of a melanoma which had spread to the lungs and other organs, having already experienced a bout of this condition twenty five years earlier. Lei Clijsters Leo Albert Jozef \"Lei\" Clijsters (6 November 1956 – 4 January 2009) was a Belgian professional footballer, who played as a central defender. Throughout his extensive senior career, the tough stopper was mainly associated with KV Mechelen, with whom he won the UEFA Cup"
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"Edward Baeshe Edward Baeshe or Bashe (1507?-1587) was an English naval administrator and politician. He was born the son of Richard Baeshe of Worcester. He worked under Thomas Cromwell, and in 1550 became General Surveyor of Victuals for the navy. He was the Member of Parliament for Rochester during the reign of Queen Mary and Elizabeth (elected Nov 1554, 1559 and 1563), and for Preston in 1571. He was Sheriff of Hertfordshire for 1571 and 1584. He married twice: firstly Thomasin Baker (no children) and secondly Jane, the daughter of Sir Ralph Sadler of Hackney, with whom he had two sons. Edward Baeshe Edward Baeshe or Bashe (1507?-1587) was an English naval administrator and politician. He was born the son of Richard Baeshe of Worcester. He worked under Thomas Cromwell, and in 1550 became General Surveyor of Victuals for the navy. He was the Member of Parliament for Rochester during the reign of Queen Mary and Elizabeth (elected Nov 1554, 1559 and 1563), and for Preston in 1571. He was Sheriff of Hertfordshire for 1571 and 1584. He married twice: firstly Thomasin Baker (no children) and secondly Jane, the daughter of Sir Ralph Sadler of Hackney, with whom he had"
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"Lancaster, Texas Lancaster ( ) is a city in Dallas County, Texas, United States. The population was 36,361 at the 2010 census. Founded in 1852 as a frontier post, Lancaster is one of Dallas County's earliest settlements. Today, it is a suburban community located in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, approximately south of Downtown Dallas. Lancaster is part of the Best Southwest area, which includes Lancaster, Cedar Hill, DeSoto, and Duncanville. In 1841, an act of the Republic of Texas Congress authorized President Mirabeau Lamar to enter into a contract with William S. Peters and nineteen associates to promote settlement in North Texas and paid the company with free land in exchange for recruiting new settlers. Around 600 families would settle in what became known as Peters Colony from 1841 through 1844. The Peters' group advertised heavily in Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Tennessee, and for that reason, many of the earliest settlers were from those states. The first group to settle in the Lancaster area was Roderick Rawlins and his family from Greene County, Illinois. They left for Texas in September 1844. Rawlins and two of his sons-in-law came ahead to select the general area where they would settle. They chose an uninhabited area south of Dallas along the north bank of Ten Mile Creek as the site of their new settlement. In December 1844, the three men went back to Lamar County near the Red River to bring the rest of their wagon train. All of the settlers had arrived by January 2, 1845 and they formed a community known as Hardscrabble. It consisted of two rows of log cabins with a street running north and south. In total, 30 men, women, and children lived in Hardscrabble. Several miles north of Hardscrabble, a second community called Pleasant Run was established in 1846 by Polly Rawlins, one of Roderick's daughters, and her husband Madison Moultrie \"M.M.\" Miller. Together, the Millers built a two-room structure with one room used as a general store and the other for living. By 1848, the structure had grown to fifteen rooms, a separate store, and a warehouse. A post office was established with biweekly mail delivery and Miller as postmaster. By 1850, he had laid out a town and sold lots, but never filed a plat of the community with Dallas County. At its peak, Pleasant Run boasted a stage stop, school, and steam-powered grist mill in addition to Miller's store. Accelerated by the death of M.M. Miller in 1860, Pleasant Run declined. Shortly after the Rawlins' settlers abandoned the Hardscrabble settlement, Lancaster became the dominant community in the area. The founder of Lancaster was \"A\" Bledsoe (some sources list his name as \"Abram Bledsoe\" or \"Albert A. Bledsoe\"). He was born in Lancaster, Kentucky in 1801. An interesting note regarding his name: according to family lore, when his father Moses first looked at his newborn son, he is said to have remarked, \"he looks like a Bledsoe.\" Thus his name, A Bledsoe, is unmarked by a period. Bledsoe surveyed and staked off the original town of Lancaster in 1852. He purchased 430-acres of land from the widow of Roderick Rawlins and modeled it after his Kentucky hometown. The layout featured a town square with streets entering from the center of each side rather than from the corners. Bledsoe began selling lots at a public auction in 1853, reportedly giving as many as two-thirds of them to settlers from the nearby Pleasant Run community. The official plat of the town of Lancaster wasn't filed with Dallas County until 1857. Bledsoe would later serve as Dallas County Judge and State Comptroller. He died in 1882. In 1860, a post office was established in Lancaster. During the American Civil War, the Tucker, Sherrod & Company contracted with the State of Texas to manufacture replicas of the .44 caliber Colt Dragoon from a factory on West Main Street in Lancaster. John M. Crockett, former mayor of Dallas and lieutenant governor of Texas, served as superintendent of the arms factory. In the early years of Reconstruction, a drought crippled the economy to such an extent that few residents could afford more than the most basic of necessities. It would be well into the 1870s before the economy fully recovered, due in large part to the town's proximity to heavily trafficked cattle trails. The first public well was dug in the city of the town square in 1876. Fires destroyed parts of the square in 1877, 1889, and again in 1918, each time being promptly rebuilt. Local telephone service came to Lancaster in 1881. Lancaster was incorporated on May 5, 1886. One year later, the \"Lancaster Herald\" newspaper began printing. In December 1888, Lancaster's train depot opened as a stop on the Dallas and Waco Railway. In 1891, it became part of the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad (MKT) line, running from Dallas to the Gulf Coast of Texas. The Lancaster Tap Railroad, completed in 1890, connected the MKT line in Lancaster with the Dallas-Houston line of the Houston and Texas Central Railway (H&TC) in Hutchins, 4.5 miles away. It operated for 44 years. Rene Paul \"R.P.\" Henry opened the first official bank in 1889. By 1897, the town had a public school, Masonic Temple, a chapter of the International Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF), and a variety of Christian churches. From 1898 to 1901, Texas Christian University founder Randolph Clark established Randolph College in Lancaster. After its closure, the facilities were used continuously until they burned in 1912 fire. At the start of the 20th century, Lancaster had 1,045 residents and served hundreds more from the surrounding rural areas who worked, worshiped, attended school, and made their purchases in the town. The Texas Legislature created the Lancaster Independent School District in March 1905 and voters approved several bond elections over the next decade that improved educational facilities. Electric lighting was introduced in 1911 via the Texas Power and Light Company when the interurban Texas Electric Railway (Dallas to Waco) ran through town. Lancaster remained tied to its surrounding agricultural lands. Farmers produced a wide range of crops, including wheat, cotton, beans, peas, and sweet potatoes. Many agricultural-related businesses also thrived until the Dust Bowl and Great Depression caused the economy to contract. On February 27, 1934, Clyde Barrow of Bonnie & Clyde fame robbed the R.P. Henry and Sons Bank that was then located near the southeast corner of the town square. Bonnie Parker waited in the getaway car on Malloy Bridge Road while Clyde and Raymond Hamilton walked in, robbed the bank, and walked out with over $4,000. In June 1936, a storm toppled Lancaster's 50,000-gallon water tower, brought down utility poles and damaged many homes. It wasn't until the early 1940s that the economic climate began to show improvement. Between 1900 and 1940, Lancaster's population grew slowly, ranging between 1,000 and 1,200 at each census. In 1950, the population had risen to just over 2,600. Soon after, the growth rate rapidly increased as Lancaster began to transform from a small town into a suburban bedroom community of Dallas. By 1960, there were 7,501 residents living in the city, a 185 percent increase over the 1950 figure. Highlights of the 1970s included a 1975 urban renewal project to improve the town square, which had suffered a loss of businesses to areas outside of downtown, and the opening of Cedar Valley College in 1977. Significant development continued into the 1980s. A hospital, two shopping centers, four schools, several apartment complexes, and a number of new residential subdivisions were built to accommodate the growing population. On the night of April 25, 1994, a violent F4 tornado ripped through Lancaster, killing three and injuring nearly 50 others. More than 250 homes and every building on the town square was heavily damaged or completely destroyed by the roughly half-mile wide tornado. The White & Company Bank building, a local landmark since 1898, was",
"increase over the 1950 figure. Highlights of the 1970s included a 1975 urban renewal project to improve the town square, which had suffered a loss of businesses to areas outside of downtown, and the opening of Cedar Valley College in 1977. Significant development continued into the 1980s. A hospital, two shopping centers, four schools, several apartment complexes, and a number of new residential subdivisions were built to accommodate the growing population. On the night of April 25, 1994, a violent F4 tornado ripped through Lancaster, killing three and injuring nearly 50 others. More than 250 homes and every building on the town square was heavily damaged or completely destroyed by the roughly half-mile wide tornado. The White & Company Bank building, a local landmark since 1898, was severely damaged in the tornado but was rebuilt, and in 1998 reopened as headquarters for the Lancaster Economic Development Corporation. In 2005 and 2006 Lancaster was a finalist for the All-America City Award. In 2007 the National Arbor Day Foundation designated Lancaster a Tree City USA. Between 2000 and 2010, Lancaster's population increased by 40 percent, making it one of the fastest-growing cities in Dallas County during the decade. On April 3, 2012, an EF-2 tornado struck the city as part of the tornado outbreak of the same date. 300 structures were reported damaged. A tornado emergency was not called for Lancaster, but a tornado emergency was called for the nearby cities of Dallas, Greenville, and Arlington. No deaths were reported from either the Lancaster tornado or any other tornado that day. Lancaster is located in southern Dallas County and is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, the largest metropolitan area in the state of Texas. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. On November 14, 2011, a tract of land covering within Lancaster's extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ) was annexed to the city. Lancaster is situated within the Blackland Prairie region of Texas, which is characterized by level to gently rolling topography. Ten Mile Creek and its tributaries are a major drainage feature in and around the city. Because much of the area was used for farming and other agricultural business, much of the natural vegetation has been cleared. Areas near creeks have retained some of their original tree cover, which includes pecan trees, cedar elms, and several species of oak. Lancaster is located within the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification: \"Cfa\"), which is characterized by hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters. On average, July is the warmest month and January is the coolest month. The maximum average precipitation occurs in May. At the 2010 United States Census there were 36,361 people, 12,520 households, and 9,252 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,200.8 per square mile (463.6 km). There were 13,622 housing units at an average density of 449.9 per square mile (173.7 km). The racial makeup of the city was 24,997 (68.75%) African American, 7,409 (20.38%) White (12.90% Non-Hispanic White), 128 (0.35%) Native American, 106 (0.29%) Asian, 13 (0.04%) Pacific Islander, 2,951 (8.12%) from other races, and 757 (2.08%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6,164 (16.95%) of the population. There were 12,520 households, out of which 4,892 (39.1%) had children under the age of 18 living with them, 5,159 (41.2%) were married couples living together, 3,393 (27.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, and 3,268 (26.1%) were non-families. 2,788 (22.3%) of all households were made up of individuals and 593 (4.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.36. The population was spread out with 11,350 people (31.2%) under the age of 18, 3,250 (8.9%) aged 18 to 24, 10,676 (29.4%) aged 25 to 44, 8,457 (23.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,628 (7.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.5 males. As of the census of 2000, there were 25,894 people, 9,182 households, and 6,895 families residing in the city. The population density was 884.0 people per square mile (341.3/km²). There were 9,590 housing units at an average density of 327.4 per square mile (126.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 37.63% White, 53.00% African American, 0.49% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 6.58% from other races, and 1.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.59% of the population. As of the 2000 census, Lancaster is the largest African American-majority city in Texas. There were 9,182 households out of which 40.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 20.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.22. In the city, the population was spread out with 30.5% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $43,773, and the median income for a family was $48,498. Males had a median income of $33,406 versus $30,653 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,731. About 6.1% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over. In its early years, Lancaster was an agrarian market center for the surrounding area. The arrival of railroads in the late 19th century transformed the community into a transportation hub. As the city has grown, the economic base has diversified. Today, light industrial manufacturing, distribution, health care, education, residential development, and retail services are all significant components of the local economy. Lancaster has attracted the attention of logistics-related companies in recent years. The city's location in the fast-growing Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex region, land availability, easy access to three major interstate highways, Lancaster Regional Airport, and a planned 200-acre BNSF intermodal freight facility round out the logistic options of road, rail, and air for the transport of goods. ProLogis Park 20/35 at the northeast corner of Houston School Road and Cedardale Road is the largest logistics business park in Lancaster. It was developed in 2006 and now houses manufacturing and warehouse facilities for ProLogis, Quaker Oats/PepsiCo, and BMW among others. According to the Lancaster's Department of Economic Development, the top employers in the city are: The City of Lancaster is a home-rule city with a council-manager form of government. Under this type of local government, the day-to-day management of the city is directed by a city manager. The city manager is appointed by the city council and serves as chief administrative officer for the city. Opal Mauldin Robertson is the current city manager of Lancaster. The seven-member city council consists of the mayor, who represents the city as a whole and is elected at-large, and six members elected in single-member districts. The current electoral system was implemented in 1994. The mayor and city council members serve staggered three-year terms. Clyde C. Hairston is the current mayor of Lancaster. The city of Lancaster is a voluntary member of the North Central Texas Council of Governments association, the purpose of which is to coordinate individual and collective local",
"Under this type of local government, the day-to-day management of the city is directed by a city manager. The city manager is appointed by the city council and serves as chief administrative officer for the city. Opal Mauldin Robertson is the current city manager of Lancaster. The seven-member city council consists of the mayor, who represents the city as a whole and is elected at-large, and six members elected in single-member districts. The current electoral system was implemented in 1994. The mayor and city council members serve staggered three-year terms. Clyde C. Hairston is the current mayor of Lancaster. The city of Lancaster is a voluntary member of the North Central Texas Council of Governments association, the purpose of which is to coordinate individual and collective local governments and facilitate regional solutions, eliminate unnecessary duplication, and enable joint decisions. Lancaster is located in Texas' 30th congressional district of the U.S. House of Representatives and is represented by Democrat Eddie Bernice Johnson. In the Texas Legislature, Lancaster is in District 23 of the Texas Senate, represented by Democrat Royce West. In the Texas House of Representatives, the city is part of District 109, which is represented by Democrat Helen Giddings. Lancaster is served mainly by the Lancaster Independent School District (LISD). The school district consists of eleven campuses: seven elementary schools, one sixth grade center, one middle school, one high school, and an alternative school. Approximately 6,800 students were enrolled in LISD as of Fall 2013. The Dallas Independent School District (DISD) serves a small portion of the city that includes the subdivisions of Cedardale Highlands, Taylor Brothers, and Lancaster Gardens. Students living in this area are zoned to Wilmer-Hutchins Elementary School, Kennedy-Curry Middle School, and Wilmer-Hutchins High School. The area had been part of the Wilmer-Hutchins Independent School District (WHISD) until the district was ordered closed prior to the start of the 2005-2006 school year. Dallas ISD agreed to absorb WHISD after Lancaster, which was given the first option to take over the district, declined. There are two public charter schools in the city. Life School Lancaster opened in 2007 and serves students from Kindergarten through sixth grade. In January 2012, the Accelerated Intermediate Academy (AIA) opened an elementary campus in Lancaster on East Belt Line Road. Berne Academy is the sole private school in Lancaster. Cedar Valley College, a two-year accredited institution affiliated with the Dallas County Community College District (DCCCD) is located on the border of Lancaster and Dallas. The college offers workforce training, continuing education, and college preparatory programs. As of Spring 2013, 6,375 students were enrolled at the campus. The University of North Texas at Dallas campus is located just north of the Lancaster city limits in far southern Dallas. Lancaster Veterans Memorial Library is located in Lancaster Community Park. The library relocated from a building on West Main Street in downtown to its present location in May 2001. The 23,000 square foot facility includes a public meeting room, reading lounge, and genealogical center. Lancaster residents can obtain a library card free of charge, which entitles the bearer to borrow materials and use the public access internet computers. Non-residents may purchase a library card for a nominal, annual fee. Just north of the library is a paved contemplative garden funded by the non-profit Friends of the Lancaster Veterans Memorial Library organization. Lancaster's newspaper of record is the \"Focus Daily News\". The DeSoto-based daily newspaper serves the southern suburbs of Dallas and is currently the largest circulation suburban daily newspaper in the state of Texas. The responsibilities of Lancaster's Parks and Recreation Department include park maintenance, recreation programs, and management of recreational facilities. The system of public parks in Lancaster covers more than 600 acres. The 170-acre Lancaster Community Park is the most utilized park in the city. It features a six-acre pond known as Contemplation Lake with a fishing pier, lighted football and soccer fields, hiking/biking trails, playground, amphitheater, and the Royce Clayton Baseball Field, which has a covered grandstand that can seat 500 spectators. The Recreation Center, Senior Life Center, Library, and Public Safety Building are located in the park. Lancaster City Park is another highly utilized park in the city with four baseball/softball fields, two playgrounds, two tennis courts, a basketball court, walking trail, and an off-leash area for dogs. The park also has two concession stands and two large pavilions, each with 15 tables. The Cedardale Park and Complex in northern Lancaster contains baseball/softball fields, a basketball court, playground, and concession stand. There are smaller neighborhood parks located throughout the city with playgrounds and other amenities. They are J.A. Dewberry Park, Jaycee Park, Kids Square Park, Meadowcreek Park, Rocky Crest Park, Stanford Park, and Verona Park. Heritage Park, which contains an iconic gazebo, is located north of the historic town square in downtown Lancaster. The newest addition to the park system is the 2.4 mile Pleasant Run Hike and Bike Trail, which opened in the spring of 2010 and is routed through neighborhoods in central Lancaster. Two nature preserves have been established in Lancaster, Bear Creek Nature Park and the Ten Mile Creek Preserve. The 189-acre Bear Creek Nature Park was created on land purchased with a $500,000 matching grant from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Features of the park site include equestrian and walking trails with interpretive signage, a fishing pond, climbing rock, butterfly garden, and a large pavilion for picnics. Additionally, there is an outdoor classroom and educational programs available for children. The Ten Mile Creek Preserve sits on land donated to the city by Dallas County. It remains largely undeveloped to protect the natural meadows and wooded areas. A two-mile unpaved trail runs through the preserve. The 64,000 square foot Lancaster Recreation Center features an indoor water park, gymnasium, elevated jogging track, and a fitness atrium with an aerobics/dance room. The building also includes a banquet room and catering kitchen that can be utilized for meetings and other social events. The banquet room has a covered outdoor terrace and courtyard that overlooks Contemplation Lake. The Senior Life Center is a full-service activity center serving adults aged 50 years and older. The 11,500 square foot building opened in December 2008. The facility includes a dining hall, commercial kitchen, classrooms, computer lab, and reading lounge. Transportation to and from the center is available for Lancaster residents in need. Country View Golf Course is an 18-hole, par 70 public golf course located on West Belt Line Road. It was designed by Florida architect Ron Garl and opened for play in 1989. The course spans 6,461 yards from the back tee with Bermuda grass fairways. There is a chipping area, putting green, and driving range as well as on-site golf pro shop and sports bar. The 45,000 square foot Cold War Air Museum is located on the grounds of Lancaster Regional Airport. Flying aircraft from the Cold War-era are exhibited as well as related artifacts, artwork, and library resources from that period. A portion of the museum is a working restoration facility which actively returns Cold War-era aircraft to flying status. Also located at Lancaster Regional Airport, the Commemorative Air Force Museum–Dallas/Fort Worth Wing is dedicated to the preservation of combat aircraft of World War II. The Lancaster Visitors Center & State Auxiliary Museum is located in the renovated Interurban Building at the corner of Dallas Avenue and Main Street, the museum",
"There is a chipping area, putting green, and driving range as well as on-site golf pro shop and sports bar. The 45,000 square foot Cold War Air Museum is located on the grounds of Lancaster Regional Airport. Flying aircraft from the Cold War-era are exhibited as well as related artifacts, artwork, and library resources from that period. A portion of the museum is a working restoration facility which actively returns Cold War-era aircraft to flying status. Also located at Lancaster Regional Airport, the Commemorative Air Force Museum–Dallas/Fort Worth Wing is dedicated to the preservation of combat aircraft of World War II. The Lancaster Visitors Center & State Auxiliary Museum is located in the renovated Interurban Building at the corner of Dallas Avenue and Main Street, the museum contains exhibits and historical artifacts showcasing the history of Lancaster and the State of Texas. The building also houses the Lancaster Chamber of Commerce and visitors center. The Rocky Crest Museum highlights a collection of historical items connected to Rocky Crest School - Lancaster's first school for African-Americans, its former students, and the surrounding community. The museum is located at the J.D. Hall Learning Center on Second Street, site of the former Rocky Crest School. Lancaster has three properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Randlett House, Captain R. A. Rawlins House, and the W. A. Strain Farm-Strain House. The Texas Historical Commission has designated 14 sites in the Lancaster area with historical markers. Listed below are the sites in Lancaster with state historical markers and the year they received the designation: Several community events are held in Lancaster throughout the year. In January, the Lancaster Martin Luther King, Jr. Foundation hosts the annual MLK parade and gala. The Lancaster Country Ride, sponsored by Greater Dallas Bicyclists (GDB), takes place each April. The route begins at the town square and traverses the back roads of Lancaster. The annual July Fourth celebration is held at Lancaster Community Park and features family activities, food, and a fireworks show. It is a joint collaboration between the cities of Lancaster and DeSoto. The Dallas/Fort Worth Wing of the Commemorative Air Force hosts Warbirds on Parade in the late summer (August/September). The event at Lancaster Regional Airport features restored World War II aircraft, military vehicles, memorabilia and classic cars. In October, an Oktoberfest celebration is held by the Lancaster Historic Society. Lancaster High School's homecoming parade is also held during the month. A Christmas parade and festival is held in December. The festival includes a tree lighting, live entertainment, and carnival games. The city sponsors four \"Trash Off\" events during the year. Residents participate by bringing bulk trash, recyclables, tires, scrap metal, brush, and electronic waste for disposal. Local organizations and volunteers also participate in clean-up campaigns across the city. 2nd Saturday on the Square is a long-standing tradition in Lancaster. Held at the historic town square on the second Saturday of each month, the event features food, music, entertainment, and a variety of commercial vendors. Lancaster is served by two interstate highways. Interstate 35E forms the western boundary of the city and east-west access is provided by Interstate 20, located on the far-north side of Lancaster. Interstate 45 is situated approximately five miles to the east. Principal thoroughfares within the city include State Highway 342 (running north-south, also known as Dallas Avenue), Houston School Road (north-south), Pleasant Run Road (east-west), and Belt Line Road (east-west). Lancaster Regional Airport is a public use airport located two miles southeast of the central business district of Lancaster. Currently used for general aviation purposes, the airport is publicly owned by City of Lancaster and serves as a reliever airport for Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport and Dallas Love Field. It has one runway designated 13/31 with an asphalt surface measuring 6,502 by 100 feet (1,982 x 30 m). There is no public transportation in Lancaster and the city is not a member of Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART). The Cedar Valley College campus is served by Bus Route 553, which is currently the southernmost stop on DART. Crescent Medical Center Lancaster is an 84-bed acute care general hospital located at 2600 West Pleasant Run Road. The hospital was formerly known as the Medical Center at Lancaster, which closed in 2008. After being purchased by new owners and undergoing major renovations, Crescent Medical Center opened on June 17, 2013. Lancaster, Texas Lancaster ( ) is a city in Dallas County, Texas, United States. The population was 36,361 at the 2010 census. Founded in 1852 as a frontier post, Lancaster is one of Dallas County's earliest settlements. Today, it is a suburban community located in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, approximately south of Downtown Dallas. Lancaster is part of the Best Southwest area, which includes Lancaster, Cedar Hill, DeSoto, and Duncanville. In 1841, an act of the Republic of Texas Congress authorized President Mirabeau Lamar to enter into a contract with"
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"Richard Lippincott (Quaker) Richard Lippincott (1615–1683) was an early settler of Shrewsbury, New Jersey. Lippincott was a devout English Quaker who emigrated to Colonial America to escape persecution for his religious beliefs. Born in Devon, England, Richard Lippincott settled in Dorchester, Massachusetts Bay Colony and became a member of the church, consequently being made a Freeman by the General Court of Boston on 13 May 1640. His first child, a son was born there and he was named Remembrance in the traditional Puritan manner. However Lippincott soon removed to Boston where his second son John and his eldest daughter Abigail were born. He was becoming disillusioned with New England Puritanism and was formally excommunicated on 6 July 1651 for being tenacious about his religious beliefs which became increasingly different from the church doctrine. A year later he returned to England hoping to find greater religious liberties than he did in Massachusetts Bay. He named his next child Restore in commemoration of this event. After this he began to associate with George Fox and the Society of Friends (Quakers) and started debating with Fox's future wife Margaret Fell about whether Christ or the Scriptures was the Word of God. Lippincott was jailed at Plymouth, Devonshire for attesting that \"Christ was the Word of God, and the Scriptures a document of the mind of God\". After his release he found the occasion to name his next child, a son, \"Freedom\". Things were quiet for a while and during this time a daughter named Increase and a son named Jacob were born. After this last child he was again jailed for the \"faithfulness of his religious convictions\". Fortunately he was released with the help of Margaret Fell who had some influence with Charles II. Deciding that he was treated more poorly as a Quaker in England than he was in the New World he moved to Rhode Island where his last son Preserved was born as Lippincott finally believed that he had found liberty in Roger Williams' new colony. Later, he moved to the area of Shrewsbury, New Jersey after buying patents for purchase of which he was by far the largest shareholder. The reason given for the founding of the patents was in order that the inhabitants could experience \"free liberty of Conscience without any molestation or disturbance whatever in the way of worship. George W. Bush is a descendant of his son Freedom Lippincott through his mother, Barbara Bush Richard Nixon is a descendant of his son Restore Lippincott Kevin Bacon is a descendant of his son Restore Lippincott Sam Waterston, the American Actor, is a descendant of his son Freedom Lippincott through his mother, Alice. Richard Lippincott (Quaker) Richard Lippincott (1615–1683) was an early settler of Shrewsbury, New Jersey. Lippincott was a devout English Quaker who emigrated to Colonial America to escape persecution for his religious beliefs. Born in Devon, England, Richard Lippincott settled in Dorchester, Massachusetts Bay Colony and became a member of the church, consequently being made a"
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"1950 Cypriot enosis referendum An unofficial referendum on enosis with Greece was held in Cyprus between 15 and 22 January 1950. Only Greek Cypriots could vote, and the proposal was approved by 95.71% of those taking part. On 12 December 1949, Archbishop Makarios II had called on the British authorities to hold a referendum on the future of the island. After they refused, the Church Council and the Enosis organisation organised a referendum. Signature books were provided in churches between 15 and 22 January 1950. The books had two columns, entitled \"We demand union with Greece\" and \"We are against the union of Cyprus with Greece\". After the referendum, the Church of Cyprus publicly admonished those who had voted against enosis. In the latter years of British rule in Cyprus, the Church sought to silence dissenting opinion among Greek Cypriots, sometimes by violent means. 1950 Cypriot enosis referendum An unofficial referendum on enosis with Greece was held in Cyprus between 15 and 22 January 1950. Only Greek Cypriots could vote, and the proposal was approved by 95.71% of those taking part. On 12 December 1949, Archbishop Makarios II had called on the British authorities to hold a referendum on the"
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"Leaving Certificate Applied The Leaving Certificate Applied (LCA) is a self-contained two-year programme of the Irish Department of Education and Skills. It was first introduced in 1995. According to the Department, the programme is \"intended to meet the needs of those pupils who either choose not to opt for other Leaving Certificate Programmes. The programme is aimed at young people who have completed the Junior Certificate and students who have taken a FÁS course. According to The Irish Examiner News, 2,965 students recently took exams for the Leaving Certificate Applied. Overall, according to the article, roughly 57,000 students recently took exams for the Irish Leaving Certificate. Leaving Certificate Applied The Leaving Certificate Applied (LCA) is a self-contained two-year programme of the Irish Department of Education and Skills. It was first introduced in 1995. According to the Department, the programme is \"intended to meet the needs of those pupils who either choose not to opt for other Leaving Certificate Programmes. The programme is aimed at young people who have completed the Junior Certificate and students who have taken a FÁS course. According to The Irish Examiner News, 2,965 students recently took exams for the Leaving Certificate Applied. Overall, according to the"
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"Weapon-class destroyer The Weapon class was a class of destroyers built for the British Royal Navy towards the end of World War II. They were the smaller counterpart to the (which followed them) and were the first new destroyer designs for the Royal Navy since the Second World War \"Emergency Programme\". 20 ships were planned, of which only 13 were laid down and 7 were launched, but the cessation of hostilities resulted in only 4 being completed for service. Two of the ships had been previously ordered (as \"Celt\" and \"Centaur\") as part of the planned , or 15th Emergency flotilla, of 1944, but the orders were changed to the new design. The Weapon class were an intermediate size built to take advantage of slipways that were too small to be used to build Battle-class destroyers. The hull length was not much increased over the \"War Emergency Programme\" design, but beam and draught were increased to allow for a displacement increase, as the latter design was grossly overweight with the addition of wartime technology to a relatively small hull. Two full sets of torpedo tubes were carried, a somewhat retrospective feature in a late-war design. A criticism of the older designs was the use of adjacent boiler rooms. This had been adopted to allow for a single funnel, to lower the silhouette and increase the deck space of the relatively small hull. However, this made the ship vulnerable to being disabled by a single hit amidships. To remedy this, the Weapon class adopted the \"unit\" system, of side-by-side boiler and engine rooms with alternate port/starboard arrangement. This was standard practice in United States Navy ships, but these were generally far larger than their Royal Navy counterparts. The unit arrangement meant that 2 funnels were needed. The forward funnel was trunked up through the foremast and there was a small stump funnel between the torpedo tubes. This led to an unusual and rather unbalanced appearance, similar to that of the , and the Weapons were not the most attractive of ships. The main improvement over earlier ships was to remedy the woefully inadequate arrangements for anti-aircraft defence. To this end, three twin 4-inch Mark XIV mountings were carried, remotely controlled by a Type 275 Radar equipped Mark VI(M) director, allowing full blind-fire against aircraft targets. The light battery consisted of 2 of the new STAAG (Stabilised Tachymetric Anti-Aircraft Gun) mounts for twin Bofors 40 mm guns and two single weapons on Mk. II mounts in the bridge wings. The STAAGs were carried on either side aft, and each had its own Type 262 Radar and predictive fire control computer, allowing for automatic blind-fire engagement of targets. The STAAGs were excellent weapons on paper and the firing range, but when exposed to the vibration of a naval gun mounting and the rigour of the elements they were less than reliable. Coupled with a mounting weight of 17 tons, they were something of a disappointment and their post-war service was limited. Type 293 Radar was carried on the lattice foremast for target indication. To increase the anti-submarine capability of the class, it was decided to reduce the number of 4-inch mounts to 2, and to instead carry 2 \"Squid\" anti-submarine mortars. In \"Battleaxe\" and \"Broadsword\", these replaced 'B' gun, in the others it was 'X' that was lost. The latter arrangement was in fact preferable for the location of the \"squid\", but less so for gunnery, as it meant that the main weapons were unable to fire aft, which was a criticism also levelled at the Battle class. All four ships were plagued by their machinery, as the steam turbines had numerous design flaws. The problems were remedied by removing the steam feed to the lower half of the reversing turbine, but this halved reversing power, and as a consequence these ships were slow to decelerate and handled rather sluggishly. This problem proved fatal for \"Battleaxe\", when she was unable to manoeuvre quickly enough to prevent herself being rammed by the frigate in the Clyde in 1962. The damage was so catastrophic that it was beyond economical repair and she was written off as a total loss and scrapped. The Weapons were never an entirely satisfactory design, and were criticised for their light gun armament and overly heavy torpedo outfit. Perhaps best thought of as fast fleet frigates, they undoubtedly possessed a quantum increase in fighting efficiency over the wartime emergency ships, and were more than capable of facing the increased threat of the enemy submarine and aircraft. It is possible that the mysterious G or \"Gael\" class design, which possessed 2 twin semi-automatic Mark. VI guns was an attempt to remedy some of the deficiencies of the Weapons. The two ships authorised under the 1942 Programme as the \"Centaur\" and \"Celt\" of the \"CE\" class were ordered from Whites of Cowes on 3 February 1942; they were renamed \"Tomahawk\" and \"Sword\" when the order was altered to the new \"Intermediate\" design. The 1943 Programme authorised 17 ships to this design. The first six were ordered on 2 April 1943 - \"Battleaxe\" and \"Broadsword\" (from Yarrow); \"Carronade\" and \"Claymore\" (from Scotts); and \"Crossbow\" and \"Culverin\" (from Thornycroft). The next seven were ordered on 24 April - \"Cutlass\" and \"Dagger\" (from Yarrow); \"Dirk\", \"Grenade\" and \"Halberd\" (from Scotts); \"Howitzer\" (from Thornycroft); and \"Musket\" (from White). A final four were ordered on 27 May - \"Longbow\" (from Thornycroft); \"Poniard\" (from Scotts); and \"Rifle\" and \"Spear\" (from Denny). Three ships were cancelled on 22 November 1944 - \"Grenade\", \"Halberd\" and \"Poniard\". Eight more were cancelled on 15 October 1945 - \"Sword\", \"Claymore\", \"Dagger\", \"Dirk\", \"Howitzer\", \"Longbow\", \"Musket\" and \"Spear\". Another four were cancelled on 23 December 1945 - \"Carronade\", \"Culverin\", \"Cutlass\" and \"Rifle\". The class were something of an oddity in the post-war Royal Navy, and did not figure in any of the plans for the fleet of the future. They were laid up by 1956, but there emerged a need for fast fleet Aircraft Direction (A/D) ships to accompany the carrier strike force and act as radar pickets, directing fighter cover. The Battle class were being modified for this role, but as a stop-gap, the Weapons were given a more limited conversion. This involved adding a large mainmast amidships for the Radar Type 965 with an AKE-1 \"single bedstead\" antenna array, with the torpedo tubes replaced by radar offices. The director was replaced with a lighter MRS-8 pattern, possibly to lower topweight associated with the new radar, and all ships had the squids mounted aft and the guns mounted forward. They lacked specialised height finding and aircraft direction radar sets that the Battles possessed, and so were rapidly superseded and returned to reserve. Weapon-class destroyer The Weapon class was a class of destroyers built for the British Royal Navy towards the end of World War II. They were the smaller counterpart to the (which followed them) and were the first new destroyer designs for the Royal Navy since the Second World War \"Emergency Programme\". 20 ships were planned, of which only 13 were laid down and 7 were launched, but the cessation of hostilities resulted in only 4 being completed for service. Two of the"
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"Steve Spurrier Stephen Orr Spurrier (born April 20, 1945) is an American football coach and former player. He was born in Miami Beach, Florida and grew up in Tennessee, where he was a multi-sport all-state athlete at Science Hill High School in Johnson City. He attended the University of Florida, where he won the 1966 Heisman Trophy as a college football quarterback with the Florida Gators. The San Francisco 49ers picked him in the first round of the 1967 NFL draft, and he spent a decade playing professionally in the National Football League (NFL). After retiring as a player, Spurrier went into coaching and spent several years as an assistant at several college programs. His first head coaching job was with the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League (USFL) in 1983. After the USFL folded, he returned to college and served as the head football coach at Duke, Florida, and South Carolina. Between his stints at Florida and South Carolina, he led the National Football League's Washington Redskins for two seasons. Spurrier retired from coaching in 2015 and became an ambassador and consultant for the University of Florida's athletic department. In 2019, he will return to the sideline as the head coach the Orlando Apollos of the Alliance of American Football. Spurrier was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1986. He became the only Heisman Trophy winner to coach another Heisman Trophy winner when quarterback Danny Wuerffel won the award at Florida during the Gators' 1996 national championship season. Spurrier is the winningest coach in both Florida and South Carolina program history, joining Bear Bryant as the only coaches to hold the record for most coaching wins at two different SEC schools, and is second to Bryant in career SEC wins. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 2017, making him one of four members to be inducted as both a player and a coach. In September 2016, the University of Florida officially renamed the Gators' home field to Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium. Spurrier was born on April 20, 1945, in Miami Beach, Florida. He is the second son of a Presbyterian minister, J. Graham Spurrier, and his wife Marjorie. Graham Spurrier changed congregations repeatedly during Steve Spurrier's early childhood, resulting in several moves for the family. The Spurriers left Miami Beach before Steve Spurrier's first birthday, moving to Charlotte, North Carolina to live near his paternal grandparents. His father accepted pastorships in Athens, Tennessee and then in Newport, Tennessee before settling in Johnson City, Tennessee in 1957, when Steve Spurrier was 12 years old. The youngest Spurrier began to earn his reputation as a good athlete and a fierce competitor in Johnson City, impressing his peers and his older brother's friends with his tenacity in sandlot sports. Steve Spurrier's skills as a young baseball player caused a local businessman to talk the Reverend Spurrier into coaching the Little League team sponsored by his business so that Spurrier's son would be on the squad. The younger Spurrier has often repeated an anecdote about playing baseball on a team coached by his father. \"How many of you believe that it's not whether you win or lose, but how you play the game, that counts?\" the elder Spurrier once asked his players. When some raised their hands, he told them, \"Well, I don't believe in that saying. If they're keeping score, we're going to play to win.\" Spurrier attended Science Hill High School in Johnson City, Tennessee, where he was a three-sport letterman starring in high school football, basketball and baseball for the Science Hill Hilltoppers, and was an all-state selection in all three sports. In three years as the starting pitcher for Science Hill, he never lost a game and led his team to two consecutive state baseball championships. On the basketball court, Spurrier played point guard and was known for his ability to run his team's offense with flashy passes and dribbling and his knack for scoring in many different ways, attributes which earned him his high school conference's player of the year award for his senior year. Many observers in Johnson City thought that Spurrier's best sport in high school was basketball, and his father thought that he was best as baseball. While Spurrier agreed that basketball and baseball came more naturally, he preferred playing football, and he worked hard to improve as a quarterback. Spurrier was Science Hill's starting quarterback for two years, during which time Coach Kermit Tipton installed a passing offense to take advantage of Spurrier's talents and occasionally allowed him to call plays. Boosted by a post-season game at the end of his senior year in which he brought the Hilltoppers back from a 21–0 second-half deficit to win 28–21, Spurrier was a high school All-American and drew the attention of many college programs. After winning multiple all-state honors in high school, Spurrier was recruited in one or more sports by many colleges, including Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Kentucky, Duke, South Carolina, and both Air Force and Army. However, he was not aggressively pursued as a football player by the coaching staff at the University of Tennessee in nearby Knoxville because at the time, Tennessee ran a wing-T offense that featured a running quarterback while Spurrier was an excellent passer. While Tennessee never officially offered him a football scholarship, Volunteers basketball coach Ray Mears offered Spurrier a scholarship, which he declined since he preferred to play football. University of Florida coach Ray Graves heard about Spurrier late in the recruiting process from his brother Edwin, who was the postmaster in Knoxville, and visited Johnson City in February 1963. Spurrier and his family got along well with Graves, and Steve visited the Florida campus in Gainesville the following week. He received a favorable first impression of Gainesville when he arrived to find warm sunshine after leaving freezing temperatures in Tennessee, and thought more highly of Graves when the coach stayed by his side in the school infirmary after Spurrier's cold worsened into the flu during his recruiting visit. Graves did not promise Spurrier that he would be his starting quarterback, but he told the star recruit that he fit into his coaching staff's plan to open up the Gator offense and would be given a fair opportunity to earn the job. Soon after returning home to Johnson City, Spurrier agreed to attend the University of Florida because of \"the passing, the SEC, the weather, and coach Ray Graves.\" NCAA rules in the 1960s forbade college freshmen from participating in varsity sports competition. Spurrier therefore spent his first year at Florida practicing with the varsity team and playing on the freshman team, which scheduled four scrimmages against other schools' freshman squads as a way for young players to gain experience. In 1963, Spurrier led the \"Baby Gators\" to a 45-12 victory over Georgia's freshman team at Florida Field, a game which he half-jokingly claimed as a home win years later. Spurrier had been considered for the starting quarterback position leading up to his sophomore year of 1964, but a serious knee injury suffered during spring drills caused him to lose practice time and allowed returning senior starter Tommy Shannon to keep the job. Coach Ray Graves still felt the need to get the future star on the field, so he decided to alternate his two quarterbacks as the flow of the game dictated. Spurrier entered the season opening game against SMU in the second quarter. After two unsuccessful running plays called from the sidelines left the Gators in a third down and long situation, Coach Graves told Spurrier to call the next play himself. The young quarterback responded by completing a fifty-six yard screen pass on his first collegiate attempt and a touchdown on his second pass.",
"considered for the starting quarterback position leading up to his sophomore year of 1964, but a serious knee injury suffered during spring drills caused him to lose practice time and allowed returning senior starter Tommy Shannon to keep the job. Coach Ray Graves still felt the need to get the future star on the field, so he decided to alternate his two quarterbacks as the flow of the game dictated. Spurrier entered the season opening game against SMU in the second quarter. After two unsuccessful running plays called from the sidelines left the Gators in a third down and long situation, Coach Graves told Spurrier to call the next play himself. The young quarterback responded by completing a fifty-six yard screen pass on his first collegiate attempt and a touchdown on his second pass. Spurrier would add another touchdown pass during the second half of his varsity debut. The following week on the road at Mississippi State, Spurrier entered a tied game late in the fourth quarter and led the Gators down the field for a game-winning field goal. Spurrier continued to alternate with starter Tommy Shannon as the season progressed, gaining more playing time every week. After being named SEC Back of the Week for a two touchdown performance in a 30-14 upset over Ole Miss in October, Spurrier was given the starting nod for the undefeated Gators' next game against undefeated and #3 ranked and eventual national champion Alabama in Tuscaloosa. Though Spurrier threw a touchdown pass and was the Gators' offensive star, his team fell short when another late fourth quarter comeback attempt ended in a missed field goal and a 17-14 Alabama win. Spurrier remained the Gators' starter for the remainder of the season and was sometimes brilliant but inconsistent. He led the Gators to a 14-0 home win over rival Auburn and a 20-6 upset of #7 LSU in Baton Rouge, but he did not play well in losses to rivals Georgia and Florida State. Nevertheless, he was named the SEC's Sophomore of the Year for 1964. Spurrier was the Gators' starting quarterback and team leader in 1965 and 1966. He finished his three-year, thirty-one-game college career having completed 392 of 692 attempts for 4,848 passing yards and 37 touchdowns, breaking every UF and many conference records for passing and total offense. In addition to being a stellar passer, Spurrier gained notoriety by playing his best under pressure; eight times during his college career, he led the Gators to fourth quarter comeback wins. The most memorable example was a November 1966 game against Auburn, when, after leading the team down the field on a two minute drill, he waved off Florida's regular placekicker and booted a forty-yard field goal, giving the Gators a 30–27 win and likely securing himself the Heisman Trophy. This penchant for dramatic comebacks prompted John Logue of the \"Atlanta Constitution\" to famously write \"Blindfolded, with his back to the wall, with his hands tied behind him, Steve Spurrier would be a two-point favorite at his own execution.\" As a junior, Spurrier was named a Football Writers Association of America first-team All-American and is still the only player from the losing team to be named the MVP of the Sugar Bowl after passing for a record 352 yards in leading a furious fourth quarter rally that fell just short. As a senior, Spurrier was awarded many national recognitions, including the 1966 Heisman Trophy and Walter Camp Memorial Trophy, and was a unanimous first-team All-American. He was also the 1966 recipient of Florida's Fergie Ferguson Award, which recognizes the \"senior football player who displays outstanding leadership, character and courage.\" Though the 9-2 1966 season was one of the best in program football history up to that point (along with the 1928 Florida Gators football team), the Gators fell short of their elusive first conference title due to a 27-10 upset loss to arch-rival Georgia, a loss that Spurrier would remember when he returned as Florida's coach and made beating Georgia a priority. In 2006, Spurrier was recognized by \"The Gainesville Sun\" as the No. 2 player of the first century of the Gators football program. The San Francisco 49ers selected Spurrier in the first round (third pick overall) of the 1967 NFL Draft, trading up to land the star quarterback. Spurrier was told by team officials that he was being prepped to replace veteran 49ers quarterback and frequent All-Pro John Brodie in \"four or five years\", a situation which negatively affected his motivation. \"I was not a very ambitious player\", Spurrier admitted in his 2016 autobiography. Spurrier had few opportunities to play and fewer to start early in his pro career, and he did not play very well when he got on the field. He attempted less than five passes over the entire season in three out of his first five years in the NFL, and he did not throw a touchdown pass until his third pro season. Instead, he settled into the role of backup quarterback and starting punter. Spurrier's first extended opportunity came in 1972, when an injured ankle left Brodie unable to play for over a month. San Francisco was 2-3 when Spurrier became the starter, and he led the team to a 6-1-1 record, throwing sixteen touchdowns over eight games and putting them in a position to make the playoffs. Spurrier continued to start even after Brodie had recovered. However, when he threw three interceptions in the first half of the regular season finale, Brodie entered the game and led a second half comeback that clinched a playoff spot. Head coach Dick Nolan chose to start Brodie in the first round of the playoffs against the Dallas Cowboys, whom the 49ers had beaten 31-10 on Thanksgiving Day with Spurrier starting. Spurrier did not make an appearance in the playoff rematch, and the Cowboys intercepted Brodie twice on their way to a 30-28 victory that ended the 49ers' season. Spurrier next had an opportunity to start in the fifth game of the 1973 season, when he replaced a slumping Brodie against the Minnesota Vikings. He set team records with 31 completions and 320 passing yards, but he also tossed two interceptions, and the 49ers lost 17-14. With Spurrier suffering from a lingering knee injury, 49ers Coach Nolan decided to start fellow backup Joe Reed the following week, and Spurrier's playing time was again limited. Spurrier had successful knee surgery in the offseason and, with his NFL contract expired, listened to offers from teams in the new World Football League. However, John Brodie had retired, and as the heir apparent to the 49ers' starting quarterback position in 1974, Spurrier decided to re-sign with San Francisco. Spurrier played well in the preseason and had seemingly secured the starting job, but these plans were derailed when he suffered a badly dislocated shoulder in the final preseason game. The injury required surgery, and he missed virtually the entire season. A serious offseason traffic accident reaggravated the injury, and Spurrier was again the 49ers backup quarterback to start the 1975 season, this time to veteran Norm Snead. The 49ers began the 1975 season with a 2-5 record, prompting Spurrier to ask Nolan for a chance to start against the Los Angeles Rams, who had dominated the rivalry during his tenure in San Francisco. Nolan agreed, and Spurrier led his team to a 24-23 comeback win, throwing for 240 yards and three touchdowns with no interceptions in what he later called his \"best, or at least favorite\" game of his pro career. The performance earned him the starting job, and the 49ers won the next two games behind Spurrier to get back to 5-5. However, they lost their next four games, Spurrier was sent back to the bench, and Coach Nolan was fired at the conclusion of the season. Incoming coach Monte Clark traded multiple high draft picks for New England Patriots' quarterback Jim Plunkett, making it clear that Spurrier would not be a part of the 49ers' rebuilding plans. Overall, he was 13-12-1 as a starter with San",
"the Los Angeles Rams, who had dominated the rivalry during his tenure in San Francisco. Nolan agreed, and Spurrier led his team to a 24-23 comeback win, throwing for 240 yards and three touchdowns with no interceptions in what he later called his \"best, or at least favorite\" game of his pro career. The performance earned him the starting job, and the 49ers won the next two games behind Spurrier to get back to 5-5. However, they lost their next four games, Spurrier was sent back to the bench, and Coach Nolan was fired at the conclusion of the season. Incoming coach Monte Clark traded multiple high draft picks for New England Patriots' quarterback Jim Plunkett, making it clear that Spurrier would not be a part of the 49ers' rebuilding plans. Overall, he was 13-12-1 as a starter with San Francisco. In April 1976, Spurrier was sent to the expansion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in exchange for two players and a second round draft pick as part of the new franchise's first trade. The Buccaneers' new acquisition generated local excitement, as Spurrier had been a college star at the nearby University of Florida. He won the job as team's first starting quarterback, a position that he later regretted as the undermanned Bucs went on to suffer the first winless season (0-14) in modern NFL history. Though he had looked forward to playing professional football in Florida, Spurrier was frustrated by losing, the constant hits playing behind a porous offensive line, and his philosophical differences with Bucs coach John McKay. McKay insisted on employing a run-heavy attack similar to the offense he had used to win championships at The University of Southern California, while Spurrier felt that the team did not have the right personnel to run the ball effectively and should open up the offense. Another point of contention was Coach McKay's insistence that his son, John McKay, Jr., be the Buc's primary wide receiver while Spurrier and other observers felt that he did not have the talent to fill that role. The Bucs cut Spurrier in April 1977, a move that left Spurrier \"puzzled and disappointed\" since he had been working out with the team up to that point and had not been told that his release was imminent. He signed with the Denver Broncos in July and was released after playing in several preseason games, then signed with Miami Dolphins and was released one week before the beginning of the 1977 regular season, at which point he decided to end his playing career. Over 10 NFL seasons, Spurrier played in 106 games (starting 38), completing 597 passes in 1,151 attempts, for a total of 6,878 yards, 40 touchdowns, and 60 interceptions. He also punted 230 times for a 38.3 yard average. Spurrier spent fall 1977 out of football, living in Gainesville with his young family and considering possible career choices. While not officially connected with the University of Florida at the time, he was often on campus, running at the university's track and attending football games as a fan. He watched the Gators play to a 6–4–1 record in 1977, a season that prompted head coach Doug Dickey to scrap the wishbone-based run-heavy attack that his teams had used for several years with declining success in favor of a more open pro-style offense. To effect this change, Dickey revamped his offensive staff, and he hired Spurrier to his first coaching job as Florida's quarterbacks and receivers coach. The changes did not bring many positive results. While Florida's passing attack improved, the 1978 Gators' overall scoring output was almost identical to that of 1977 (about 22 points per game) and the team's record slumped to 4–7, leading to Dickey's dismissal. Spurrier expressed an interest in becoming Florida's next head coach but was not a serious candidate due to his lack of experience, and Clemson coach Charley Pell was hired soon after conclusion of the season. Pell chose not to retain any of Dickey's staff, leaving Spurrier without a job. In later years, Spurrier has repeatedly thanked Doug Dickey for giving him a chance to get into coaching with no prior experience. Spurrier was unsure if he wanted to continue pursuing a coaching career after his unpleasant experience at Florida, stating that he would only accept a position \"if the opportunity was really right.\" In 1979, he accepted an offer to become the quarterbacks coach at Georgia Tech under head coach Pepper Rodgers, who had been an offensive assistant at Florida when Spurrier was the quarterback. Like Dickey at Florida, Rodgers sought to shift Georgia Tech's offense from a wishbone attack to a more passing-oriented offense. And also like Dickey, Rodgers's efforts did not produce immediate results. The Yellow Jackets began the season 1-5-1 and did not score more than 14 points against a Division 1-A opponent over its first seven games. Spurrier, who had not been tasked with constructing a game plan and had seldom been allowed to call plays up to that point, asked Coach Rodgers for a larger role on the staff and was allowed to take control of the offense for the eighth game of the season, against Duke. Georgia Tech surprised Duke with a more aggressive offense than they'd run all year, and the Yellow Jackets won, 24-14. With Spurrier continuing to call plays, Georgia Tech won the next two games as well, scoring over 20 points in both contests and setting a Georgia Tech record for passing yardage in a season. But the campaign ended with a 16-3 loss to archrival Georgia, dropping Georgia Tech to 4-6-1 overall and leading to Rodgers' dismissal. Spurrier asked incoming head coach Bill Curry if he would be retained as Georgia Tech's quarterback coach and was told that he was one of \"two or three\" candidates for the job, prompting him to seek employment elsewhere. Spurrier would not forget being dismissed by Curry in 1980. In later years, Spurrier repeatedly mentioned his perfect record (6-0) against Curry's teams when they met as head coaches, often by very lopsided margins. In 1980, Spurrier was hired to be the offensive coordinator at Duke University by head coach Red Wilson, who had been impressed by Spurrier's coaching abilities the previous season when Georgia Tech had upset Wilson's Duke squad. Wilson gave the young coach free rein to design the offense, coach the quarterbacks, and call the plays, and Spurrier met the challenge by developing a record-breaking offense that Duke fans nicknamed \"Air Ball\". Under Spurrier, Blue Devils quarterback Ben Bennett set an NCAA record for career passing yardage, receiver Chris Castor was named ACC player of the year, and Duke's 1982 team became the first in Atlantic Coast Conference history to average more than 300 passing yards per game. Duke earned two straight winning seasons in 1981 and 1982, a feat that the program had not achieved since 1970 and 1971 and would not achieve again until Spurrier returned as the school's head football coach later in the decade. They also upset Tennessee in Knoxville 25-24 in 1982 on an 88-yard touchdown pass during Spurrier's first return to the state as an opponent. In later years, Spurrier has stated that his seasons working to get maximum production out of outmanned Duke squads were critical to his development as a coach and an offensive strategist. Success at a school not known for its football program also built Spurrier's reputation as an innovative young offensive coach who could improvise and succeed without seeming to work very hard. Duke quarterback Ben Bennett recalls Spurrier diagraming a trick halfback option play with his cereal on the morning before a game, and the play going for a 60-yard touchdown pass that afternoon. During another game, Spurrier devised a new pass play on the sideline which Duke ran for a touchdown on their next offensive possession. Coach Wilson had not seen the play before, and when he asked Spurrier what play he'd called, the young assistant replied \"Touchdown, coach.\" In 1983, Spurrier returned to Tampa to accept his first head",
"critical to his development as a coach and an offensive strategist. Success at a school not known for its football program also built Spurrier's reputation as an innovative young offensive coach who could improvise and succeed without seeming to work very hard. Duke quarterback Ben Bennett recalls Spurrier diagraming a trick halfback option play with his cereal on the morning before a game, and the play going for a 60-yard touchdown pass that afternoon. During another game, Spurrier devised a new pass play on the sideline which Duke ran for a touchdown on their next offensive possession. Coach Wilson had not seen the play before, and when he asked Spurrier what play he'd called, the young assistant replied \"Touchdown, coach.\" In 1983, Spurrier returned to Tampa to accept his first head coaching position with the Tampa Bay Bandits of the new United States Football League (USFL). At 37 years old, Spurrier was the youngest head coach in professional football at the time. \"BanditBall\" was marketed as a fun alternative to the woeful Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who were in the midst of a record-setting streak of losing seasons. Spurrier's wide-open offense was prominently featured, as was starting quarterback John Reaves, who had broken many of Spurrier's passing records at the University of Florida and had grown up in Tampa. The Bandits' attendance was the highest in the USFL over its three-year run, and Spurrier's offenses were consistently among the league's best. The team narrowly missed the playoffs in their first season and made the postseason the next two years. Overall, Spurrier led the Bandits to 35–21 record before the USFL dissolved after the 1985 season. Spurrier spent 1986 out of football as the USFL's planned move to a fall schedule never took place. When it became clear that the Bandits would not retake the field, Spurrier began to seek new coaching opportunities. He interviewed for several positions, including at LSU, where he was ultimately passed over in favor of Mike Archer. Finally, Spurrier returned to Duke University as the Blue Devils' new head coach and offensive coordinator in 1987. Spurrier proceeded to revive the Blue Devils to levels of success that the program had not realized in over twenty-five years. His offenses broke numerous school and conference records for scoring, passing yards, and total yards, many of which had been set during his tenure as Duke's offensive coordinator. His 1989 Duke squad was the most successful, winning Duke's first Atlantic Coast Conference championship since 1962 (and most recent to date), and appearing in their first bowl game since 1960. In what would become a recurring trend at most of his coaching stops, Spurrier's teams regularly beat their biggest rivals while he brashly \"needled\" them with jokes and \"zingers\" that were amusing to his fans but infuriating to opponents. Spurrier's Duke squads went 3-0 against archrival North Carolina, including a 41-0 victory in Chapel Hill that clinched a share of the 1989 ACC title. At Spurrier's suggestion, that win was followed by a joyful team picture taken in front of the Kenan Memorial Stadium scoreboard, a photo that still rankles some Tar Heel supporters. For his success, Spurrier was named the ACC Coach of the Year in both 1988 and 1989. In December 1989, Spurrier accepted an offer to return to the University of Florida as the Gators' head ball coach. He had privately expressed interest in the job in early October, when Florida coach Galen Hall was fired mid-season for his alleged involvement in an NCAA rules violation and prominent Gator boosters reached out to Spurrier. However, he delayed any further discussion at that time to concentrate on coaching Duke. After the Blue Devils clinched the ACC championship in their last regular season game, Spurrier met with University of Florida president Robert Bryan and athletic director Bill Arnsparger, and he agreed in principle to return to Florida on December 12. Spurrier asked to delay an official announcement until both Florida and Duke had played in their respective bowl games. As rumors swirled, however, Spurrier broke the news to his Duke team on December 27, the night before they played in the 1989 All-American Bowl. They played poorly and lost, and Spurrier later decided that he should have waited to tell his team until after the game, and that when it came to coaching jobs, \"it's best to make your decision and move on quickly\". Spurrier was officially announced as Florida's new football coach on December 31, 1989. During his introductory press conference on New Year's Eve 1989, Spurrier said that he wanted to immediately change several things, including bringing back blue jerseys (Florida had switched from traditional blue to orange in 1979 under Charley Pell), bringing back natural grass to Florida Field (artificial turf had been installed in the early 1970s), and putting Miami back on the schedule (the schools' annual series had ended after the 1987 game). He stressed the need to beat traditional rivals Auburn, Georgia, and Florida State, against whom Florida had gone 0-9 over the previous three seasons. Finally, he worked to convince Gator players and fans alike that it was possible to win championships at Florida, which had still never won an officially recognized conference title in eighty-three years of football. Spurrier inherited a team under NCAA investigation for the second time in five years. He successfully steered the program away from the previous scandals and led the Gators to the best record in the SEC in his first year, though they were declared ineligible for the league title due to NCAA probation handed down during the season. Building on the success of Spurrier's first year, Florida finally captured their first officially recognized SEC title in 1991. Under Spurrier, the Gators won the SEC title in four of the next five years, and represented the SEC East in the first five SEC Championship Games. The 1996 team captured the Gators' first-ever National Championship with a 52–20 win over Florida State in the Sugar Bowl, avenging the Gators' sole regular season loss in which Florida State upset Florida 24–21 in Tallahassee. Spurrier's finest moment as a coach may have been the Gators' 1997 game against the previously undefeated and national title game-bound Florida State Seminoles. Spurrier used a two-quarterback offense, rotating quarterbacks Doug Johnson and Noah Brindise in and out of the game, confusing the Florida State defense and its veteran coordinator, Mickey Andrews, and giving Spurrier more time to counsel his quarterbacks on the sidelines without having to use time-outs. Florida upset the heavily favored Seminoles 32–29. Significantly, Spurrier is credited with changing the way the SEC played football. Spurrier employed a pass-oriented offense (known in the sports media as the \"Fun 'n' Gun\") in contrast to the ball-control, rush-oriented offenses that were traditionally played in the SEC. His innovative offensive schemes forced many coaches in the SEC to change their offensive and defensive play-calling. While his offensive style used a more wide open passing game than the SEC was accustomed to, Spurrier was also able to utilize a constant group of talented running backs. Many of them would later go on to have success at the NFL level, including Errict Rhett, Fred Taylor, Terry Jackson, and Earnest Graham. Spurrier and his Gators accomplished a number of memorable feats during his twelve seasons in Gainesville (1990–2001), including: Spurrier is also credited with creating the nickname \"The Swamp\" for Ben Hill Griffin Stadium, the Gators' home field. In the early 1990s, he said, \". . . a swamp is where Gators live. We feel comfortable there, but we hope our opponents feel tentative. A swamp is hot and sticky and can be dangerous. Only Gators get out alive.\" Soon after becoming head coach, he insisted that the artificial turf then in use at the stadium be replaced with",
"to, Spurrier was also able to utilize a constant group of talented running backs. Many of them would later go on to have success at the NFL level, including Errict Rhett, Fred Taylor, Terry Jackson, and Earnest Graham. Spurrier and his Gators accomplished a number of memorable feats during his twelve seasons in Gainesville (1990–2001), including: Spurrier is also credited with creating the nickname \"The Swamp\" for Ben Hill Griffin Stadium, the Gators' home field. In the early 1990s, he said, \". . . a swamp is where Gators live. We feel comfortable there, but we hope our opponents feel tentative. A swamp is hot and sticky and can be dangerous. Only Gators get out alive.\" Soon after becoming head coach, he insisted that the artificial turf then in use at the stadium be replaced with natural grass, and the \"Swamp\" remains a natural surface field today. During Spurrier's tenure, the Gators built up one of the most formidable home field advantages in the nation; they would not lose a home SEC game until 1994, and would only suffer two more home losses to conference opponents during his 12-year run. Largely due to the formidable home-field advantage Spurrier built, he is by far the winningest coach in Florida history as his 122 wins are 52 more than runner-up Graves. Spurrier was known for his gamesmanship while coaching Florida, doing such things as giving much-derided Georgia coach Ray Goff the nickname of \"Ray Goof.\" His rivalry with the Tennessee Volunteers and their coach Phillip Fulmer became highly publicized, as Spurrier would gig the Volunteers after the Gators' wins over Tennessee, saying that \"you can't spell 'Citrus' without 'UT,'\" a reference to the Citrus Bowl, which has the contractual right to select the second-place SEC football team. He also said of Peyton Manning, Tennessee's quarterback, \"I know why Peyton came back for his senior year: he wanted to be a three-time Citrus Bowl MVP!\" Other memorable one-liners from Steve Spurrier included nicknaming rival Florida State University, \"Free Shoes University\", for the Seminoles' NCAA troubles with recruiting violations. On January 4, 2002, Spurrier abruptly resigned as head coach, stating, \"I simply believe that twelve years as head coach at a major university in the SEC is long enough.\" Before Spurrier returned to coach his Gamecocks against the Gators in 2006 and 2008, his most recent visits to Gainesville were on September 2, 2006, to take part in the Gators' celebration of the 10-year anniversary of their 1996 championship season, and on September 30, 2006, when he was one of the first four inductees into the Gator Football Ring of Honor, alongside Danny Wuerffel, Emmitt Smith, and Jack Youngblood. At both appearances, Spurrier received standing ovations from the crowd. Spurrier retains a deep affection and loyalty for his alma mater, and sometimes still accidentally says \"we\" when referring to the University of Florida. The feeling is mutual; he remains very much in the good graces of Gator fans for building their program into a perennial national power. When he was inducted into the Gators' \"Ring of Honor\", Spurrier humbly announced to the sell-out crowd at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium: \"I'd just like to thank coach Ray Graves for bringing the skinny kid from Tennessee to the University of Florida.\" Additionally, in 2016, the university added his name to the playing surface at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium; it is now Steve Spurrier-Florida Field. Spurrier has not let his affection for the University of Florida get in the way of a budding Florida-South Carolina rivalry, however. In 2005, his Gamecocks upset the Gators 30–22 in Columbia, costing the Gators a shot at the SEC championship. And in November 2010, he coached South Carolina to a 36–14 victory in Gainesville (their first ever on Florida Field) in a game that decided the SEC Eastern Division title. Ten days after Spurrier resigned his position at the University of Florida, he became head coach of the NFL's Washington Redskins. Spurrier's five-year, $25 million contract with the Redskins was the most lucrative coaching contract in the history of the NFL at the time. A fast start to the 2002 season raised hopes for Spurrier's potential success. The Redskins led off the preseason in Japan, where they beat the San Francisco 49ers 38–7 in the American Bowl. The team threw for over 400 yards and was accused of running up the score, a charge frequently leveled against Spurrier at Florida. The Redskins went 4–1 in the preseason (including a 40–10 win in Tampa against Spurrier's last professional team, the Buccaneers) and won the first game of the regular season 31-23, with Shane Matthews throwing for 327 yards and 3 touchdowns against the Arizona Cardinals. However, subsequent opponents were able to slow Spurrier's offense, mainly by using disguised blitzes to disrupt the passing game. By the end of the season, the Redskins were ranked 25th (out of 32 teams) in scoring offense and finished with a 7–9 record. It was only Spurrier's second losing campaign in 18 years as a head coach, the first being his first year at Duke. In 2003, the Redskins started 2–0 but finished 5–11, with several close losses coming down to the 4th quarter. The offense was a bit improved, but the departure of defensive coordinator Marvin Lewis to become the head coach of the Cincinnati Bengals saw the defense fade from 5th in scoring defense during the previous season to 24th in 2003. The team as a whole faded late in the season, and were outscored 85–31 over their last three games. Spurrier resigned on December 30, 2003, choosing to walk away from $15 million still owed to him over the remaining three years of his contract. In a statement released by the team, Spurrier said \"I apologize to Redskins fans that we did not reach a level of success that we had all hoped... It's a long grind and I feel (that) after 20 years as a head coach there are other things I need to do. I simply believe this is the right time for me to move on because this team needs new leadership.\" Spurrier's disappointing tenure as an NFL head coach has been heavily scrutinized and analysed. During his first season in Washington, Spurrier brought in several of his former stars from Florida, including quarterbacks Danny Wuerffel and Shane Matthews, leading to criticism that he played favorites. Also criticized was his decision to bring along most of his coaching staff from Florida even though they had little or no experience coaching professional football (the exception being Marvin Lewis, who was a veteran NFL coach). As the 2002 season progressed, an increasing number of philosophical, strategic, and player personnel differences began to cause a rift between Spurrier and the Washington front office, including team owner Daniel Snyder. Snyder pushed for the drafting of Tulane quarterback Patrick Ramsey in the 2002 NFL Draft, and though Spurrier said that he would not play Ramsey very much during his rookie season, the coach was pressured to use him by team officials, and Ramsey was starting by game 4. The quarterback position continued to be a source of friction, particularly when, over Spurrier's objections, the front office decided to release Wuerffel before the start of Spurrier's second season. Spurrier later said that he \"knew it was over\" when he \"wasn't allowed to pick the backup quarterback\". Spurrier spoke about his NFL coaching experience during SEC Media Days in 2014. \"When I left Florida after 12 years, I thought I was going to coach in the NFL five or six years and retire to the beach, and play golf a bunch, and travel around, this, that and the other. But that was a bad plan. It was. Later you found out that was not a real good idea. But that's the way I was thinking back then.\". After retiring from coaching, Spurrier further reflected on his NFL stint in several interviews. In a 2016 appearance on the Paul Finebaum Show, Spurrier reflected that the Redskins might not have been the best",
"office decided to release Wuerffel before the start of Spurrier's second season. Spurrier later said that he \"knew it was over\" when he \"wasn't allowed to pick the backup quarterback\". Spurrier spoke about his NFL coaching experience during SEC Media Days in 2014. \"When I left Florida after 12 years, I thought I was going to coach in the NFL five or six years and retire to the beach, and play golf a bunch, and travel around, this, that and the other. But that was a bad plan. It was. Later you found out that was not a real good idea. But that's the way I was thinking back then.\". After retiring from coaching, Spurrier further reflected on his NFL stint in several interviews. In a 2016 appearance on the Paul Finebaum Show, Spurrier reflected that the Redskins might not have been the best choice for his jump to the NFL. \"I went to the team that offered the most money instead of the best situation\", he said. And in 2015, he told David Feherty that, \"The owner and the personnel guys, they picked the team. I couldn’t even pick the quarterback the second year. So I knew it wasn’t going to work, but that's ok. I probably didn’t do a very good job, and the situation wasn’t what I was looking for, so it was time to move on.\" Throughout the 2004 football season, various sources openly speculated about Spurrier returning to coach in the college ranks once again, preferably for a program located in the southeastern United States and even more preferably, somewhere in his beloved Southeastern Conference. The University of Florida was in the process of taking applications for a new coach after Spurrier's successor at Florida, Ron Zook, was fired following the 2004 season. The timing seemed perfect for Spurrier's return to the Gators and Spurrier initially said that he wanted to be considered for his old job, but later removed his name from consideration stating that \"12 years at Florida was probably long enough.\" Soon afterwards, rumors began circulating that South Carolina Gamecocks' Athletic Director, Mike McGee, was actively pursuing Spurrier and that Spurrier was considering the Gamecocks' offer. Again, the timing was perfect and on November 22, South Carolina coach Lou Holtz announced his retirement and, during his final press conference, hinted that Spurrier might replace him. The next day, months of rumors were put to rest as Spurrier was introduced as South Carolina's new head coach. Spurrier had signed a seven-year deal that paid him $1.25 million per year and the Steve Spurrier era began for the Gamecocks. In 2005, his first season as the Gamecocks' new head coach, Spurrier led his South Carolina Gamecocks with newfound humility. The Gamecocks, who were not expected to have a winning season by most pundits, rattled off a five-game SEC winning streak for the first time in their fourteen-year SEC history. Included among those victories were historic wins at Tennessee (16–15) — the program's first win in Knoxville — and against then 12th-ranked Florida (30–22), who South Carolina had not beaten since 1939. The Associated Press named Spurrier the SEC Coach of the Year, and the Gamecocks finished the 2005 season with a 7–5 record and a trip to the Independence Bowl. Two days prior to South Carolina's 2006 season opener, Spurrier announced that he would kick off the athletics department's capital campaign with a $250,000 donation over five years. Spurrier's Gamecocks opened the 2006 season with a 15–0 win over Mississippi State in Starkville, where he was 0–2 while coaching the Florida Gators. With the victory, he reached 150 wins for his college coaching career. On September 30, Spurrier was inducted into the Gator Football Ring of Honor in a pre-game ceremony in Gainesville. Later in the season on November 11, Spurrier returned to \"The Swamp\" to face off against his former Gators team, which was then ranked sixth in the BCS rankings. Trailing 17–16, the Gamecocks had a chance to win with a 48-yard field goal attempt on the last play of the game. However, Ryan Succop's kick was blocked as time expired in a repeat of an earlier blocked extra-point attempt. In the final game of the 2006 regular season, Spurrier led the Gamecocks to victory over in-state rival Clemson at Death Valley. Trailing 28–14 in the third quarter, South Carolina scored seventeen unanswered points to lead 31–28. With only seconds remaining, Clemson's field goal attempt missed wide left and the Gamecocks celebrated their first victory over Clemson in five years. On December 2, 2006, amid speculation he was a candidate for head coaching jobs at Miami and Alabama, Spurrier received a contract extension through 2012 and a raise from $1.25 million to $1.75 million annually. Spurrier and the Gamecocks went on to defeat the Houston Cougars in the Liberty Bowl on December 29, and finished the season 8–5. All five of the Gamecocks' 2006 losses were to ranked opponents. Spurrier became the first head coach in Gamecock football history to take a team to a bowl game in each of his first two seasons. The 2007 football season, got off to a quick start winning at SEC rival Georgia early in the season as well as Louisiana-Lafayette and South Carolina State, and climbed into the top 10 in the national rankings. South Carolina stumbled down the stretch dropping the final five games, including a home loss in the season finale to arch-rival Clemson. The 6-6 (3-5 SEC) season record marked the first non-winning college season for Spurrier since his first season at Duke in 1987. Spurrier won his 100th SEC game on October 11, 2008, coaching the Gamecocks to a 24–17 victory over Kentucky. In his ten seasons as the Gamecocks' head coach, Spurrier has beaten each of South Carolina's traditional SEC Eastern Division rivals at least five times. Against their annual SEC Eastern Division opponents, his ten teams have posted an 8–2 record against Kentucky, 8–2 against Vanderbilt, 5–5 against Tennessee, 5–5 against Georgia, 5–5 against Florida, and 2-1 against Missouri who began competing in the SEC in 2012. Against South Carolina's major in-state rival, Clemson, Spurrier's Gamecocks have gone 6–4. While Spurrier's teams at South Carolina have shown flashes of his old \"Fun 'n' Gun\" offense, they have mostly relied on stout defense to win upsets. The Gamecocks have been bowl eligible every year Spurrier has been their head coach, a feat no other Carolina coach has accomplished. Also, the Gamecocks have been ranked in the AP Poll Top 25 at some point during the season in nine out of Spurrier's ten years at South Carolina Spurrier's Gamecocks won the SEC Eastern Division championship for the first time in school history in 2010, clinching the title with a convincing 36–14 victory at \"The Swamp\" over the Florida Gators. It was a season of firsts for South Carolina, including their first win at Florida, first win over a No. 1 ranked team (Alabama), and first time sweeping the November \"Orange Crush\" portion of their schedule with wins over Tennessee, Florida and Clemson. Following a 9–3 regular season and an appearance in the SEC championship game, Spurrier was named SEC Coach of the Year by his fellow coaches in the conference. The Gamecocks had another strong season in 2011, beating every opponent in the division. However, losses to Arkansas and Auburn cost them a return appearance in the SEC title game. With a 34-13 rout of Clemson, the Gamecocks won 10 games for only the second time in their 119-year football history. In the 2012 Capital One Bowl, the Gamecocks dispatched Nebraska 30-13 to win their school-record 11th game. They also finished eighth in the AP Poll and ninth in the Coaches' Poll—their first top-ten finishes in a major media poll in school history. In 2012 Spurrier led the Gamecocks to their second-consecutive regular season with double-digit wins—something no Gamecock team had ever achieved. The 2012 regular season culminated with the annual season-ending game against Clemson at Clemson's Memorial",
"Gamecocks had another strong season in 2011, beating every opponent in the division. However, losses to Arkansas and Auburn cost them a return appearance in the SEC title game. With a 34-13 rout of Clemson, the Gamecocks won 10 games for only the second time in their 119-year football history. In the 2012 Capital One Bowl, the Gamecocks dispatched Nebraska 30-13 to win their school-record 11th game. They also finished eighth in the AP Poll and ninth in the Coaches' Poll—their first top-ten finishes in a major media poll in school history. In 2012 Spurrier led the Gamecocks to their second-consecutive regular season with double-digit wins—something no Gamecock team had ever achieved. The 2012 regular season culminated with the annual season-ending game against Clemson at Clemson's Memorial Stadium. Spurrier and his Gamecocks emerged with a fourth consecutive double-digit victory over the Tigers. That win was also Spurrier's 65th win with the Gamecocks, vaulting him past Rex Enright to become the winningest coach in South Carolina's history. Spurrier led the Gamecocks to a thrilling 33-28 victory in the 2013 Outback Bowl against the winningest program in college football, the Michigan Wolverines. The victory elevated the Gamecocks to an 11-2 record for the 2nd consecutive season. Additionally, by finishing 8th in the Associated Press poll and 7th in the Coaches poll, South Carolina finished in Top 10 of both polls for the second year in a row. During the 2013 season, Spurrier led his Gamecocks to a third consecutive 11-2 record. Only two other programs (Alabama and Oregon) have won 11 or more games each of the last three seasons (2011–13). During the season, the Gamecocks defeated three teams that finished ranked in the Top 10 in the final AP Poll (Missouri, University of Central Florida, and Clemson). The Gamecocks were the only team to accomplish this feat. They also became the first and only team to defeat two teams that won BCS bowl games. Following their 34-24 win over Wisconsin in the Capital One Bowl, the Gamecocks were ranked 4th in the final AP Poll, setting a record for the program. This also marked the third straight year that the Gamecocks finished with a Top 10 ranking in the final AP Poll. While defeating Clemson, again, the Gamecocks ran their winning streak over their archrival to five games, which is the longest winning streak in the rivalry, for either team, since 1940. The 31-17 score marked the 5th straight double-digit margin of victory over their ACC foe. Also, for the 5th straight year, the Gamecocks defense held the Tigers to 17 points or less. On October 12, 2015, Spurrier announced to his team and staff that he had resigned as head coach. He publicly confirmed his intentions at a press conference the following day. Spurrier reiterated that he was not officially retiring, but added he will probably never coach again. Spurrier is regarded as the greatest coach ever to coach the Gamecocks. In April 2018, Spurrier was named the head coach of the Orlando franchise of the Alliance of American Football (AAF), a new spring football league slated to begin play in February 2019. Spurrier was the first coach or player to sign with the AAF. In July 2016, Spurrier returned to the University of Florida to serve as an ambassador and consultant for the athletic program. On September, 3, 2016 the field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium was renamed to \"Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium\" in honor of Spurrier's achievements at the university. In January 2017, South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley inducted Spurrier into the Order of the Palmetto, the highest honor of the South Carolina government. In August 2017, Spurrier joined SiriusXM Satellite Radio as a college football analyst, co-hosting three weekly programs on SiriusXM Channel 84, College Sports Nation. He has also been a frequent guest on several other radio and TV sports programs, particularly covering SEC football or golf. A popular tradition, started during the Sparky Woods era at USC, occurs on the last Saturday of July when the University of South Carolina athletics department hosts the annual \"Steve Spurrier Ladies Football Clinic.\" Only female fans are invited to attend the clinic where football coaches and players discuss the X's and O's with fans who want to understand the game better. All attendees get a tour of the football facilities, and finish the day running onto the football field through the players' tunnel accompanied by artificial smoke and theme music in the same way the team does during the season. The event was hosted by Spurrier and his wife Jerri. Spurrier married his college sweetheart, the former Jerri Starr, on September 14, 1966, during his senior year at the University of Florida. They have four children —Lisa, Amy, Steve, Jr., and Scott, as well as over a dozen grandchildren. Spurrier's oldest son, Steve Jr., has been an assistant football coach for several years, including stints as a receivers coach on his father's staffs in Washington and South Carolina. After his father retired in 2015, Steve Jr. joined Bob Stoops's staff at Oklahoma. Spurrier's youngest son, Scott, played wide receiver for the Gamecocks through the 2009 season. While he was a University of Florida student, Spurrier was a member of Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity (Alpha Omega chapter), and was inducted into the University of Florida Hall of Fame, the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame, and Florida Blue Key leadership honorary. Assistant coaches under Steve Spurrier who became head coaches: Steve Spurrier Stephen Orr Spurrier (born April 20, 1945) is an American football coach and former player. He was"
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"William Borlase William Borlase (2 February 1696 – 31 August 1772), Cornish antiquary, geologist and naturalist. From 1722, he was Rector of Ludgvan, Cornwall, where he died. He was a contemporary of John Wesley and attempted to enter him into the Royal Navy by compulsion, but relented when he realised Wesley was a \"gentleman\". Borlase was born on 2 February 1695/6 at Pendeen, of an ancient family originating at St Wenn. He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford from 1713, and in 1719 he was ordained. In 1722 he was presented to the rectory of Ludgvan, and in 1732 he obtained in addition the vicarage of St Just, his native parish. The garden of the Rectory (now known as Hogus House) was established by Borlase; during the reign of Queen Victoria the garden was further developed by a successor, Arthur Boscawen, and was known for its fine collection of trees and shrubs. Between 1744, and 1746, Borlase was active against the Methodist preachers in his capacity of magistrate. Various Methodist preachers were seized on warrants issued by him and press-ganged to serve on ships abroad. In \"John Wesley's Diary\" there is an account of how he personally laid hands on Wesley, \"to serve his majesty\", but withdrew when he realised that Wesley was a gentleman. In the parish of Ludgvan were rich copper works, abounding with mineral and metallic fossils, of which he made a collection, and thus was led to study somewhat minutely the natural history of Cornwall. In 1750, he was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society; and in 1754 he published, at Oxford, his \"Antiquities of Cornwall\" (2nd ed., London, 1769). His next publication was \"Observations on the Ancient and Present State of the Islands of Scilly, and their Importance to the Trade of Great Britain\" (Oxford, 1756). In 1758 there appeared his \"Natural History of Cornwall\" which includes a chapter on the inhabitants and their native language (about one ninth of the whole). He presented to the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, a variety of fossils and antiquities, which he had described in his works, and received the thanks of the university and the degree of Doctor of Civil Law. Borlase was well acquainted with most of the leading literary men of the time, particularly with Alexander Pope, with whom he kept up a long correspondence, and for whose grotto at Twickenham he furnished the greater part of the fossils and minerals. He also sent collections of mineral and fossil specimens to Dr William Oliver and to a number of natural historians in Europe. In 1724, William Borlase married Anne Smith. The couple had six sons, of whom two died in infancy. Of the remaining four, three became churchmen. Anne Borlase died in 1769. Borlase's elder brother was Walter Borlase, who served as vicar of Madron, and also as mayor of Penzance. His great-great-grandson was William Copeland Borlase (1848–1899), an antiquarian who was influenced by his ancestor's archaeological work. Borlase was a conscientious minister to his parishioners, politically conservative, and an amateur painter. Some of his papers are preserved in Penzance at the Morrab Library. William Borlase William Borlase (2 February 1696 – 31 August 1772), Cornish antiquary, geologist and naturalist. From 1722, he was Rector of Ludgvan, Cornwall, where he died. He was a contemporary of John Wesley and attempted to enter him into the Royal Navy by compulsion, but relented when he realised Wesley was a \"gentleman\". Borlase was born on 2 February 1695/6 at Pendeen, of an ancient family originating at St Wenn. He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford from 1713, and in"
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"The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie is a 2008 American computer-animated family adventure comedy film directed by Mike Nawrocki and written by Phil Vischer. Produced by Big Idea, Inc. and Starz Animation, it is the second film featuring characters from the VeggieTales video series, and was also the first theatrically released computer-animated film to be distributed by Universal Pictures, who would later gain ownership of the VeggieTales franchise through the 2016 acquisition of Big Idea's owner DreamWorks Animation. Somewhere in the 17th century, after attacking and boarding one of the Kingdom of Monterria's ships, the pirate Robert the Terrible captures the Prince Alexander and sends his men in search of Princess Eloise. Eluding the pirates, Eloise and her servant Willory (Archibald Asparagus) emerge and send a device that the king made, called a \"Helpseeker,\" to find heroes to save Alexander. In modern times, three misfits: the \"yes man\" George (Pa Grape), the lazy Sedgewick (Mr. Lunt), and the timid Elliot (Larry the Cucumber) are employees at a dinner theater. Although they want to be seen as heroes by their loved ones, as lowly cabin boys they think their dream is unattainable. After wrecking the show, they are fired and thrown into the alley, where the Helpseeker locates them. Elliot activates the device, transporting them to Monterria. Meeting Eloise and Willory, the group sets off to Jolly Joe's Tavern where they learn that Robert, the brother of the king, has kidnapped Alexander in the hopes of exacting revenge on his brother, who banished him. Setting sail in search of the whereabouts of Robert's hideout, the pirate's men capture Eloise and Willory. As George and Elliot continue on their quest, a cowardly Sedgewick decides to stay behind in a cave filled with \"cheese curls\", afraid to face Robert. After the two leave, however, Sedgewick discovers the curls are living worm-like creatures and is chased out of the cave, overcoming his fear and laziness along the way. Meanwhile, George and Elliot arrive on an island populated by a rock giant family, who help them make it to Robert's fortress. Arriving at a hidden bay outside of the fortress, the trio are attacked by a giant serpent. However, Elliot realizes the guardian is actually a mechanical device and is able to shut the machine down from inside and save the two. Once inside, George, Sedgewick, and Elliot rescue the prince and princess but are confronted by Robert. Finding his self-respect, George uses a chandelier to knock the pirate down and the group escapes through the fortress's cistern with Robert in hot pursuit. Back in the bay, Robert's ship opens fire on the group's small boat, but the king arrives, sinks Robert's ship and rescues the group. After receiving medals from the king and declared heroes, the Helpseeker returns Elliot, George, and Sedgewick to the restaurant. Unbeknownst to them, Robert has stowed away on their trip back and attacks the dinner theater set and mistakes Sir Frederick (Jimmy Gourd), one of the stage performers, for George. In a final showdown, the trio defeat Robert and send him back to his own time. The audience cheer wildly as the gang earn the respect they had desired. Offered a second chance to be in the show, the three refuse and leave to pursue adventure elsewhere as the Helpseeker blinks once again. Phil Vischer completed the script for this film in 2002 (before \"\" was released). But because of the bankruptcy and buyout of assets of Big Idea Productions, the film wasn't able to start production until late 2005. The animation was done by Starz Animation in Canada in associates with Big Idea, Inc. in America. On the critical response aggregation website Metacritic, \"The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie\" received a score of 49/100 based on 13 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 39% rating based on 33 reviews. The consensus on Rotten Tomatoes said, \"This Veggietale should please the youngest crowds, but the silly script will tire the more discerning viewer.\" Despite the mixed reaction, users on the site were more favorable with a 62% rating. The film earned $12.7 million for Universal Studios out of an estimated $15 million budget. The film was released on DVD on October 14, 2008. The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie is a 2008 American computer-animated family adventure comedy film directed by Mike Nawrocki and written by Phil Vischer. Produced by Big Idea, Inc. and Starz Animation, it is the second film featuring characters from the VeggieTales video series, and was also the first theatrically released computer-animated film to be distributed by Universal Pictures, who would later"
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"Rosie Harris Marion Rose Harris (known professionally as Rosie Harris and born Marion Rose Young on 12 July 1925) is a British author of romantic fiction. Her work is mainly set in Liverpool and Cardiff in the 1920s and 1930s. Harris was born in Cardiff, but from the age of five she went to live with her grandparents and grew up in an isolated cottage in the Dorset countryside. As a result of being very lonely only child she had plenty of time to read and also to dream up stories which she told to her imaginary friends. After leaving Gillingham Grammar School, she went back to Cardiff and worked as a clerk in the City Hall. It was here that she met and married a Grenadier Guardsman. She moved from Cardiff to his home on Merseyside and grew to know the Wallasey and Liverpool area. Her writing career started as a freelance writer, writing for the Liverpool Echo and national magazines on fashion, homemaking and health topics under the by-line Marion Harris. Her first novel was published in 1975, followed by eight others all under the name Marion Harris. Additionally, she has written about twenty non-fiction books all under different pseudonyms. Ten years later, and with three children, Harris and her family moved to Buckinghamshire where she has lived ever since. Her children have all made their homes in the area and she now has six grandchildren and four great-grandchild. Since 2000 Harris has been writing as Rosie Harris. She has focused on romance sagas. These works are all set in the 1920s and 1930s and concentrate on strong and courageous female characters. As of 2015 she is published by Heinemann and Arrow Books Ltd, an imprint of Random House. Rosie Harris Marion Rose Harris (known professionally as Rosie"
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"Waterways Ireland Waterways Ireland (; Ulster-Scots: \"Watterweys Airlann\") is one of the six all-Ireland North/South implementation bodies established under the Belfast Agreement in 1999. It is responsible for the management, maintenance, development, and restoration of inland navigable waterways primarily for recreational purposes. Included as inland waterways are the Barrow Navigation, the Erne System, the Grand Canal, the Lower Bann, the Royal Canal, the Shannon–Erne Waterway and the Shannon Navigation. Waterways Ireland has its headquarters in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, and regional offices in Carrick-on-Shannon, Dublin, and Scarriff in the Republic of Ireland. The Waterways Ireland Visitor Centre is located at 2 Grand Canal Quay, Ringsend, Dublin. The building was constructed on the waters of the inner basin of Grand Canal Dock. Waterways Ireland Waterways Ireland (; Ulster-Scots: \"Watterweys Airlann\") is one of the six all-Ireland North/South implementation bodies established under the Belfast Agreement in 1999. It is responsible for the management, maintenance, development, and restoration of inland navigable waterways primarily for recreational purposes. Included as inland waterways are the Barrow Navigation, the Erne System, the Grand Canal, the Lower Bann, the Royal Canal, the Shannon–Erne Waterway and the Shannon Navigation. Waterways Ireland has its headquarters in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, and regional"
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"Green River Ferry Road Green River Ferry Road is a park-maintained roadway located inside Mammoth Cave National Park in Edmonson County, Kentucky. The road is long. The name of the road was given due to the traversal of the Green River, connecting the Visitor's Center area to the Nolin Lake recreational areas. The road begins at an intersection with the Mammoth Cave Parkway just south of the park's visitor center near the campground, and immediately crosses the Mammoth Cave Railroad Bike and Hike Trail, which marks the original railroad that went from the park's visitors center to Park City. The road goes to a point along the Green River, and crosses it via the Green River Ferry. That ferry recently became the only operational ferry in all of Edmonson County after the Bear Creek and Houchin's Ferries went out of service in the late 1960s and October 2013, respectively. After crossing the ferry the road traverses the north-central portions of the park, including passing sites such as the Maple Springs Research Center and the trailheads of the Big Hollow and Maple Springs Trails. The majority of the park's hiking trails are accessed via Green River Ferry and Maple Springs roads. Green River Ferry Road ends at the park's northern boundary. Beyond this point, the road becomes Stockholm Road with the state highway designation, Kentucky Route 1352 (KY 1352), which connects the area with KY 1827 at the community of Stockholm. Green River Ferry Road Green River Ferry Road is a park-maintained roadway located inside Mammoth Cave National Park in Edmonson County, Kentucky. The road is long. The name of the road was given due to the traversal of the Green River, connecting the Visitor's Center area to the Nolin Lake recreational areas. The road begins at an intersection with the"
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"Robert Descharnes Robert P. Descharnes (January 1, 1926—February 15, 2014) was a French photographer, filmmaker, and author. He served as Salvador Dali's secretary and, after the painter's death, administrator of his copyright. He is the author of several books on Dali. Descharnes was born in Nevers on January 1, 1926. In 1950, he met Dali on a ship while he was the photographer. The two formed a close bond, and collaborated on the experimental film \"L'Aventure prodigieuse de la dentellière et du rhinocéros\", which was never released. He became Dali's personal secretary in 1981, and rescued him from a fire at his apartment in 1984. Descharnes collected over 60,000 negatives of Dali's daily life, a fraction of which Descharnes infrequenty exhibited in art museums. For over 40 years, he fought to protect's Dali's legacy from forgeries and fakes. He wrote several reference books on the man's life and work. Descharnes was named a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2011. He died at the age of 88 at his home in Indre-et-Loire on February 18, 2014. Descharnes is regarded by some Dali experts as a controversial figure. His claims regarding the authenticity of some of Dali's late works have been questioned, as Ian Gibson notes in his definitive biography of the painter,\"The Shameful Life of Salvador Dali.\" Of far greater concern was Descharnes's role in persuading the elderly, infirm painter to transfer his copyright, in 1986, for a period of 20 years to a company managed by Descharnes. Gibson writes, \"The contract was prepared by [the Madrid lawyer] Miguel Domenech, who has said that at the time Dali, he and [Dali's friend, Antoni] Pitxot were under 'tremendous pressure' from a now power-hungry Descharnes. ... Even when he was well, Dali had never shown any interest in contracts, or any understanding of their small print. ... It is difficult to believe, therefore, that...he could have grasped its exact nature or its potential consequences. The painter, moreover, was in very poor physical condition at this time.\" Gibson, who calls Descharnes \"a very controversial figure in Spain,\" notes in a 1997 episode of the TV show \"Omnibus,\" about Dali and his work, that \"many of Dali's associates are still unhappy about this situation,\" by which he means the circumstances surrounding the signing of the contract in which Dali assigned his copyright to Descharnes's company. Robert Descharnes Robert P. Descharnes"
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"Landquart, Switzerland Landquart is a municipality in the Landquart Region in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. It was formed when the municipalities of Igis and Mastrils merged on 1 January 2012 into the new municipality of Landquart. The municipality \"Landquart\" draws its name from a locality in the former municipality of Igis. Igis is first mentioned about 840 as \"Ovinae/Aviuns\". In 1149 it was mentioned as \"Auuine\", in 1225 as \"Huiuns\" and in 1253 as \"Yges\". Mastrils is first mentioned in 1318 as \"Ponstrils\". In 1345 it was mentioned as \"Bastrils\". Landquart has an area, (based on the 2004/09 survey) of . Of this area, about 34.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 45.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 15.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and 4.8% is unproductive land. In the 2004/09 survey a total of or about 9.7% of the total area was covered with buildings, an increase of over the 1985 amount. Of the agricultural land, is used for orchards and vineyards, is fields and grasslands and consists of alpine grazing areas. Since 1985 the amount of agricultural land has decreased by . Over the same time period the amount of forested land has increased by . Rivers and lakes cover in the municipality. Landquart has a population () of . , 20.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 5 years (2010-2015) the population has changed at a rate of 6.47%. The birth rate in the municipality, in 2015, was 9.7, while the death rate was 7.1 per thousand residents. , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 19.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) are 63.9% of the population and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 16.6%. In 2015 there were 3,566 single residents, 4,134 people who were married or in a civil partnership, 415 widows or widowers and 707 divorced residents. In 2015 there were 3,812 private households in Landquart with an average household size of 2.29 persons. In 2015 about 60.2% of all buildings in the municipality were single family homes, which is greater than the percentage in the canton (49.4%) and about the same as the percentage nationally (57.4%). In 2014 the rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 14.73. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.6%. The historical population is given in the following chart: Marschlins Castle and the surrounding grounds are listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The castle is the family castle of the noble family of Salis-Marschlins. In addition to the Marschlins Castle, Landquart is also home to the ruins of Falkenstein Castle. Adventist Church Landquart | Schulstrasse 76 | 7302 Landquart (next to Forum im Ried)- The \"Prättigauer Höhenweg\" begins at the Landquart railway station and ends at Klosters. Landquart is classed as a regional business center and is the center of the Landquart region. , there were a total of 5,917 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 151 people worked in 38 businesses in the primary economic sector. There was one mid sized primary sector business with a total of 61 employees. The secondary sector employed 2,019 workers in 109 separate businesses. In 2014 a total of 761 employees worked in 103 small companies (less than 50 employees). There were 4 mid sized businesses with 476 employees and 2 large businesses which employed 782 people. Finally, the tertiary sector provided 3,747 jobs in 495 businesses. There were 53 small businesses with a total of 1,291 employees and 9 mid sized businesses with a total of 1,080 employees. In 2015 a total of 14.7% of the population received social assistance. In 2011 the unemployment rate in the municipality was 2.3%. In 2015 there was one movie theater in the municipality with 98 seats. In 2015 the average cantonal, municipal and church tax rate in the municipality for a couple with two children making was 3.7% while the rate for a single person making was 15.8%, both of which are close to the average for the canton and the national average. In 2013 the average income in the municipality per tax payer was and the per person average was , which is less than the cantonal average of and respectively It is also less than the national per tax payer average of and the per person average of . In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the SVP with 34.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (21.4%), the BDP (14.9%) and the CVP (11.4%). In the federal election, a total of 2,429 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 41.4%. Landquart, Switzerland Landquart is a municipality in the Landquart Region in the Swiss canton of"
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"Music Hack Day Music Hack Day is a Hack Day specifically for the music industry. The first was organised by Dave Haynes and James Darling and held at the London offices of The Guardian newspaper over the weekend 11/12 July 2009. The event was attended by around 200 developers who had 24 hours to build new hacks or web applications using the API's or tools of 10 participating companies. These companies were 7digital, BBC Music, The Echo Nest, Gigulate, Last.fm, PeoplesMusicStore, Songkick, SoundCloud. The weekend also included workshops from companies like RjDj and Tinker.it and anyone else who wished to arrange one. Many developers stayed overnight at the venue and over 35 hacks were built, submitted and demo'ed by the end of the weekend. Since that first event, more than 50 Music Hack Day events have taken place around the world, with over 3500 participants who have built over 1300 innovative hacks. The events are attended by a diverse range of music and technology enthusiasts. A related event, that includes a music hack component, but with a broader focus on performance and research, is the Music Tech Fest, a festival of music ideas that brings musicians, artists, hackers, academics and industry together. Music Hack Day Music Hack Day is a Hack Day specifically for the music industry. The first was organised by Dave Haynes and James Darling and held at the London offices of The Guardian newspaper over the weekend 11/12 July 2009. The event was attended by around 200 developers who had 24 hours to build new hacks or web applications using the API's or tools of 10 participating companies. These companies were 7digital, BBC Music, The Echo Nest, Gigulate, Last.fm, PeoplesMusicStore, Songkick, SoundCloud. The weekend also included workshops from companies like RjDj and Tinker.it and anyone else who"
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"City of God – 10 Years Later City of God – 10 Years Later is a 2013 Brazilian documentary film directed by Cavi Borges and Luciano Vidigal. The documentary shows what has changed in the lives of the actors from the 2002 feature film, \"City of God\". The actors who portrayed Dadinho, Bené, and Li'l Zé, as well as the actress Alice Braga and musician and actor Seu Jorge participated in this documentary ten years after starring in the earlier film, directed by Fernando Meirelles. Director Cavi Borges contacted Luciano Vidigal and suggested a documentary about \"City of God\". Although they invited Fernando Meirelles to produce the documentary, he declined and said that his involvement could limit their perspective; however, he was an important part of their research. They found 50 people involved in the original film and chose to use 18. The actors were paid $90 for their interviews. In order to raise money, the filmmakers used crowdfunding and threw parties. In the community, news of a retrospective was not universally accepted, as some people disliked the original film for its violence. However, Borges wanted to change international perceptions of the area, which he says \"City of God\" colored. \"City of God – 10 Years Later\" premiered at the Festival do Rio in October 2013. Due to unrelated protests, the original showing was canceled, and it was delayed. Its international premiere was at the Miami International Film Festival in March 2014. The \"Miami New Times\" gave the documentary a mixed review, stating that \"Fans of the original film will find plenty to enjoy, but as a standalone documentary about the effect of a hit movie on the poor community that birthed it, it comes up somewhat short.\" City of God – 10 Years Later City of God – 10"
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"Tímea Szögi Tímea Szögi (born 20 February 1990 in Szeged) is a Hungarian handballer who plays for Békéscsabai Előre NKSE as a playmaker. Szögi joined the club in 2007 and was member of the team that finished fourth in the Hungarian Championship in 2009 and 2010. She also played in Békéscsaba's Hungarian Cup campaign in 2010, when they eventually finished third and collected the bronze medal. Tímea represented Hungary starting from younger age categories and was one of the playmakers who led the national team to the Women's 19 European Championship silver medal in 2009 on home soil. In September 2010 she gave birth to a baby and returned into action in the spring of following year. Tímea Szögi Tímea Szögi (born 20 February 1990 in Szeged) is a Hungarian handballer who plays for Békéscsabai Előre NKSE as a playmaker. Szögi joined the club in 2007 and was member of the team that finished fourth in the Hungarian Championship in 2009 and 2010. She also played in Békéscsaba's Hungarian Cup campaign in 2010, when they eventually finished third and collected the bronze medal. Tímea represented Hungary starting from younger age categories and was one of the playmakers who led the"
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"Legal (song) \"Legal\" is a song recorded by Canadian reggae singer Snow. It was released in October 2002 as the first single from his 2002 album, \"Two Hands Clapping\". The music video for \"Legal\" features Trailer Park Boys character Bubbles. The video begins with a scene between Snow and Bubbles. Snow is repeatedly honking the horn in his car, yelling for Bubbles to come out of his trailer so they can go to a music video shoot. However, Bubbles can't leave yet because he has to take care of his neighbour's cat. Snow, who is already late for the video shoot, leaves without him, much to Bubbles' dismay. An angry Bubbles asks Snow to put his name at the door. The video then switches to the song and the video shoot. Bubbles arrives at the video shoot, but the security guards refuse to let him in because his name is not on the list. However, Bubbles sneaks his way into the video, pretending he's part of the video shoot by wearing a puffy jacket (dressing up like \"Puff Shady\" according to Bubbles). Bubbles, unaware that the video shoot is in process, interrupts the video and causes the music to stop. Bubbles complains to Snow about not putting his name on the list, to which a frustrated Snow responds by informing him the video is being filmed. When Bubbles notices the cameras, he demands that the music be put back on and begins to dance with a woman. Legal (song) \"Legal\" is a song recorded by Canadian reggae singer Snow. It was released in October 2002 as the first single from his 2002 album, \"Two Hands Clapping\". The music video for \"Legal\" features Trailer Park Boys character Bubbles. The video begins with a scene between Snow and Bubbles. Snow is repeatedly"
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"Godfrey Okoye Godfrey Mary Paul Okoye, C.S.Sp. (19 December 1913 – 17 March 1977) was a bishop of the Roman Catholic Church in Nigeria. He was the first Bishop of Port Harcourt, serving from 3 September 1961 to 7 March 1970. After leaving the diocese of Port Harcourt, he became the second Bishop of Enugu, succeeding Bishop John Cross Anyogu. Okoye was born on 19 December 1913 to Okoye Nwazulu and Ada Oji in Ifitedunu in the Eastern Region of Nigeria, now Anambra State. He was ordained to priesthood by Most Rev. Dr. Charles Heerey, the Archbishop of Onitsha, on 27 July 1947. In 1950 he became only the second Igbo priest to be admitted into the Congregation of the Holy Spirit. Okoye was heavily involved in events around the Nigerian Civil War, and his explicit support for Biafra raised concerns among fellow priests that they would be targeted in Nigeria. Historian Adrian Hastings described Okoye as a \"devout Biafran hawk\". In 1977, just before having a hernia operation, Okoye destroyed his personal files detailing his involvement in the war. He died shortly after the operation. Godfrey Okoye Godfrey Mary Paul Okoye, C.S.Sp. (19 December 1913 – 17 March 1977)"
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"Brenda Costa Brenda Costa is a Brazilian fashion model and former swimmer. She was born on November 8, 1982 in Rio de Janeiro. Brenda Costa is 177 cm (5 feet 9.5 inches) tall. Her model career started when she was 16 years old after she was discovered in the Ipanema neighborhood by Agência Mega. She was on the cover of the April 2004 French edition of \"ELLE\" magazine. In November 2005 she appeared on an episode of \"Tout le monde en parle\". Costa, who was born deaf, has a tattoo of an eye on the base of neck which signifies that she is on the lookout for people who mistreat her behind her back. Brenda Costa Brenda Costa is a Brazilian fashion model and former swimmer. She was born on November 8, 1982 in Rio de Janeiro. Brenda Costa is 177 cm (5 feet 9.5 inches) tall. Her model career started when she was 16 years old after she was discovered in the Ipanema neighborhood by Agência Mega. She was on the cover of the April 2004 French edition of \"ELLE\" magazine. In November 2005 she appeared on an episode of \"Tout le monde en parle\". Costa, who was born"
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"Antarctic flying squid The Antarctic flying squid (Todarodes filipovae) is a species of squid from the subfamily Todarodinae of the family Ommastrephidae, a family of pelagic squid from the order Oegopsida. It has a circumglobar distribution in the seas around the lower latitudes of the Southern Oceans. The Antarctic flying squid is a large species of oceanic pelagic squid which grows to a mantle length of greater than 520 mm in females and 400 mm in males. It has a long, narrow and muscular mantle, which has a width which is roughly a quarter of its length, tapering posteriorly to a pointed tail. The fins are arrowhead shaped and both their length and width are roughly equivalent to half that of the mantle. The basal suckers on the arms have around 10 teeth but there are no alternating small teeth. The fourth right arm has a hectocotylised distal portion which takes up one fifth to one third of the arm's length. This portion has the suckers transformed to papillae and tubercles, a ventral protective membrane and an expansive development of trabeculae. The robust and large tentacles have almost their entire length taken up by the tentacular clubs which have 12-14 transverse rows of suckers on the manus, the largest of which has 7-13 teeth on its ring and a diameter equal to 2.7-4.5% of the mantle length. The tentacle also has two pairs of carpal suckers. The Antarctic flying squid has a circumglobal distribution in the Southern Ocean south of 35°S and it is common in the waters of the subtropical convergence zone. It has been found as far north as Peru but these are thought to have drifted north on the Humboldt Current. The Antarctic flying squid occurs over the continental slope and oceanic waters with depths between 0 and 1,200m. It has been caught from near to the bottom, through the water column to near the surface at night. This species is associated with faster currents and with a wide variation in temperature from cold Antarctic water 1t 3-3.6 °C to waters as warm as 24 °C. The spawning season occurs between December and August when mature males form a greater proportion of the population off southern New South Wales, this suggests that mating and spawning most likely takes place towards the northernmost limits of the species distribution in this area. Spermatophores are obvious in males which have attained a mantle length of 260 mm while those at 320 mm mantle length bear formed spermatophores. The smallest mature female recorded having eggs in the oviduct was measured with a mantle length of 380 mm. Studies in South African waters indicate a similarly extended spawning period running from February to August. In addition, data gathered on specimens sampled from stomachs of commercially whaled sperm whales off Durban suggest that Antarctic flying squid breed off the southeast African coast. Like most members of the Ommastrephidae growth is rapid and the life cycle is completed in one year, although little is known about the early life stages of this species, with the females growing faster than the males. Both this species and the Angolan flying squid grow faster in cooler ater than they do in warmer temperatures. This species preys on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods. Smaller squids have crustaceans as the predominant element in their diet while larger squid, larger than 200mm mantle length, feed mainly on cephalopods. This species is also preyed upon by several fish species, sea birds and marine mammals, up to the size of sperm whales. The adult Antarctic flying squids may bear large parasite loads of encysted nematodes and cestodes in their mantle tissue. This species is has been targeted by commercial fisheries in the Falkland Islands and the Tasman Sea and is currently taken as a bycatch in fisheries pursuing other species. Its abundance and musculer flesh suggest it could be a viable commercial species. Antarctic flying squid The Antarctic flying squid (Todarodes filipovae) is a species of squid from the subfamily Todarodinae of the family Ommastrephidae, a family of pelagic squid from the order Oegopsida. It has a circumglobar distribution in the seas around the lower latitudes of the Southern Oceans. The Antarctic flying"
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"Octavio Ortiz Arrieta Octavio Ortiz Arrieta (19 April 1879 – 1 March 1958) was a Peruvian Roman Catholic Church prelate and a professed member of the Salesians of Don Bosco who served as the Bishop of Chachapoyas from 1921 until his death. Arrieta first studied to become a carpenter at a Salesian-run school but soon decided to become a priest with the order to which he was professed in 1902. He served at several Salesian houses for over the next decade until Pope Benedict XV appointed him as a bishop in late 1921. He was a prolific shepherd of souls; he underwent eight pastoral visitations to all his parishes and travelled far and wide to meet with his people and to launch a range of pastoral initiatives designed to rekindle the faith of the population. The late bishop's cause for sainthood commenced on 12 November 1990 under Pope John Paul II and he became titled as a Servant of God. The cause culminated in 2017 after Pope Francis confirmed his life of heroic virtue and titled him as Venerable. Octavio Ortiz Arrieta was born on 19 April 1879 in Lima as the eighth of nine children to Manuel Arrieta and Benigna Coya. He studied as a carpenter under the Salesians of Don Bosco since December 1893 but soon decided to become a priest instead; but it was at this stage that his compatriots and superiors realized he possessed those qualities needed for the priesthood while Arrieta decided to become a priest under the Salesians. Father Pane once compiled a list of twelve names for potential Salesian vocations and upon reaching Arrieta's name figured he would make a good bishop sometime in the future. He joined the order for the novitiate on 24 May 1898 at Callao (initial profession followed in 1900) and made his perpetual profession in 1902 into the hands of Paolo Albera which made him the first Peruvian-born Salesian. Arrieta was assigned to found a new vocational school in Piura in 1906 and he was soon ordained to the priesthood at the beginning of 1907. He was appointed as the director of the Piura houses from 1911–15 and there founded the \"La Campanilla\" magazine. He went on to serve as the director of the houses at Cuzco (1915–20) and at Callao (1920–21) houses after his ordination where he served for well over a decade. Pope Benedict XV – on 21 November 1921 – appointed him into the episcopate as a bishop and he received his episcopal consecration on 11 June 1922 from Giuseppe Petrelli before he could be installed in his new see. From the November appointment it had taken him a month to reach his see from Lima and arrived sometime in December. He became noted for his closeness to the people and he organized a series of spiritual retreats for them. Arrieta also taught them catechism whenever it was possible for him to do so and also founded a diocesan newspaper for the faithful; he revitalized diocesan initiatives designed to restore the faith in the people and to empower them. He was a supporter of vocational initiatives and promoted them to empower prospective new priests and was a supporter of religious orders due to him being part of one himself. He was cheerful and welcoming and known for his amiable qualities; he undertook eight pastoral visitations and held three diocesan synods as well as reorganizing the archives of parishes. His travels were sometimes dangerous and on two occasions he suffered serious accidents that both ended up with him falling into deep ravines which confined him to hospital for prolonged periods due to broken ribs and bones. The bishop twice declined appointments to the Lima archdiocese because he wanted to remain close to his own people whom he had come to love and respect. The apostolic nuncio – on the behalf of Pope Pius XII – had made the offer to him but he said that he was \"married\" to his see. This did not stop the pope who in 1953 titled him as a Monsignor. His health started to decline into the 1950s and he died on 1 March 1958 after having had an operation around that time. He was interred in the diocesan cathedral. The cause for his beatification opened on 12 November 1990 under Pope John Paul II after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints titled him as a Servant of God once it issued the \"nihil obstat\" (nothing against). The diocesan phase for beatification occurred in the late bishop's diocese from 8 July 1992 until it was closed a decade later on 22 December 2001 at which stage all documentation was sent to the C.C.S. who validated the process on 3 October 2003. The Positio dossier was sent to the C.C.S. for their assessment at which stage it was passed onto the theological advisors who approved the dossier's contents on 19 February 2015. The cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. approved this sometime later on 14 February 2017. Pope Francis titled Arrieta as Venerable on 27 February 2017 after confirming that the late bishop had led a model life of heroic virtue. The current postulator for this cause is the Salesian priest Pierluigi Cameroni. Octavio Ortiz Arrieta Octavio Ortiz Arrieta (19 April 1879 – 1 March 1958) was a Peruvian Roman Catholic Church prelate and a professed member of the Salesians"
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"Norman B. Anderson Norman Bruce Anderson (born October 16, 1955) is an American scientist who was a tenured professor studying health disparities and mind/body health, and later an executive in government, non-profit, university sectors. Anderson is Assistant Vice President for Research and Academic Affairs, and Research Professor of Social Work and Nursing at Florida State University. He has served as Chief Executive Officer of the American Psychological Association (APA), the largest scientific and professional association for psychologists in the United States. Anderson became the APA's first African-American CEO when he was named to the post in 2003. He was the editor for the APA journal \"American Psychologist\". Prior to joining APA Anderson was an Associate Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and held other roles in academia. Anderson was born October 16, 1955, in Greensboro, North Carolina, to Rev. Dr. Charles W. and Rev. Dr. Lois J. Anderson. A graduate of the North Carolina Central University in Durham, N.C., Anderson earned master's and doctoral degrees in clinical psychology from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. He received additional clinical and research training at the schools of medicine at Brown and Duke Universities, including postdoctoral fellowships in psychophysiology and aging at Duke. Anderson also received training in Mindfulness Facilitation from the UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles. In addition, Dr. Anderson is trained as a Certified Executive and Professional Coach through the College of Executive Coaching. Anderson was the founding Associate Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in charge of social and behavioral science, and was the first Director of the NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR). At NIH, he facilitated behavioral and social sciences research across all of the Institutes and Centers of the NIH. Research in the behavioral and social research was under his purview in areas such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, children's health, mental health, minority health, aging, and oral health. His special focus at NIH was in sociocultural determinants of health, and in advancing an integrated, trans-disciplinary, bio-psycho-social approach to health science, health promotion, prevention, and health care. In addition to his formal leadership roles, Anderson served as a tenured associate professor of medical psychology and of psychology at Duke University and as a professor of health and social behavior at the Harvard School of Public Health. In 2012, he was elected to the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine), which is part of the National Academy of Sciences. In addition to publishing dozens of scientific articles, Anderson is the author or editor of several books. He served as editor-in-chief of the two-volume \"Encyclopedia of Health and Behavior\" (2003) and as co-editor of \"Interdisciplinary research: Case studies from health and social science\" (2008). For over 12 years he was editor-in-chief of APA's flagship journal, \"American Psychologist\". With his wife, P. Elizabeth Anderson, he wrote a health book for the general public, \"Emotional Longevity: What Really Determines How Long You Live,\" released in 2003. Anderson retired from APA in July 14, 2015, following an APA authorized independent review report relating to ethics guidelines conducted by former assistant Assistant U.S. Attorney David H. Hoffman. Prior to the report's release, Anderson had informed the board that he would be retiring at the end of 2016. Norman B. Anderson Norman Bruce Anderson (born October 16, 1955) is an American scientist who was a tenured professor studying health disparities and mind/body health, and later an executive in government, non-profit, university sectors. Anderson is Assistant Vice President"
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"Kelly Heath Kelly Mark Heath (born September 4, 1957) is a professional baseball player and scout. A second baseman, Heath played in Major League Baseball for the Kansas City Royals in 1982, and played in minor league baseball for fourteen years. He currently scouts for the Royals, and previously scouted for the Oakland Athletics and Cincinnati Reds. Born in Plattsburgh, New York, Heath attended Louisburg College, a junior college (JUCO) where he played college baseball. In 1977, he was named to the JUCO All-Tournament Team. The Kansas City Royals drafted Heath in the seventh round, with the 177th overall selection, of the 1977 Major League Baseball Draft. Heath spent 24 days with the Kansas City Royals in the major leagues in 1982, and appeared in one game. On April 20, Heath served as a defensive replacement for Frank White. White opted to leave the game due to a case of hemorrhoids. Heath lined out in his only at-bat. After the 1983 season, in which he led the Omaha Royals, Kansas City's Class AAA minor league affiliate, in home runs (13) and runs batted in (65), Heath signed as a free agent with the New York Yankees organization. He played for the Atlanta Braves organization in 1986 and 1987, the Toronto Blue Jays organization in 1988 and 1989, and the Philadelphia Phillies organization in 1990. After retiring as a player, Heath was a coach for the Reading Phillies of the Class AA Eastern League in 1992. He then coached for the Martinsville Phillies of the Rookie-level Appalachian League. He managed for Martinsville in the 1997 season. Heath has been a scout for the Oakland Athletics. He joined the Cincinnati Reds as a scout in 2004 and joined the Royals in 2007. , or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota Kelly Heath Kelly Mark"
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"Paige Peterson Paige Matthews Peterson (born March 19, 1955 in Marin County, California) is an American painter and illustrator specializing in acrylic landscapes, portraits, and figural images. She is the former daughter-in-law of billionaire and former US Secretary of Commerce Peter George Peterson. She now lives and works in New York City and East Hampton, Long Island. Peterson's work has been characterized as \"lyrical\" by the Philadelphia Inquirer and \"spare but evocative\" by the San Francisco Chronicle. Peterson has been exhibited regularly in galleries from California to Maine (where, in 2004, her paintings appeared in a group show that also featured works by Christo, Chuck Close, and Alex Katz). In 2002, Paige Peterson was featured in Studios by the Sea, a photographic account, by Bob Colacello and Jonathan Becker, of artists working and living on Long Island's East End, and, a year later, she was selected for lifetime membership in the Guild Hall Academy of the Arts. In 2006, she co-authored and illustrated the children's book \"Blackie, The Horse Who Stood Still\", which is in its fifth printing from Welcome Books in New York City. In July 2008 her work was featured in a one-woman show at the Spanierman Gallery in East Hampton, New York. In March 2011 Paige had a show at the Gerald Peters Gallery in New York City. The show was curated by Peter Marcelle. Christopher Cerf and Paige Peterson have a new children's book \"Skidboot the Dog\" coming out in Spring 2012. Peterson also illustrated Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol, edited by Jesse Kornbluth. Peterson served as the Executive Vice President with the Ben Barnes Group. She was also the Vice President of Special Projects for Welcome Books, where she has an imprint, Cerf & Peterson. Peterson serves as the Chief Consultant for Growth and Development at the Attitudinal Healing International organization. She also sits on the Board of Directors of the National Council on U.S.-Arab Relations. Peterson is currently the Executive Vice President at the Huntsman Cancer Foundation. Paige Peterson Paige Matthews Peterson (born March 19, 1955 in Marin County, California) is an American painter and illustrator specializing in acrylic landscapes, portraits, and figural images. She is the former daughter-in-law of billionaire and former US Secretary of Commerce Peter George Peterson. She now lives and works in New York City and East Hampton, Long Island. Peterson's work has been characterized as \"lyrical\" by the Philadelphia"
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"Carpentras (composer) Carpentras (also Elzéar Genet, Eliziari Geneti) (ca. 1470 – June 14, 1548) was a French composer of the Renaissance. He was famous during his lifetime, and was especially notable for his settings of the Lamentations which remained in the repertory of the Papal Choir throughout the 16th century. In addition, he was probably the most prominent Avignon musician since the time of the ars subtilior at the end of the 14th century. He was born in the town of Carpentras, but nothing else is known about his early life. Sometime before 1505, he took ecclesiastical orders, since when he was hired in the Avignon chapel in that year he was called \"clericus.\" He spent most of his life alternately in Avignon and Rome. Evidently he was acquainted with Avignon bishop Giuliano della Rovere, for when the bishop became Pope Julius II Carpentras went with him to Rome, where he sang in the papal chapel; he was listed in a roll of the singers there in 1508. However, after a few years he left the chapel to work at the court of Louis XII of France, though little is known about him at this time; clearly he was composing large quantities of secular music, some of it quite irreverent, for when he returned to Rome in 1513 he specifically promised to stop writing it. He became master of the papal chapel in 1514, now under the Medici Pope Leo X, who was an enthusiastic patron of music and the arts. When Leo X died in 1521, Carpentras fled Rome for Avignon; the new pope Adrian VI was uninterested in music, if not actively hostile, and many musicians gave him a \"walking ovation.\" When Adrian VI died in 1523, the new pope, Clement VII, was again a fine patron of the arts, and Carpentras returned to Rome. While there he was surprised to discover his own music still being sung but in bastardized versions; as a result he carefully copied over some of his music, such as the pictured setting of the Lamentations of Jeremiah, and presented this collection to Clement VII as the \"true\" or \"corrected\" version. However, he did not stay in Rome, and after only two years he departed for Avignon, this time for good. In 1526 he became afflicted with tinnitus, a condition which terrified him, and which he described as a continuous hissing in his head. Apparently it was at this time that he withdrew from practical music-making and instead decided to devote himself to publishing his entire output of sacred music, an immense undertaking, and the earliest recorded such attempt in music history. The publication was troublesome; one of the printers failed to align the notes to staves correctly, and the entire process ended in arbitration at one point: however eventually, in the mid 1530s, he was able to issue four large collections of his music. Two of the volumes he dedicated to Pope Clement VII, and the other two to Cardinal Ippolito de'Medici. He seems to have held several ecclesiastical positions in Avignon in the last two decades of his life, including the deanship of St. Agricole, and he died in that town in 1548. Carpentras composed several masses, numerous settings of the Magnificat, psalm settings, hymns, motets, and secular songs, as well as many settings of the Lamentations, which were his most famous work both during his lifetime and until 1587 when Palestrina was commissioned by the Counter-Reformation church to replace them. Stylistically, his music is typical of the generation after Josquin, smoothly polyphonic with pervasive imitation. Carpentras alternates points of imitation with homophonic sections, especially in his settings of the Lamentations. Carpentras (composer) Carpentras (also Elzéar Genet, Eliziari Geneti) (ca. 1470 – June 14, 1548) was a French composer of the Renaissance. He was famous during his lifetime, and was especially notable for his settings of the Lamentations which remained in the repertory of the Papal Choir throughout the 16th century. In addition, he was probably the most prominent Avignon musician since the time of the ars subtilior at the end of the 14th century. He was born in the town of Carpentras, but nothing else is known about his early"
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"Double Dragon II: The Revenge The arcade version of \"Double Dragon II: The Revenge\" begins with Marian, the damsel in distress from the original \"Double Dragon\", being shot to death by the leader of the Black Warriors. Once again, the players assume the role of brothers Billy and Jimmy Lee, who are now tasked with the duty of avenging Marian's death. The arcade version of the game is essentially an improved version of the original title. The biggest change in the game's controls are in the replacement of the original's punch and kick buttons with two directional-based attack buttons (Left Attack and Right Attack) similar to \"Renegade\". Pressing the attack button of the player's current direction will do a standard series of punches, while pressing the opposite attack button will perform a back kick. A few new moves are added as well, including a Hurricane Kick. Almost all of the returning enemy characters from the first game were given makeovers and new moves which they can use against the player. The weapons that can be used by the player have also been redrawn and modified from the previous game. The steel bats and dynamite sticks for example, were replaced by shovels and grenades. Like in the original game, the arcade version of \"Double Dragon II\" is divided into four missions: a heliport, a lumber storehouse, a farm, and the new hideout of the boss. Each stage has its own boss character with his own theme. After defeating Willy (the final boss from the original game) in the fourth stage, the player will confront a double of their own character for the game's final battle. If two players reach the end together, then both will each have to face their own clone. was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System by the start of , developed by Technōs themselves, although it is a very distinct product from the arcade game. It was remade by Naxat Soft for the PC Engine in . Virgin Mastertronic released ports of the arcade version for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, IBM PC, Commodore Amiga, Amstrad CPC and Atari ST in 1989. The computer ports were developed by Binary Design, the same outfit that handled the computer ports of the first game. In 2013, the Internet Archive put the undeleted assembly sources (\"DRGNSRC.LZH\") of the DOS version available for download. The Mega Drive version of \"Double Dragon II: The Revenge\" was released by Palsoft exclusively in Japan on December 20, . Unlike the NES version, the Mega Drive version is a straight port of the original arcade game, featuring the same stages, techniques and weapons, as well as almost every enemy character. The only significant change to the level designs was in Mission 2, which was substantially changed in order to make it a longer and more complex stage. However, the characters were redesigned to much smaller proportions and are less colorful than the ones featured in the original arcade version or even the Genesis port of the original \"Double Dragon\" by Accolade released a year later in North America and Europe. The game has compatibility issues when played with a 6-button controller, suffering from slight input lag when the players move their characters with the directional pad. \"Double Dragon II\" was re-released in alongside the other two arcade games in a compilation titled \"Double Dragon Trilogy\" produced by DotEmu, which was released on iOS, Android and Steam platforms. The NES version of \"Double Dragon II\" was re-released in North America as a downloadable title on all three systems available for the service: Wii, 3DS and Wii U. It also released for the Virtual Console in Japan and Europe. Double Dragon II: Wander of the Dragons is a 3D beat-'em-up loosely based on the arcade version of \"Double Dragon II: The Revenge\", developed by Korean game studio GRAVITY and published by Barunson Creative Co. Ltd. The title was first announced in 2011, but was shelved for release for two years. It was eventually released on April 5, 2013 as a digital download for the Xbox 360 via the Xbox Live Arcade service. It received extremely negative reviews, with a score of 18.12% on Gamerankings and a score of 17 on Metacritic. It is currently the lowest scoring Xbox 360 game on Metacritic and the sixth lowest game on all platforms. GamesRadar ranked it as the 42nd worst game ever made. The staff compared it unfavorably to the previous \"Double Dragon Neon.\" Double Dragon II: The Revenge The arcade version of \"Double Dragon II: The Revenge\" begins with Marian, the damsel in distress from the original \"Double Dragon\", being shot to death by the leader of the Black Warriors. Once again, the players assume the role of brothers Billy and Jimmy Lee, who are now tasked with the"
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"The Underworld (album) The Underworld is the second and final studio album by the American thrash metal band Evildead, released in June 1991 on Steamhammer Records. While the album was a mild success, it did not maintain the same popularity as \"Annihilation of Civilization\", likely due to its release coinciding with the advent of the grunge era, which ultimately resulted in a dramatic decline in the popularity of heavy metal in general. This would be their final album with founding vocalist Phil Flores (who left in 1993) and their only featuring guitarist Dan Flores (though he would stay in Evildead until their breakup and played on their 1994 demo EP \"Terror\"), bassist Karlos Medina (who also left in 1993) and drummer Doug Clawson (who left not long after the album was released). All tracks by Evildead, except \"He's a Woman/She's a Man\" by Rudolf Schenker, Klaus Meine, Herman Rarebell The Underworld (album) The Underworld is the second and final studio album by the American thrash metal band Evildead, released in June 1991 on Steamhammer Records. While the album was a mild success, it did not maintain the same popularity as \"Annihilation of Civilization\", likely due to its release coinciding with"
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"retrieved": [
"An Imperative Duty An Imperative Duty is a short realist novel by William Dean Howells published in 1891. The novel explores the idea of \"passing\" through the racially mixed character of Rhoda Aldgate, a young woman whose aunt informs her that she is one-sixteenth African American. Rhoda lived her whole life \"passing\" as a white person. The book is about Rhoda Aldgate, a young woman who discovers she is one-sixteenth African American, after living her whole life as a white person. Rhoda's father was Mrs. Meredith's brother, a white man, and Rhoda's mother was a southern woman of one-eighth black ancestry. In the nineteenth century, Rhoda's mother would have been referred to as an \"octoroon.\" The book is about a \"Tragic Mulatta\" character, a stereotype used by 19th-century American authors to explore racial miscegenation. An Imperative Duty An Imperative Duty is a short realist novel by William Dean Howells published in 1891. The novel explores the idea of \"passing\" through the racially mixed character of Rhoda Aldgate, a young woman whose aunt informs her that she is one-sixteenth African American. Rhoda lived her whole life \"passing\" as a white person. The book is about Rhoda Aldgate, a young woman who"
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"Apicius Apicius is a collection of Roman cookery recipes, usually thought to have been compiled in the 1st century AD and written in a language that is in many ways closer to Vulgar than to Classical Latin; later recipes using Vulgar Latin (such as \"ficatum\", \"bullire\") were added to earlier recipes using Classical Latin (such as \"iecur\", \"fervere\"). The name \"Apicius\" had long been associated with excessively refined love of food, from the habits of an early bearer of the name, Marcus Gavius Apicius, a Roman gourmet and lover of refined luxury, who lived sometime in the 1st century AD during the reign of Tiberius. He is sometimes erroneously asserted to be the author of the book that is pseudepigraphically attributed to him. \"Apicius\" is a text to be used in the kitchen. In the earliest printed editions, it was usually called De re coquinaria (\"On the Subject of Cooking\"), and attributed to an otherwise unknown Caelius Apicius, an invention based on the fact that one of the two manuscripts is headed with the words \"API CAE\" or rather because there are a few recipes attributed to Apicius in the text: Patinam Apicianam sic facies (IV, 14) Ofellas Apicianas (VII, 2). It is also known as \"De re culinaria\". The Latin text is organized in ten books with Greek titles, in an arrangement similar to that of a modern cookbook: The foods described in the book are useful for reconstructing the dietary habits of the ancient world around the Mediterranean Basin. But the recipes are geared for the wealthiest classes, and a few contain what were exotic ingredients at that time (e.g., flamingo). A sample recipe from Apicius (8.6.2–3) follows: In a completely different manuscript, there is also a very abbreviated epitome entitled \"Apici excerpta a Vinidario\", a \"pocket Apicius\" by \"an illustrious man\" named Vinidarius, made as late as the Carolingian era. The Vinidarius of this book may have been a Goth, in which case his Gothic name may have been Vinithaharjis, but this is only conjecture. Despite being called \"illustrious,\" nothing about him is truly known. \"Apici excerpta a Vinidario\" survives in a single 8th-century uncial manuscript. Despite the title, this booklet is not an excerpt purely from the \"Apicius\" text we have today, as it contains material that is not in the longer \"Apicius\" manuscripts. Either some text was lost between the time the excerpt was made and the time the manuscripts were written, or there never was a \"standard \"Apicius\"\" text because the contents changed over time as it was adapted by readers. Once manuscripts surfaced, there were two early printed editions of \"Apicius\", in Milan (1498, under the title \"In re quoquinaria\") and Venice (1500). Four more editions in the next four decades reflect the appeal of \"Apicius\". In the long-standard edition of C. T. Schuch (Heidelberg, 1867), the editor added some recipes from the Vinidarius manuscript. Between 1498 (the date of the first printed edition) and 1936 (the date of Joseph Dommers Vehling's translation into English and bibliography of Apicius), there were 14 editions of the Latin text (plus one possibly apocryphal edition). The work was not widely translated, however; the first translation was into Italian, in 1852, followed in the 20th century by two translations into German and French. The French translation by Bertrand Guégan was awarded the 1934 Prix Langlois by the Académie française. Vehling made the first translation of the book into English under the title \"Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome\". It was published in 1936 and is still in print, having been reprinted in 1977 by Dover Publications. It is now of historical interest only, since Vehling's knowledge of Latin was not always adequate for the difficult task of translation, and several later and more reliable translations now exist. Apicius Apicius is a collection of Roman cookery recipes, usually thought to have been compiled in the 1st century AD and written in a language that is in many ways closer to Vulgar than to Classical Latin; later recipes using Vulgar Latin (such as \"ficatum\", \"bullire\") were added to earlier recipes using Classical Latin (such as \"iecur\", \"fervere\"). The name \"Apicius\" had long been associated with excessively refined love of"
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"Lado Seidishvili Vladimir (Lado) Osmanis Dze Seidishvili (also spelled Seidashvili) (born Batumi, Georgia; 21 January 1931 - 27 February 2010) was a Georgian painter and poet. In 1956, Seidishvili studied at the Tbilisi Fine Arts Academy, finishing in 1962 with a diploma as a graphic artist. That year, he began working at Batumi's national press as an artist-editor. He also wrote poetry, plays, and made stage scenery for the theater. He did so for the plays \"Seventh Sky\", \"Innocent Eye\", and \"Brave Soldier Shveiko\". Seidishvili himself characterized his work as mainly expressionistic, though, like many artists from the Soviet era, he painted his early works in the Severe or Rough style, sometimes called \"Ugly Realism\". It reflects the concept of \"narodnost\", which essentially means that a work of art should be \"national in style and socialist in content\". At the same time, in Seidishvili's works one can see an archaic native treatment in the almond eyes of his characters, graceful outlining of their figures, and a frieze-like quality of composition. The artist admits: \"There was always an optimistic light in my works. I've always believed that good times would come.\" One of Seidishvili's original works, \"The Workers From Batumi\", (1966) can be viewed in the Springville Museum of Art in Maryland. This work is also featured in the book \"Hidden Treasures: Russian and Soviet Impressionism by Vern Swanson\" (2001). Lado Seidishvili’s published poetry books include “Poems” (1961), “Sun Noises” (1963), “Wreath of Sonnets” (1972), “Elesa” (1969), “Adam’s Apple” (1995), “Poems” (2001), and “Requiem” (2005). Lado Seidishvili died on February 27, 2010, and is interred in the pantheon for celebrated citizens in Batumi, Georgia. Lado Seidishvili Vladimir (Lado) Osmanis Dze Seidishvili (also spelled Seidashvili) (born Batumi, Georgia; 21 January 1931 - 27 February 2010) was a Georgian painter and poet. In"
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"2017 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament is the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Atlantic 10 Conference. It was held March 8–12, 2017 at PPG Paints Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The championship was won by Rhode Island who defeated VCU in the championship game. As a result, Rhode Island received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. All 14 A-10 schools participated in the tournament. Teams were seeded by record within the conference, with a tiebreaker system to seed teams with identical conference records. The top 10 teams received a first round bye and the top four teams received a double bye. <nowiki>* denotes overtime period</nowiki> 2017 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament is the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Atlantic 10 Conference. It was held March 8–12, 2017 at PPG Paints Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The championship was won by Rhode Island who defeated VCU in the championship game. As a result, Rhode Island received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. All 14 A-10 schools participated in the tournament. Teams were seeded by record within the conference, with a tiebreaker system to"
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"Cartagena, Colombia The city of Cartagena, known in the colonial era as Cartagena de Indias ( ), is a major port founded in 1533, located on the northern coast of Colombia in the Caribbean Coast Region. It was strategically located between the Magdalena and Sinú rivers and became the main port for trade between Spain and its overseas empire, establishing its importance by the early 1540s. During the colonial era it was a key port for the export of Peruvian silver to Spain and for the import of enslaved Africans under the asiento system. It was defensible against pirate attacks in the Caribbean. It is the capital of the Bolívar Department, and had a population 971,592 as of 2016. It is the fifth-largest city in Colombia and the second largest in the region, after Barranquilla. The urban area of Cartagena is also the fifth-largest urban area in the country. Economic activities include the maritime and petrochemicals industries, as well as tourism. The city was founded on June 1, 1533, and named after Cartagena, Spain, which in turn was named after Carthage in Tunisia. Settlement in the region around Cartagena Bay by various indigenous people dates back to 4000 BC. During the Spanish colonial period Cartagena served a key role in administration and expansion of the Spanish empire. It was a center of political, ecclesiastical, and economic activity. In 1984, Cartagena's colonial walled city and fortress were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Puerto Hormiga Culture, found in the Caribbean coast region, particularly in the area from the Sinú River Delta to the Cartagena Bay, appears to be the first documented human community in what is now Colombia. Archaeologists estimate that around 4000 BC, the formative culture was located near the boundary between the present-day departments of Bolívar and Sucre. In this area, archaeologists have found the most ancient ceramic objects of the Americas, dating from around 4000 BC. The primary reason for the proliferation of primitive societies in this area is thought to have been the relative mildness of climate and the abundance of wildlife, which allowed the hunting inhabitants a comfortable life. Archaeological investigations date the decline of the Puerto Hormiga culture and its related settlements to around 3000 BC. The rise of a much more developed culture, the Monsú, who lived at the end of the Dique Canal near today's Cartagena neighborhoods Pasacaballos and Ciénaga Honda at the northernmost part of Barú Island, has been hypothesized. The Monsú culture appears to have inherited the Puerto Hormiga culture's use of the art of pottery and also to have developed a mixed economy of agriculture and basic manufacture. The Monsú people's diet was based mostly on shellfish and fresh and salt-water fish. The development of the Sinú society in what is today the departments of Córdoba and Sucre, eclipsed these first developments around the Cartagena Bay area. Until the Spanish colonization, many cultures derived from the Karib, Malibu and Arawak language families lived along the Colombian Caribbean coast. In the late pre-Columbian era, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta was home to the Tayrona people, whose language was closely related to the Chibcha language family. Around 1500 the area was inhabited by different tribes of the Carib language family, more precisely the Mocanae sub-family. Mocana villages of the Carib people around the Bay of Cartagena included: Heredia found these settlements, \"...largely surrounded with the heads of dead men placed on stakes.\" Some subsidiary tribes of the Kalamari lived in today's neighborhood of Pie de la Popa, and other subsidiaries from the Cospique lived in the Membrillal and Pasacaballos areas. Among these, according to the earliest documents available, the Kalamari had preeminence. These tribes, though physically and administratively separated, shared a common architecture, such as hut structures consisting of circular rooms with tall roofs, which were surrounded by defensive wooden palisades. Rodrigo de Bastidas traveled to the Pearl Coast and the Gulf of Uraba in 1500–01. On 14 February 1504, Ferdinand V contracted Juan de la Cosa's voyage to Uraba. However, Juan de la Cosa died in 1510 along with 300 of Alonso de Ojeda's men, after an armed confrontation with indigenous people, and before Juan de la Cosa could get possession of the Gulf of Urabá area. Similar contracts were signed in 1508 with Diego de Nicuesa for the settlement of Veragua and with Alonso de Ojeda for the settlement of Uraba, \"where gold had already been obtained on earlier voyages,\" according to Floyd. After the failed effort to find Antigua del Darién in 1506 by Alonso de Ojeda and the subsequent unsuccessful founding of San Sebastián de Urabá in 1517 by Diego de Nicuesa, the southern Caribbean coast became unattractive to colonizers. They preferred the better known Hispaniola and Cuba. Although the royal control point for trade, the Casa de Contratación gave permission to Rodrigo de Bastidas (1460–1527) to again conduct an expedition as adelantado to this area, Bastidas explored the coast and sighted the Magdalena River Delta in his first journey from Guajira to the south in 1527, a trip that ended in the Gulf of Urabá, the location of the failed first settlements. De Nicuesa and De Ojeda noted the existence of a big bay on the way from Santo Domingo to Urabá and the Panama isthmus, and that encouraged Bastidas to investigate. Under contract to Queen Joanna of Castile, Pedro de Heredia entered the Bay of Cartagena with three ships, a lighter, 150 men, and 22 horses, on 14 January 1533. He soon found the village of Calamari abandoned. Proceeding onwards to Turbaco, where Juan de la Cosa had been mortally wounded 13 years earlier, Heredia fought an all-day battle before claiming victory. Using India Catalina as a guide, Heredia embarked on a three-month exploration expedition. He returned to Calamari in April 1533 with gold pieces, including a solid gold porcupine weighing 132 pounds. In later expeditions, Heredia raided the Sinú tombs and temples of gold. His rule as governor of Cartagena lasted 22 years, before perishing on his return to Spain in 1544. Cartagena was founded on June 1, 1533 by the Spanish commander, Pedro de Heredia, in the former location of the indigenous Caribbean Calamarí village. The town was named after the port city of Cartagena, in Murcia in southeast Spain, where most of Heredia's sailors had resided. King Philip II gave Cartagena the title of \"city\" (\"ciudad\") in 1574, adding \"most noble and loyal\" in 1575. The city's increasing importance as a port for the export of Peruvian silver from Potosí to Spain, made it an obvious target for pirates and corsairs, encouraged by France, England, and Holland. In 1544, the city was pillaged by 5 ships and 1000 men under the command of the French pirate Jean-François Roberval, who took advantage of the city still without walls. Heredia was forced to retreat to Turbaco until a ransom was paid. A defensive tower, \"San Felipe del Boqueron\", was built in 1566 by Governor Anton Davalos. It was supposed to protect the anchorage and the Bahia de las Animas, a water lane into Plaza de lar Mar (current day Plaze de la Aduana), but the fort's battery had limited range. Then the French pirate Martin Cote struck in 1569 with 1000 men, ransacking the city. A few months after the disaster of the invasion of Cote, a fire destroyed the city and forced the creation of a firefighting squad, the first in the Americas. In 1568, Sir John Hawkins of England tried to trick Governor Martín de las Alas into violating Spanish law, which forbade trade with foreigners, by opening a trade fair in the city to sell goods. This would have allowed Hawkins to ravage the port afterwards; the governor declined. Hawkins bombarded the city for 8 days, but failed to level it. Then Francis Drake attacked in April 1586 with 23 ships and 3,000 men. Drake burned 200 houses and",
"a water lane into Plaza de lar Mar (current day Plaze de la Aduana), but the fort's battery had limited range. Then the French pirate Martin Cote struck in 1569 with 1000 men, ransacking the city. A few months after the disaster of the invasion of Cote, a fire destroyed the city and forced the creation of a firefighting squad, the first in the Americas. In 1568, Sir John Hawkins of England tried to trick Governor Martín de las Alas into violating Spanish law, which forbade trade with foreigners, by opening a trade fair in the city to sell goods. This would have allowed Hawkins to ravage the port afterwards; the governor declined. Hawkins bombarded the city for 8 days, but failed to level it. Then Francis Drake attacked in April 1586 with 23 ships and 3,000 men. Drake burned 200 houses and the cathedral, departing only after a ransom was paid a month later. Spain then commissioned Bautista Antonelli in 1586 to design a master scheme for defending its Caribbean ports. This included a second visit to Cartagena in 1594 when he drew up plans for a walled city. In 1610, the Holy Office of the Inquisition was established in Cartagena and The Palace of Inquisition was completed in 1770. Sentences were pronounced in the main city plaza, today's Plaza de Bolivar, during the \"Autos de Fe\" ceremonies. Crimes under its jurisdiction included those of heresy, blasphemy, bigamy and witchcraft. A total of 767 persons were punished, which ranged from fines, wearing a Sanbenito, life imprisonment, or even death for five unlucky souls. The Inquisition was abolished with independence in 1811. The first slaves were brought by Pedro de Heredia to work as \"macheteros\", clearing the underbrush. By the 17th Century, Cartagena had become an important New World slave market, centered about the Plaza de los Coches. Europeans began to bring slaves from Africa. Spain was the only European power that could not establish factories in Africa to purchase slaves and therefore the Spanish empire relied on the asiento system, awarding merchants (mostly from Portugal, France, England and the Dutch Empire) the license to trade enslaved people to their overseas territories. Gov. Francisco de Murga made the Inner Bay an \"impregnable lagoon\", according to Segovia, which included the forts \"El Boquerón\", \"Castillo Grande\", \"Manzanillo\", and \"Manga\". Besides the walls built to defend the historic district of Calamari, Francisco de Murga enclosed Getsemani with protective walls starting in 1631. This included the battery of Media Luna of San Antonio, located between the bastions of Santa Teresa and Santa Barbara, which protected the only gate and causeway to the mainland. The practice of \"Situado\", is exemplified in the magnitude of the city's subsidy between 1751 and 1810, when the city received the sum of 20,912,677 Spanish reales. The Raid on Cartagena, in April 1697 during the Nine Years' War, by Sir Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis and Jean Baptiste Ducasse was a severe blow to Cartagena. The Baron's forces included 22 large ships, 500 canons, and 4000 troops, while Ducasse's forces consisted of 7 ships and 1,200 buccaneers. They quickly overwhelmed Sancho Jimeno de Orozco's force of 30 men in the \"San Luis de Bocachica\" fortification. Then, \"San Felipe de Barajas\" also fell and the city came under bombardment. When the Half Moon Gate was breached and Getsemani occupied, Governor Diego de los Rios capitulated. The Baron left after a month of plunder and Ducasse followed a week later. When King Philip II employed the Italian engineer Juan Bautista Antonelli to design a master plan of fortifications for Cartagena, construction would actually continue for the next two hundred years. On 17 March 1640, three Portuguese ships under the command of Rodrigo Lobo da Silva, ran aground in the Bocagrande Channel. This accelerated the formation of a sand bar, which soon connected the Bocagrande Peninsula to the island of Tierrabomba. The defense of the bay then shifted to two forts on either side of Bocachica, \"San Jose\" and \"San Luis de Bocachica\". \"San Luis\" was replaced by \"San Fernando\" after the 1741 English raid. The next narrow passage was formed by the Island of Manzanillo, where \"San Juan del Manzanillo\" was constructed and \"Santa Cruz O Castillo Grande\" opposite on Cruz Grande at Punta Judio, both connected by a floating chain. Finally, there was \"San Felipe del Boqueron\", later \"San Sebastian del Pastelillo\". The city itself was circled with a ring of bastions connected by curtains. The island of Getsemani was also fortified. Protecting the city on the landward side, atop San Lazaro hill, was the Castillo San Felipe de Barajas named in honor of Spain's King Philip IV and Governor Pedro Zapata de Mendoza, Marquis of Barajas' father, the Count of Barajas. Completed in 1654, the fort was expanded in the 18th Century, and included underground corridors and galleries. Although the 18th century began poorly for the city economically, when the Bourbon dynasty discontinued the \"Carrera de Indias\" convoys. However, with the establishment of the Viceroyalty of New Granada and the colonial struggle with England, Cartagena took on the stronghold as the \"gateway to the Indies of Peru\". By 1777, the city included 13,700 inhabitants with a garrison of 1300. The population reached 17,600 in 1809. The reconstruction after the Raid on Cartagena (1697) was initially slow, but with the end of the War of the Spanish Succession around 1711 and the competent administration of Juan Díaz de Torrezar Pimienta, the walls were rebuilt, the forts reorganized and restored, and the public services and buildings reopened. By 1710, the city was fully recovered. At the same time, the slow but steady reforms of the restricted trade policies in the Spanish Empire encouraged the establishment of new trade houses and private projects. During the reign of Philip V of Spain the city had many new public works projects either begun or completed, among them the new fort of San Fernando, the Hospital of the Obra Pía and the full paving of all the streets and the opening of new roads. In 1731, Juan de Herrera y Sotomayor founded the Military Academy of Mathematics and Practice of Fortifications in Cartagena. He is also known for designing the Puerta del Reloj starting in 1704. Starting in mid-April 1741, the city endured a siege by a large English armada under the command of Admiral Edward Vernon. The engagement, referred to as Battle of Cartagena de Indias, was part of the larger War of Jenkins' Ear. The English armada included 50 warships, 130 transport ships, and 25,600 men, including 2,000 North American colonial infantry. The Spanish defense was under the command of Sebastián de Eslava and Don Blas de Lezo. The British were able to take the Castillo de San Luis at Bocachica and land marines on the island of Tierrabomba and Manzanillo. The North Americans then took La Popa hill. Following a failed attack on San Felipe Barajas on 20 April 1741, which left 800 British dead and another 1,000 taken prisoner, Vernon lifted the siege. By that time he had many sick men from tropical diseases. An interesting footnote to the battle, was the inclusion of George Washington's half brother, Lawrence Washington, amongst the British colonial troops. Lawrence later named his Mount Vernon estate in honor of his commander. In 1762, Antonio de Arebalo published his Defense Plan, the Report on the estate of defense on the avenues of Cartagena de Indias. This engineer continued the work to make Cartagena impregnable, including the construction from 1771 to 1778, of a 3400 yards long underwater jetty across the Bocagrande called the \"Escollera\". Arebalo had earlier completed \"San Fernando\", and the fort-battery of \"San Jose\" in 1759, then added \"El Angel San Rafael\" on El Horno hill as added protection across the Bocachica. After Vernon, what is called the 'Silver Age' of the city (1750–1808) began. This time was one of permanent expansion of the",
"of George Washington's half brother, Lawrence Washington, amongst the British colonial troops. Lawrence later named his Mount Vernon estate in honor of his commander. In 1762, Antonio de Arebalo published his Defense Plan, the Report on the estate of defense on the avenues of Cartagena de Indias. This engineer continued the work to make Cartagena impregnable, including the construction from 1771 to 1778, of a 3400 yards long underwater jetty across the Bocagrande called the \"Escollera\". Arebalo had earlier completed \"San Fernando\", and the fort-battery of \"San Jose\" in 1759, then added \"El Angel San Rafael\" on El Horno hill as added protection across the Bocachica. After Vernon, what is called the 'Silver Age' of the city (1750–1808) began. This time was one of permanent expansion of the existing buildings, massive immigration from all the other cities of the Viceroyalty, increase of the economic and political power of the city and a population growth spurt not equaled since that time. Political power that was already shifting from Bogotá to the coast completed its relocation, and the Viceroys decided to reside in Cartagena permanently. The inhabitants of the city were the richest of the colony, the aristocracy erected noble houses on their lands to form great estates, libraries and printing establishments were opened, and the first café in New Granada was even established. The good times of steady progress and advancement in the second half of the 18th century came to an abrupt end in 1808 with the general crisis of the Spanish Empire that came from the Mutiny of Aranjuez and all its consequences. Among the censuses of the 18th century was the special Census of 1778, imposed by the governor of the time, D. Juan de Torrezar Diaz Pimienta – later Viceroy of New Granada – by order of the Marquis of Ensenada, Minister of Finance – so that he would be provided numbers for his Catastro tax project, which imposed a universal property tax he believed would contribute to the economy while at the same time increasing royal revenues dramatically. The Census of 1778, besides having significance for economic history, is interesting because each house had to be described in detail and its occupants enumerated, making the census an important tool The census revealed what Ensenada had hoped. However, his enemies in the court convinced King Charles III to oppose the tax plan. For more than 275 years, Cartagena was under Spanish rule. With Napoleon's imprisonment of Charles IV and Ferdinand VII, and the start of the Peninsular War, the Latin American wars of independence soon followed. In Cartagena, on 4 June 1810, Royal Commissioner Antonio Villavicencio and the Cartagena City Council banished the Spanish Governor Francisco de Montes on suspicions of sympathy for the French emperor and the French occupation forces which overthrew the king. A Supreme Junta was formed, along with two political parties, one led by Jose Maria Garcia de Toledo representing the aristocrats, and a second led by Gabriel and German Piñeres representing the common people of Getsemani. Finally on 11 November, a Declaration of Independence was signed proclaiming \"a free state, sovereign and independent of all domination and servitude to any power on Earth\". Spain's reaction was to send a \"pacifying expedition\" under the command of Pablo Morillo, The Pacifier, and Pascual de Enrile, which included 59 ships, and 10,612 men. The city was placed under siege on 22 August 1815. The city was defended by 3000 men, 360 cannons, and 8 ships plus ancillary small watercraft, under the command of Manuel del Castillo y Rada and Juan N. Enslava. However, by that time, the city was under the rule of the Garcia de Toledo Party, having exiled German and Gabriel Pineres, and Simon Bolivar. By 5 December, about 300 people per day died from hunger or disease, forcing 2000 to flee on vessels provided by the French mercenary Louis Aury. By that time, 6000 had died. Morillo, in retaliation after entering the city, shot nine of the rebel leaders on 24 February 1816, at what is now known as the Camellon de los Martires. These included José María García de Toledo and Manuel del Castillo y Rada. Finally, a patriot army led by General Mariano Montilla, supported by Admiral José Prudencio Padilla, laid siege to the city from August 1820 until October 1821. A key engagement was the destruction of almost all of the royalist ships anchored on Getsemani Island on 24 June 1821. After Governor Gabriel Torres surrendered, Simon Bolivar the Liberator, bestowed the title \"Heroic City\" onto Cartagena. The Liberator spent 18 days in the city from 20–28 July 1827, staying in the Government Palace in Proclamation Square and the guest of a banquet hosted by Jose Padilla at his residence on Calle Larga. Cartagena faces the Caribbean Sea to the west. To the south is the Cartagena Bay, which has two entrances: Bocachica (Small Mouth) in the south, and Bocagrande (Big Mouth) in the north. Cartagena is located at 10°25' North, 75°32' West (10.41667, −75.5333). The metropolitan area of Cartagena is formed by: In this area is the Rafael Núñez International Airport, located in the neighborhood of Crespo, ten minutes' drive from downtown or the old part of the city and fifteen minutes away from the modern area. Zona Norte, the area located immediately north of the airport, contains the Hotel Las Americas, the urban development office of Barcelona de Indias, and several educational institutions. The old city walls, which enclose the \"centro\" or downtown area and the neighbourhood of San Diego, are located to the southwest of Crespo. On the Caribbean shore between Crespo and the old city lie the neighborhoods of Marbella and El Cabrero. The Downtown area of Cartagena has varied architecture, mainly a colonial style, but republican and Italian style buildings, such as the Cathedral's bell tower, can be seen. The main entrance to downtown is the \"Puerta del Reloj\" (Clock Gate), which exits onto the \"Plaza de los Coches\" (Square of the Carriages). A few steps farther is the \"Plaza de la Aduana\" (Customs Square), next to the mayor's office. Nearby is San Pedro Claver Square and the church also named for Saint Peter Claver, where the body of the Jesuit saint ('Saint of the African slaves') is kept in a casket, as well as the Museum of Modern Art. Nearby is the Plaza de Bolívar (Bolívar's Square) and the Palace of Inquisition. Plaza de Bolívar (formerly known as Plaza de La Inquisicion) is essentially a small park with a statue of Simón Bolívar in the center. This plaza is surrounded by balconied colonial buildings. Shaded outdoor cafes line the street. The Office of Historical Archives devoted to Cartagena's history is not far away. Next to the archives is the Government Palace, the office building of the Governor of the Department of Bolivar. Across from the palace is the Cathedral of Cartagena, which dates back to the 16th century. Another religious building of significance is the Iglesia de Santo Domingo in front of Plaza Santo Domingo (Santo Domingo Square). In the square is the sculpture \"Mujer Reclinada\" (\"Reclining Woman\"), a gift from the notable Colombian artist Fernando Botero. Nearby is the Tcherassi Hotel, a 250-year-old colonial mansion renovated by designer Silvia Tcherassi. In the city is the Augustinian Fathers Convent and the University of Cartagena. This university is a center of higher education opened to the public in the late 19th century. The \"Claustro de Santa Teresa\" (Saint Theresa Cloister), which has been remodeled and has become a hotel operated by Charleston Hotels. It has its own square, protected by the San Francisco Bastion. A 20-minute walk from downtown is the Castillo de San Felipe de Barajas, located in el Pie de la Popa (another neighborhood), the greatest fortress ever built by the Spaniards in their colonies. The tunnels were all constructed in such a way as to make it possible to hear footsteps of an approaching",
"Fernando Botero. Nearby is the Tcherassi Hotel, a 250-year-old colonial mansion renovated by designer Silvia Tcherassi. In the city is the Augustinian Fathers Convent and the University of Cartagena. This university is a center of higher education opened to the public in the late 19th century. The \"Claustro de Santa Teresa\" (Saint Theresa Cloister), which has been remodeled and has become a hotel operated by Charleston Hotels. It has its own square, protected by the San Francisco Bastion. A 20-minute walk from downtown is the Castillo de San Felipe de Barajas, located in el Pie de la Popa (another neighborhood), the greatest fortress ever built by the Spaniards in their colonies. The tunnels were all constructed in such a way as to make it possible to hear footsteps of an approaching enemy. Some of the tunnels are open for viewing today. San Diego was named after the local San Diego Convent, now known as the Beaux Arts University Building. In front of it is the Convent of the Nuns of the Order of Saint Clare, now the Hotel Santa Clara. In the surrounding area is Santo Toribio Church, the last church built in the Walled City. Next to it is Fernández de Madrid Square, honoring Cartagena's hero, José Fernández de Madrid, whose statue can be seen nearby. Inside the Old City is found Las Bóvedas (The Vaults), a construction attached to the walls of the Santa Catalina Fortress. From the top of this construction the Caribbean Sea is visible. Once a district characterized by crime, Getsemani, just south of the ancient walled fortress, has become \"Cartagena's hippest neighborhood and one of Latin America's newest hotspots\", with plazas that were once the scene of drug dealing being reclaimed and old buildings being turned into boutique hotels. The Bocagrande (Big Mouth) is an area known for its skyscrapers. The area contains the bulk of the city's tourist facilities, such as hotels, shops, restaurants, nightclubs and art galleries. It is located between Cartagena Bay to the east and the Caribbean Sea to the west, and includes the two neighborhoods of El Laguito (The Little Lake) and Castillogrande (Big Castle). Bocagrande has long beaches and much commercial activity is found along Avenida San Martín (Saint Martin Avenue). The beaches of Bocagrande, lying along the northern shore, are made of volcanic sand, which is slightly grayish in color. This makes the water appear muddy, though it is not. There are breakwaters about every . On the bay side of the peninsula of Bocagrande is a seawalk. In the center of the bay is a statue of the Virgin Mary. The Naval Base is also located in Bocagrande, looking at the Bay. Cartagena features a tropical wet and dry climate. Humidity averages around 90%, with rainy seasons typically in May–June and October–November. The climate tends to be hot and windy. The main economic activities in Cartagena are industry, tourism, and commerce. The port of Cartagena is one of the largest of South America. Other prominent companies include Cementos Argos, Miss Colombia, Kola Román, Indufrial, Amazon Pepper, Vikings SA, Distribuidora Ltda Refrigeration, Central Ingenio Colombia, Perfumery Lemaitre, Cartagena Refinery Cellux Colombiana SA, Flour Three Castles, Polyban International SA, SABMiller, Dow Chemical, Cemex, Dole, and Abocol.. In 1934, Miss Colombia was founded in Cartagena de Indias. Known as \"Concurso Nacional de Belleza de Colombia\" (National Beauty Contest of Colombia), it is a national beauty pageant in Colombia. The winner, \"Señorita Colombia\", is sent to Miss Universe and the first runner-up, \"Señorita Colombia Internacional\" or \"Virreina\", to Miss International. Free zones are areas within the local territory which enjoy special customs and tax rules. They are intended to promote the industrialization of goods and provision of services aimed primarily at foreign markets and also the domestic market. Tourism is a mainstay of the economy. The following are tourist sites within the city: As the commercial and touristic hub of the country, the city has many transportation facilities, particularly in the seaport, air, and fluvial areas. In 2003, the city started building Transcaribe, a mass transit system. In 2015 the system began operating in the city. The city is linked to the northern part of the Caribbean Region through roads 90 and 90A, more commonly called Central Caribbean Road. This Road passes through Barranquilla, Santa Marta and Riohacha ending in Paraguachón, Venezuela and continues with Venezuelan numeration all the way to Caracas. Taxis in the city perimeter do not have fare meters. The following roads are in the southeast portion of the city: Road 25: Going through Turbaco and Arjona, and through the Montes de María when a fork divides it continuing to Sincelejo as National 25 and finally ending in Medellín, and to the east to Valledupar as number 80. Road 25 A: Going also to Sincelejo, but avoiding the mountains, connects with Road 25 in the forementioned city. The Rafael Núñez International Airport, is the busiest airport in Colombia's Caribbean region and the fourth in passenger traffic in the country. The code of the airport is CTG, having flights to almost all airports in Colombia including Bogota's El Dorado International Airport. Excessive operational costs and easier connection travel and better prices had led to the shifting of the Rafael Núñez's international connection passengers away from Bogota to the nearer Tocumen International Airport in Panama and Queen Beatrix International Airport in Aruba. Also more companies prefer to serve the Colombian market from Cartagena, due to better geographical and atmospheric conditions. The open ports of the city are: Private ports of the city: Since the 17th century the bay has been connected to the Magdalena River by the Dique Canal, built by Governor Pedro Zapata de Mendoza. After Colombian independence, the canal was abandoned. Increasing centralization left the city without resources to maintain it. The last important maintenance work was done in the 1950s during Laureano Gómez's administration. Some improvements were made by local authorities in the 1980s. This was discontinued because of legal objections from the central government that decreed that the \"maintenance\" of the canal did not fall under the jurisdiction of the local government. From then on, maintenance of the canal has been delayed, though it is still functional. Cartagenian political leaders have argued that this state of affairs might change with a return to pre-independence funding and tax system. Under such systems the canal would be maintained properly and even expanded, benefiting the national economy. Cartagena is one of the few cities in the world with a submarine emissary inaugurated in 2013. The emissary is the third largest in the world. International schools include: The city has many public and private libraries: The first carnivals and western theaters that served in New Granada operated on, what is today, Calle del Coliseo. This was an activity patronized by the Viceroy Manuel de Guirior and Antonio Caballero y Góngora, who, like their predecessors, spent most of the time of their mandates ruling in Cartagena. The main football club in the city is Real Cartagena. The port, the fortresses and the group of monuments of Cartagena were selected in 1984 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as significant to the heritage of the world, having the most extensive fortifications in South America. They are significant, too, for being located in a bay that is part of the Caribbean Sea. A system of zones divides the city into three neighborhoods: San Sebastian and Santa Catalina with the cathedral and many palaces where the wealthy lived and the main government buildings functioned; San Diego or Santo Toribio, where merchants and the middle class lived; and Getsemani, the suburban popular quarters. <!---citation is required to tie blue-linked",
"ruling in Cartagena. The main football club in the city is Real Cartagena. The port, the fortresses and the group of monuments of Cartagena were selected in 1984 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as significant to the heritage of the world, having the most extensive fortifications in South America. They are significant, too, for being located in a bay that is part of the Caribbean Sea. A system of zones divides the city into three neighborhoods: San Sebastian and Santa Catalina with the cathedral and many palaces where the wealthy lived and the main government buildings functioned; San Diego or Santo Toribio, where merchants and the middle class lived; and Getsemani, the suburban popular quarters. <!---citation is required to tie blue-linked article to Cartagena per Cartagena, Colombia The city of Cartagena, known in the colonial era as Cartagena de Indias ( ), is a major port founded in 1533, located on the northern coast of Colombia in the Caribbean Coast Region. It was strategically located between the Magdalena and Sinú rivers and became the main port for trade between Spain and its overseas"
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"Iso Grifo The Iso Grifo is a limited production grand tourer automobile manufactured by Italian Iso Autoveicoli S.p.A. between 1965 and 1974. Intended to compete with Ferrari and Maserati GTs, it utilized a series of American power trains and components supplied by Chevrolet and Ford to ensure performance and maximize reliability. Styling was done by Giorgetto Giugiaro at Bertone, while the mechanicals were the work of Giotto Bizzarrini. The first production GL models appeared in 1965 and were powered by American Chevrolet Corvette small-block 327 (5.4-litre) V8s fitted to American supplied Borg-Warner 4-speed manual transmissions. In 1970, the Grifo Series II appeared, with sleeker styling and hide-away headlights and powered by big-block Chevrolet 454 V8 (7.5-litre) engines. It was replaced in 1972 with the Grifo IR-8, which utilized a small-block Ford Boss 351 engine (5.8-litre) as its power train. This was the last Iso of any type, as the manufacturer went bankrupt and eventually shut down and ceased all operations permanently in 1974. The bankruptcy had a number of causes, perhaps the largest being the 1973 oil crisis which significantly reduced demand for cars with large V8 engines. Iso S.p.A. in Bresso was already well known for producing the high performance Iso Rivolta IR 300; a sleek looking 2+2 Coupe based on a Chevrolet Corvette power and drive train. After leaving Ferrari, in 1961 Giotto Bizzarrini set up “Prototipi Bizzarrini” in Livorno, Tuscany where he designed and consulted for marques like ATS, Lamborghini and Iso. In 1963, he designed the Iso Grifo A3/L (L for Lusso {Italian for Luxury}) for Renzo Rivolta, who was looking for a follow-up to his Rivolta IR 300. The body was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro at Bertone, while Bizzarrini put his expertise in the mechanicals. Bizzarrini figured there would also be a demand for a race version of the Grifo and came up with the A3/C (C for Corsa) with a dramatic modified alloy body. He later dubbed it his “Improved GTO\", as he had been the designer for the 250 GTO when he had worked for Ferrari. The engine was moved back about , making the A3/C a front-mid-engined car. To adjust the timing a piece of the dash was removed. Both cars were being built simultaneously. When leaving the factory both the 250 GTO and Iso Grifo originally fitted Pirelli Cinturato 205VR15 tires (CN72). That same year Bertone showed the Grifo A3/L prototype at the Turin Auto Show, while Iso showed off the (partly unfinished) competition version; the Iso Grifo A3/C. Both were overwhelmingly successful. Although design changes had to be made to the prototype, Iso concentrated on getting the Grifo A3/L ready for production. The car got a light face-lift that made it less aggressive in appearance. This “street” Iso Grifo GL received the fast, modified but reliable Chevrolet small-block 327 Corvette engine V8 (5.4 L) engine—either in 300 or 350 hp—coupled to a Borg-Warner 4-speed top-loader. The engines were completely ordered and manufactured in the United States, then taken apart and blueprinted before they were eventually installed in the cars, much like it was done with the IR 300. With over and a weight of less than , the vehicle was able to reach speeds over . While Renzo Rivolta focused on the A3/L, Giotto tried to promote the A3/C—making for some tension between the two. This meant that the Grifo GL was being produced at Bresso and the A3/C at Piero Drogo’s Sports Cars of Modena under Bizzarini's strict supervision. In 1964, the prototype Grifo A3/C raced at Le Mans (Edgar Berney/Pierre Noblet), running well until brake problems required a two-hour pit stop. The car then resumed the race, finally finishing 14th, an encouraging result for a brand-new car. Only 22 examples of the Bizzarrini Grifo A3/C were constructed before a disagreement between Renzo and Bizzarrini ended the cooperation. Finally in 1965, Bizzarrini and Rivolta parted ways, which resulted in separate production of the street Grifo GL and the competition Bizzarrini A3/C. Bizzarrini refined his A3/C and this eventually turned out to be his line of Bizzarrini 5300 Stradas and Corsas. From here on the Grifo name was lost in connection to Bizzarrini. The car developed in its production form and could reach in first gear. Renzo Rivolta also showed a one-off Grifo A3/L Spyder at the Geneva auto show. The production of Iso Grifo GL started in 1965. In October 1966, the very first Grifo (car #97) with Targa Top was shown at Turin. This was one of 13 Series I Targas ever built; later, four series II Targas were built. In 1968 the Grifo 7 Litri was introduced with a Chevrolet L71 big-block engine, a Tri-Power version of the 427 engine. The massive seven-liter power plant required several mechanical changes to the car in order to fit, i.e. strengthened chassis components as well as an enlarged engine compartment with reinforced mounts. A large hood scoop (dubbed \"Penthouse\" due to its size) was added to clear for the engine's deck height. It produced an officially advertised minimum of at 5800 rpm, which was a somewhat conservative rating given the engine's well known and proven performance potential. The factory claimed it could reach a top speed of . In 1970, a styling change was made to the nose section of the car for the Grifo Series II. It got a sleeker look and hide-away headlights. In this new Series II, four Targas were built, and for the IR-9 \"Can Am\" version the engine was switched from the 427 engines to the newer even more powerful 454 engine. Production stopped in 1972. In 1972, the Grifo IR-8 was released, using a small-block Ford Boss 351 engines. These models can be recognized by their taller hood scoop. This was the final version of any Iso automobile, as Iso S.P.A. closed its doors in 1974 during the 1970s oil crisis. In total, 322 Series I and 78 Series II cars were built for a total of 413 Grifos, 90 of which were 7-litre. The rarest are the Series II 5-speeds (23 units) and the Series II Targa (4 units). Due to their rarity today Grifos are desirable collectibles. A former employee of Iso, Roberto Negri, runs a small company in Clusone, Italy, specializing in maintaining and restoring Grifos. There is a global community of Iso Grifo owners around the world, and they have gatherings a number of times each year. Iso Grifo The Iso Grifo is a limited production grand tourer automobile manufactured by Italian Iso Autoveicoli S.p.A. between 1965 and 1974. Intended to compete with Ferrari and Maserati GTs, it utilized a"
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"Ijoid languages Ijoid is a proposed but undemonstrated group of languages linking the Ijaw languages (Ịjọ) with the endangered Defaka language. The similarities, however, may be due to Ijaw influence on Defaka. The Ijoid, or perhaps just Ijaw, languages form a divergent branch of the Niger–Congo family and are noted for their subject–object–verb basic word order, which is otherwise an unusual feature in Niger–Congo, shared only by such distant branches as Mande and Dogon. Like Mande and Dogon, Ijoid lacks even traces of the noun class system considered characteristic of Niger–Congo, and so may have split early from that family. Linguist Gerrit Dimmendaal doubts its inclusion in Niger–Congo altogether and considers the Ijaw/Ijoid languages to be an independent family. Ijoid languages Ijoid is a proposed but undemonstrated group of languages linking the Ijaw languages (Ịjọ) with the endangered Defaka language. The similarities, however, may be due to Ijaw influence on Defaka. The Ijoid, or perhaps just Ijaw, languages form a divergent branch of the Niger–Congo family and are noted for their subject–object–verb basic word order, which is otherwise an unusual feature in Niger–Congo, shared only by such distant branches as Mande and Dogon. Like Mande and Dogon, Ijoid lacks even"
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"Josef Knottenbelt Joannes Henricus \"Joop\" Knottenbelt internationally known as Josef Knottenbelt (1910 – 1998) was a Dutch tennis player. He was a member of the Netherlands Davis Cup team with among others Henk Timmer. In 1927 he won the Dutch youth (under 18) championships. In 1931, Knottenbelt reached the second round of the men's singles at Wimbledon, losing to Eberhard Nourney of Germany, 8-10 6-2 0-6 9-11. In the 1932 Wimbledon mixed doubles, he and Madzy Rollin Couquerque lost in the fourth round to Ellsworth Vines and Helen Wills-Moody. In the quarterfinals of the 1934 Davis Cup, he lost to Swedes Curt Östberg (1-6 1-6 4-6) and Kalle Schröder (1-6 5-7 0-6) although the Netherlands won the round. Knottenbelt was born in the Dutch East Indies but grew up in Bussum. His younger brother Anthony Knottenbelt was also a promising tennis player, but died at the age of 19 after an accident. In September 1937 Knottenbelt left again for the Dutch East Indies. Josef Knottenbelt Joannes Henricus \"Joop\" Knottenbelt internationally known as Josef Knottenbelt (1910 – 1998) was a Dutch tennis player. He was a member of the Netherlands Davis Cup team with among others Henk Timmer. In 1927 he"
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"St Paul Malmesbury Without St Paul Malmesbury Without is a civil parish surrounding Malmesbury, Wiltshire, England. Its main settlements are the village of Corston and the hamlets of Milbourne and Rodbourne (not to be confused with the Rodbourne suburb of Swindon). The parish is rural with small settlements. It surrounds Malmesbury to the north, east and south (but not to the west where the parish is Brokenborough). To the south, the parish extends some from Malmesbury, almost to Stanton St Quintin, including parts of Hullavington Airfield and the adjacent Buckley Barracks. The Bristol Avon forms part of the north and east boundaries of the parish. Its tributary the Gauze Brook crosses the parish. Between the 7th and 11th centuries, the land which forms the modern parish was acquired by Malmesbury Abbey. By 1191 the parish church of the town was St Paul's, close to the abbey. After the creation of Malmesbury municipal borough in 1886, the remainder of the parish was renamed St Paul Malmesbury Without. Land from Westport, southwest of the town, was added in 1896. The parish elects a parish council. It is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for all significant local government functions. St Paul Malmesbury Without St Paul Malmesbury Without is a civil parish surrounding Malmesbury, Wiltshire, England. Its main settlements are the village of Corston and the hamlets of Milbourne and Rodbourne (not to be confused with the Rodbourne suburb of Swindon). The parish is rural with small settlements. It surrounds Malmesbury to the north, east and south (but not to the west where the parish is Brokenborough). To the south, the parish extends some from Malmesbury, almost to Stanton St Quintin, including parts of Hullavington Airfield and the adjacent Buckley Barracks. The Bristol Avon forms part of the"
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"Tom Dobson (cricketer) Thomas Kell Dobson (12 January 1901 – 3 October 1940) was an English cricketer. Dobson was a left-handed batsman who bowled slow left-arm orthodox. He was born in Whitburn, County Durham. Dobson made his debut for Durham against the Lancashire Second XI in the 1921 Minor Counties Championship. He played Minor counties cricket for Durham from 1921 to 1936, making 83 Minor Counties Championship appearances. By the time ill health had forced his retirement from cricket, Dobson was considered to be the best all-rounder produced by the county, as well as the most successful player for Durham at to that time. He scored 3,040 run at an average of 24.12, as well as 226 wickets at a bowling average of 16.70. No other player at that time had passed 2,000 runs and 200 wickets for the county. He served as Durham captain from 1932 till his retirement. During his career he also made first-class appearances for the Minor Counties, the first of which came against the touring South Africans in 1929. He made 6 further first-class appearances for the team, the last of which came against Oxford University in 1934. In his 7 first-class matches for the team, he scored 284 runs at an average of 35.50, with a high score of 126. This scored, which was his only first-class century, as well as the only time he passed fifty, came against the touring West Indians in 1933. With the ball, he took 6 wickets for the Minor Counties, which came at an average of 54.50, with best figures of 4/70. He also made a single first-class appearance for HDG Leveson-Gower's XI against the Marylebone Cricket Club Australian Touring Team. Following his retirement he served on the Durham committee, before succumbing to his ill health in the village of his birth on 3 October 1940. Tom Dobson (cricketer) Thomas Kell Dobson (12 January 1901 – 3 October 1940) was an English cricketer. Dobson was a left-handed batsman who bowled slow left-arm orthodox. He was born in Whitburn, County Durham. Dobson made his debut for Durham against the Lancashire Second XI in the 1921 Minor Counties Championship. He played Minor counties cricket for Durham from 1921 to 1936, making 83 Minor Counties Championship appearances. By the time ill health had forced his retirement from cricket, Dobson was considered to be the best all-rounder produced by the county, as"
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"retrieved": [
"Arthur Versluis Arthur Versluis (born 1959) is a professor and Department Chair of Religious Studies in the College of Arts & Letters at Michigan State University. Versluis did his Ph.D research at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His thesis \"Ex oriente lux: American Transcendentalism and the Orient\" (1990) was published in 1993 as \"American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions\". Versluis' research focuses on western esotericism and magic, with a special interest in the influence of Platonism on western mysticism and American Transcendentalism. Versluis has published a \"trilogy\" on American Transcendentalism and the development of western esotericism, namely \"American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions\" (1993), \"The Esoteric Origins of the American Renaissance\" (2001), and \"American Gurus: From Transcendentalism to New Age Religion\" (2014). In these publications, he describes the development of American Transcendentalism and its influence on western esotericism, including the contemporary phenomenon of \"immediatist gurus\", who promise instant enlightenment. In \"American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions\", Versluis describes the influence of Asian religions on European Romanticism and on American Transcendentalism. In the early 19th century, these Asian religions were introduced to the western culture, and texts like the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads had a great impact on the Transcendental movement, and influential members like Emerson and Thoreau. But Transcendentalism was also influenced by western esotericism, a topic which until recently received little attention in the academia. In \"The Esoteric Origins of the American Renaissance\" Versluis investigates the influence of western esotericism on the mid-19th American Renaissance. Versluis regards his \"The Esoteric Origins\" as a pioneering study in this discipline. In \"American Gurus: From Transcendentalism to New Age Religion\", Versluis describes the emergence of immediatist gurus: gurus who are not connected to any of the traditional religions, and promise instant enlightenment and liberation. These include Eckhart Tolle, Ram Dass, Adi Da, and Andrew Cohen. \"Immediatism\" refers to \"a religious assertion of spontaneous, direct, unmediated spiritual insight into reality (typically with little or no prior training), which some term \"enlightenment\".\" According to Versluis, immediatism is typical for Americans, who want \"the fruit of religion, but not its obligations.\" Although immediatism has its roots in European culture and history as far back as Platonism, and also includes Perennialism, Versluis points to Ralph Waldo Emerson as its key ancestor, who \"emphasized the possibility of immediate, direct spiritual knowledge and power.\" Another \"trilogy\" deals with Christian theosophy, and includes \"Theosophia\" (1994), \"Wisdom’s Children: A Christian Esoteric Tradition\" (1999), and \"Wisdom’s Book: The Sophia Anthology\" (2000). Versluis is an editor of the \"Journal for the Study of Radicalism\", and founding editor of \"Esoterica\", which started as a journal, and is now a biannual print book series, \"Studies in Esotericism\". Versluis is also the founding president of the \"Association for the Study of Esotericism\". Arthur Versluis Arthur Versluis (born 1959) is a professor and Department Chair of Religious Studies in the College of Arts & Letters at Michigan State University. Versluis did his Ph.D research at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His thesis \"Ex oriente lux: American"
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"The Stakeout (Parks and Recreation) \"The Stakeout\" is the second episode of the second season of the American comedy television series \"Parks and Recreation\", and the eighth overall episode of the series. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on September 24, 2009. In the episode, Leslie conducts surveillance on a community garden in an attempt to find out who planted marijuana there. The episode was written by Rachel Axler and directed by Seth Gordon. It marked the first in a series of guest appearances by stand-up comedian Louis C.K. as Dave Sanderson, a Pawnee police officer who develops a romantic interest in Leslie. A scene in which Sanderson arrests Tom Haverford in his own van mirrors the real-life controversial 2009 arrest of Henry Louis Gates. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by 4.22 million households, an 800,000-household drop from the previous week's season premiere, \"Pawnee Zoo\". \"The Stakeout\" received generally positive reviews, with several commentators saying it marked a continued improvement over the first \"Parks and Recreation\" season. Ann (Rashida Jones), who is preparing for her first date with Mark (Paul Schneider), worriedly asks Leslie (Amy Poehler) if she has any reservations, since Leslie previously had feelings for him. Leslie insists she is fine. Later, Leslie and Tom (Aziz Ansari) visit a community garden in the Pawnee pit, where they find what appears to be marijuana. That night, Leslie and Tom don black and watch the pit from a van. Leslie eventually spots Ann and Mark leaving for their date, and starts snapping photos of them. Later, Leslie and Tom see Ann's ex-boyfriend Andy (Chris Pratt) in the pit. They assume he is the kingpin, but he insists he is actually living in the pit and eating the vegetables from the garden. Back at city hall, Ron (Nick Offerman) remains immobile in his chair all day due to a hernia which causes excruciating pain if he moves. Ron remains immobile in his seat well into the night, until the janitors turn the lights off on him. The intern, April (Aubrey Plaza), returns to check on him, and wheels Ron out to the car on his office chair to bring him to the hospital. Leslie and Andy walk off to get fast food. Back at the pit, Tom is locked out of his van and tries to break back in. Ann and Mark return from their date and call the police after they see him, assuming him to be a prowler. Officer Dave Sanderson (Louis C.K.) arrives and confronts Tom, who mouths off at Dave until he places him under arrest. Leslie goes to the police station. Initially angry, she eventually confesses about the marijuana. Dave releases Tom, who thanks Leslie for sticking up for him. The next day, Leslie and Dave go to the garden, but he finds no marijuana. Tom tells Leslie that Mark is an idiot, and she can do better. Dave guesses Leslie orchestrated the whole thing to spy on Ann and Mark. Later, Dave privately admits he is attracted to Leslie. \"The Stakeout\" was written by Rachel Axler and directed by Seth Gordon. It marked the first in a series of guest appearances by stand-up comedian Louis C.K. He played Dave Sanderson, a Pawnee police officer who develops a romantic interest in Leslie, and speaks about intimate feelings in a deadpan, technical tone of voice. C.K. improvised the line, \"I was attracted to her in a sexual manner that was appropriate\" during his discussion about Leslie near the end of the episode. During a scene in the van, Tom Haverford tells Leslie he changed his name because his original name was too foreign sounding for a career in politics. When Leslie points about U.S. President Barack Obama has a foreign-sounding name, Tom gets upset. The reference to Obama's name was originally featured in a scene that was cut from \"Parks and Recreation\" pilot episode. Offerman, who barely moves and is often quiet throughout the episode, said he learned to use humor amid silence while serving as an altar boy and lector at his church. Offerman said, \"I had a cousin in the congregation, and I would speak with the utmost, august stoicism, and everyone would think I was a very effective speaker. But he knew I was being facetious. He'd get in trouble for cracking up.\" Within a week of the episode's original broadcast, three deleted scenes from \"The Stakeout\" were made available on the official \"Parks and Recreation\" website. In the first 75-second clip, a panicked Leslie asks Tom whether the marijuana plant could be a \"non-marijuana weed\". In the second 80-second clip, Dave says he hates arresting people because he \"never wants to go\". He also discusses his strategies for calming people down, including using a soft voice, eye contact and tasing them. In the third minute-long clip, Ron tries unsuccessfully to eat his lunch and throw away the garbage without moving. The confrontation between Tom Haverford and Dave Sanderson before Tom's arrest in his own van mirrored the real life arrest of Henry Louis Gates, a black Harvard University professor who was arrested after police mistakenly thought he was breaking into his own home in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The arrest received national attention. When a police officer asked Gates to step outside, he replied, \"I'll speak to your mama outside,\" which was parodied in \"The Stakeout\" when Dave asked Tom to step out of the van and he responded, \"I'll step out of your mama's van!\" During the opening scene, Tom pretends to know the names of all the plants in a community garden and assigns them all fake names based on real-life rappers. He refers to one plant as Souljaboy Tellems, a reference to the performer Soulja Boy Tell 'Em, and another as Ludacrises, a reference to rapper Ludacris. In its original American broadcast on September 24, 2009, \"The Stakeout\" was seen by 4.22 million households, according to Nielsen Media Research. It constituted a nearly 800,000-household drop from the previous week's season premiere, \"Pawnee Zoo\". The episode received a 1.8 rating/5 share among viewers aged between 18 and 49, the lowest rating for Season Two so far. \"The Star-Ledger\" television columnist Alan Sepinwall said although the quality of \"Parks and Recreations\" was improving, season two was struggling in the ratings based on the lower quality of the season one episodes. Sepinwall said, \"There's a school of thought in the TV business that it's harder to get back viewers who watched and left than it is to start small and attract new viewers over time.\" \"The Stakeout\" received generally positive reviews. Sepinwall said the episode was funny, but also notable because it developed a stronger personal connection between Leslie and Tom, and because it featured more references to topical events like the Henry Gates controversy. Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club said \"The Stakeout\" was \"the best \"Parks & Recreation\" episode by a long shot\". He said Poehler seemed more at ease with the Leslie character, and thought \"the intersection of business and personal stress\" served the episode well. He also praised the supporting cast and particularly the Ron Swanson subplot. Matt Fowler of IGN said with \"The Stakeout\", the second season of \"Parks and Recreation\" continued to be \"significantly funnier\" than the first season. Fowler said he thought the pairing between Leslie and Tom helped ground both characters, and said he was interested to see Leslie dealt with the growing romance between Ann and Mark. \"Entertainment Weekly\" writer Henning Fog said \"The Stakeout\" showed growth improvement for the series, and praised the guest performance of Louis C.K. Fog said the disparate pairing of Leslie and Tom, Mark and Ann, and Ron and April, created a sense that the characters \"really knew each other [and] had lives outside of Leslie's immediate orbit\". \"Chicago Tribune\" columnist Maureen Ryan particularly praised the performance of Offerman, of whom she said, \"His pained reactions and stoic silence are hilarious.\" \"The Stakeout\", along with the other 23 second season",
"\"significantly funnier\" than the first season. Fowler said he thought the pairing between Leslie and Tom helped ground both characters, and said he was interested to see Leslie dealt with the growing romance between Ann and Mark. \"Entertainment Weekly\" writer Henning Fog said \"The Stakeout\" showed growth improvement for the series, and praised the guest performance of Louis C.K. Fog said the disparate pairing of Leslie and Tom, Mark and Ann, and Ron and April, created a sense that the characters \"really knew each other [and] had lives outside of Leslie's immediate orbit\". \"Chicago Tribune\" columnist Maureen Ryan particularly praised the performance of Offerman, of whom she said, \"His pained reactions and stoic silence are hilarious.\" \"The Stakeout\", along with the other 23 second season episodes of \"Parks and Recreation\", was released on a four-disc DVD set in the United States on November 30, 2010. The DVD included deleted scenes for each episode. The Stakeout (Parks and Recreation) \"The Stakeout\" is the second episode of the second season of the American comedy television series \"Parks and Recreation\", and the eighth overall episode of the series. It originally aired on"
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"retrieved": [
"Poundsbridge Manor Poundsbridge Manor, nicknamed \"The Picture House\", is an oak timber-framed house built in 1593 by John and Brian Durtnall for their father William, Rector of Penshurst from 1563 to 1596. Originally, it was called \"Durtnolls\" and it has an inscription \"1593 WD ETA 69\". WD are the initials of William Durtnell and the letter D, looking like an inverted Q, is the Gothic form of the letter. ETA 69 (ETA is a mistake for \"aet\", \"aetatis suae\") means he was 69 years old when the house was finished. In 1678 it was owned by an Edmond Woodgate and he left it to his nephew Thomas Woodgate, a yeoman of Farningham, who left it to his wife. Later, it was divided in two and one part became a tavern. It was illustrated by Samuel Prout, was also illustrated in a book of 1810 in a drawing by Paul Amsinck, engraved by Letitia Byrne and by an F. Grant in 1906 (owned by Tunbridge Wells Museum and Art Gallery). In 1906 it was described as \"Pounds Bridge\" inn and being \"on a secluded road between Speldhurst and Penshurst, in Kent\". It is now a Grade II listed building. In the Second World War, the house was hit by a stray bomb and the extensive rebuilding that was required was again done by Durtnell's. Poundsbridge Manor Poundsbridge Manor, nicknamed \"The Picture House\", is an oak timber-framed house built in 1593 by John and Brian Durtnall for their father William, Rector of Penshurst from 1563 to 1596. Originally, it was called \"Durtnolls\" and it has an inscription \"1593 WD ETA 69\". WD are the initials of William Durtnell and the letter D, looking like an inverted Q, is the Gothic form of the letter. ETA 69 (ETA is a mistake for \"aet\","
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"retrieved": [
"Kevin Coval Kevin Coval is an American poet. He calls himself a \"breakbeat poet\" whose love of hip-hop \"brought [him] back to Judaism\". Besides a poet, he is an activist, and the director of the Robert Boone-founded Young Chicago Authors, and the Louder Than a Bomb slam poetry festival. His 2017 collection \"A People's History of Chicago\", whose title is inspired by Howard Zinn's \"A People's History of the United States\", comments in 77 poems, one for each neighborhood in Chicago, on the city, its history, and the people that live in it, from its Native American beginnings and its appropriation by whites to the present day, the inauguration of Rahm Emanuel and the World Series win by the Chicago Cubs. Along the way he comments on Robert de LaSalle's mispronunciation of the Native American word \"checagou\", which he bastardizes with his \"misshapen mouth\", erasing its original history. Kevin Coval Kevin Coval is an American poet. He calls himself a \"breakbeat poet\" whose love of hip-hop \"brought [him] back to Judaism\". Besides a poet, he is an activist, and the director of the Robert Boone-founded Young Chicago Authors, and the Louder Than a Bomb slam poetry festival. His 2017 collection"
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