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{ "retrieved": [ "14th Weapons Squadron The 14th Weapons Squadron is a United States Air Force unit. It is assigned to the USAF Weapons School, stationed at Hurlburt Field, Florida. The squadron is a geographically separated unit of the 57th Wing at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. The mission of the squadron is to produce weapons officers for the special operations community by providing graduate level instructional flying on Air Force Special Operations Command aircraft through weapons instructor courses. Currently, the squadron produces special operations force weapons officers specializing in Lockheed AC-130, Lockheed MC-130 and Pilatus U-28 aircraft. The unit traces its lineage back to the 14th Observation Squadron and participated in the landings at Normandy in June 1944. Later, during the Vietnam era, the 14th Air Commando Squadron, flew Douglas AC-47 Spooky gunships between 1967 and 1968. The 14th flew out of Nha Trang Air Base, Phan Rang Air Base, Bien Hoa Air Base, and Binh Thuy Air Base, providing fire support in defense of US air bases, special forces camps, Republic of Vietnam Army outposts, and South Vietnamese hamlets. Decorations of this combat unit include the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm, and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat \"V\" Device. These two units were consolidated in 1985. Activated in 1942 as a liaison and observation squadron, supported US Army maneuvers by flying photo and tactical observation missions, spotting artillery fire, 1942 until early 1944. Deployed to Europe in early 1944, providing courier service, observation, mail and other liaison services in support of the US Army advance through France and Germany, Jul 1944-May 1945; dropped medical supplies, food, and ammunition to an Army battalion stranded on the Moselle River, Nov 1944; supported the Third Army during the Battle of the Bulge, Dec 1944-Jan 1945; added medical evacuation to its tasks in Apr 1945. Supported US occupying forces in Germany, May-Sep 1945. Combat in Vietnam, Jan-May 1968; provided aerial fire support in defense of USAF forces, including bases, camps, outposts, and hamlets in southern half of country. The current unit was organized as the Weapons School Special Operations Forces Division on 15 March 2000 at Hurlburt Field, Florida. The unit designation was changed to Detachment 1, 16th Operations Group on 10 August 2000 to align it with the group charged with providing aircraft and personnel who would help build the course. Redesignated in 2003 as the 14th Weapons Squadron at Hurlburt Field, Florida, to provide advanced training in weapons and tactics employment to Special Operations officer aircrew members in the Lockheed AC-130H Spectre, Lockheed AC-130U Spooky, Sikorsky MH-53 Pave Low, Lockheed MC-130E Combat Talon I, Lockheed MC-130H Combat Talon II, Lockheed MC-130P Combat Shadow, and Lockheed MC-130J Commando II special operations aircraft. The MH-53 Pave Low weapons instructor course ended with the retirement of the MH-53 aircraft. 14th Weapons Squadron The 14th Weapons Squadron is a United States Air Force unit. It is assigned to the USAF Weapons School, stationed at Hurlburt Field, Florida. The squadron is a geographically" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "4923 Clarke 4923 Clarke, provisional designation , is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 2 March 1981, by American astronomer Schelte Bus at the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. The spheroidal S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 3.14 hours. It was named after British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke. On the same night, Schelte Bus also discovered 5020 Asimov. \"Clarke\" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 2 months (1,147 days; semi-major axis of 2.14 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as at Crimea–Nauchnij in July 1972. The body's observation arc begins at the Siding Spring Observatory two weeks prior to its official discovery observation on 12 February 1981. In the SMASS classification, \"Clarke\" is a common, stony S-type asteroid. Three rotational lightcurves of \"Clarke\" have been obtained from photometric observations by the APT Observatory Group in Spain, by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California, and by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory (). Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 3.143 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.03 and 0.14 magnitude, which indicates that the body has a nearly spheroidal, non-elongated shape (). According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, \"Clarke\" measures between 3.367 and 3.532 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.3259 and 0.366. The \"Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link\" assumes an albedo of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 4.10 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.3. This minor planet was named after the science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke (1917–2008), author of \"\". The official naming citation was prepared with assistance from Richard Binzel and published by the Minor Planet Center on 3 May 1996 (). The asteroid's name independently suggested by Duncan Steel (). In the postscript to his novel \"\", Clarke jokingly expresses disappointment that he did not receive asteroid 2001 as his namesake, instead it was named for Albert Einstein. 4923 Clarke 4923 Clarke, provisional designation , is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "In the United States, each state maintains its own system of state highways. This is a list of the longest state highways in each state. As of 2007, the longest state highway in the nation is Montana Highway 200, which is 706.624 miles (1,137.201 km) long. The shortest of the longest state highways is District of Columbia Route 295, which is only 4.29 miles (6.90 km) long. \n \| This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2012) \n---\|---\n Longest state highways by state State \| Highway \| Miles \| km \| References \n---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nAlabama \| State Route 3 \| 386.449 \| 621.929 \| \nAlaska \| Route 1 \| 545.92 \| 878.57 \| \nArizona \| State Route 87 \| 272.66 \| 438.80 \| \nArkansas \| Highway 7 \| 296.01 \| 476.38 \| \nCalifornia \| State Route 1 \| 655.84 \| 1,055.47 \| \nColorado \| State Highway 14 \| 236.92 \| 381.29 \| \nConnecticut \| Route 15 \| 83.53 \| 134.43 \| \nDelaware \| Route 1 \| 103.02 \| 165.79 \| \nDistrict of Columbia \| Route 295 \| 4.29 \| 6.90 \| \nFlorida \| State Road 5 \| 536.724 \| 863.774 \| \nGeorgia \| State Route 11 \| 374 \| 602 \| \nHawaii \| Route 11 \| 122.3 \| 196.8 \| \nIdaho \| State Highway 75 \| 170.666 \| 274.660 \| \nIllinois \| Route 1 \| 336 \| 541 \| \nIndiana \| State Road 37 \| 229.4 \| 369.2 \| \nIowa \| Highway 3 \| 326.163 \| 524.908 \| \nKansas \| K-4 \| 367 \| 591 \| \nKentucky \| Route 80 \| 464.936 \| 748.242 \| \nLouisiana \| LA 1 \| 431.587 \| 694.572 \| \nMaine \| State Route 11 \| 401.2 \| 645.7 \| \nMaryland \| Route 2 \| 79.24 \| 127.52 \| \nMassachusetts \| Route 28 \| 151.93 \| 244.51 \| \nMichigan \| M-28 \| 290.373 \| 467.310 \| \nMinnesota \| State Highway 1 \| 345.954 \| 556.759 \| \nMississippi \| Highway 15 \| 328 \| 528 \| \nMissouri \| Route 5 \| 355 \| 571 \| \nMontana \| Highway 200 \| 706.624 \| 1,137.201 \| \nNebraska \| Highway 92 \| 489.08 \| 787.10 \| \nNevada \| State Route 318 \| 110.775 \| 178.275 \| \nNew Hampshire \| Route 16 \| 149.75 \| 241.00 \| \nNew Jersey \| Route 47 \| 75.19 \| 121.01 \| \nNew Mexico \| State Road 120 \| 119.9 \| 193.0 \| \nNew York \| State Route 17 \| 396.84 \| 638.65 \| \nNorth Carolina \| Highway 24 \| 284 \| 457 \| \nNorth Dakota \| Highway 200 \| 420 \| 680 \| \nOhio \| State Route 7 \| 292.20 \| 470.25 \| \nOklahoma \| State Highway 3 \| 615.0 \| 989.7 \| \nOregon \| Route 140 \| 237.01 \| 381.43 \| \nPennsylvania \| Route 18 \| 205 \| 330 \| \nRhode Island \| Route 114 \| 45.70 \| 73.55 \| \nSouth Carolina \| Highway 9 \| 257 \| 414 \| \nSouth Dakota \| Highway 20 \| 432 \| 695 \| \nTennessee \| State Route 1 \| 538.8 \| 867.1 \| \nTexas \| State Highway 16 \| 541.8 \| 871.9 \| \nUtah \| State Route 24 \| 160.243 \| 257.886 \| \nVermont \| Route 100 \| 216.55 \| 348.50 \| \nVirginia \| State Route 40 \| 227.68 \| 366.42 \| \nWashington \| State Route 20 \| 436.13 \| 701.88 \| \nWest Virginia \| Route 20 \| 262.1 \| 421.8 \| \nWisconsin \| Highway 35 \| 412.15 \| 663.29 \| \nWyoming \| Highway 789 \| 407.10 \| 655.16 \|" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ocean Nutrition Canada Ocean Nutrition Canada is a manufacturer of Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) nutritional supplements under the MEG-3 brand. They are headquartered in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. Ocean Nutrition Canada operates four facilities: The company specializes in the microencapsulation of fish oil, and markets this ingredient as Meg-3. The company began in 1997 with four employees and has grown to over 300 employees worldwide. On 18 May 2012, Royal DSM from The Netherlands announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement with Clearwater Fine Foods and funds managed by Richardson Capital to acquire Ocean Nutrition Canada for a total enterprise value of CAD 540 million. The deal was completed in July. Ocean Nutrition Canada Ocean Nutrition Canada is a manufacturer of Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) nutritional supplements under the MEG-3 brand. They are headquartered in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. Ocean Nutrition Canada operates four facilities: The company specializes in the microencapsulation of fish oil, and markets this ingredient as Meg-3. The company began in 1997 with four employees and has grown to over 300 employees worldwide. On 18 May 2012, Royal DSM from The Netherlands announced that it has entered into a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Division of Bonner The Division of Bonner is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. The division was created in 2004 and is named after Neville Bonner, the first Aboriginal Australian person to serve in the Australian Parliament. Bonner served in the federal Senate as a Queensland Liberal Senator. Apart from Bonner there are only three other divisions which bear the names of Aboriginal people, Bennelong in New South Wales, Blair in Queensland and Lingiari in the Northern Territory. The Division of Bonner is located in the eastern suburbs of Brisbane, including the suburbs of Chandler, Carindale, Manly, Mount Gravatt, Wishart and Wynnum. The seat had a notional Labor majority when it was created, but was won by the Liberal Party in 2004 by a slight margin. Kerry Rea regained the seat for Labor in 2007. Then Ross Vasta re-took the seat for the LNP at the 2010 election. Division of Bonner The Division of Bonner is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. The division was created in 2004 and is named after Neville Bonner, the first Aboriginal Australian person to serve in the Australian Parliament. Bonner served in the federal Senate as a Queensland Liberal Senator. Apart from Bonner there" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Spacetime topology Spacetime topology is the topological structure of spacetime, a topic studied primarily in general relativity. This physical theory models gravitation as the curvature of a four dimensional Lorentzian manifold (a spacetime) and the concepts of topology thus become important in analysing local as well as global aspects of spacetime. The study of spacetime topology is especially important in physical cosmology. There are two main types of topology for a spacetime \"M\". As with any manifold, a spacetime possesses a natural manifold topology. Here the open sets are the image of open sets in formula_1. \"Definition\": The topology formula_2 in which a subset formula_3 is open if for every timelike curve formula_4 there is a set formula_5 in the manifold topology such that formula_6. It is the finest topology which induces the same topology as formula_7 does on timelike curves. Strictly finer than the manifold topology. It is therefore Hausdorff, separable but not locally compact. A base for the topology is sets of the form formula_8 for some point formula_9 and some convex normal neighbourhood formula_10. (formula_11 denote the chronological past and future). The Alexandrov topology on spacetime, is the coarsest topology such that both formula_12 and formula_13 are open for all subsets formula_3. Here the base of open sets for the topology are sets of the form formula_15 for some points formula_16. This topology coincides with the manifold topology if and only if the manifold is strongly causal but it is coarser in general. Note that in mathematics, an Alexandrov topology on a partial order is usually taken to be the coarsest topology in which only the upper sets formula_12 are required to be open. This topology goes back to Pavel Alexandrov. Nowadays, the correct mathematical term for the Alexandrov topology on spacetime (which goes back to Alexandr D. Alexandrov) would be the interval topology, but when Kronheimer and Penrose introduced the term this difference in nomenclature was not as clear, and in physics the term Alexandrov topology remains in use. Spacetime topology Spacetime topology is the topological structure of spacetime, a topic studied primarily in general relativity. This physical theory models gravitation as the curvature of a four dimensional Lorentzian manifold (a spacetime) and the concepts of topology thus become important in analysing local as well as global aspects of spacetime. The study of spacetime topology is especially important in physical cosmology. There are two main types" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "IRF5 Interferon regulatory factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"IRF5\" gene. IRF5 is a member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, a group of transcription factors with diverse roles, including virus-mediated activation of interferon, and modulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune system activity. Members of the IRF family are characterized by a conserved N-terminal DNA-binding domain containing tryptophan (W) repeats. Alternative splice variants encoding different isoforms exist. IRF5 acts as a molecular switch that controls whether macrophages will promote or inhibit inflammation. Blocking the production of IRF5 in macrophages may help treat a wide range of autoimmune diseases, and that boosting IRF5 levels might help treat people whose immune systems are weak, compromised, or damaged. IRF5 seems to work \"either by interacting with DNA directly, or by interacting with other proteins that themselves control which genes are switched on.\" IRF5 Interferon regulatory factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"IRF5\" gene. IRF5 is a member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, a group of transcription factors with diverse roles, including virus-mediated activation of interferon, and modulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune system activity." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Laserglow Technologies Laserglow Technologies is an optoelectronics company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, specializing in the sale of lasers, particularly DPSS and collimated diode lasers. The company markets laser systems and components (including laser pointers, portable lasers, and Laboratory/OEM lasers), laser alignment products, optics, and laser accessories, which are used in industry, education and scientific research. The legal entity is called Laserglow.com Ltd., whereas elsewhere the company always refers to itself as Laserglow Technologies or simply Laserglow. Laserglow initially began as a supplier of laser equipment to the educational and hobbyist market. The demand quickly grew in the industrial and scientific markets for laser equipment which led Laserglow to become incorporated in 2005. Laserglow now provides laser systems to a wide variety of scientific fields, including optical imaging, optogenetics, and particle image velocimetry. The company also has a strong social standing due to various contributions to local and international charities, including Kiva and the Stephen Lewis Foundation. Laserglow was the first company to ever design and produce a beam expander that was meant specifically for use on handheld lasers. The Aries laser series, made by Laserglow, was recommended by the USGA for the purpose of bird abatement. The Hercules 500, made by Laserglow, is the current world record holder for the worlds most powerful handheld laser, and appeared in the Guinness Book of World Records in 2009. The laser was tested three times in five-minute durations using two separate laser power meters, and created an output 1W peak and 940 mW (+/- 20 mW) average power. Laserglow Technologies Laserglow Technologies is an optoelectronics company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, specializing in the sale of lasers, particularly DPSS and collimated diode lasers. The company markets laser systems and components (including laser pointers, portable lasers, and Laboratory/OEM lasers), laser alignment products, optics," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "We Too Walked on the Moon We Too Walked on the Moon is a 2009 film. The year 1969. Kinshasa, Congo. On July 21, the Apollo 11 is going to land on the Moon. Tanga and Nika, husband and wife, wait for Sister Mwezi to spend a \"Moon\" evening with Nika's brother Muntu-wa-Bantu. However, the nun does not appear. The Moon is full. Muntu-wa-Bantu holds the transistor radio up to his ear as he stares at the Moon. He wants to see the first steps of mankind on the Moon for himself. But no matter how long he stares, he cannot see what they are saying on the radio. Can the Moon be that far away? That night, Muntu-wa-Bantu decides that he too will walk on the Moon. We Too Walked on the Moon We Too Walked on the Moon is a 2009 film. The year 1969. Kinshasa, Congo. On July 21, the Apollo 11 is going to land on the Moon. Tanga and Nika, husband and wife, wait for Sister Mwezi to spend a \"Moon\" evening with Nika's brother Muntu-wa-Bantu. However, the nun does not appear. The Moon is full. Muntu-wa-Bantu holds the transistor radio up to his ear" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "A World with No Skies A World With No Skies is a debut album by hip hop artist Slaine. The album was originally scheduled for release on October 26, 2010, and copies were actually pressed and ready for distribution when Slaine and Surburban Noize chose to hold back and substantially rework the album due to sample clearance issues. To make up for the delay, Slaine released his mixtape \"The Devil Never Dies\" at the same time the album had been expected to hit shelves. The original version of the album leaked after Nokia Digital accidentally released a digital version for sale on the planned October 26 release date. Therefore, the album was set to be released in February 2011 but was later pushed back again to an unknown date. Slaine later confirmed that the album will be released on August 16, 2011 and will be known as \"A World with No Skies 2.0\". Slaine has stated that roughly half of the tracks on the CD are the same as the original track list. Three tracks from the original version were legitimately released in 2010: the first single, \"99 Bottles\" (which also appeared on the soundtrack for the movie \"The Town\"), \"Mistaken Identity,\" which appeared on the La Coka Nostra mixtape \"The Audacity of Coke\", and \"Crillionaires,\" which circulated on the artists' Myspace pages. A World with No Skies A World With No Skies is a debut album by hip hop artist Slaine. The album was originally scheduled for release on October 26, 2010, and copies were actually pressed and ready for distribution when Slaine and Surburban Noize chose to hold back and substantially rework the album due to sample clearance issues. To make up for the delay, Slaine released his mixtape \"The Devil Never Dies\" at the same time the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Griswold House (Guilford, Connecticut) The Griswold House is a historic house museum at 171 Boston Street in Guilford, Connecticut. Built about 1764, it is a well-preserved example of New England colonial architecture, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The Guilford Keeping Society operates the house as the Thomas Griswold House Museum. The museum includes the late 18th century period New England saltbox house, a historic blacksmith shop, a barn with farm tools and implements, two corn cribs and a Victorian era three seat outhouse. The museum is open seasonally from June through October on a limited number of days each week. The Griswold House is located east of Guilford Center, on the south side of Boston Street (Connecticut Route 146) at its junction with Lovers Lane. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, large central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. A leanto section to the rear gives the house a classic New England saltbox appearance. The main facade is three bays wide, with sash windows arranged symmetrically around the entrance. The entrance is flanked by pilasters and topped by a fully pedimented gable. The house was probably built around 1764 by Thomas Griswold III for one of his sons. It remained in the hands of his descendants until 1958, when it was acquired by the Guilford Keeping Society. The society undertook two major restorations, one in the 1970s and another in the 1990s. In addition to its use as a museum, it serves as the society's headquarters. Griswold House (Guilford, Connecticut) The Griswold House is a historic house museum at 171 Boston Street in Guilford, Connecticut. Built about 1764, it is a well-preserved example of New England colonial architecture, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pritzker won 98 of Illinois' counties. Kennedy won two, and Biss also won two. \n \n\n * Running mate:Chad Koppie, member of the Kane County Regional Board of School Trustees and perennial candidate \n\n\n \n\n * Running mate:Litesa Wallace, State Representative \n * Former running mate:Carlos Ramirez-Rosa, Chicago Alderman \n\n\n * Jeanne Ives, State Representative \n * Running mate:Richard Morthland, Rock Island County Board member and former State Representative \n * Bruce Rauner, incumbent Governor \n * Running mate:Evelyn Sanguinetti, incumbent Lieutenant Governor \n\n\n Poll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Bruce Rauner \| Jeanne Ives \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nOgden & Fry (R-Ives) \| March 14, 2018 \| 787 \| ± 3.5% \| 42% \| 35% \| 23% \nSouthern Illinois University \| February 19–25, 2018 \| 259 \| ± 6.0% \| 51% \| 31% \| 18% \nWe Ask America \| January 14–16, 2018 \| 1,026 \| ± 3.1% \| 65% \| 21% \| 15% \nWe Ask America \| October 25–29, 2017 \| 1,064 \| ± 3.0% \| 64% \| 19% \| 16% \nOgden & Fry (R-Liberty Principles PAC) \| October 12, 2017 \| 495 \| ± 4.5% \| 59% \| 14% \| 28% \n show Jeanne Ives \n--- \n \nIllinois legislators \n\n * Senator Tim Bivins (R-Dixon) \n * Representative Peter Breen (R-Lombard) \n * Senator Kyle McCarter (R-Lebanon) \n * Representative Margo McDermed (R-Frankfort) \n * Representative David McSweeney (R-Cary) \n * Representative Tom Morrison (R-Palatine) \n * Representative Allen Skillicorn (R-East Dundee) \n * Representative Barbara Wheeler (R-Crystal Lake) \n\n\n\nLocal officials \n\n * Cook County Board Of Review Commissioner Dan Patlak \n * Naperville Township Highway Commissioner Warren Dixon \n * Wheatland Township Trustee Raquel Mitchell \n\n\n\nIndividuals \n\n * Mike Gallagher, radio host and conservative political commentator \n * Virginia Halas McCaskey, principal owner of the Chicago Bears \n * Laura Ingraham, radio host and Fox News host. \n * Dan Proft, entrepreneur and radio talk show host \n * Bill Whittle, conservative blogger and political commentator \n\n\n\nLocal Republican parties \n\n * Chicago Republican Party \n * Fremont Township Republican Organization \n * Lake County Republican Assembly \n * Rock Island County Republican Party \n * Wauconda Township Republican Club \n * Wheatland Township Republican Organization \n * Wheeling Township Republican Organization \n\n\n\nOrganizations \n\n * Illinois Family Institute \n * Susan B. Anthony List \n * Taxpayers United of America \n\n\n\nNewspapers and magazines \n\n * Daily Journal \n * Rockford Register Star \n * National Review \n\n\n \n\n * Running mate:Ra Joy, nonprofit executive \n\n\n * Randy Stufflebeam, perennial candidate; (Endorsed Kelly) \n\n\n * Daniel Biss, State Senator \n\n\n * Sam McCann \n\n\n * William J. Kelly \n\n\n * Chris Kennedy, former Chairman of the University of Illinois Board of Trustees and member of the Kennedy family \n\n\n \n\n * Running mate:Sanj Mohip \n\n\n * Bob Daiber, Madison County Regional Superintendent of Schools \n\n\n * Cheri Bustos, U.S. Representative \n * Arne Duncan, former United States Secretary of Education \n * Dick Durbin, U.S. Senator \n * Mike Frerichs, Illinois Treasurer \n * Valerie Jarrett, former Senior Advisor to the President \n * Robin Kelly, U.S. Representative \n * Lisa Madigan, Illinois Attorney General \n * Andy Manar, State Senator \n * Barack Obama, former President of the United States \n * Michelle Obama, former First Lady of the United States \n * Penny Pritzker, former United States Secretary of Commerce \n * Pat Quinn, former Governor of Illinois. (Ran for Attorney General). \n * Heather Steans, State Senator \n * Kurt Summers, Chicago City Treasurer \n\n\n Sam McCann, a longtime intraparty opponent of Bruce Rauner, resigned from the Republican Caucus to run for Governor as a member of the newly created Conservative Party. His running mate is Aaron Merreighn, a constituent with whom he has worked on legislative issues relating to veterans. \n * Sam McCann, State Senator \n * Running mate:Aaron Merreighn, activist and United States Marine Corps veteran \n\n\n The party ran a slate of statewide candidates in 2006 and 2010, but failed to be placed on the ballot in 2014. \n In order to qualify as an established party in Illinois, a candidate for said party must earn at least 5% of the vote in a statewide election. This last occurred in 2006, when Rich Whitney won 10% of the vote, allowing the Illinois Green Party to achieve such status. Established party status comes with benefits. For example, candidates of an established party needs only 5,000 voter signatures on its petitions to gain ballot access. For non-established parties this number is approximately 25,000. \n * Kash Jackson \n\n\n Source \| Ranking \| As of \n---\|---\|--- \nThe Cook Political Report \| 100! Tossup \| January 26, 2018 \nRothenberg Political Report \| 098! Lean D \| April 6, 2018 \nSabato's Crystal Ball \| 098! Lean D \| May 9, 2018 \n Republican Primary Results Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \n---\|---\|---\|--- \n\| Republican \| Bruce Rauner (incumbent) \| 362,721 \| 51.40 \n\| Republican \| Jeanne Ives \| 342,906 \| 48.60 \nTotal votes \| 705,627 \| 100.00 \n * Matthew C. Scaro, entrepreneur and Libertarian activist \n * Jon Stewart, retired professional wrestler, Republican candidate for the State House in 1998 and Republican candidate for IL-05 in 2009 \n\n\n Illinois gubernatorial election, 2018 \n--- \n\| ← 2014 \| November 6, 2018 (2018-11-06) \| 2022 → \n---\|---\|--- \n\| \| \| \n---\|---\|--- \nNominee \| Bruce Rauner \| J.B. Pritzker \| \nParty \| Republican \| Democratic \nRunning mate \| Evelyn Sanguinetti \| Juliana Stratton \n\| Incumbent Governor \n\nBruce Rauner Republican \n\n\| \n \n---\|---\n \n\n * Running mate:Patricia Avery, President and CEO of the Champaign County chapter of the NAACP. \n\n\n * Tio Hardiman, former director of CeaseFire and candidate for Governor in 2014 \n\n\n * Terry Getz, corrections officer (filed on November 29, 2017, but did so without a running mate or submitting any signatures) \n\n\n \n\n * Running mate:Tyrone Coleman, Mayor of Cairo \n\n\n In 2014, he only managed 30% in the downstate region, finishing 2nd to Kirk Dillard. In 2018, he carried the region with 52% . \n * Scott Drury, State Representative (running for Attorney General) \n\n\n General Election Results Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \n---\|---\|---\|--- \n\| Democratic \| J.B. Pritzker \| \| \n\| Republican \| Bruce Rauner (incumbent) \| \| \n\| Conservative \| Sam McCann \| \| \n\| Libertarian \| Kash Jackson \| \| \n\| Constitution \| William J. Kelly \| \| \nTotal votes \| \| \n show Declined to endorse for the primary \n--- \n \nU.S. Representatives \n\n * Jan Schakowsky \n\n\n\nOrgainzations \n\n * Madison County Democratic Party \n\n\n \n\n * Running mate:Dennis Cole \n\n\n * William J. Kelly, radio host and perennial candidate (running as an independent) \n * Running mate:Brian Leggero, candidate for Mayor of Rockford in 2017 \n * Former running mate:Ray Tranchant, immigration activist \n\n\n show Declined to endorse in primary \n--- \n \nIndividuals \n\n * Congressman John Shimkus of Illinois's 15th congressional district. He has announced he will support the Republican nominee in the general election. \n\n\n Democratic primary results Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \n---\|---\|---\|--- \n\| Democratic \| J.B. Pritzker \| 573,679 \| 45.2% \n\| Democratic \| Daniel Biss \| 337,342 \| 26.6% \n\| Democratic \| Chris Kennedy \| 308,731 \| 24.3% \n\| Democratic \| Tio Hardiman \| 20,479 \| 1.6% \n\| Democratic \| Bob Daiber \| 14,814 \| 1.2% \n\| Democratic \| Robert Marshall \| 14,193 \| 1.1% \nTotal votes \| 1,269,238 \| 100% \n show J.B. Pritzker \n--- \n \nU.S. Cabinet and Cabinet-level officials", "show Declined to endorse in primary \n--- \n \nIndividuals \n\n * Congressman John Shimkus of Illinois's 15th congressional district. He has announced he will support the Republican nominee in the general election. \n\n\n Democratic primary results Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \n---\|---\|---\|--- \n\| Democratic \| J.B. Pritzker \| 573,679 \| 45.2% \n\| Democratic \| Daniel Biss \| 337,342 \| 26.6% \n\| Democratic \| Chris Kennedy \| 308,731 \| 24.3% \n\| Democratic \| Tio Hardiman \| 20,479 \| 1.6% \n\| Democratic \| Bob Daiber \| 14,814 \| 1.2% \n\| Democratic \| Robert Marshall \| 14,193 \| 1.1% \nTotal votes \| 1,269,238 \| 100% \n show J.B. Pritzker \n--- \n \nU.S. Cabinet and Cabinet-level officials \n\n * Penny Pritzker, 38th United States Secretary of Commerce. \n * Hillary Clinton, 67th United States Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic nominee for President. \n\n\n\nU.S. Senators \n\n * Tammy Duckworth, United States Senator from Illinois. \n * Dick Durbin, United States Senator from Illinois and Senate Minority Whip. \n\n\n\nU.S. Representatives \n\n * Cheri Bustos, Congresswoman from Illinois's 17th congressional district. \n * Jerry Costello, former Congressman from Illinois's 12th congressional district. \n * Luis Gutiérrez, Congressman from Illinois's 4th congressional district. \n * Glenn Poshard, former Congressman from Illinois's 19th congressional district and Democratic candidate for Governor in 1998. \n * Mike Quigley, Congressman from Illinois's 5th congressional district. \n\n\n\nStatewide officeholders \n\n * Mike Frerichs, Illinois Treasurer. \n * Susana Mendoza, Illinois Comptroller. \n * Jesse White, Illinois Secretary of State \n\n\n\nState Senators \n\n * James Clayborne, Senate Majority Leader \n * William R. Haine, Assistant Senate Majority Leader \n * Terry Link, Democratic Assistant Majority Leader of the Illinois Senate and Chair of the Lake County Democratic Party. \n * Andy Manar, State Senator. \n * Heather Steans, State Senator. \n\n\n\nState Representatives \n\n * Dan Beiser, State Representative \n * LaToya Greenwood, State Representative \n * Greg Harris, Assistant House Majority Leader. \n * Jay Hoffman, House Majority Conference Chairperson \n * Jim Kirkpatrick, former State Representative (2017) and Chair of the Williamson County Democratic Party. \n * Katie Stuart, State Representative \n\n\n\nLocal officials \n\n * Walter Burnett Jr., Alderman for Chicago's 27th ward \n * Flint Taylor, Flannigan Township Trustee and chair of the Hancock County Democratic Party \n * Mark Guethle, North Aurora Village Trustee and Chair of the Kane County Democratic Party \n * Jeff Mears, past Johnson County Commissioner and chair of the Johnson County Democratic Party \n * Bob Oglesby, past member of the Saline County Board and chairman of the Saline County Democratic Party \n * Kurt Summers, Chicago City Treasurer \n * Doris Turner, member of the Springfield, Illinois City Council and Chair of the Sangamon County Democratic Party. \n * Jim Underwood, member of the Richland Community College Board of Trustees and chair of the Macon County Democratic Party \n * Gilbert Villegas, Alderman from Chicago's 36th ward \n\n\n\nIndividuals \n\n * Paul \"Snow\" Herkert, Chair of the Calhoun County Democratic Party \n * Jimmy Naville, Chair of the Greene County Democratic Party \n * Dennis Fisher, Chair of the Shelby County Democratic Party \n * Brenda Britton, Chair of the Richland County Democratic Party \n * John Penn, Chair of the McLean County Democratic Party \n * Shirley McCombs, Chair of the Menard County Democratic Party \n * Keith Niewohner, Chair of the Adams County Democratic Party \n * Phillip Matthews, Chair of the Alexander County Democratic Party \n * Dan Sidwell, Chair of the Bond County Democratic Party \n * Jack Mazzotti, Chair of the Christian County Democratic Party \n * Gary Johnson, Chair of the Jasper County Democratic Party \n * Mike Barone, Chair of the Jackson County Democratic Party \n\n\n\nOrganizations \n\n * Citizen Action Illinois \n * Cook County Democratic Party \n * Equality Illinois \n * Equality Illinois Pac \n * Illinois AFL-CIO \n * Illinois Democratic County Chairmen's Association \n * Illinois Education Association \n * Illinois Federation of Teachers \n * Northwestern Illinois Building Trades \n * Personal PAC \n * Planned Parenthood Illinois Action \n * St. Clair County Democratic Central Committee \n\n\n\nNewspapers \n\n * Chicago Sun-Times \n\n\n * J.B. Pritzker, venture capitalist \n\n\n * William J. Kelly, radio host and perennial candidate (running for Constitution paty) \n * Running mate:Brian Leggero, candidate for Mayor of Rockford in 2017 \n\n\n The Illinois LGBTQ Forum:The Democratic Candidates for Governor was held on December 6, 2017 and organized by Affinity Community Services, the Association of Latinos/as Motivating Action (ALMA), the Equality Illinois Institute, and Pride Action Tank. Candidates who attended included Daniel Biss, Tio Hardiman, Ameya Pawar, J.B. Pritzker, and Chris Kennedy. \n Bruce Rauner has been rated as one of, if not the most, vulnerable governors facing re-election in 2018 by Politico and the National Journal \n Hypothetical polling \n \n--- \n\| Poll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Bill Brady \| Jeanne Ives \| Kyle McCarter \| Dan Proft \| Bruce Rauner \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nOgden & Fry (R-Liberty Principles PAC) \| October 2, 2017 \| 545 \| ± 4.3% \| 9% \| 5% \| 2% \| 8% \| 22% \| 54% \n The Democratic candidates held their first televised debate on January 23. All six candidates met again a week later on January 30. The debate was not televised but was uploaded to WSIL-TV's YouTube channel. \n The 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election takes place as part of the 2018 Illinois general election and elects the Governor of Illinois. The Democratic and Republican general primary elections took place on March 20, 2018, and the general election will take place on November 6, 2018. \n * Robert Marshall, physician and perennial candidate \n\n\n \n\n * Running mate:Juliana Stratton, State Representative \n\n\n show Daniel Biss \n--- \n \nU.S. Senators \n\n * Former Senator Adlai Stevenson III \n\n\n\nU.S. Representatives \n\n * Congresswoman Robin Kelly of Illinois' 2nd congressional district. \n * Congresswoman Marcia L. Fudge of Ohio's 11th congressional district \n\n\n\nStatewide officeholders \n\n * Former Lieutenant Governor Sheila Simon \n\n\n\nState Senators \n\n * Senator Omar Aquino (D-Chicago) \n * Senator Bill Cunningham (D-Chicago) \n * Senate president pro tempore Don Harmon (D-Oak Park) \n * Senator David Koehler (D-Peoria) \n * Senator Pat McGuire (D-Braidwood) \n * Senator John Mulroe (D-Chicago) \n * Senator Laura Murphy (D-Des Plaines). Murphy also serves as the Democratic Committeewoman for Maine Township. \n * Senator Steve Stadelman (D-Rockford) \n\n\n\nState Representatives \n\n * Representative Carol Ammons (D-Urbana) \n * Representative Kelly Cassidy (D-Chicago) \n * Representative Will Davis (D-Homewood) \n * Representative Will Guzzardi (D-Chicago) \n * Representative Robyn Gabel (D-Evanston) \n * Representative Theresa Mah (D-Chicago) \n * Former Assistant Majority Leader Elaine Nekritz (D-Northbrook) \n * Representative Litesa Wallace (D-Rockford). Wallace endorsed Biss June 28, 2017 and became his running mate September 8, 2017. \n * Representative Ann Williams (D-Chicago) \n\n\n\nChicago Aldermen \n\n * Alderman John Arena of the 45th ward \n * Alderman Roberto Maldonado of the 26th ward \n * Alderwoman Susan Sadlowski Garza of the 10th Ward \n * Former Alderman Dick Simpson of the 44th Ward of Chicago and Department Head and Professor of Political Science at University of Illinois at Chicago \n * Alderman Scott Waguespack of the 32nd Ward. \n\n\n\nOther local officials", "Chicago Aldermen \n\n * Alderman John Arena of the 45th ward \n * Alderman Roberto Maldonado of the 26th ward \n * Alderwoman Susan Sadlowski Garza of the 10th Ward \n * Former Alderman Dick Simpson of the 44th Ward of Chicago and Department Head and Professor of Political Science at University of Illinois at Chicago \n * Alderman Scott Waguespack of the 32nd Ward. \n\n\n\nOther local officials \n\n * Chemberly Cummings, Normal City Council Member \n * Elliot Hartstein, former Mayor of Buffalo Grove, Illinois \n * Eamon Kelly, Evanston Township Democratic Committeman \n * Elizabeth Lindquist, Roscoe Township Trustee \n * Marge Paul, City Clerk of Berwyn, Illinois \n * Tari Renner, Mayor of Bloomington, Illinois \n * Carlo Robustelli, McLean County Board Member \n * Alderman Robin Rue Simmons of Evanston's 5th ward \n * Debra Shore, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago commisioner \n * Jose Villalobos, Elgin Township Trustee and founder of Progressives of Kane County \n\n\n\nOrganizations \n\n * 45th Ward Independent Democrats \n * Berwyn United \n * BlackRoots Resistance \n * Champaign County Young Democrats \n * College Democrats at Illinois State University \n * Democratic Party of the 49th Ward \n * Democratic Party of Evanston \n * Democrats of Northfield Township \n * Illinois NOW \n * Indivisble NW IL \n * Indo-American Democratic Organization \n * Knox College Democrats \n * McLean County Democrats \n * MoveOn.org \n * National Association of Social Workers \n * National Nurses United \n * Network 49 \n * New Trier Democratic Party \n * Northside DFA \n * ONE People's Campaign \n * Our Revolution \n * Our Revolution Illinois \n * People's Action \n * Planned Parenthood Illinois Action \n * Reclaim Chicago \n * Sierra Club of Illinois \n * WIU College Democrats \n * 314 Action, a pro-science advocacy group supporting scientists who run for office \n\n\n\nIndividuals \n\n * John Cusack, actor \n * Jesse Eisenberg, actor, author, and playwright \n * John Green, author and internet personality \n * Kathleen Rooney, author and educator \n * Lawrence Lessig, Roy L. Furman Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and political activist \n * Howie Klein, activist, music producer, founder of the DownWithTyrrany! blog \n * Donna Miller, Vice President of Illinois Democratic Women \n * Pussy Riot, anti-Putin protest and activist punk-rock band \n * Richard Thaler, winner of the 2017 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences \n\n\n\nNewspapers \n\n * The Columbia Chronicle \n * The Daily Northwestern \n * Herald & Review \n * The Pantagraph \n * Rockford Register Star \n * Chicago Maroon \n\n\n\nWithdrawn endorsements \n\n * Congressman Brad Schneider of Illinois's 10th congressional district \n\n\n * William J. Kelly, perennial candidate \n\n\n Elections in Illinois \n--- \nFederal government (show) \| Presidential elections \n--- \n \n * 1820 \n * 1824 \n * 1828 \n * 1832 \n * 1836 \n * 1840 \n * 1844 \n * 1848 \n * 1852 \n * 1856 \n * 1860 \n * 1864 \n * 1868 \n * 1872 \n * 1876 \n * 1880 \n * 1884 \n * 1888 \n * 1892 \n * 1896 \n * 1900 \n * 1904 \n * 1908 \n * 1912 \n * 1916 \n * 1920 \n * 1924 \n * 1928 \n * 1932 \n * 1936 \n * 1940 \n * 1944 \n * 1948 \n * 1952 \n * 1956 \n * 1960 \n * 1964 \n * 1968 \n * 1972 \n * 1976 \n * 1980 \n * 1984 \n * 1988 \n * 1992 \n * * 2000 \n * * 2008 \n * 2012 \n * 2016 \n\n \nU.S. Senate elections \n \n * 1885 \n * 1966 \n * 1972 \n * 1978 \n * 1980 \n * 1984 \n * 1986 \n * 1990 \n * 1992 \n * * 1998 \n * 2002 \n * * 2008 \n * * 2014 \n * 2016 \n\n \nU.S. House elections \n \n * 2000 \n * 1st \n * 2002 \n * * 2006 \n * 6th \n * 8th \n * 10th \n * 11th \n * 19th \n * 2008 \n * * 17th \n * 2012 \n * 2014 \n * 2016 \n * 2018 \n\n \nSpecial elections \n \n * 2nd district, 1995 \n * 14th district, 2008 \n * 5th district, 2009 \n * 2nd district, 2013 \n * 18th district, 2015 \n\n \nState government (show) \| Gubernatorial elections \n--- \n \n * 1818 \n * 1822 \n * 1826 \n * 1830 \n * 1834 \n * 1838 \n * 1842 \n * 1846 \n * 1848 \n * 1852 \n * 1856 \n * 1860 \n * 1864 \n * 1868 \n * 1872 \n * 1960 \n * 1964 \n * 1968 \n * 1972 \n * 1976 \n * 1978 \n * 1982 \n * 1986 \n * 1990 \n * 1994 \n * 1998 \n * 2002 \n * 2006 \n * * 2014 \n * 2018 \n\n \nState Senate elections \n \n * 2008 \n * * 2012 \n * 2014 \n * 2016 \n * 2018 \n\n \nState House of Representatives elections \n \n * 2008 \n * * 2012 \n * 2014 \n * 2016 \n * 2018 \n\n \nGeneral elections \n \n * 2006 \n * * 2014 \n * 2018 \n\n \nCity of Chicago (show) \| Mayoral elections \n--- \n \n * 1977 \n * 1979 \n * * * 1989 \n * 1991 \n * 1995 \n * 1999 \n * 2003 \n * 2007 \n * 2011 \n * 2015 \n * 2019 \n\n \nAldermanic elections \n \n * 2015 \n\n \nCity of Peoria (show) \| Mayoral elections \n--- \n \n * 1997 \n * 2001 \n * 2005 \n * 2009 \n * 2013 \n\n \nCouncil elections \n \n * 2001 \n * 2003 \n * 2005 \n * 2007 \n * 2009 \n * 2011 \n * 2013 \n * 2015 \n\n \n \n * * * \n\n * Kash Jackson, Navy veteran and activist nominated at the state convention on March 3. \n\n\n * Dock Walls, perennial candidate \n * Jim Tobin, founder of Taxpayers United of America \n\n\n Incumbent Republican Governor Bruce Rauner is running for re-election to a second term in office against Democratic Party candidate J.B. Pritzker and Libertarian Party candidate Kash Jackson. \n * Bruce Rauner, Incumbent \n\n\n Another debate was held on February 21, which was hosted by the University of Springfield. Chris Kennedy did not attend due to a back injury, although all five other candidates participated. Another major debate took place on March 1. It involved issues such as gun control, Blagojevich's tapes, sexual harassment, and relatability. Another debate took place the next day in Springfield. The topics involved Madigan, sexual harassment, among other issues. The spotlight remained on the top contenders:Chris Kennedy, J.B Pritzker, and Daniel Biss. \n Whitney Young High School hosted the first student-run gubernatorial debate in the United States on October 4, 2017. All 7 then current candidates attended, meaning Daniel Biss, Bob Daiber, Tio Hardiman, Chris Kennedy, Alex Paterakis, Ameya Pawar, and J.B. Pritzker. \n \n\n * Running mate:Jonathan W. Todd, social worker \n\n\n Rauner and Ives held their first and only scheduled forum on January 29. Rauner largely ignored his opponent and focused on attacking Speaker Mike Madigan, comparing him to his likely Democratic challenger, J.B. Pritzker. Ives, on the other hand, attacked Rauner for being an ineffective governor and alienating social conservatives. Rauner and Ives were invited by the University of Springfield to debate a second time, although Rauner declined the invitation. \n show Chris Kennedy \n--- \n \nU.S. Cabinet and Cabinet-level officials \n\n * William M. Daley, 32nd United States Secretary of Commerce and 24th White House Chief of Staff. \n\n\n\nU.S. Representatives \n\n * Congressman Danny K. Davis of Illinois's 7th congressional district. \n * Former Congressman Phil Hare of Illinois's 17th congressional district (2007-2011). \n * Congressman Joe Kennedy III of Massachusetts's 4th congressional district (since 2013). \n * Congressman Bobby Rush of Illinois's 1st congressional district \n\n\n\nState legislators \n\n * Former President of the Illinois Senate Emil Jones. \n\n\n\nLocal officeholders \n\n * Cook County Commissioner Chuy García. \n * Alderman Ricardo Muñoz of Chicago's 22nd ward. \n\n\n\nInvididuals \n\n * Dan Aykroyd, actor and comedian \n * Keegan-Michael Key, comedian and actor \n * Larry David, comedian and writer \n * Civil Rights and Labor Union Activist Dolores Huerta \n * Lori E. Lightfoot, chair of the Chicago Police Accountability Task Force \n * Barbra Streisand, singer and actress \n\n\n\nOrganizations \n\n * Iroquois County Democratic Central Committee \n * Southern Illinois Democratic County Chairmen's Association \n\n\n\nNewspapers", "State legislators \n\n * Former President of the Illinois Senate Emil Jones. \n\n\n\nLocal officeholders \n\n * Cook County Commissioner Chuy García. \n * Alderman Ricardo Muñoz of Chicago's 22nd ward. \n\n\n\nInvididuals \n\n * Dan Aykroyd, actor and comedian \n * Keegan-Michael Key, comedian and actor \n * Larry David, comedian and writer \n * Civil Rights and Labor Union Activist Dolores Huerta \n * Lori E. Lightfoot, chair of the Chicago Police Accountability Task Force \n * Barbra Streisand, singer and actress \n\n\n\nOrganizations \n\n * Iroquois County Democratic Central Committee \n * Southern Illinois Democratic County Chairmen's Association \n\n\n\nNewspapers \n\n * Journal Star \n * The State Journal-Register \n * Chicago Tribune \n * Daily Herald \n\n\n Poll source \| Dates administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| J.B. Pritzker \| Daniel Biss \| Chris Kennedy \| Tio Hardiman \| Bob Daiber \| Robert Marshall \| Others \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nVictory Research \| March 13–16, 2018 \| 1,204 \| ± 2.8% \| 32% \| 22% \| 26% \| \\-- \| \\-- \| \\-- \| 4% \| 16% \nWe Ask America \| March 7–9, 2018 \| 1,029 \| ± 3.1% \| 35% \| 15% \| 16% \| < 1% \| 1% \| < 1% \| \\-- \| 31% \nSouthern Illinois University \| February 19–25, 2018 \| 472 \| ± 4.5% \| 31% \| 21% \| 17% \| 2% \| 1% \| 1% \| 2% \| 25% \nGlobal Strategy Group (D-Pritzker) \| February 9–13, 2018 \| 802 \| ± 3.5% \| 37% \| 21% \| 23% \| \\-- \| \\-- \| \\-- \| \\-- \| \\-- \nALG Research (D-Biss) \| February 6–11, 2018 \| 500 \| ± 4.4% \| 32% \| 24% \| 24% \| 2% \| 1% \| 1% \| \\-- \| 16% \nVictory Research \| February 6–7, 2018 \| 1,209 \| ± 2.8% \| 27% \| 24% \| 17% \| 2% \| 2% \| 1% \| \\-- \| 28% \nGlobal Strategy Group (D-Pritzker) \| February 1, 2018 \| 801 \| ± 3.5% \| 41% \| 22% \| 16% \| \\-- \| \\-- \| \\-- \| \\-- \| 21% \n52% \| 32% \| \\-- \| \\-- \| \\-- \| \\-- \| \\-- \| 16% \nWe Ask America \| January 29–30, 2018 \| 811 \| ± 3.4% \| 30% \| 17% \| 12% \| 2% \| 1% \| 1% \| \\-- \| 38% \nWe Ask America \| October 17–18, 2017 \| 1,154 \| ± 3% \| 39% \| 6% \| 15% \| 1% \| 1% \| \\-- \| 2% \| 36% \nALG Research (D-Biss) \| July 2017 \| \\-- \| \\-- \| 30% \| 5% \| 23% \| 1% \| 0% \| 1% \| \\-- \| 35% \nGarin-Hart-Yang (D-Kennedy) \| June 26–29, 2017 \| 602 \| ± 4% \| 38% \| \\-- \| 44% \| \\-- \| \\-- \| \\-- \| \\-- \| 18% \nGreenberg Quinlan Rosner (D-Summers) \| March 2–6, 2017 \| 500 \| ± 4.4% \| 11% \| \\-- \| 44% \| \\-- \| \\-- \| \\-- \| 11% \| 34% \n show Bruce Rauner \n--- \n \nGovernors \n\n * Eric Greitens (R-Missouri) \n * Eric Holcomb (R-Indiana) \n * Scott Walker (R-Wisconsin) \n\n\n\nIllinois State Senators \n\n * Senator John Curran (R-Woodridge) \n * Senator Bill Brady (R-Bloomington) \n\n\n\nIllinois State Representatives \n\n * Representative Patti Bellock (R-Hinsdale) \n * Representative Tom Bennett (R-Gibson City) \n * Minority Leader Jim Durkin (R-Western Springs) \n * Assistant Republican Leader Bill Mitchell (R-Decatur) \n * Representative Grant Wehrli (R-Naperville) \n * Representative Christine Winger (R-Wood Dale) \n\n\n\nCounty officials \n\n * Dan Cronin, Chairman of the DuPage County Board and former member of the Illinois Senate. \n\n\n\nLocal officials \n\n * Steve Chirico, Mayor of Naperville, Illinois \n * Rodney Craig, Village President of Hanover Park, Illinois \n\n\n\nOrganizations \n\n * Cook County Republican Party \n * Evanston Township Republican Organization \n * Palatine Township Republican Organization \n * Winfield Township Republican Organization \n\n\n\nNewspapers \n\n * Chicago Tribune \n * Chicago Sun-Times \n * Daily Herald \n * The Bloomington Pantagraph \n * The Marion Republican \n\n\n The Illinois chapter of progressive advocacy organization Our Revolution sponsored a forum at the Chicago Teacher's Union headquarters on October 8, 2017. Candidates voiced similar opinions on single-payer health care, gun control, and the minimum wage, but differed on a hypothetical state deal with Amazon and relationships with powerful Illinois Speaker Mike Madigan. \n Kash Jackson is the Libertarian nominee for Illinois governor. 2018, Libertarian nominees for governor, other statewide offices, and the General Assembly were chosen by the Libertarian Party of Illinois at a state convention. The convention for 2018 candidate selection was held on March 3, 2018 in Bloomington, Illinois. \n Poll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Bruce Rauner (R) \| J.B. Pritzker (D) \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nVictory Research \| April 18–21, 2018 \| 1,208 \| ± 2.8% \| 31% \| 49% \| 19% \nOgden & Fry \| March 23, 2018 \| 667 \| ± 3.9% \| 28% \| 46% \| 26% \nSouthern Illinois University \| February 19–25, 2018 \| 1,001 \| ± 3.0% \| 35% \| 50% \| 15% \nPublic Policy Polling (D-Biss) \| February 5–6, 2018 \| 600 \| ± 3.3% \| 35% \| 48% \| 17% \nOgden & Fry (R-Liberty Principles PAC) \| October 2, 2017 \| 517 \| ± 4.4% \| 30% \| 47% \| 23% \n Hypothetical polling \n \n--- \n\| Poll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Dick Durbin \| Pat Quinn \| Chris Kennedy \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nWe Ask America \| July 27, 2016 \| 1,128 \| ± 3.0% \| 49% \| 10% \| 5% \| 18% \n * J.B. Pritzker \n\n\n \n\n * Running mate:Alex Hirsch, political operative \n\n\n * Alex Paterakis, civil engineer and business owner \n * Ameya Pawar, Chicago Alderman", "* Running mate:Alex Hirsch, political operative \n\n\n * Alex Paterakis, civil engineer and business owner \n * Ameya Pawar, Chicago Alderman \n\n\n Pritzker was criticized for refusing to commit to attend the only live-television debate planned outside the Chicago media market, prompting the debate's cancellation. Biss and Kennedy gathered petition signatures to encourage the debate's continuation, and Biss commented that \"JB is borrowing a page from the billionaire playbook, avoiding debates and shunning reporters who ask tough questions.\" Another debate took place on March 14, revolving around topics including Pritzker's newly reported offshore holdings, Illinois House Speaker Mike Madigan, and education. Kennedy and Biss both attacked Pritzker on the offshore businesses, Kennedy \"saying it's like a job interview, and Pritzker lying to get the job\", and Biss saying \"Pritzker did that to avoid taxes\". \n For the 2018 election, non-established parties will not need to run a full slate in order to qualify for ballot access. \n Despite a 14% decrease in Republican Primary votes cast, Rauner increased his final result by 9% , in number of votes, from 2014. Rauner also only received 40.2% of the primary vote in 2014, in his narrow win. In 2018, he managed to capture a narrow majority of the votes, with 51.4% , in his victory over conservative Ives. It is worth noting that Rauner faced three other people in the primaries in 2014 and just one in this election. \n Hypothetical polling \n \n--- \n \nwith Ives and Pritzker \n\| Poll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Jeanne Ives (R) \| J.B. Pritzker (D) \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nOgden & Fry (R-Liberty Principles PAC) \| October 2, 2017 \| 517 \| ± 4.4% \| 20% \| 40% \| 40% \n \nwith Rauner and Kennedy \nPoll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Bruce Rauner (R) \| Chris Kennedy (D) \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nOgden & Fry (R-Liberty Principles PAC) \| October 2, 2017 \| 517 \| ± 4.4% \| 28% \| 41% \| 31% \n \nwith Rauner and Biss \nPoll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Bruce Rauner (R) \| Daniel Biss (D) \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nPaul Simon Institute \| February 19–25, 2018 \| 1,001 \| ± 3.0% \| 34% \| 48% \| 18% \nPublic Policy Polling (D-Biss) \| February 5–6, 2018 \| 600 \| ± 3.3% \| 30% \| 47% \| 23% \n \nwith Rauner and generic Democrat \nPoll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Bruce Rauner (R) \| Generic Democrat (D) \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nNormington Petts (D-DGA) \| July 18–20, 2017 \| 600 \| ± 4.0% \| 37% \| 49% \| 14% \nAnzalone Lizst Grove (D) \| February 15–20, 2017 \| 800 \| ± 3.5% \| 32% \| 47% \| 21% \nNormington Petts (D-DGA) \| January 3–5, 2017 \| 600 \| ± 4.0% \| 35% \| 45% \| 20% \nPoll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Kyle McCarter (R) \| J.B. Pritzker (D) \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nOgden & Fry (R-Liberty Principles PAC) \| October 2, 2017 \| 517 \| ± 4.4% \| 22% \| 42% \| 36% \nPoll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Kyle McCarter (R) \| Chris Kennedy (D) \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nOgden & Fry (R-Liberty Principles PAC) \| October 2, 2017 \| 517 \| ± 4.4% \| 21% \| 42% \| 37% \nPoll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Dan Proft (R) \| J.B. Pritzker (D) \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nOgden & Fry (R-Liberty Principles PAC) \| October 2, 2017 \| 517 \| ± 4.4% \| 25% \| 42% \| 33% \nPoll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Dan Proft (R) \| Chris Kennedy (D) \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nOgden & Fry (R-Liberty Principles PAC) \| October 2, 2017 \| 517 \| ± 4.4% \| 23% \| 43% \| 34% \nPoll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Bill Brady (R) \| J.B. Pritzker (D) \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nOgden & Fry (R-Liberty Principles PAC) \| October 2, 2017 \| 517 \| ± 4.4% \| 26% \| 42% \| 32% \nPoll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Bill Brady (R) \| Chris Kennedy (D) \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nOgden & Fry (R-Liberty Principles PAC) \| October 2, 2017 \| 517 \| ± 4.4% \| 25% \| 42% \| 33% \n \nwith Ives and Kennedy \nPoll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Jeanne Ives (R) \| Chris Kennedy (D) \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nOgden & Fry (R-Liberty Principles PAC) \| October 2, 2017 \| 517 \| ± 4.4% \| 19% \| 38% \| 43% \n \nwith Rauner and Durbin \nPoll source \| Date (s) administered \| Sample size \| Margin of error \| Bruce Rauner (R) \| Dick Durbin (D) \| Undecided \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nWe Ask America \| July 26, 2016 \| 824 \| ± 3.5% \| 35% \| 44% \| 22% \n show Kash Jackson \n--- \n \nNotable Individuals \n\n * Austin Petersen, Libertarian candidate for President of the United States in 2016 and candidate for U.S Senate in Missouri for 2018 \n * Larry Sharpe, business consultant and candidate for Vice President of the United States in 2016, Libertarian nominee for New York Governor 2018 \n * David Earl Williams, perennial candidate" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "An American Life An American Life is the 1990 autobiography of former American President Ronald Reagan, ghostwritten by Robert Lindsey. Released almost two years after Reagan left office, the book reached number eight on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list. The book is composed of 748 pages, describing Reagan's life from his birth in Tampico, Illinois, to his acting career, marriages, entrance into politics, years as Governor of California, loss in the 1976 Republican primary, and finally his years as President of the United States. Reviewer John O'Sullivan says of Reagan, \"[H]e shows a tendency, where other people's feelings are concerned, to gloss over unpleasantness in a way which ... detracts ... from his value as a historian.\" He told his side of events that led to his 1976 presidential candidacy, as well as his relationships with members of Congress and his views on the world and the Cold War. Reagan was married twice: the first to actress Jane Wyman (1917–2007) from 1940 to 1948. Reagan only mentions her in one paragraph in the book, saying \"it didn't work out\", but that the marriage \"produced two wonderful children.\" He married Nancy Davis in 1952, saying in the biography \"Sometimes, I think my life really began when I met Nancy.\" Although covering most of the events that occurred during the Reagan presidency (1981–1989), the book's most notable omission is the rejection of Robert Bork as a Supreme Court justice, with very little mention made of Reagan's judicial appointments. One of Reagan's more controversial enactments as president were his economic policies, dubbed \"Reaganomics.\" From the autobiography's point of view, everything about them were successful except that \"the vested interests that hold sway over Congress prevented us from cutting spending nearly as much as I had hoped to, or as the country required.\" Also in terms of economic policy, one of Reagan's main regrets was his ultimate failure in creating a federal balanced budget. With regards to the Iran-Contra affair, a major administration scandal that involved the diverting of funds being shipped to Iran to the contras in Nicaragua, \"An American Life\" says, \"None of the arms we'd shipped to Iran had gone to the terrorists who had kidnapped our citizens.\" Of the scandal, Reagan writes, \"[Bud] McFarlane, [John] Poindexter, [Bob] Casey, and, I presume, [Oliver] North knew how deeply I felt about the need for the contras' survival as a democratic resistance force in Nicaragua. Perhaps that knowledge... led them to support the contras secretly and saw no reason to report this to me.\" The autobiography goes on to claim that, \"[a]s president, I was at the helm, so I am the one who is ultimately responsible.\" The book also discusses Reagan's political rivalry and personal friendship with former Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill. When the book was first published, it reached number eight on \"The New York Times\" bestsellers list. Some authors, journalists, and reviewers agreed that the book presented a fair picture of Reagan's life, while others seriously questioned its historical value and purpose. An American Life An American Life is the 1990 autobiography of former American President Ronald Reagan, ghostwritten by Robert Lindsey. Released almost two years after Reagan left office, the book reached number eight on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list. The book is composed of 748 pages, describing Reagan's life from his birth in Tampico, Illinois, to his acting career, marriages, entrance into politics, years as Governor of California, loss in the 1976 Republican primary, and finally his years as President of the United States. Reviewer John O'Sullivan says of Reagan, \"[H]e shows" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "USS Muscoota USS \"Muscoota\", was a 1370-ton \"Mohongo\"-class iron \"double-ender\" steam gunboat of the United States Navy during the American Civil War. The ship was built at Greenpoint, New York, and commissioned in January 1865. She was at Norfolk, Virginia, in May 1865 when ordered to Key West as part of an effort to prevent Confederate President Jefferson Davis escaping abroad. \"Muscoota\" remained in the Gulf of Mexico area at least until August 1866, when she was sent north in response to a serious outbreak of yellow fever among her crew. George Westinghouse, future inventor and businessman, served aboard the warship as an engineer. Sold in June 1869, she was extensively rebuilt for merchant employment and renamed Tennessee. The ship had only a short civilian career, as she was destroyed by fire near Little River, North Carolina, on 29 June 1870. USS Muscoota USS \"Muscoota\", was a 1370-ton \"Mohongo\"-class iron \"double-ender\" steam gunboat of the United States Navy during the American Civil War. The ship was built at Greenpoint, New York, and commissioned in January 1865. She was at Norfolk, Virginia, in May 1865 when ordered to Key West as part of an effort to prevent Confederate President Jefferson Davis" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism's Founder is a biography of Joseph Smith Jr., founder and prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement, by Richard Bushman. Bushman is both a practicing member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and the Gouverneur Morris Professor of History emeritus at Columbia University. The title of the book refers to a self-description by Smith, \"I [am] a rough stone. The sound of the hammer and chisel was never heard on me nor never will be. I desire the learning and wisdom of heaven alone.\" Bushman is the author of many books on early American cultural and religious history, and his own religious and academic background enables him to locate Joseph Smith in the cultural context of early nineteenth-century America. Although the five-hundred eighty-four page biography (with additional extensive notes and documentation) does not avoid controversial aspects of Smith's life and work, such as his practice of polygamy and his youthful treasure-seeking, it treats them cautiously, and as Bushman himself admits, with \"greater tolerance for Smith's remarkable stories than most historians would allow.\" \"Rough Stone Rolling\" makes use of much recent research and is the most complete biography of Joseph Smith published to date. Jane Lampman, reviewing the book for the \"Christian Science Monitor\", called the book a fascinating, definitive biography, saying it explored the controversy surrounding Smith without attempting to resolve it, and lauded the book as \"an honest yet sympathetic portrayal...rich in its depiction of developing Mormonism.\" Walter Kirn of \"The New York Times Book Review\" says that when reading Bushman's biography, \"once the reader despairs of ever finding out whether Smith was God's own spokesman or the L. Ron Hubbard of his day, it's possible to enjoy a tale that's as colorful, suspenseful and unlikely as any in American history.\" Larry McMurtry says that in reading Bushman, it is difficult to determine \"where biography ends and apologetics begins.\" In a long academic review, Jan Shipps calls the book \"the crowning achievement of the new Mormon history,\" that is likely to \"serve as the standard work on Mormonism's coming in to being\" for the foreseeable future. Retired BYU professor Marvin S. Hill, writing in \",\" says that Bushman \"comes up markedly short at times and he does not always examine controversial issues carefully\" but that \"his book suggests that thought about the Prophet has matured among some faithful Latter-day Saints.\" In 2007, Bushman published a brief but revealing memoir about the publication of \"Rough Stone Rolling\", which outlines both the genesis of the book and the reaction of audiences and reviewers during his yearlong book tour. Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism's Founder is a biography of Joseph Smith Jr., founder and prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement, by Richard Bushman. Bushman is both a practicing member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Rânca Rânca () is a recently developed Romanian resort, located at 1,600 m (5,250 ft) elevation, at the foothill of Păpuşa Peak in the Parâng Mountains. It is located 17.9 kilometers away from Novaci, Gorj County, after passing on the Transalpina (DN67C) road through the Parâng Mountains. There are views of the Parângu Mare peak and, when the weather is clear, one can see Peleaga peak of the Retezat Mountains. During the winter, there are more than five ski slopes open ranging from low to increased difficulty. There are all kinds of accommodations, ranging from hotels to small family businesses. The shops that can be found in Rânca can provide supplies of food and some other necessities to backpackers and bikers. Every year in September on the Trasalpina road between Novaci and Rânca, the Rânca Stage of the National Rally Championship of Hill Climb is held. Rânca Rânca () is a recently developed Romanian resort, located at 1,600 m (5,250 ft) elevation, at the foothill of Păpuşa Peak in the Parâng Mountains. It is located 17.9 kilometers away from Novaci, Gorj County, after passing on the Transalpina (DN67C) road through the Parâng Mountains. There are views of the Parângu Mare" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Yak Ballz Yak Ballz, born Yashar Zadeh is an American independent hip hop artist, who was brought up in Flushing, Queens, New York. He is one of the original members of The Weathermen. He is also a member of Cardboard City. In his youth, Yak spent a lot of his time using his imagination and creativity to draw and paint. He became enamored with the rebel art of graffiti. He was inspired by Cost, Revs, Uend, and his TCK (True City Killers) brethren. Yak turned to writing as an outlet for expression and a form of therapy due to his mother being overprotective about their neighborhood in Queens at the time. Thanks to his best friend's older brother, Vaz (of 89.9-FM WKCR’s legendary “Night Train” hip-hop show), while in high school Yak landed a gig interning at Bobbito Garcia’s Footwork store in downtown Manhattan where he saw a myriad of flyers promoting Hip Hop shows all over the city. At the age of 16 he entered the Braggin’ Rites MC battle; he took second place and was the youngest person in the competition. Yak would go on to achieve first runner-up honors two more times after that, but more importantly, the aspiring MC grabbed the attention of several interested people in attendance, including Armando “Mondee” Torres and Brett Scott, who approached Vaz about getting Yak to appear on their new mixtape. At the urging of Vaz, the MC agreed to work with Mondee. This would lead to a lasting music relationship. He is of Persian heritage. Bobbito Garcia, world-renowned radio personality known for breaking records and introducing new talent in New York City during the Indie Hip Hop boom in the mid to late 90's, liked Yak's demo, \"Flossin’\", so much that he put it in rotation on his CM Famalam show on 89.9-FM WKCR in New York. He later invited Yak to appear on the show in 1998. After a few impressive appearances on WKCR, and \"Flossin’\" gaining regular rotation, Bobbito approached Yak about some new original music. Yak's lyrics caught the attention of Cage, who was impressed enough to reach out to him; making him an original member of The Weathermen. Soon after, Yak released his first 12-inch, \"Homepiss\" in 2000, courtesy of Bobbito and his Fondle’em label. His 4-song EP was released featuring \"Flossin\"', \"The Plague\", \"Nasty or Nice\", and \"Homepiss\". In 2001, Yak followed up the EP with a stand-out 3 song vinyl 12-inch, \"The Freakshow\", which was one of the first ever 12-inch releases by the indie Hip Hop label Definitive Jux.Vinyl specialty stores and Web sites quickly sold out of the three-song 12-inch that featured cover art by TCK brother Ewok One 5MH. El-P even included \"The Freak Show\" on 2002’s \"Definitive Jux Presents 2\" compilation album. In 2003, he released \"While You Were Sleeping\" b/w \"The Drill\" 12-inch with Traffic Entertainment. Once Eastern Conference Records, then home to fellow Weathermen; Cage and Tame One, heard of this single they moved to sign Yak to an album deal. After working on The Weathermen’s \"Conspiracy\" mixtape (2003) Yak Ballz released his first album, \"My Claim\" in 2004 with guest appearances from both Cage and Tame One. He worked with producer Mondee for production and engineer Joe Raia. His lyrical content on \"My Claim\" was fueled by his Queens life and college experiences. After leaving Eastern Conference, Yak put out a mixtape in 2005, \"The Missing Cassettes\" consisting of rare and unreleased material. In 2006 he released \"Scifentology\", a mixtape put out by Yak himself and Scifen clothing company which features cover art by Ewok One 5MH. Yak’s lyrics became more introspective and the beats changed on \"Scifentology\" by relying more on rock and synthesized instrumentation . The mixtape started as an innocent idea and promotional tool to help cross-market Yak with the Scifen clothing brand, but it quickly became one of the most talked-about mixtapes of the year within the indie Hip Hop world in ‘06 . January 2008, Yak released his sophomore effort, \"Scifentology II\" on FloSpot Records in conjunction with Scifen Clothing. \"Scifentology II\" features production from the likes of Aesop Rock, the late Camu Tao, Mondee, Chapter 7, Adept, and Chris Maestro TCK. It also has guest appearances from Cage, Tame One and Slow Suicide Stimulus. The album is packed tight with cathartic rhymes of grit, wit, shuddering images, and has received critical acclaim . Ewok One 5MH, premier urban artist and senior designer for Scifen clothing, also designed \"Scifentology II\"'s full-color cover. Feb 2009, “Dirt Empire,” a song produced by Aesop Rock, won the MTVu Best Freshman Video with over 40,000 views. In 2011, Yak released an extended play called 'Gas Galaxy', which was self-released in the fall. Yak has performed the title song in support of Cage's Depart From Me tour. Yak is a graduate from New Paltz State University with a Bachelor of Science in Business Management. Yak Ballz Yak Ballz, born Yashar Zadeh is an American independent hip hop artist, who was brought up in Flushing, Queens, New York. He is one of the original members of The Weathermen. He is also a member of Cardboard City. In his youth, Yak spent a lot of his time using his imagination and creativity to draw and paint. He became enamored with the rebel art of graffiti. He was inspired by Cost, Revs, Uend, and his TCK (True City Killers)" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Failure of the Grand Design Failure Of The Grand Design is the debut album from London-based band The Resonance Association, and was released via Burning Shed in October 2007. Described as \"the best and most intense album released in 2007\" by music website Cool Noise (where it was also named as \"album of the year\"); progressive site DPRP concluded that the band had \"a unique sound devoid, for the most part, of any similarity to other bands\" in its favourable review. In 2010, \"Failure Of The Grand Design\" was rereleased digitally with 5 bonus tracks. All tracks written and performed by The Resonance Association.<br> Daniel Vincent: acoustic, electric and bass guitars, synthesisers, piano, programming, sound manipulation.<br> Dominic Hemy: electric and bass guitars, theremin, synthesisers, field recordings. Recorded January - August 2007.<br> Produced and mixed by Daniel Vincent and Dominic Hemy.<br> Mastered August 2007 by Christopher Hemy.<br> <br> Photography by Lisa Vincent, graphic design by Carl Glover for aleph studio. Failure of the Grand Design Failure Of The Grand Design is the debut album from London-based band The Resonance Association, and was released via Burning Shed in October 2007. Described as \"the best and most intense album released in 2007\" by" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Parallel Stories Parallel Stories () is a 2005 novel in three volumes by the Hungarian writer Péter Nádas. It comprises the installments \"The Silent Province\" (\"A néma tartomány\"), \"In the Depths of the Night\" (\"Az éjszaka legmélyén\"), and \"A Breath of Freedom\" (\"A szabadság lélegzete\"). The narrative portrays Hungary during the 20th century. The novel took 18 years to write. It was published in English as one volume in 2011. Thomas Marks of \"The Daily Telegraph\" wrote: \"like many 18-year-olds, this novel has a tendency to take itself too seriously. Its insistent structural repetition can feel indulgent and, with its large cast of navel-gazing characters, its preferred mode of 'amplified inner monologue' intermittently falls prey to longueurs.\" Marks continued: \"That said, it's with remarkable dexterity that Nádas splices together the political, sexual and emotional histories of two families, the Hungarian Lippay Lehrs and the German Döhrings. While theirs may be the parallel stories of the title, this is a boldly experimental novel that stubbornly refuses to follow straight lines.\" American author Francine Prose said that \"A year after reading it, I’m still urging people to read Peter Nadas's dense, filthy, brilliant 1,100-page novel, \"Parallel Stories\".\" She went on to say \"My husband read aloud so much of \"Parallel Stories\" that I figured I might as well finish the rest. It was as good as he promised, and we were both glad to have someone to talk to about this crazy book.\" Parallel Stories Parallel Stories () is a 2005 novel in three volumes by the Hungarian writer Péter Nádas. It comprises the installments \"The Silent Province\" (\"A néma tartomány\"), \"In the Depths of the Night\" (\"Az éjszaka legmélyén\"), and \"A Breath of Freedom\" (\"A szabadság lélegzete\"). The narrative portrays Hungary during the 20th century. The novel took 18 years to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Growth hormone in sports Growth hormone in sports are one of the few legal steroids in 2018. It refers to the use of growth hormones (GH or HGH) for athletic enhancement, as opposed to growth hormone treatment for medical therapy. Human Growth Hormone is a prescription medication, meaning that its distribution and use without a prescription is illegal. There is limited evidence that GH doping improves athletic performance, although the perception that it does is common in the sporting community. Potential side effects of long term GH doping could mirror the symptoms found in sufferers of acromegaly, a disease in which the anterior pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone. Human growth hormone occurs naturally in the human body. Use of exogenous human growth hormone (HGH), via injection, was originally for medical purposes until athletes began abusing HGH with the goal of increasing their abilities. Before recombinant human growth hormone (rHGH) was developed in 1981, HGH was only available from cadavers. The arrival of rHGH combined with other peptide hormone advancements has increased the availability of HGH on both the legitimate and black markets. The first description of the use of GM as a doping agent was Dan Duchaine’s “Underground Steroid handbook” which emerged from California in 1982; it is not known where and when GM was first used this way. In 1989 the International Olympic Committee became the first to brand human growth hormone a banned substance. Although abuse of human growth hormone for athletic purposes is illegal in the U.S., over the past decade it appears that abuse of HGH is present in all levels of sport. This is fueled at least in part by the fact that HGH is more difficult to detect than most other performance-enhancing drugs, such as anabolic steroids. Athletes competing in power sports, bodybuilding, professional wrestling, mixed martial arts, swimming, baseball, strength sports, track and field, cycling, soccer, weight lifting, skiing and endurance sports have been said to abuse human growth hormone, including in combination with other performance-enhancing drugs such as androgenic anabolic steroids including testosterone, certain products which claim to enhance HGH, and erythropoietin (among others). There has never been an adequately large randomized controlled trial showing definitively that HGH provides benefits to athletes and that there are no significant adverse drug reactions; there have been many small studies and several of these studies were recently reviewed and analyzed in a meta-analysis. While the authors indicated that the meta-analysis was limited by the fact that few of the included studies evaluated athletic performance and by the fact that dosing protocols in the studies may not reflect real-world doses and regimens, their conclusions were as follows: \"Claims that growth hormone enhances physical performance are not supported by the scientific literature. Although the limited available evidence suggests that growth hormone increases lean body mass, it may not improve strength; in addition, it may worsen exercise capacity and increase adverse events. More research is needed to conclusively determine the effects of growth hormone on athletic performance.\" With regard to adverse drug reactions, there is data from animal studies that \"long-term administration of human growth hormone can increase the risk of diabetes, retention of fluids, joint and muscle pain, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, osteoporosis, irregular menstruation, impotence and elevated HDL cholesterol.\" A report from the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform on steroid and growth hormone use found that the misguided use of HGH by professional athletes and entertainers was fuelling the industry peddling the drug to the general public for medically inappropriate uses. Studies have found that HGH reduces body fat and increases lean body mass. However, no increase in muscle strength was observed. This may be explained by short-term fluid retention. Researchers are still debating whether the more noticeable muscles are larger in size as well. It should be clarified, though, that muscle mass is not the same as muscle strength. Some say that human growth hormone will build muscle mass through raised insulin-like growth factors levels leading to heightened protein synthesis without any side effects while other researchers argue that there have been no such findings on young healthy adults. The second argument is more supported by research discoveries that HGH affects muscle protein synthesis no differently than a placebo does. HGH may build up connective tissue within muscles, at least in the short term. If these effects are real they “may promote resistance to injury or faster repair [but] would make the muscle no more capable of force generation”. With the release of the Mitchell Report on December 13, 2007, 86 players were revealed to have used performance-enhancing drugs while playing in the Major Leagues. The report stated: \"Players who use Human Growth Hormone apparently believe that it assists their ability to recover from injuries and fatigue\". Acromegaly patients, who suffer from natural growth hormone levels of up to 100 times higher than normal, have lower stamina towards physical activity than people with regular levels. When the patients are treated and their growth hormone levels decrease, their stamina improves. This knowledge is part of the evidence behind the new belief that athletes who use supplemental HGH to raise their levels far above average could actually decrease their exercise tolerance, and thus hurt their athletic performance. Further backing was provided in a study done by the Danish Institute of Sports Medicine. They found cyclists of good health and endurance “were unable to complete accustomed cycling tasks after administration of exogenous hGH” and concluded that HGH can inhibit recuperation from exercise. Participants have also been found to have lower stamina after HGH treatment along with higher rates of fatigue. Growth hormone in sports Growth hormone in sports are one of the few legal steroids in 2018. It refers to the use of growth hormones (GH or HGH) for athletic enhancement, as opposed to growth hormone treatment for medical therapy. Human Growth Hormone is a prescription medication, meaning that its distribution and use without a prescription is illegal. There is limited evidence that GH doping" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mountain West Conference Women's Basketball Tournament The Mountain West Conference Women's Basketball Tournament is the conference championship tournament in women's basketball for the Mountain West Conference. It is a single-elimination tournament involving all of the 11 league schools, and seeding is based on regular-season records with head-to-head match-up as a tie-breaker. The winner receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA women's basketball tournament. In the first round, the #8 seed plays the #9 seed, the #7 seed plays the #10 seed, and the #6 seed plays the #11 seed, with the 3 top seeds (ranked by conference record) play the winners of those respective games, while the #4 and #5 seed play each other. The winners of the four games play each other in the Semifinals, and the winner of those two games play off against each other to determine the champion. Mountain West Conference Women's Basketball Tournament The Mountain West Conference Women's Basketball Tournament is the conference championship tournament in women's basketball for the Mountain West Conference. It is a single-elimination tournament involving all of the 11 league schools, and seeding is based on regular-season records with head-to-head match-up as a tie-breaker. The winner receives the conference's automatic" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Aruna Roy Aruna Roy (born 26 May 1946) is an Indian political and social activist who founded the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) (\"Workers and Peasants Strength Union\") along with Shankar Singh, Nikhil Dey and many others. Known for her work for the vulnerable sections of society, she was also a member of the NAC, national advisory committee which was set up by the then UPA-1 government which was headed by Sonia Gandhi through most of its tenure. Roy was born in Chennai. She grew up in Delhi where her father was a government employee. She studied English literature at Indraprastha College, Delhi University. She served as a civil servant in the Indian Administrative Service between 1968 and 1974. Roy resigned from the political service and began to work on issues related to the poor and marginalised. She joined the Social Work and Research Center (SWRC) in Tilonia, Rajasthan. In 1987, she along with Nikhil Dey, Shankar Singh and others founded the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan. The MKSS began by fighting for fair and equal wages for workers which shaped and evolved into a struggle for the enactment of India's Right to Information Act. Aruna Roy is a leader of the Right to Information movement in India through the MKSS and the National Campaign for People’s Right to Information (NCPRI), which was finally successful with the passage of the Right to Information Act in 2005. Aruna Roy has been at the forefront of a number of campaigns for the rights of the poor and the marginalised. These have included, most prominently, the Right to Information, the Right to Work (the NREGA), and the Right to Food. More recently, she has been involved with the campaign for universal, non-contributory pension for unorganised sector workers as a member of the Pension Parishad and the NCPRI for the passage and enactment of the Whistleblower Protection Law and Grievance Redress Act. She served as a member of the National Advisory Council [NAC] until 2006 when she resigned. While with the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan, Aruna Roy was awarded the Times Fellowships Award for the year 1991 for her work for rural workers rights to social justice and creative development. In 2000, she received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership. In 2010 she received the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award for Excellence in Public Administration, Academia and Management. In 2011, she was named as one of the hundred most influential people in the world by \"Time\" magazine. In September 2017 India Times listed Roy as one of the 11 Human Rights Activists Whose Life Mission Is To Provide Others With A Dignified Life Aruna Roy Aruna Roy (born 26 May 1946) is an Indian political and social activist who founded the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) (\"Workers and Peasants Strength Union\") along with Shankar Singh, Nikhil Dey and many others. Known for her work for the vulnerable sections of society, she was also a member of the NAC, national advisory committee which was set" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Vaginal trauma Vaginal trauma is injury to the vagina. It can happen during childbirth, sexual assault, and accidental occurrences. This injury often consists of bruising. But in some cases, severe hemorrhage can be a concern that requires immediate medical attention. In adults, the vagina is largely protected from trauma due to the protective function of the mons pubis and labia majora. This protection is lacking in girls who lack a protective fat layer to protect the vagina. Vaginal trauma can occur when something is inserted into the vagina, for example, a sharp object causing penetrating trauma. Vaginal trauma can occur as a result of a painful sexual experience or sexual abuse. Vaginal trauma can occur in children as a result of a straddle injury. Most of these, though distressing, are not serious injuries. In some instances, a severe injury occurs and requires immediate medical attention. Especially if the bleeding won't stop. Vaginal trauma also occurs during an episiotomy and vaginal childbirth. Avoiding vaginal injuries during childbirth will help to prevent depression, hospital readmissions, perineal pain. While also promoting pelvic floor strength, sexual function, and good care for the infant. Signs and symptoms include: abdominal pain, bleeding, bruising, faintness, vaginal discharge, embedded object in the vagina, genital pain, swelling, vomiting, painful urination, inability to urinate, presence of a wound, report of sexual abuse, and blood in the urine. A hematoma can form after vaginal trauma. Imaging can identify the presence of the accumulated blood. During childbirth, vaginal or cervical injuries can occur and will likely require surgery to correct them. The vagina is sometimes injured during the course of labor and perineal tears extend from the vagina to various points of the perineum. Non-obstetric causes include: sexual assault, fracture of the pelvis, foreign object inserted into the vagina, jet ski and water-skiing accidents. Risk factors include: first episode of consensual intercourse, breastfeeding, menopause, and medication side effects. A safe environment can be created for young children in addition to keeping small objects out of reach. Treatment begins with a thorough assessment. The presence of someone to provide support during the examination is very beneficial. Such support is especially prioritized in cases of vaginal trauma due to sexual assault. A support person provides emotional support and can help minimize the risk of re-traumatization. Those treating victims employ sexual assault nurse/forensic examiners (SAN/FEs) with specific training to care for those who have experienced rape or sexual assault. They are able to conduct a focused medical-legal exam. If such a trained clinician is not available, the emergency department has a sexual assault protocol that has been established for treatment and the collection of evidence. Vaginal trauma Vaginal trauma is injury to the vagina. It can happen during childbirth, sexual assault, and accidental occurrences. This injury often consists of bruising. But in some cases, severe hemorrhage can be a concern that requires immediate medical attention. In adults, the vagina is largely protected from trauma due to the protective function of the mons pubis" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kay Williams Kathleen Gretchen \"Kay\" Williams (August 7, 1916 – May 25, 1983) was an American actress. She appeared in numerous uncredited bit parts throughout the 1940s before playing Hazel Dawn in George Cukor's \"The Actress\" (1953). Williams was placed under contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1943 but appeared in uncredited bit parts for the remainder of the decade. Her only credited role was playing actress Hazel Dawn in George Cukor's \"The Actress\" (1953), written by Ruth Gordon. Williams was married four times. Her first marriage to Charles Capps lasted from 1937 to 1939, after which she was married to Martin de Alzaga, an Argentinian cattle tycoon, from 1942 to 1943. She was married to Adolph Bernard Spreckels II, a sugar heir, from 1945 until 1952, with whom she had two children (including Bunker Spreckels). Williams was married to actor Clark Gable from 1955 until his death in 1960. The couple had one child. Williams, who had battled heart ailments during her life, left California to receive treatment at Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas, where she died of heart failure on May 25, 1983. Kay Williams Kathleen Gretchen \"Kay\" Williams (August 7, 1916 – May 25, 1983) was an American actress." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jeff Livesey Jeffrey William Livesey (born May 24, 1966) is an American professional baseball player and coach for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has also coached in MLB for the Pittsburgh Pirates and in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp and Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles. Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, Livesey attended Lakeland Regional High School in Wanaque, New Jersey, and then enrolled at Auburn University, where he played college baseball for the Auburn Tigers. He played professionally from 1988 through 1995. Livesey served as hitting coach for multiple Pirates' minor league affiliates, working for the single-A Lynchburg Hillcats in 2003 and the triple-A Nashville Sounds in 2004. Livesey then managed the Gulf Coast League Pirates to a 28-26 record in the 2005 season before serving as the bench coach for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp from 2006-2009 and the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles in 2010. The Pittsburgh Pirates hired Livesey as their minor league hitting coordinator, and he served in the role from 2011 through 2013. After the 2013 season, the Pirates added Livesey to their major league coaching staff. He was a member of the Pirates' coaching staff, as the assistant hitting coach under Jeff Branson, from 2014 through 2018. The Miami Marlins hired Livesey to their coaching staff before the 2019 season. Livesey's father is Bill Livesey. Livesey and his wife Christine have two kids. Jeff Livesey Jeffrey William Livesey (born May 24, 1966) is an American professional baseball player and coach for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has also coached in MLB for the Pittsburgh Pirates and in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp and Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles. Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, Livesey attended Lakeland Regional High School in Wanaque, New Jersey, and then enrolled" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Yavuzlu Yavuzlu is a belde (town) in Kilis Province, Turkey. Yavuzlu is a town in the central district (Kilis) of Kilis Province. At it is only north of Syrian border and east of Kilis. The population of Yavuzlu is 1827 as of 2010. During the Roman Empire, a station called Regia was established on the road just outside of Yavuzlu. The earliest name of the settlement was Tilhabeş undoubtedly a corrupt form of an Arabic name most probably referring to Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi. In the early 16th century the town was a part of Mamluk regime (a clan of Turks and Circassians ruling in Egypt.) In 1517 Ottoman sultan Selim I (also called Yavuz) defeated a Mamluk army in the Battle of Mercidabık and conquered Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Another milestone in town history is during the Turkish War of Independence. The French army captured the town and burnt it. After the war, the town was renamed as Yananköy meaning “Burnt village”. However the town people changed the name to Yavuzlu on behalf of Selim I on 24 August 1960, during the observance of the victory. Yavuzlu Yavuzlu is a belde (town) in Kilis Province, Turkey. Yavuzlu is a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Emil L. Smith Emil L. Smith (July 5, 1911 – May 31, 2009) was an American biochemist who studied protein structure and function as well as biochemical evolution. Initially intending to go into medicine, Smith became interested in biology and organic chemistry during his second year at Columbia University. He earned a B.S. in 1931 and stayed at Columbia to study photosynthesis under Selig Hecht, completing a Ph.D. in biophysics in 1936. In 1938, he went to Cambridge University on a Guggenheim Fellowship to work with David Keilin on the chlorophyll-protein complex. Upon returning to the U.S. during World War II, he took a position at Yale University's Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station to work with Hubert Bradford Vickery. He joined the lab of eminent protein chemist Max Bergmann at the Rockefeller Institute in 1940, where he worked with a number of important biochemists and began a significant line of research on the intestinal enzyme erepsin. Between 1942 and 1946, he worked at E. R. Squibb & Sons on the production of human blood products for use in the war. In 1946 he became an associate professor (and ultimately full professor) at the University of Utah. In 1958, Emanuel Margoliash joined his lab and they began working on the peptide sequence of the protein cytochrome c; based on comparisons between cytochrome c from different species, Smith and Margoliash performed some of the earliest work in the field of molecular evolution, applying the idea of the molecular clock to the highly conserved cytochrome c sequence. In 1969, he worked with James Bonner to sequence histone H4 in several species, which was also of significant use in evolutionary studies. In 1963, he moved to UCLA as Professor and Chair of the Department of Biological Chemistry in the School of Medicine, and became an emeritus professor in 1979. In 1962, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1987, Smith won the Stein-Moore Award of The Protein Society. Emil L. Smith Emil L. Smith (July 5, 1911 – May 31, 2009) was an American biochemist who studied protein structure and function as well as biochemical evolution. Initially intending to go into medicine, Smith became interested in biology and organic chemistry during his second year at Columbia University. He earned a B.S. in 1931 and stayed at Columbia to study photosynthesis under Selig Hecht, completing a Ph.D. in biophysics in 1936. In 1938," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sammy Davis Jr. Now Sammy Davis, Jr. Now is a 1972 (see 1972 in music) album by Sammy Davis, Jr.. The album features the number one hit \"The Candy Man\", a Grammy-nominated song. The rest of the album is made up of standards, big ballads and soul tracks. Eugene Chadbourne of Allmusic rated \"Sammy Davis Jr. Now\" one-and-a-half out of five stars. He stated that \"there are tracks enough on this album that are painful to sit through\", but also said that \"The Candy Man\" \"surely will retain its historical value simply for being about the closest music has ever come to being pure excrement.\" He concluded his review by stating that \"it is big enough for the artist himself to hide behind\". Sammy Davis Jr. Now Sammy Davis, Jr. Now is a 1972 (see 1972 in music) album by Sammy Davis, Jr.. The album features the number one hit \"The Candy Man\", a Grammy-nominated song. The rest of the album is made up of standards, big ballads and soul tracks. Eugene Chadbourne of Allmusic rated \"Sammy Davis Jr. Now\" one-and-a-half out of five stars. He stated that \"there are tracks enough on this album that are painful to sit" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sèvres – Babylone (Paris Métro) Sèvres – Babylone is a station on lines 10 and 12 of the Paris Métro. It is located at the intersection of the \"Boulevard Raspail\" and the \"Rue de Sèvres\", on the border of the 6th arrondissement and 7th arrondissements. Rue de Sèvres boasts two flagship Paris fashion stores: Le Bon Marché at number 22 and Hermes at number 17. The line 12 platforms opened as line 10 \"Sèvres\" on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. On 27 March 1931 line A became line 12 of the \"Métro\". It is named after the \"Rue de Sèvres\" which in medieval times ran from Paris to Sèvres, and the \"Rue de Babylone\", named in 1673 after the Bishop of Babylon. The line 10 station was opened by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris on 30 December 1923 as part of the first section of the \"ligne circulaire interieur\" (inner circular line) from Invalides (now on line 13) to Croix Rouge (a station east of \"Sèvres - Babylone\", which was closed during World War II). At the start the line 10 station was named \"Babylon\", while the nearby line 12 station was still named \"Sèvres\". Shortly after the opening of line 10, the city forced the two companies to form a common station, but the sign for line 10 read \"-Babylone\" (emphasizing \"Babylone\"), and that of line 12 by contrast read \"Sèvres-\" (emphasizing \"Sèvres\"). In the novel Transition by Iain Banks, Mme. d'Ortolan refers to the act of having anal sex with a black man as \"'going to Sèvres-Babylone', as this was the deepest, darkest and most excitingly, enticingly dangerous Métro station that she knew of\". Sèvres – Babylone (Paris" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Miles Dewey Davis Jr. Miles Dewey Davis Jr. (March 1, 1898—1962) was an affluent American dentist and father of jazz legend Miles Davis. Davis was born on March 1, 1898 in Noble Lake, Arkansas. He was a son of Miles D. and Mary (Luster) Davis. He was educated at the Arkansas State Normal School (now University of Arkansas-Pine Bluff) in Pine Bluff, Arkansas and received his Bachelor of Science degree at Arkansas Baptist College in Little Rock in 1919. His studies continued at Lincoln University in Chester County, Pennsylvania. In 1924, Davis graduated from the dental school at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois and began his practice the same year. He was a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity and the National Medical Association. On June 16, 1924, he married Cloots Mae (or Cleota) Henry. This union produced three children: Davis moved the family to Alton, Illinois and then to East St. Louis, Illinois, where he served as State Educational Director of the Elks Club. Very active socially and politically, he was also a member of the Masons, Knights of Pythias, American Woodsmen, and the N.A.A.C.P. At one time, Davis made an unsuccessful bid for a seat on the Illinois State Legislature. In 1946, after his first marriage ended, Davis married his second wife, Josephine, who was an assistant principal. This union produced a son, Joseph, who was born in 1959. In the late 1940s, Davis purchased a 160-acre estate in Millstadt, Illinois. He began raising imported Landrace hogs, the first African American to do so. Although he began breeding hogs as a hobby, he would raise over 300 on his estate at a time. He would sell between $14,000 and $21,000 worth of swine at a single auction. His hogs would also win numerous awards at state fairs in Missouri and Illinois. Tennessee A&I (now Tennessee State University) president Walter S. Davis (no relation) initiated a program to encourage farmers to raise the superior quality Landrace hogs. He purchased his stock for the program from Miles Davis, who imported his strain from Sir Winston Churchill's farm in England. In 1962, Davis died in St. Louis of pneumonia following a stroke. 1910 (Thirteenth Census of US)Richland (NE of St Louis) dated 4-29-1910 Miles Dewey Davis Jr. Miles Dewey Davis Jr. (March 1, 1898—1962) was an affluent American dentist and father of jazz legend Miles Davis. Davis was born on" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1956 United States presidential election in Virginia The 1956 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 6, 1956. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Virginia voted for the Republican nominee, incumbent President Dwight Eisenhower, over the Democratic nominee, former Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson and former Commissioner of Internal Revenue T. Coleman Andrews, who received the nomination of the States' Rights Party. Andrews had his strongest showing in his home state of Virginia. Eisenhower ultimately won the national election with 57.37% of the vote. , this is the last election when majority-black Charles City County has voted for a Republican presidential candidate. 1956 United States presidential election in Virginia The 1956 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 6, 1956. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Virginia voted for the Republican nominee, incumbent President Dwight Eisenhower, over the Democratic nominee, former Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson and former Commissioner of Internal Revenue T. Coleman Andrews, who received the nomination of the States' Rights Party. Andrews had his strongest showing in his home state of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Shorewood, Minnesota Shorewood is a city on Lake Minnetonka in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 7,307 at the 2010 census. The city was incorporated in 1956. Its area was originally part of the former Excelsior Township as were the nearby cities of Excelsior, Tonka Bay and Deephaven. State Highway 7 serves as a main route. In 2016, Shorewood was reported to be the richest town in Minnesota, with a median household income of $113,719. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. It includes the Lake Minnetonka islands of Spray, Shady, and part of Enchanted. These islands are more accessible from the nearby city of Mound that provides them with postal services, fire protection, and schools. As of the census of 2010, there were 7,307 people, 2,658 households, and 2,131 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 2,812 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 95.8% White, 0.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population. There were 2,658 households of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.1% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 19.8% were non-families. 16.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.10. The median age in the city was 45.3 years. 27.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.7% were from 25 to 44; 38.1% were from 45 to 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,400 people, 2,529 households, and 2,106 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,393.5 people per square mile (538.1/km²). There were 2,599 housing units at an average density of 489.4 per square mile (189.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.82% White, 0.39% African American, 0.03% Native American, or Indian, 0.89% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.82% of the population. There were 2,529 households out of which 45.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.7% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.7% were non-families. 13.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.22. In the city, the population was spread out with 31.6% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $96,589, and the median income for a family was $104,100. Males had a median income of $68,182 versus $41,679 for females. The per capita income for the city was $44,425. About 1.3% of families and 1.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.0% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over. In 2016, Shorewood was reported to be the richest town in Minnesota, with a median household income of $113,719. Brainerd, Minnesota was reported to be the poorest at that time. The city of Shorewood is part of the Minnetonka Public School District. Minnewashta Elementary School is located within the city limits and is the largest elementary school in the Minnetonka District. Shorewood, Minnesota Shorewood is a city on Lake Minnetonka in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 7,307 at the 2010 census. The city was incorporated in 1956. Its area was originally part of the former Excelsior Township as were the nearby cities of Excelsior, Tonka Bay and Deephaven. State Highway 7 serves as a main route. In 2016, Shorewood was reported to be the richest town in Minnesota, with a median household income of $113,719. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Russell Streiner Russell Streiner (born February 6, 1940), also credited as Russ Streiner and Russell W. Streiner, is an American film producer and actor. Streiner is the older brother of actor/producer Gary Streiner. Streiner is perhaps best known for his role as Johnny in \"Night of the Living Dead\" (1968). He was also one of the producers of the film. Streiner has also produced \"There's Always Vanilla\" (1971), \"The Booby Hatch\" (1976), and the remake of \"Night of the Living Dead\" (1990), in which he also has a cameo appearance as Sheriff McClelland. He worked in the advertising field for several years while continuing film, television, commercial, and corporate production work. Russell has been actively involved in bringing film and television productions to western Pennsylvania throughout his career, and currently serves as chairman on the board of directors of the Pittsburgh Film Office (formerly known as the Pittsburgh Film & Television Office). He also founded the Pittsburgh Film Office. Until 2014 Russ Streiner was also one of the co-mentors along with John A. Russo of the John Russo Movie Making Program at DuBois Business College in DuBois, Pennsylvania. He also makes occasional appearances and signs autographs at horror conventions. Russell was married to Jackie Faust and actress Judith Ridley. Judith Ridley is an American actress best known for her appearances in \"Night of the Living Dead\" (1968) and \"There's Always Vanilla\" (1971). He is currently married to Ramona Streiner, an aspiring author and filmmaker. He continues to make his home in Pittsburgh and has two daughters, one son, one granddaughter and one grandson. Russell Streiner Russell Streiner (born February 6, 1940), also credited as Russ Streiner and Russell W. Streiner, is an American film producer and actor. Streiner is the older brother of actor/producer Gary Streiner. Streiner is perhaps best" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "NetTransformer netTransformer is a cross-platform, network discovery and transformation program. It began as part of the PhD thesis of Nikolay Milovanov in New Bulgarian University. The software has been created with the idea of discovering through a set of SNMP queries IP networks state to produce various data models from and then to use the data from the models and other inputs to transform the network from one \"state\" to another. As per the original PhD the author has used netTransformer to demonstrate a network transformation of an ISP network from IPv4 to an IPv6 state. The transformation is a long lasting process typically driven by a strategy that passes through many states. For example, the initial state is the current state in which the network and the services offered by it are IPv4 only. The long term goal is a network and service that is IPv6 only. To achieve it the ISP will has to pass through many intermediate states depending of its transformation strategy. netTransformer has been used to generate the states and to make a formal diff between them. The transformation from a state to state happens by executing a set of steps that in the end get parameters from the models and execute a set of templates through a management protocol on one or more network devices. Finally the software supports a network rediscovery and a diff between the newly reached network state and the previously discovered one prior the execution of the step. That way the network engineer can ensure that the desired state has been reached and the envisioned effect of the transformation step has been achieved. From network mapping perspective netTransformer generates 3 distinct data models. The software is generating topology views and network topology diff views from the network centric data model. Thus a lot of people use it simply for network mapping. One of the important other concepts of it is that each network has to be treated as a separate project. Since there are many kinds of networks through the years appeared various kinds of project types. For example: \"Free graph\" - for working with any kind of a graph and using the rest of the diff and visualization capabilities of the software. NetTransformer has been created in Java programming language with certain parts being written in xslt or Groovy by Nikolay Milovanov and Vasil Yordanov. Its source code is available in github. The software could be useful mostly for network scientists and a limited group of network engineers willing to constantly rediscover and map their IP network infrastructures. Ideally the concepts behind it will also lead to faster and more business bound network transformation. NetTransformer netTransformer is a cross-platform, network discovery and transformation program. It began as part of the PhD thesis of Nikolay Milovanov in New Bulgarian University. The software has been created with the idea of discovering through a set of SNMP queries IP networks state to produce various data models from and then to use the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Zemplín (region) Zemplín is the name of an informal region located in eastern Slovakia. It includes Slovak part of the former Zemplén county, often including the Slovak part of the Ung county (Slovak: \"Užská župa\"/\"Užský komitát\"). Zemplín region stretches from the Carpathian Mountains in the north to the lowest point in Slovakia at 94 metres AMSL. The region is situated in the easternmost part of Slovakia (except for the region between Vihorlatské vrchy and the Latorica river, if the former territory of Ung county isn't included). Rivers in the region include: Bodrog, Laborec, Latorica, Uh, Ondava and a very small part of the Tisza river Zemplín is no longer an administrative region, but is divided between two of the 21 official tourism regions, Lower Zemplín and Upper Zemplín. Administratively, the region is divided between Košice Region, which includes Trebišov and the western part of Michalovce District (if Ung county is included, eastern part of Michalovce and whole Sobrance District also belong to Zemplín), and Prešov Region, fully including Humenné, Snina and Medzilaborce districts and from bigger part including Vranov nad Topľou and Stropkov districts. Major towns include Michalovce, Trebišov and Humenné. The region of Zemplín, administered from Zemplín Castle was already an administrative unit of Great Moravia in the 9th century CE. After its integration into the Kingdom of Hungary, it became known as the Zemplén county. Between 1879 and 1901 over 32,000 persons emigrated from the Slovak districts of Semplin to the USA. In 1918 the Slovak part of Zemplín became part of newly formed Czechoslovakia. The southern half (including the bigger part of the divided Sátoraljaújhely) stayed in Hungary as the county Zemplén. During World War II, when Czechoslovakia was split temporarily, some of the Czechoslovak part of Zemplen county was occupied by Hungary under the First Vienna Award, and added to the counties Zemplén and Ung. After World War II, the pre-war border was restored, and the Hungarian county Zemplén merged with the county Borsod and the Hungarian part of Abov-Turňa to form the present Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county. Since the separation of Czechoslovakia into Slovakia and the Czech Republic in 1993, the northern part of Zemplín is part of Slovakia, divided between eastern parts of Košice Region and Prešov Region. See also: List of traditional regions of Slovakia Zemplín (region) Zemplín is the name of an informal region located in eastern Slovakia. It includes Slovak part of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "KTCH KTCH (104.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to Emerson, Nebraska, United States. The station is owned by Wayne Radio Works, LLC. The station went on the air March 18, 1968 as a 500 watt non-directional daytime facility at 1590 kHz. The station build by M.L. (Mel) Gleason, a Nebraska radio station owner who had also built KAWL in York, NE in 1954. The original station studio and transmitter building 2 miles West of Wayne on 574th Avenue remains in use today. According to Broadcasting Yearbook archives, KTCH was purchased by Wyman and Wilma Schnapp March 1, 1971. In 1974, KTCH was sold to Ted Storck. Under his ownership a Class A FM companion was added. KTCH-FM began broadcasting in October 1975 at 104.9 MHz and a power of 3,000 watts and an antenna height of 113 feet. In 1978, the KTCH stations were sold to Dean Craun who, in 1980, received permission from the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to increase the power on KTCH-AM to 2,500 watts - adding a second tower and creating a directional signal to protect another station on the same frequency in Boone, Iowa. Dean Craun sold the stations to Don Dolesh, a Budweiser beer distributor in Fremont, NE in 1987. In 1997 the KTCH stations were purchased by Norfolk, Nebraska broadcaster Gene Koehn, owner of KNEN. The power of KTCH-FM was increased to 25,000 watts. After several years, Koehn sold KNEN and the KTCH stations to Waitt Media which was later acquired by NRG Media of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. During the NRG ownership, the KCTY call sign was transferred to KTCH-FM. NRG had used the KCTY call sign in Plattsmouth, Nebraska. In late 2007 KNEN and KTCH/KCTY were purchased by Mike Flood, owner of KUSO in Albion/Norfolk (aka: US-92). Flood had purchased the US-92 FCC construction permit from former West Point, Nebraska broadcaster David Kelly. That relationship paved the way for Kelly to purchase the Wayne, Nebraska stations in the spring of 2008 as Wayne Radio Works, LLC. The call sign was switched to KTCH on February 3, 2014, consistent with a migration of programming from KTCH (AM) 1590 over to Big Red Country FM at 104.9 mHz. Concurrently, the KCTY call was moved to AM (1590) and in September 2014 was re-branded as \"The City\" - featuring a Classic Hits music format with increased emphasis on local news, sports, Ag programming and weather. KCTY programming is also broadcast on FM translator K255CK at 98.9 mHz with a power of 238 watts. On January 4, 2013, KCTY filed an application for an FCC construction permit to change the city of license from Wayne, Nebraska to Emerson and decrease the HAAT to from 92 to 87 meters. A license to cover was issued on June 18, 2013. This change had the effect of retaining the station's transmitter location in Wayne for the present time but opening the possibility that the station could serve the Sioux City, Iowa market at some future date. KTCH" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "United Front Department The United Front Department (UFD, ) is a department of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) tasked with relations with South Korea. It conducts propaganda operations and espionage and manages front organizations, including the powerful Chongryon. The United Front Department (UFD) is one of the most longstanding and important departments of the party. It was initially known as the Culture Department (\"munhwabu\"). It was one of many organizations tasked with targeting South Korea at the time. In 1977 its operations were revived and it got its current name. During the rule of Kim Jong-il, the department had its ups and downs. UFD is known to have meddled in the 1997 South Korean presidential election and tried to prevent the election of Kim Dae-jung. It was the subject of major purges 2006, 2007, and 2008. There were apparently issues with corruption and lack of oversight. Administratively, UFD is under the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK). UFD is in change of espionage, diplomacy, and policy-making concerning South Korea. It is the primary organization of all state and party organizations that are tasked with relations with South Korea. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for instance, does not address relations with the South. Of the other organizations dealing with South Korea, the UFD differs in conducting its activities in the open. It also controls North Korea's religious organizations, including the Korean Christian Federation. UFD is part of a shadowy group of Central Committee organizations known as the \"Third Building\". Not much is known about these organizations because South Korean intelligence services have been reluctant to release information out of security concerns. Out of the \"Third Building\" organizations, UFD is specifically tasked with maintaining ties with front organizations in both North and South Korea and with overseas Koreans. One of the most powerful of these, the Chongryon representing pro-Pyongyang Zainichi Koreans in Japan, is controlled by the UFD. Other front organizations controlled by the UFD include the Korean Association of Social Scientists, Korea Asia-Pacific Peace Committee, Ethnic Reconciliation Council, and the Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland. North Korea typically deals with front organizations instead of the South Korean government which lacks legitimacy in its eyes. UFD also sends spies to Japan. Accordingly, it is sometimes classified as an intelligence agency. UFD is based in a complex in Junseung-dong in the Moranbong District of Pyongyang. It shares the complex with the Social Culture Department and Operations Department. It has about 3,000 employees. Certain members are among the most influential people in North Korea. The current director is Kim Yong-chol. UFD handles affairs of the Kaesong Industrial Region. It tends to view the region as a manageable risk with a high profit, which is not universally agreed upon in the North Korean administration. UFD is also normally tasked with the Mount Kumgang Tourist Region. When relations with South Korea take a turn for the worse, other organizations are known to take UFD's responsibilities. For instance, in 2008 the National Defence Commission took over relations with the South. UFD controls broadcasts that target South Korea. Its methods include psychological warfare through the radio and TV, loudspeakers, leaflets, visual displays, and websites. According to reports, \"The United Front Department wages its cyber psychological warfare through some 140 sites with servers based in 19 countries. In 2011, North Korean agents posted 27,090 items of propaganda materials against the South, and in 2012 some 41,373\". It also maintains a team of internet trolls with the Reconnaissance General Bureau. The radio station targeting South Korea, , is directly controlled by the UFD instead of the Korean Central Broadcasting Committee that normally manages external broadcasting. UFD often releases statements that are considered to be authoritative comments of the regime. It also fabricates praise of the Kim family that it attributes to foreigners and then disseminates in North Korean media. Jang Jin-sung, a North Korean defector, worked for the UFD before escaping the country. He has chronicled his work at the department in his book \"\" (2014). United Front Department The United Front Department (UFD, ) is a department of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "ThermaHelm Halo Active (previously ThermaHelm) is an impact activated brain cooling motorcycle crash helmet invented in 2008 by Jullian Joshua Preston-Powers. Ammonium nitrate and water and other proprietary chemicals, stored in separate areas of the helmet's liner, combine when trigger activated by an impact to create an endothermic reaction to prevent brain swelling, and reduce the effects of traumatic brain injury, a major cause of death and disability worldwide. When activated by sudden impact, the helmet performs like an instant ice pack that immediately initiates a cooling effect. This cooling process lasts approximately 30 to 45 minutes and helps to control swelling, extending protection of vital neurological function during the Golden hour prior to hospital arrival. Richard Phillips, former decade-long Managing Director of world-famous Silverstone race circuit, assisted the Halo project in 2015 and 2016 along with digital agency support by Mark Cornwell, CEO of HPS Group in Marlow. Paul Varnsverry, former Chair of British Standards and CEN (European) Standards committees, joined the development team in 2017 along with Tom Walker, former MD motorcycle accessories retailer Hein Gericke. Dr Henry Wang, a researcher at the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, \"lives in hope for a day when a pre-hospital cooling head cover will be available to those with head injury or stroke\". In December 2015, identySOL entered final stages of design to develop and supply the helmet with Halocator GPS tracking units. Military applications considered by the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence. ThermaHelm Halo Active (previously ThermaHelm) is an impact activated brain cooling motorcycle crash helmet invented in 2008 by Jullian Joshua Preston-Powers. Ammonium nitrate and water and other proprietary chemicals, stored in separate areas of the helmet's liner, combine when trigger activated by an impact to create an endothermic reaction to prevent brain swelling, and reduce" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "George Frost (Australian politician) George Clement Frost (24 February 1869 – 29 October 1942) was an English-born Australian politician. He was born in Lowestoft in Suffolk to master mariner George Frost and Mary Ann Harding Moore. He left school at nine and began work as a baker's assistant. He migrated to Victoria in 1889 and worked for a baker in Maryborough; he bought the bakery in 1894. Around 1893 he married Christina Ogilvie, with whom he had eight children. From 1913 to 1927 he served on Maryborough Borough Council, with three terms as mayor (1917–18, 1923–24, 1926–27). He sold his bakery in 1919 and in 1920 was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the Labor member for Maryborough. He transferred to Maryborough and Daylesford in 1927, and served until his death in Maryborough in 1942. George Frost (Australian politician) George Clement Frost (24 February 1869 – 29 October 1942) was an English-born Australian politician. He was born in Lowestoft in Suffolk to master mariner George Frost and Mary Ann Harding Moore. He left school at nine and began work as a baker's assistant. He migrated to Victoria in 1889 and worked for a baker in Maryborough; he bought the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Josh Jacobs Joshua Jacobs is an American football running back for the Alabama Crimson Tide. Jacobs attended McLain High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma. During his high school career he had 5,372 yards and 56 touchdowns. He committed to the University of Alabama to play college football. As a freshman at Alabama in 2016, Jacobs split time with Damien Harris and Bo Scarbrough, rushing 85 times for 567 yards and four touchdowns. As a sophomore in 2017, he had 284 yards on 46 carries with one touchdown. After the season it was revealted the he had been playing on a broken ankle for most of the season. As a junior, he was named the MVP of the 2018 SEC Championship Game after rushing for 83 yards with two touchdowns. Josh Jacobs Joshua Jacobs is an American football running back for the Alabama Crimson Tide. Jacobs attended McLain High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma. During his high school career he had 5,372 yards and 56 touchdowns. He committed to the University of Alabama to play college football. As a freshman at Alabama in 2016, Jacobs split time with Damien Harris and Bo Scarbrough, rushing 85 times for 567 yards and four touchdowns. As" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Palestinian Authority Government of February 2005 The Palestinian Authority Government of February 2005 was a government of the Palestinian National Authority (PA) which existed from 24 February 2005 to March 2006. It was headed by Ahmed Qurei and composed of 24 ministers. The cabinet was dominated by technocrat professional appointees, nearly half of them with doctoral degrees. A large part of the Government was Fatah affiliated. The Government was approved by the Palestinian Legislative Council by a 54-12 vote, with four abstentions. It was succeeded by the Hamas-led Government of March 2006. Pursuant to the Oslo Accords, the authority of the PA Government is limited to some civil rights of the Palestinians in the West Bank Areas A and B and in the Gaza Strip, and to internal security in Area A and in Gaza. In January 2005, Mahmoud Abbas was elected the new President, following the death of Yasser Arafat. Abbas asked the incumbent Prime Minister Ahmed Qurei to continue in his post and form a new cabinet. In March 2005, twelve Palestinian factions agreed on the Palestinian Cairo Declaration, which besides other things proposed that Hamas and Islamic Jihad join the Palestinian Liberation Organisation. In February 2005, News Agency WAFA published a list of members of the new government to be presented in the Palestinian Legislative Council for a vote of confidence. Fatah legislators had agreed to vote in favor of the government on 21 February. Due to repeated demands by Fatah officials and PLC members to make the new cabinet more reform-minded, however, the vote of confidence was repeatedly delayed. It was finally passed on 24 February, after Qurei had revised the list of ministers to accommodate these demands. The Government was approved in Parliament by a 54-12 vote, with four abstentions (at the time, the PLC had 88 seats). It was headed again by Ahmed Qurei, and composed of 24 ministers. It was a technocrats cabinet dominated by professional appointees, nearly half of them with doctoral degrees. A large part of the Government was Fatah affiliated. On 15 December 2005, Qurei briefly resigned his Prime Minister post to run for a seat in the Palestinian Parliament in the January 2006 elections, but returned to office nine days later after deciding not to run. On 26 January 2006, Qurei announced his intention to resign following the Fatah party's defeat by Hamas in the parliamentary elections. At the request of PNA President, Mahmoud Abbas, Qurei remained in office in a caretaker capacity until a successor was named. February 2005 to March 2006 Palestinian Authority Government of February 2005 The Palestinian Authority Government of February 2005 was a government of the Palestinian National Authority (PA) which existed from 24 February 2005 to March 2006. It was headed by Ahmed Qurei and composed of 24 ministers. The cabinet was dominated by technocrat professional appointees, nearly half of them with doctoral degrees. A large part of the Government was Fatah affiliated. The Government was approved by the Palestinian Legislative Council by" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Biopolymers & Cell Biopolymers and Cell (\"Biopolym. Cell\") is a scientific journal issued by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NASU. Established in January 1985. print version: , online version: . Journal publishes original contributions in molecular biology and related areas: \"Biopolym. Cell\" is issued bimonthly, with one volume per year. All articles have digital object identifiers (DOI). The format of \"Biopolym. Cell\" corresponds to international standards. The journal provides rapid free open access to publications. Since 2014 the articles are published in English. \"Biopolymers and Cell\" is indexed and/or abstracted in: Scopus, SJR, Index Copernicus, BIOSIS Previews, elibrary.ru, Medical Journal Links, referative journals \"Dzherelo\" (Ukraine) and VINITI Database RAS, EBSCO, HINARI, Russian index of scientific citations. This journal has been included in the HAC of Ukraine (Higher Attestation (Certification) Commission) list according to following subjects (topics): biology, chemistry Editor-in-chief: Prof. Gennady Kh. Matsuka, the founder of Biopolymers and Cell was a director of [Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics]. He was succeeded as editor-in-chief in 2003 by prof. Anna V. El'skaya. The \"Biopolymers and Cell\" Editorial Board is composed of prominent international scientists. Biopolymers & Cell Biopolymers and Cell (\"Biopolym." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tillamook Air Museum Tillamook Air Museum is an aviation museum south of Tillamook, Oregon in the United States. The museum is housed in a former US Navy blimp hangar, called \"Hangar B\", which is the largest clear-span wooden structure in the world. Constructed by the US Navy in 1942 during World War II for Naval Air Station Tillamook, the hangar building housing the aircraft is long and wide, giving it over of area. It stands at tall. The doors weigh each and are tall. Hangar \"B\" is one of two that were built on the site originally, Hangar \"A\" was destroyed by fire in August,1992. \"USA Today\" described the Tillamook Air Museum in 2004 as \"one of the country's top private World War II aircraft collections\". However, in April 2013, the museum announced that the part of its collection owned by Jack Erickson would be moving from Tillamook to Madras, Oregon, and all of the World War II aircraft had been removed by September 2014. In November 2014, the owners of Hangar B, the Port Of Tillamook Bay, announced that they would continue operation of the Tillamook Air Museum with the remaining collection. In 2016, the Classic Aircraft Aviation Museum moved a number of their aircraft to the museum. The museum features a collection of more than 25 aircraft. This is a listing of some of the more notable: The Museum also features an exhibit hall with a large collection of rare historical wartime and aviation themed artifacts including pieces of the great German airship, the Hindenburg, a World War II Luftwaffe flight jacket and a WW II Japanese Army Winter flight suit. Aircraft formerly part of the museum collection included the following: Tillamook Air Museum Tillamook Air Museum is an aviation museum south of Tillamook, Oregon in the United" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe (10 October 1846 – 29 April 1911) was a ruler of the small Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe. He was born in Bückeburg to Adolf I, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe and Princess Hermine of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1827–1910). He succeeded as Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe on the death of his father on the 8 May 1893 and reigned until his death on the 29 April 1911 at Bückeburg and was succeeded by his son who became Adolf II. Georg was married on the 16 April 1882 at Altenburg to Princess Marie Anne of Saxe-Altenburg, a daughter of Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg. They had nine children: On the occasion of their silver wedding anniversary in 1907, Emperor Wilhelm II presented to Georg and Marie Anne the family ancestral seat, Schaumburg Castle. The castle had been controlled by the Hohenzollerns ever since Georg's grandfather sided with the Austrians in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War. The gift was also meant to be in recognition of Georg's support in the dispute over the succession to the Lippe-Detmold throne. Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe (10 October 1846 – 29 April 1911) was a ruler of the small Principality of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Valmara 69 Valmara 69 or V-69 is an Italian bounding anti-personnel mine manufactured by Valsella. The mine was developed from the V-59 mine, and although the mine is no longer produced in Italy, a number of copies were produced in other countries e.g. the \"SPM-1\" manufactured by Singapore. The South African version was called the J-69, and was an identical copy of the Italian version. A single centre prong version was also produced. It is no longer produced by South Africa who are compliant with the Mine Ban Treaty requirements. The mine has a short tubular olive green or sand colored plastic body inside which is the steel bounding body of the mine. On top of the mine is a round fuze cap with five prongs. The mine is triggered when the fuze cap tilts, either because of pressure on one of the prongs or a pull on an attached tripwire. The tilting fuze mechanism is not affected by overpressure. When the mine is triggered, a spring-loaded firing pin fires a percussion cap inside the fuze, which ignites a propelling charge at the base of the mine. The propellant charge launches the mine up out of the ground and into the air. When the mine reaches a height of approximately 50 cm above ground, an integral tether wire (connecting it to the plastic body from which it was launched) tugs on a spring-loaded firing pin in the body of the mine, which detonates the main explosive charge. Embedded in a plastic fragmentation sleeve surrounding the main explosive charge are approximately 1,000 pre-cut steel fragments, which are projected at high velocity in all directions. The mine has a lethal radius of 25 m, but the fragments remain dangerous at a considerable distance beyond that e.g. can inflict deeply penetrating eye wounds. The time taken from triggering the mine to detonation is approximately one second, so there is no time to take cover from the blast. This mine has significant metal content, which makes it easy to find using a metal detector. However, like the majority of bounding mines, most of the Valmara 69 is hidden underground and may be difficult to see, particularly in heavy undergrowth. Additionally, the Valmara 69 may be laid along with minimum metal mines such as the VS-50, VS MK2, TS-50, SB-33 and SB-81, which complicates the clearance process. Valsella also manufactured a completely separate electronic anti-handling device known as the VS-AR. This was a tilt-operated device, specifically designed to be fitted to any of the following Valsella products: the VS-50 (standard version, not the VS-50AR) and Valmara 69 anti-personnel mines, as well as the VS-1.6 and VS-1.2 anti-tank mines. The VS-AR4 has a series of fuze adaptors which allow it to be screwed into the bottom of any of those mines. It has a 10-minute mechanical arming delay (started by removing a pin) followed by a 30-minute electronic arming delay. The power source are two 1.5 V batteries and the operational life is longer than a year. The Valmara 69 is found in Angola, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Kuwait, Mozambique, Sudan, and the Western Sahara Valmara 69 Valmara 69 or V-69 is an Italian bounding anti-personnel mine manufactured by Valsella. The mine was developed from the V-59 mine, and although the mine is no longer produced in Italy, a number of copies were produced in other countries e.g. the \"SPM-1\" manufactured by Singapore. The South African version was called the J-69, and was an identical copy of the Italian version. A single centre prong version was also produced. It is no longer produced by South Africa" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Halyna Ovcharenko Dr. Halyna Ovcharenko is an SPNM-shortlisted composer. Born in Luhansk in Ukraine, Halyna Ovcharenko was given a scholarship at the age of eleven to the Musical College of the Kiev State Tchaikovsky Conservatory, a specialist school for talented children. After graduating in Music from the Conservatory, she continued her study of composition in Warsaw. She subsequently taught composition and music theory at the Kiev State Conservatory and the Sumy Pedagogical Institute, also giving master classes in composition and authentic voice performance in Poland and Serbia. Halyna Ovcharenko is the director of the folk music ensemble Malva and is a member of the Union of Ukrainian Composers. In 1996 she was given the Overseas Research Scholarship to study for a Ph.D. in composition at University of Bath. Amongst her works are pieces for solo piano, piano and voice, percussion, chamber orchestra, choir and symphony orchestra. Her work, \"The Sun Scorched Mallow\" for choir, orchestra, soloists and reciter was awarded first prize in the Marian and Ivanna Kotz competition in 1992. In 1995 she was the winner of the International Women Composers' Competition in Ukraine with her work Everlasting for chamber orchestra and ensemble of authentic voices. Amongst her works are pieces for solo instruments, ensembles, choirs, chamber and symphony orchestras, music for theatre and documentary film. She has written two ballets, one of them, \"The Last Battle\", (after C.S. Lewis) was successfully performed by the LCB at the Peacock Theatre and Sadler's Wells Theatre in London. The other, \"Kupala's Night\", was selected by the ISCM and was performed by the Ljubljana National Opera and Ballet Theatre. She won international competitions in 1992 and 1995. In 1992, she received the National Leontovych Prize. Recently she has received awards from The Bliss Trust, the Arts Council England and the PRS Foundation. Her composition Invocation of Rain for four percussionists and authentic voice was performed at the festival in Bucharest in 2004 and at the ISCM World Music Days in Zagreb in 2005. What the Shaman Saw was performed at the Festival in Bucharest in June 2005. String Quartet was performed by the Voller String Quartet in Bristol in May. Halyna has been offered a Grant to work at the Visby Studio in September 2005. Halyna has taught composition and music theory at Kiev State Conservatory and the Sumy Pedagogical Institute, and has also given masterclasses in composition and authentic voice performance in Poland and Serbia. \"The Last Battle\" was a ballet performed by the London Children's Ballet in the London West End \"…Halyna Ovcharenko’s colouristic, through-composed score for small orchestra gives the undertaking a fierce professional gloss, ranging from plangent folktunes to terrifying brass climaxes worthy of Prokofiev. There were moments when, with realistic campfire blazing, the stage thick with battle-smoke and mustering armies, and another orchestral pile-up brewing, you had pinch yourself to believe this was a children’s show.\" - The Independent on Sunday \"…Above all, the contributions of two young professionals made the ballet’s success possible: Halyna Ovcharenko's lively, expressive score, and the choreography of Tom Sapsford which never played down to his performers' inexperience\" - The Independent Halyna Ovcharenko homepage - includes a full list of works Halyna Ovcharenko Dr. Halyna Ovcharenko is an SPNM-shortlisted composer. Born in Luhansk in Ukraine, Halyna Ovcharenko was given a scholarship at the age of eleven to the Musical College of the Kiev State Tchaikovsky Conservatory, a specialist school for talented children. After graduating in Music from the Conservatory, she continued her study of composition in Warsaw. She subsequently taught composition and music theory at the Kiev State Conservatory and the Sumy" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Union Sunday School (Clermont, Iowa) Union Sunday School is an historic building located in Clermont, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1858 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Initially the building housed Clermont Presbyterian Church, which disbanded shortly afterward. In 1863, the Presbytery and the Union Sunday School entered into an agreement whereby the later coud use the building as long as they were able to maintain it. Organized in 1857, Union was a non-denominational Sunday school for aduts and children. Previously they had met in the home of Mrs. Edwin Stedman, the first of seven superintendents. The most prominent member of the Sunday school was William Larrabee, who spent 18 years in the Iowa Senate, and served two terms as Iowa's governor. He provided the pneumatic Kimball organ in 1896. His daughter Anna served as the church organist for over 60 years. The instrument, restored by Dobson Pipe Organ Builders in 2010, is still played in concerts. The Sunday school was known throughout the years for its Christmas program. From 1877, the building also housed Clermont's first lending library. The books were donated by the Larrabee family. A group of people in town wanted to start Protestant services, and beginning in 1933 the Rev. J.J. Snyder of Elgin, Iowa served as the first minister of what was known as the Union Church. In 1943 the congregation became Methodists. Union Sunday School dwindled in size and disbanded in 1963. At that time it was the oldest organization in continuous operation in Clermont. The Methodist congregation disbanded in 1966. The Presbytery of Northeast Iowa donated the building to the non-profit Historical Governor Larrabee Home in 1970. The brick structure measures . Its main facade features the suggestion of a pediment formed by the decorative brick frieze and the simple brick coping. Extending below it are four capped brick pilasters. The windows are all rectangular in shape and they each have locally quarried dolomite lintels and sills. The front windows have louvered shutters. Above the front gable is a large square wooden bell tower. Its corners feature capped pilasters that frame the double louvered panels of the bell chamber. It is capped with a metal spire with a brass ornamental cross. The interior has three sections of pews across with no middle aisle. The pipe organ is centered on the back wall. The ceiling is composed of ornamental pressed tin. The vestibule was divided to provide for the library and an entry area. The drop lights were added in 1910 when electricity was added to the building. Union Sunday School (Clermont, Iowa) Union Sunday School is an historic building located in Clermont, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1858 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Initially the building housed Clermont Presbyterian Church, which disbanded shortly afterward. In 1863, the Presbytery and the Union Sunday School entered into an agreement whereby the later coud use the building as long as they" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Victor Nicolas Victor Edmond Nicolas (2 February 1906 – 16 July 1979) was a French sculptor. Victor Nicolas was born in Brignoles, the son of Nicolas Bertin (1879–1918), professor of mathematics Mort pour la France, and Victorine Tardieu (1878–1965), teacher. He was the grandson of Fortuné Nicolas (1850-1920), judge of the canton court of Tavernes and mayor of Montmeyan from 1886 to 1892. He was married to Josette Behar (1911–2011), sculptor, graduated from the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts in Paris, with whom he had a son, Nicolas Vincent (1934–2009). Educated at the college of Lorgues and then in high school of Toulon, where he received a scholarship from the artists society in Toulon. Graduated from the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs in Paris. Student of Hector Lemaire, Camille Lefevre and Pierre Séguin. Eight medals won between 1924 and 1926. Graduated from the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts in Paris, sculpture section. Student of Jules Coutan, Paul Landowski and Auguste Carli between 1926 and 1930. Prize Roux of the Institut de France and prize Chenavard of the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts. Elected chairman of the Fine Arts Section from the General Association of Students of Paris in 1928. Three-time winner at the Salon des artistes français: honorable mention in 1929, bronze medal in 1933 and silver medal in 1934. Twice scholarship at the prestigious Prix de Rome of sculpture in 1930 and in 1933. Has worked in the studios of the sculptors Henri-Edouard Lombard and Naoum Aronson. Set up his studio in Montmeyan, in the former chapel Holy Spirit, in 1930. Created many monuments in the departments of Var and Alpes-Maritimes. Also created various busts and work exhibited several times at the Henri Gaffié gallery of Nice. Elected city councilor of Montmeyan and delegate for Senate election in 1935. Resistant, president of the local liberation committee, designated mayor of Montmeyan in 1944. Elected deputy mayor of Montmeyan in 1945 and designated deputy judge of the canton court of Tavernes in 1946. Came to painting in 1953; his paintings and drawings are exhibited on several occasions in Artignosc-sur-Verdon and Draguignan between 1955 and 1957. Appointed professor of drawing at the École des beaux-arts of Toulon in 1956 and taught there until the age of retirement in 1976. He died in a road accident in Montmeyan. A posthumous exhibition of his paintings, drawings and sculptures is organised in Montmeyan in August and September 1981. The XXIVth \"Salon des imagiers\" of Toulon is dedicated to him from December 1981 to January 1982. Victor Nicolas Victor Edmond Nicolas (2 February 1906 – 16 July 1979) was a French sculptor. Victor Nicolas was born in Brignoles, the son of Nicolas Bertin (1879–1918), professor of mathematics Mort pour la France, and Victorine Tardieu (1878–1965), teacher. He was the grandson of Fortuné Nicolas (1850-1920), judge of the canton court of Tavernes and mayor of Montmeyan from 1886 to 1892. He was married to Josette Behar (1911–2011), sculptor, graduated from the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Samson Dutch Boy Gym Samson Dutch Boy Gym is one of the fight names used by former professional boxer and Muaythai practitioner from Thailand, Somboon Phantasi (; born 11 July 1972 in Changhan, Roi-Et, Thailand). His Muaythai fight name was Saenmuangnoi Lukchaopormahesak (), in Muaythai, he is a famous and popular Muaythai fighter, ever lost-won with Veeraphol Sahaprom 2 times. His other fight names were Samson Esarn, Samson Isaan, Saenmuangnoi Lukchaopormahesak, Samson Kratingdaenggym, Samson 3-K Battery, Samson Toyota-Thailand and Samson Elite Gym. He won the minor World Boxing Federation (WBF) world super flyweight title in September 1994, in his fourth professional fight. He would hold that title for the next eight years, beating such opponents as Cruz Carbajal, Hugo Rafael Soto, Diosdado Gabi, and Genaro Garcia. In total, he made 38 consecutive defences of the title before retiring in April 2002 with a final record of 43-0. Samson Dutch Boy Gym Samson Dutch Boy Gym is one of the fight names used by former professional boxer and Muaythai practitioner from Thailand, Somboon Phantasi (; born 11 July 1972 in Changhan, Roi-Et, Thailand). His Muaythai fight name was Saenmuangnoi Lukchaopormahesak (), in Muaythai, he is a famous and popular Muaythai fighter," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1939–40 Yorkshire Cup The 1939–40 Yorkshire Cup competition was a knock-out competition between (mainly professional) rugby league clubs from the county of Yorkshire. The actual area was at times increased to encompass other teams from outside the county such as Newcastle, Mansfield, Coventry, and even London (in the form of Acton & Willesden). The competition always took place early in the season, in the Autumn, with the final taking place in (or just before) December (The only exception to this was when disruption of the fixture list was caused during, and immediately after, the two World Wars, as was the case with this season) Due to the start of the Second World War, the competition was delayed until early 1940 (see later). 1939–40 was the thirty-second occasion on which the Yorkshire Cup competition had been held. This season's competition is classed as a \"Wartime Emergency Competition\" and therefore the results did not count as an official competition win. However, this aside, there was a new winner for this season's trophy, Featherstone Rovers winning the trophy by beating Wakefield Trinity by the score of 12-9 The match was played at Odsal in the City of Bradford, now in West Yorkshire. The attendance was 7,077 and receipts were £403 Unlike the 1939–40 Lancashire Cup, the Yorkshire cup was played on a straightforward knock-out basis, and not on a two-legged basiss. Prior to the declaration of war on 3 September 1939, most clubs had played two or three fixtures (on Saturday 26th, Thursday 31 August and Saturday 2 September). During the following week, the Northern Rugby League decided, after publicity from the Government, to suspend the championship. They almost immediately inaugurated two regional (Lancashire and Yorkshire), Wartime Emergency Leagues, with the winner of each league meeting in a play-off final to decide the overall winner. The Challenge Cup and both County Cups were suspended. There was to be no Yorkshire Cup competition in 1939. But later in the season both County Cups were resurrected. The Yorkshire Cup started on Saturday 25 May/1 June and was played on consecutive weekends. Each and every match was played on a knock-out basis. Batley, Bramley and Keighley, (the three clubs who finishing as the bottom three in the Yorkshire League) did not appear to enter this year's competition. All had competed in the league programme, and all ccompeted again next season The number of teams entering this year’s competition therefore decreased by three reducing the total number of entrants to twelve. This in turn resulted in four byes in the first round. Involved 4 matches (with four byes) and 12 Clubs </div> Involved 4 matches and 8 Clubs </div> Involved 2 matches and 4 Clubs </div> Involved 1 match and 2 Clubs </div> </div> </div> Scoring - Try = three (3) points - Goal = two (2) points - Drop goal = two (2) points 1 * Batley, Bramley and Keighley, (the three clubs who finishing as the bottom three in the Yorkshire League) did not appear to enter this year's competition 1939–40 Yorkshire Cup The 1939–40 Yorkshire Cup competition was a knock-out competition between (mainly professional) rugby league clubs from the county of Yorkshire. The actual area was at times increased to encompass other teams from outside the county such as Newcastle, Mansfield, Coventry, and even London (in the form of Acton & Willesden). The competition always took place early in the season, in the Autumn, with the final taking place in (or just before) December (The only exception to this was when disruption of the fixture list was caused during, and immediately after, the two" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Beta-ketothiolase deficiency Beta-ketothiolase deficiency is a rare, autosomal recessive metabolic disorder in which the body cannot properly process the amino acid isoleucine or the products of lipid breakdown. The typical age of onset for this disorder is between 6 months and 24 months. The signs and symptoms of beta-ketothiolase deficiency include vomiting, dehydration, trouble breathing, extreme tiredness, and occasionally convulsions. These episodes are called ketoacidotic attacks and can sometimes lead to coma. Attacks occur when compounds called organic acids (which are formed as products of amino acid and fat breakdown) build up to toxic levels in the blood. These attacks are often triggered by an infection, fasting (not eating), or in some cases, other types of stress. This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and is extremely rare having only been reported in 50 to 60 individuals throughout the world. Mutations in the \"ACAT1\" gene cause beta-ketothiolase deficiency. The enzyme made by the \"ACAT1\" gene plays an essential role in breaking down proteins and fats in the diet. Specifically, the enzyme is responsible for processing isoleucine, an amino acid that is part of many proteins. This enzyme also processes ketones, which are produced during the breakdown of fats. If a mutation in the \"ACAT1\" gene reduces or eliminates the activity of this enzyme, the body is unable to process isoleucine and ketones properly. As a result, harmful compounds can build up and cause the blood to become too acidic (ketoacidosis), which impairs tissue function, especially in the central nervous system. \"This article incorporates public domain text from The U.S. National Library of Medicine\" Beta-ketothiolase deficiency Beta-ketothiolase deficiency is a rare, autosomal recessive metabolic disorder in which the body cannot properly process the amino acid isoleucine or the products of lipid breakdown. The typical age of onset for this" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Gibraltar: Britain in the Sun Gibraltar: Britain in the Sun is a British documentary broadcast on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom. It first broadcast on 11 June 2013 and series one ended on 16 July 2013. The programme experienced higher than average and expected ratings, peaking just below 1.90 million viewers on most episodes. It returned for a second series which began on 7 January 2014, and the series finished 11 February 2014. The third series began on 5 November 2014. The programme follows the lives of many British expatriates who now reside in the territory and some Gibraltarians. Filming took place in June 2012, when Gibraltar Airport's new terminal was officially opened by Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. The opening was seen on the programme however the Royal visit was not. Gibraltar: Britain in the Sun Gibraltar: Britain in the Sun is a British documentary broadcast on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom. It first broadcast on 11 June 2013 and series one ended on 16 July 2013. The programme experienced higher than average and expected ratings, peaking just below 1.90 million viewers on most episodes. It returned for a second series which" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tungabhadra Dam The Tungabhadra Dam also known as Pampa Sagar is constructed across the Tungabhadra River, a tributary of the Krishna River. The dam is in Munirabad, Koppal district of Karnataka. It is a multipurpose dam serving irrigation, electricity generation, flood control, etc. This is a joint project of erstwhile Hyderabad state and erstwhile Madras Presidency when the construction was started; later it became a joint project of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh after its completion in 1953. The main architect of the dam was Dr Thirumala Iyengar, an engineer from Madras . There is a dispute between Andhra Pradesh,Telangana and Karnataka for the water of Tungabhadra reservoir. The main contractor for the dam was Venkat Reddy Mulamalla, from Konour village, Mahabubnagar, Hyderabad state. The endemic famine region of Rayalseema, comprising the districts of Bellary, Anantapur, Kurnool and Cuddapah attracted the attention of the British Engineers as early as 1860. To relieve the intensity of famine in these districts, proposals were made in 1860 to utilize the waters of Tungabhadra through a storage reservoir and a system of canals to provide irrigation for the lands. Sir Arthur Cotton originally conceived the Tungabhadra Project in the year 1860. The proposals were further modified and developed subsequently evolving it into a joint scheme with Hyderabad. N. Paramseswaran Pillai accordingly revised the Scheme in 1933. Several agreements were concluded in the past for harvesting and imposing certain restrictions on utilizing the Tungabhadra waters. Protracted negotiations and investigations lasted for about eighty years. The Government of Madras in 1940 ordered for the detailed investigation of the scheme. Based on the agreements concluded and examination of a number of alternatives by L. Venkata Krishna Iyer, the then Superintending Engineer, Bellary, and F. M. Dowley, Chief Engineer, Irrigation, further detailed investigations of the project was done by M. S. Thirumale Iyengar on the Madras side in the year 1942. The Agreement between Madras and Hyderabad of June 1944 enabled the Madras and Hyderabad Governments finally to start the construction of the Tungabhadra project. The Tungabhadra Project was formally inaugurated by laying foundation stone on 28th February, 1945 by “Prince of Berar” on the left side and by Sir Arthur Hope, Governor of Madras on right side. However, much headway could not be made up to January 1949. Difference of opinion in certain technical matters and settled political situation in Hyderabad were the reasons for the slow progress. The Madras and the Hyderabad engineers were sharply divided on: These differences were referred to a Board of Engineers under the Chairmanship of M. Visveswaraya, a Statesman-cum-Engineer. Dam construction Excavation in the riverbed was started in 1947 and masonry construction on the 15th April 1949. With help of a cofferdam constructed earlier, foundation excavation was continued during flood season also. The river bed portion was tackled during the summer of 1950 (1949–50). Masonry in the riverbed blocks was started in the year 1951. Thereafter there was vigorous progress in works. By October 1953 the structures were completed substantially enabling the storage of water in the reservoir up to +1613.00 ft. Acquisition of lands and villages and rehabilitation of persons displaced from the water spread area up to 1630 ft contour were completed by September, 1953 in all respects. About 90 villages and 54,452 people were effected. The balance of the works namely the spillway, bridge road on the top of the dam, construction of utility tower, manufacture of crest grates for storing water up to 1633 level were completed in all respects by the end of June 1958. The cost of dam and appurtenant works was Rs. 16.96 crores. The water was led down into the canal on the 1st of July 1953 to derive partial benefits. Timeline of the construction of the dam: Power Canal works started in June 1954 and were completed by May 1957. The project submitted by M. S. Tirumale Iyengar in 1942 for Low Level Canal was accepted by Government of Madras with certain modifications fixing sill level at RL 1550 ft. The Low Level Canal excavation was completed by 1953 up to Mile 173. The balance portion of canal from Mile 173 to 203 that had to be excavated by the GOAP was completed by the end of March 1957. As major portion of the construction of the dam was over by the middle of 1953, the reservoir circle was entrusted with the construction of canal works in 1956. In 1958 water was let out up to and inclusive of distributory 42 to serve an area of about 1.80 lakh acres. By 1952, when project sanctioned by both the Government’s for constituting Tungabhadra Reservoir and the canals reached advance and decisive stage of construction, the Government of Madras in GO 382 dated 30-1-1952 ordered investigation of the High Level Canal. On 15-11-1952 detailed estimates were got prepared up to Mile 79/2 covering the reach just before Chinna-Hagari and by 1954 the investigation of the remaining portion of canal from Mile 79/2 to Mile116/0 was completed and project report submitted to Government of India for approval. The proposals were further reviewed and a final project report to the Planning Commission costing Rs.21.90 crores for head discharge of 4000 cusecs for clearance. The CWC advised the participating states to execute the project in two stages. The 1st stage contemplated an unlined canal with a head discharge of 2300 cusecs and the 2nd stage a lined canal with 4000 cusecs head discharge. The 1st stage scheme was inaugurated by the Governor of Andhra Pradesh on the 2nd of October, 1956 under the presidency of the Chief Minister of Mysore. The 1st stage work was almost completed by June 1966 at a cost of Rs. 920 lakhs and canal commissioned by releasing water for Irrigation on 27 July 1966. The 2nd stage works were approved by the Board in June 1967 for Rs.385 lakhs. The works were completed by June 1970 at an estimated cost of Rs.487 lakhs. The Tungabhadra Hydro Electric Scheme was undertaken in the composite Mardas State in the post war period under the first five-year plan in the year 1950. The work on the project was taken up in the year 1951 but no appreciable progress was achieved till the end of the year 1953. During 1957 two units of 9 MW each at Dam Power House were installed and in 1958 two units of 9MW each were installed at Hampi Power House. Thus the first stage of the scheme was completed in 1958 and the second stage under this scheme was taken up in the year 1959. The plant erection was started in the Dam Power House in Nov.1962 and in the Hampi Power House in February `1963. Under stage II the units 3 and 4 of both, Dam Power House and Hampi Power House started functioning by June 1964. On left side the powerhouse is designed to accommodate 4 units of 9MW each. The stage I power generation commissioned during 1960-61. Issue of sharing of waters of river Tungabhadra has its genesis in 1861 when Kurnool-Cuddapah Canal (KC Canal) was proposed by the then Government of Madras. Despite agreement on construction of KC Canal project, there was no general agreement on sharing of Tungabhadra waters between Government of Madras and Government of Mysore. In 1930, Government of Madras proposed a joint project on the Tungabhadra. Subsequently, a number of conferences between the Governments of Madras, Mysore, Hyderabad and Bombay took place, but all were inconclusive. In 1936, there was an agreement between Governments of Madras and Mysore, followed up by an agreement between Governments of Madras and Hyderabad in 1938. However, due to some differences in interpretation of the agreement between Governments of Madras and Hyderabad no substantial progress was made in implementation of the project. It was in a conference between the Governments of Madras and Hyderabad held on 26 June 1944, that a final decision was arrived at on the", "was no general agreement on sharing of Tungabhadra waters between Government of Madras and Government of Mysore. In 1930, Government of Madras proposed a joint project on the Tungabhadra. Subsequently, a number of conferences between the Governments of Madras, Mysore, Hyderabad and Bombay took place, but all were inconclusive. In 1936, there was an agreement between Governments of Madras and Mysore, followed up by an agreement between Governments of Madras and Hyderabad in 1938. However, due to some differences in interpretation of the agreement between Governments of Madras and Hyderabad no substantial progress was made in implementation of the project. It was in a conference between the Governments of Madras and Hyderabad held on 26 June 1944, that a final decision was arrived at on the allocation of waters as well as on taking up the project jointly and sharing the cost equally between the two States. The river Tungabhadra derives its name from two streams viz., the Tunga, about 147 km (91.6 miles) long and the Bhadra, about 178 km (110.9 miles) long which rise in the Western Ghats. The river after the influence of the two streams near Shimoga, runs for about 531 km (330 miles) till it joins the river Krishna at Sangamaleshwaram in Andhra Pradesh. It runs for 382 km (237 miles) in Karnataka, forms the boundary between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh for 58 km (36 miles) and further runs for the next 91 km (57 miles) in Andhra Pradesh. The total catchment area of the river is 69,552 km (26,856 Sq miles) up to its confluence with Krishna and it is 28,177 km (10,880 Sq miles) up to Tungabhadra Dam. It is influenced chiefly by the South-West monsoon. It is a perennial river but the summer flows dwindle to as low as 2.83 to 1.42 cumec (100 to 50 cusec). The dam creates the biggest reservoir on the Tungabhadra River with 101 tmcft of gross storage capacity at full reservoir level (FRL) 498 m MSL, and a water spread area of 378 square kilometres. The dam is 49.39 meters high above its deepest foundation. The left canals emanating from the reservoir supplies water for irrigation entirely in Karnataka state. Two right bank canals are constructed — one at low level and the other at high level serving irrigation in Karnataka and Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. Hydropower units are installed on canal drops. The reservoir water is used to supply water to downstream barrages Rajolibanda and Sunkesula located on the Tungabhadra River. The identified water use from the project is 220 tmcft by the Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh got 151 tmcft and 79 tmcft water use entitlement respectively. On the right side of the dam, tall Sanduru hill ranges extending up to 800 m MSL are close to the periphery of the Tungabhadra reservoir. These hill ranges form the Sanduru valley located above 600 m MSL. This reservoir is an ideal place to install pumped storage hydropower plants and lift irrigation projects. A moderate high level storage reservoir of capacity 20 tmcft at FRL 620 m MSL, can be constructed by damming the Sanduru valley. This reservoir will serve as upper pond and existing Tungabhadra reservoir as tail pond for installing pumped-storage hydroelectricity units. The water pumped during the monsoon months into the upper pond can be diverted by gravity to irrigate an extensive area in the uplands up to 600 m MSL in Rayalaseema and Karnataka. This water can be pumped further to meet the drinking water requirements of Bengaluru city. However, the available water resources at Tungabhadra dam are over-used, and water shortages are frequent. Water availability in the reservoir could be augmented by transferring water from the Krishna River, if a link canal were constructed from the Almatti reservoir to the Tungabhadra reservoir. Envisaging small balancing reservoirs where this link canal is intercepting the tributaries of Tungabhadra River would facilitate water diversion to Tungabhadra reservoir for augmenting further water availability. Once the Almatti reservoir FRL is raised to 524 m MSL, this canals full supply level (FSL) can also be increased to 516 m MSL from 510 m MSL to reduce its construction cost and serve more area for irrigation in Karnataka. Nearly 180 tmcft out of 230 tmcft water presently supplied from Tungabhadra reservoir to various canals can be replaced by reliable Krishna river water from the Narayanpur reservoir. These are water supply to mid and lower reaches of Tungabhadra left bank canal, water assistance to Rajolibanda canal, water assistance to KC canal and mid and lower reaches of Tungabhadra right bank low level canal. This is achieved with a 20 km long tunnel from Narayanpur reservoir to the Maski nala reservoir / tank situated at 475 m MSL for drawing nearly 250 tmcft Krishna river water. From this tank, north canal would supply Krishna river water by gravity flow to the lower reaches of Tungabhadra left bank canal in addition to bringing substantial uplands under irrigation in Karnataka and Telangana. From this tank, south canal would supply Krishna river water by gravity flow to the middle portion of Tungabhadra left bank canal in addition to bringing substantial uplands under irrigation in Karnataka and also connected to the Tungabhadra right bank low level canal at 425 m MSL near through a 1.5 km long aqueduct over Tungabhadra main river. Water is also released from the Maski nala in to downstream Tungabhadra main river to meet continuous water needs of downstream Rajolibanda canal and KC canal. 180 tmcft water in addition to the water diverted from the Almatti reservoir to Tunghbadra reservoir can be utilised for uplands irrigation in Tungabhadra basin and Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. When these joint projects of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh are constructed, nearly 400 tmcft water additionally will be available for irrigation and drinking purposes in the high drought risk uplands of Rayalaseema and Karnataka. Tungabhadra Dam The Tungabhadra Dam also known as Pampa Sagar is constructed across the Tungabhadra River, a tributary of the Krishna River. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Conchita Leeflang Conchita Leeflang is an actress, model and singer. Born in Paramaribo, Suriname, Leeflang is the daughter of , who was also the Minister of Internal affairs and Justice, and the temporary Prime Minister to Suriname. Leeflang moved to Brussels, Belgium at a very young age, where Mr. Leeflang was the Ambassador. Leeflang is multilingual, speaking English, Dutch, French, German, Spanish, Surinamese and Italian. She has been an singer, model and stage actress for many years until she moved to Los Angeles on a modeling contract where she decided to pursue Television and Film. Conchita Leeflang has won Numurous awards for her outstanding body of work as a singer/songwriter. Leeflang has been professionally trained in drama and comedy by her acting coach Aaron Speiser. Some of her acting credits are Super Spy, Sliders, Baywatch, The X Show, The call of a Siren, The Women of the Tropics and De Vrouw van Jerry (Dutch). Leeflang has been a recording artist for many years in Europe, where two of her albums went gold, and two went Platinum. She was also involved in many different projects: a duo with Plastic Bertrand, Black Kiss The Bang Gang, and many more. She has appeared in many tv programs, like MTV, Zapper ne pas Jouer, Jacque Martin, top of the pops In 2004, the documentary \"The Youngest Guns\" featured her song \"This is My Life\". Conchita joined the cast of Nederlandse Hollywood Vrouwen as one of the four women in their second season in 8 episodes, after doing an appearance in season one which aired on net5. The remaining cast consist of Inge, Yolanda Foster and Myrthe Mylius. Leeflang had a relationship with singer Kid Rock lasting a little more than a year. Leeflang is the mother of one child: a girl named London Victoria. With the inspiration of her daughter came a clothing line which Conchita is the CEO off. Baby London Victoria. In 2014 Conchita Leeflang became an Author of the published book. \"Travel the world with London Victoria.\" In which she explores different countries in the eye of her daughter. This children's book is based on partially real life, and some of the characters are fiction. Recently, Conchita joined the United States group of inventors after she put a patent on a new device that can apply lashes faster. Conchita is the owner and CEO of Con-Lee lashes international. Conchita Leeflang Conchita" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mr. and Mrs. Bridge Mr. & Mrs. Bridge is a 1990 American drama film based on the novels by Evan S. Connell of the same name. It is directed by James Ivory, with a screenplay by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and produced by Ismail Merchant. The film stars real-life couple Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward as Mr. and Mrs. Bridge. The character of Mrs. Bridge is based on Connell's mother, Ruth Connell. The story of a traditional family living in the Country Club District of Kansas City, Missouri, during the 1930s and 1940s. The Bridges grapple with changing mores and expectations. Mr. Bridge (Paul Newman), is a lawyer who resists his children's rebellion against the conservative values he holds dear. Mrs. Bridge (Joanne Woodward), labors to maintain a Pollyanna view of the world against her husband's emotional distance and her children's eagerness to adopt a world view more modern than her own. \"Mr. and Mrs. Bridge\" was filmed entirely on location in Kansas City, Missouri; Paris, France; and Ottawa, Canada. Joanne Woodward received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Academy Award Golden Globe Award Independent Spirit Award Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award New York Film Critics Circle Awards Mr. and Mrs. Bridge Mr. & Mrs. Bridge is a 1990 American drama film based on the novels by Evan S. Connell of the same name. It is directed by James Ivory, with a screenplay by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and produced by Ismail Merchant. The film stars real-life couple Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward as Mr. and Mrs. Bridge. The character of Mrs. Bridge is based on Connell's mother, Ruth Connell. The story of a traditional family living in the Country Club District of Kansas City, Missouri, during the 1930s and 1940s. The Bridges grapple with changing mores and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2007 English cricket season The 2007 English cricket season was the 108th in which the County Championship had been an official competition. It began on Saturday 14 April 2007 with the match between MCC and the 2006 county champions Sussex at Lord's. Sussex went on to win the County Championship. The West Indies toured England to compete in the Wisden Trophy test series which England won 3-0 and India defeated England 1-0 in the Pataudi Trophy. Test series ODI series Twenty20 Internationals County Championship Friends Provident Trophy Pro40 (National League) Twenty20 Cup Minor Counties Championship MCCA Knockout Trophy Second XI Championship Second XI Trophy Wisden Cricketers of the Year Division One Division Two 2007 English cricket season The 2007 English cricket season was the 108th in which the County Championship had been an official competition. It began on Saturday 14 April 2007 with the match between MCC and the 2006 county champions Sussex at Lord's. Sussex went on to win the County Championship. The West Indies toured England to compete in the Wisden Trophy test series which England won 3-0 and India defeated England 1-0 in the Pataudi Trophy. Test series ODI series Twenty20 Internationals County Championship Friends Provident Trophy" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Schabir Shaik trial The Schabir Shaik trial was an important court trials in post-apartheid South Africa. The case, tried in the Durban and Coast Local Division of the High Court before Judge Hilary Squires, proved the fraudulent and corrupt relationship between Durban-based businessman Schabir Shaik and South African leader Jacob Zuma. Shaik's writing off of Zuma's significant personal loans in 1999 had raised suspicions about their financial activities. After Shaik's petition of appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeal failed he started to serve his sentence of 15 years on 9 November 2006. After Shaik's brother, Chippy Shaik, was suspended from the Department of Defence for his involvement in a corrupt arms deal, Schabir Shaik was arrested in 2001 for the possession of secret documents, after which investigators found that he was involved in corrupt dealings with Zuma as well as fraud. He was brought to trial in October 2004, pleading not guilty. Shaik's trial was the subject of intense media attention due to the involvement of several high-profile members of the South African government. Though Shaik claimed that his financial dealings were legitimate, on 30 May 2005, the Durban High Court handed down its final judgment. He was pronounced guilty of corruption for paying Zuma 1.2 million Rand (US$185,000) to further their relationship and for soliciting a bribe from the French arms company Thomson-CSF, now Thales, as well as guilty of fraud for writing off more than R1 million (US$154,000) of Zuma's unpaid debts. Judge Squires sentenced Shaik to two terms of 15 years for corruption and one term of 3 years for fraud, to be served concurrently. Following the decision, Zuma stepped down from his seat in Parliament, though he remained deputy president of the African National Congress at that time. Thabo Mbeki, the standing President, also sacked Zuma as his deputy. Zuma was later elected as the president of the ANC. Shaik then attempted an appeal at the Supreme Court of Appeal. However, all five judges under President Craig Howie unanimously rejected his appeal, and agreed the correct sentence had been given over a year prior. When apartheid ended, many former exiled African National Congress (ANC) leaders returned home to financially ruined lives, such as Jacob Zuma, one of the most important Zulu ANC members. Appointed MEC for Economic Affairs and Tourism in KwaZulu-Natal in May 1994 by the new ANC government, he thought that he needed much more than his salary from that position to make up for the time he spent fighting. Schabir Shaik, a member of the wealthy and important Shaik family of Durban, proved to be important in reestablishing Zuma's life. They had a profitable and discreet business relationship, which was only visible in a few unusual and incomplete documents and contracts, most of which were undated, and some were signed in the wrong places. Almost every document dealt with interest-free loans with no specified date of repayment. In 1999, Shaik wrote all the loans off without any explanation. Shaik, who was Zuma's financial advisor at the time, knew that Zuma could never afford to repay the sum of the loans on his salary. He also knew, since he had access to all of Zuma's financial records, about unpaid home loans, an overdraft of 66,500 Rand (US$10,200) in an account with Nedbank, one of South Africa's largest banks, another debt owed to Wesbank, and more money borrowed but not owed yet to Permanent Bank and Standard Bank. He knew that every month Zuma spent more money than his salary, and that he was writing bad cheques and failing to meet debit card payments. Shaik did not expect to be paid back, however, as he was buying influence with Zuma, which was used to win government contracts for his company, Nkobi Holdings. Through a series of share transactions, Nkobi Holdings merged with the French company Thomson-CSF, one of the largest arms companies in the world. On 21 May 1996, Thomson Holdings, the name of the newly merged corporations and now a South African company, was established. The first joint ventures Thomson made bids for were not for arms: instead, they made bids for an upgrade to Durban International Airport, a new ID Card for South African citizens, expansions to the N3 and N4, a new mobile phone network, and new smart card technologies. Thomson Holdings, through its South African subsidiary, was seeking influence in government circles in this period, as the change from the National Party government to the ANC government had left it with few influential friends. In order to get an arms contract, it would need strong political backing. Fortunately for Shaik, his brother, Chippy, was in charge of arms acquisition at the Department of Defence. Chippy indicated that he would facilitate matters for Thomson Holdings if its 'position' regarding Chippy and his friends proved acceptable. Otherwise, he would make things difficult. The international end of the company also invested in the arms deal by buying shares of African Defence Systems, a bidder for one of the lucrative contracts in the arms deal. This bid excluded Nkobi Holdings, which was a shareholder of Thomson-CSF in South Africa—to Shaik's great consternation. In June 1996, Shaik held a meeting to tell his directors that they must gear up to bid for the electronic defence system needed to guide and protect South Africa's newly acquired corvettes. Shaik said that he would use his political connections in order to facilitate the contracts and tenders, because at that point both Shaik and Zuma were confident that Zuma would be made Deputy President in the post-Mandela government. Zuma was given more loans to facilitate the deal for Shaik and to help Nkobi receive more government contracts. The first newspaper article hinting at the relationship between Zuma and Shaik appeared at this time; however, it was insignificant. Published in the \"Cape Times,\" it was squeezed in between a report about a gangster gunned down in Cape Town and a car accident that claimed the lives of three people. Later, this article was considered the first mention of the case, although in January 1997 it was a brief news story: Meanwhile, Shaik and Zuma wanted to establish a new venture, Nkobi Bank, to act as financial advisor to a bidding consortium on any large-scale public- or private-sector project. The bank would also compete for government and various ministry budgets as a deposit taker. Zuma was appointed as Deputy President in June 1999, and he began consolidating his assets, influence, and bank accounts. He started by developing his traditional residential village estate at Nkandla in Zululand in the rural northern part of KwaZulu-Natal. A contractor estimated the construction on the estate at R2.4 million (US$370,000), excluding VAT. Zuma negotiated with the contractor, and the final price was reduced to R1.3 million (US$200,000). Zuma was promised that construction would take six months, but it took nine. The money for the construction was not paid by Zuma himself; instead it was paid in installments by Bohlabela Wheels, Fakude PZN, and some in cash by Durban businessman Vivien Reddy, both in person by him and on one of his company's cheques. To finance the continued construction on his estate, Zuma took out a bond, which \"Reddy signed as … guarantor for R400,000 [US$60,000].\" To continue his influence on Zuma, Reddy also paid the instalments on the bond, which came to nearly R12,000 (US$1,800) a month. Despite the regular monetary inflow, Zuma's financial troubles continued due to unforeseen costs in the Nkandla development. Zuma decided, therefore, to sell his political influence. Alan Thétard, then one of Thomson-CSF's directors, met with Schabir Shaik in Durban on 30 September 1999, during the course of which it was agreed that Thétard would give Shaik money to cover Zuma's debts in exchange for Zuma's protection from the commission investigating the arms deal, and ongoing support for any", "on one of his company's cheques. To finance the continued construction on his estate, Zuma took out a bond, which \"Reddy signed as … guarantor for R400,000 [US$60,000].\" To continue his influence on Zuma, Reddy also paid the instalments on the bond, which came to nearly R12,000 (US$1,800) a month. Despite the regular monetary inflow, Zuma's financial troubles continued due to unforeseen costs in the Nkandla development. Zuma decided, therefore, to sell his political influence. Alan Thétard, then one of Thomson-CSF's directors, met with Schabir Shaik in Durban on 30 September 1999, during the course of which it was agreed that Thétard would give Shaik money to cover Zuma's debts in exchange for Zuma's protection from the commission investigating the arms deal, and ongoing support for any future Thomson-CSF deals with the South African government. During subsequent negotiations over the latter part of 1999, Shaik and Thétard agreed to a bribe amount of R1 million (US$154,000), and at a meeting in March 2000, Thétard, Shaik, and Zuma finalised the exchange. At this point, Zuma was in desperate need for money as the bribe was going to cover the continued construction of his Nkandla development, yet Thétard has not transferred any money to Shaik thus far. Shaik demanded an immediate response to this \"extremely delicate matter\" from Thétard, but Thétard failed to respond and by 19 October, Shaik in his role as Zuma's financial advisor, attempted to stop all construction on Nkandla, prompting Zuma to tell his contractors to ignore Shaik's orders. Zuma wrote a cheque for R1 million to his contractors, the payment of which was stopped by Shaik. By late 2000, Shaik knew that the South African Revenue Service (SARS) and the Scorpions would be watching all financial transactions made between him and Zuma, so the international division of Thomson-CSF sent an encrypted fax to Nkobi Holdings detailing a \"service provider agreement\" which updated the contract signed between Nkobi Holdings and Thomson-CSF for the delivery of the Corvettes. This agreement was used to disguise the payment of the bribe. The fax, which was later obtained in a raid on Shaik's office by the Scorpions, contained a non-bribery clause next to which Shaik wrote \"conflicts with intention\", yet despite the careful set-up, Thomson-CSF did not transfer any money to Shaik. Subsequently, Zuma went to meet with Thétard in Paris, following which R250,000 (US$38,000) was transferred by Thomson-CSF to the \"Jacob Zuma Education Fund\". As the year progressed, the relationship between Shaik and Zuma had attracted more attention, and by October 2000, South Africa's leading corruption prosecutor, Judge Willem Heath, formally asked President Thabo Mbeki for a proclamation allowing him to investigate the arms deal. Zuma immediately attacked the petition by writing a letter to Gavin Woods, the chairperson of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Accounts (Scopa). This letter, written in Zuma's capacity as \"Leader of Government Business\" in Parliament states that: Schabir Shaik's trial started amid an intense media circus in the Durban High Court. Shaik pleaded not guilty to charges of corruption and fraud on 10 October 2004. He asserted in his plea explanation that the State had misunderstood his dealings with Zuma. He agreed that there was a financial relationship between Zuma and him, but that it was not a corrupt one as the payments he made to Zuma were loans made in friendship. He did not ask for any interest in the loans because it \"offended his religious convictions\". The loans had been made on a revolving credit agreement. He also denied allegations of fraud, saying money was mistakenly written off in his company's books, but that this was later fixed. To allegations that he was involved in soliciting a bribe for Zuma, he replied that he knew nothing. In lead prosecutor Billy Downer's opening address, he said his case would be based on facts and patterns and that \"we will principally be talking of the arms deal.\" The first charge against Shaik was one of general corruption. In their efforts to prove this charge, the State led a number of witnesses to show, as explained by Downer, that Zuma was \"on retainer for Shaik.\" The State argued in its first charge of corruption that Shaik had paid Zuma R1.2 million (US$185,000) to further a \"general corrupt relationship.\" To prove this charge, the State gave evidence of all the financial transactions between Shaik and Zuma. The State's first witness for this charge was Shaik's former secretary, Bianca Singh, who gave testimony while accompanied by three bodyguards. She stated that \"Zuma was quite close to Shaik. They would speak on the phone and he would come to visit.\" She also testified that Shaik arranged financial affairs for Zuma, managed his bank accounts on the computer, and discussed his financial situation with him. She concluded by saying that she knew that Shaik said the word Zuma often because she often overheard him while he was on the phone. The State's next witness was KPMG forensic auditor Johan van der Walt, who testified for several hours that the payments made by Shaik to Zuma \"sometimes threatened the financial existence of the whole group.\" He continued that the payments were not sensible for any other purpose than to buy influence with Zuma. Shaik's lawyers argued in cross-examination that their own forensic auditor showed that payments to Zuma were only a small percentage of the group's turnover. Van der Walt replied that \"one can have a billion rand turnover and still have an overdraft. If you don't have the money, you can't operate.\" Van der Walt also stated that Zuma lived well beyond his means, but seemed to accept that other people would pay his debts. Shaik's counsel, François van Zyl, said Shaik would testify that as far as he knew, Zuma had by now paid all his creditors and should have no problem paying him back. Van der Walt replied that whether the money paid to Zuma was a loan or a donation, he reaped the benefits: \"My review indicated that Zuma had no access to major funds to repay his debts. The repayments must have taken place outside the period of review.\" Van Zyl produced a written revolving credit agreement between Shaik and Zuma of which, he said, Parliament was informed. The State said it would dispute its authenticity. Van Zyl also accused Van der Walt of not taking into account that Zuma had repaid some money to Shaik. Ian McLeod, credit manager at Absa Group Limited, one of South Africa's largest banks, said that neither Shaik nor Zuma mentioned the agreement when they were asked to make a list of their assets and liabilities. From what he saw, he said that he \"doubted very much if Zuma could repay Shaik.\" Tracy O'Brian told the court that she sublet a flat to Shaik. Shaik told her that it was for his financial director. She later discovered, however, that when there were complaints about bodyguards with guns, Zuma lived there. Although Shaik or one of his companies paid the rent, it was always late. She terminated the lease. Abdool Qadir Mangerah said that he was a close friend of Zuma. He loaned Zuma R154,000 (US$24,000), and when Zuma could not pay him back, Shaik did. A balance of R4,000 (US$600) was still outstanding. He said that he helped Zuma out of friendship and gave him interest-free loans just like Shaik claimed he did. All Mangerah expected in return was \"prays for [his] good health.\" The State alleged, however, that several things were done in return. A former business associate of Shaik, Professor Themba Sono, told the court that Shaik told business partners that the Nkobi group could bring \"political connectivity\" to the table. Shaik said what he meant by political connectivity was Black Economic Empowerment (BEE). Professor John Lennon of Caledonian University in Glasgow told the court that Zuma advised him to use Nkobi as the South African partner for a proposed eco-tourism school. When", "and when Zuma could not pay him back, Shaik did. A balance of R4,000 (US$600) was still outstanding. He said that he helped Zuma out of friendship and gave him interest-free loans just like Shaik claimed he did. All Mangerah expected in return was \"prays for [his] good health.\" The State alleged, however, that several things were done in return. A former business associate of Shaik, Professor Themba Sono, told the court that Shaik told business partners that the Nkobi group could bring \"political connectivity\" to the table. Shaik said what he meant by political connectivity was Black Economic Empowerment (BEE). Professor John Lennon of Caledonian University in Glasgow told the court that Zuma advised him to use Nkobi as the South African partner for a proposed eco-tourism school. When Lennon seemed hesitant, Shaik threatened to derail the proposal and tell Zuma. A feasibility study for the project was cancelled after the government of the United Kingdom refused an application for funding. Shaik denied that he had anything to do with the sudden decline of the project. He said that his \"unfortunate\" correspondence with Lennon was prompted by his reaction to being \"sidelined.\" Zuma intervened when Thomson was hesitant to take Nkobi on as its BEE partner because Mbeki allegedly told them that he had reservations about Shaik and his business ventures. Van der Walt said Zuma intervened in sorting out Nkobi's shareholding in ADS, a company strategically placed to get a multimillion-rand contract in the arms deal. Van Zyl countered that both Mbeki and Mandela were involved in attempts to negotiate a BEE settlement for ADS. When the Malaysian Renong Group wanted local partners for a Durban development, Zuma proposed Shaik's involvement. Another Absa official testified that Shaik and Zuma were considered a \"package deal\" when the bank invited Zuma to become a private banking client. At the end of the testimonies for the first charge, Downer pointed out they need not prove that Zuma did anything out of the ordinary to help Shaik as \"you can corrupt a politician by paying him to do something he is paid to do every day.\" The State proved in this charge that Shaik had more than R1 million (US$154,000) written off. Shaik owed this money to companies in the Nkobi group, and included payments made to Zuma. The write-off meant that it disappeared from Nkobi's books. Shaik said that it was a mistake and that he had his auditors fix it in subsequent financial years. Van der Walt said that it did not matter that it was fixed, as it was still a crime, asserting that \"you can fix the amounts, but not the irregularity.\" He said Shaik stood to benefit most from the write-off. He also added that the fact that an auditor was advising him did not reduce his liability as director. Shaik told the court that the company's auditors and financial director Colin Isaacs took full responsibility for the financial side of operations, that he was sure that the accounting books were in order, and that when he became aware of the problem he had it corrected. He had no intention to commit fraud. Auditing clerk Anthony Reed said he was instructed by Ahmed Paruk to effect the write-off. Paruk said he was instructed by Shaik to do it. He said Shaik told him that there was \"no way in which he owed that type of money to his companies\". Former Nkobi accountant Celia Bester said that the money written off was cash bribes paid to \"various ministers\" by Shaik. The writing-off, she said, was the main trigger for her final resignation. She told Judge Squires that she \"saw it purely as bribe money\". For the second charge of corruption against Shaik, the State proved that Shaik had solicited a bribe from French arms company Thomson for Zuma. Zuma agreed to protect Thomson in return. As evidence for the charge, Van der Walt said there were clear signs that an \"informal corrupt\" process was followed, apart from the formal process when South Africa's multibillion-rand arms deal was concluded. Government auditor James Edward van Heerden, who did a special review of the arms acquisition process, also concluded that there were deviations from the accepted arms acquisition practices, with no plausible explanation. He told the court that their conclusions were that there should be a special investigation or forensic audit focusing on the involvement of contractors and subcontractors in the deal. The most controversial document produced by the State was a fax ostensibly setting out a bribe agreement between Shaik, Zuma, and Alain Thétard regarding the March 2000 meeting and R1 million (US$154,000) payment to Zuma. Both the handwritten fax and a disk with a typed copy were handed to the Scorpions by Thétard's former secretary, Sue Delique. Her evidence was backed up by forensic computer expert Bennie Labuschagne and handwriting expert Marius Rehder. Delique told the court that she was asked to type the note and fax it in encrypted form to Paris. After she resigned she told Thomson's auditors at the time, Gary Parker and David Read, about it. She refused to give them the documents. She told the court that she did not fax the agreement to Shaik. In response, Shaik testified that he \"had nothing to do with Thomson in 2000\". Parker and Read concluded at the end that she was a disgruntled employee. They found no proof of what she told them in Thomson's financial statements, and then dropped the matter. Shaik admitted that there was a meeting between himself, Thétard, and Zuma. But he said it was about a donation for the Jacob Zuma Education Trust. Singh told the court that an audibly agitated Shaik had phoned her from the golf course to tell her to tape hearings by the parliamentary standing committee on public accounts when Chippy Shaik was being questioned about the arms deal. She said he told her the next day that they were \"focusing on the wrong person\". Singh also said that she overheard Shaik calling Zuma the next day. According to her he said: \"Hello my brother, Hello JZ. Chippy is under pressure. We really need your help to land this deal.\" He later asked her to come to Mauritius with him to meet Thétard. Singh testified that at that meeting Shaik said they had to discuss \"damage control.\" And he said if the Heath Investigation Unit continued to probe the arms deal and if a certain ANC member opened his mouth \"they would be in big trouble.\" Shortly afterwards the alleged bribe agreement was concluded. Van der Walt said he found a great deal of correspondence about the payment of the money and a service provider agreement that Shaik concluded were used to mask the bribe. Only one payment was made of R250,000 (US$38,000); however, nothing was done to enforce the so-called \"service provider agreement.\" Shaik denied any attempt to bribe Zuma for protection and told the court that he did not know why Thétard wrote the note setting out the bribe agreement. He also testified that what the State thought was correspondence about the bribe was really about the donation to the education trust. Shaik said that the trust was in financial difficulty in 2000 and the donation was urgently required for them to be in a position to give bursaries for the next year. But Gerhardus Pretorius, who managed the Jacob Zuma Education Trust at the time, told the court that nobody ever told him of a significant donation expected from Thomson. Theunis Benemere, involved in the day-to-day administration of the trust, said that \"there was always enough money\". Former Judge Willem Heath told the court his unit was confident it would be included in the multi-agency probe into the arms deal. His unit was the most dangerous by far if there was evidence of corruption as it had the power to have the deal cancelled on \"public interest\" grounds. Heath said he was baffled when Mbeki refused to allow them to investigate. He said \"I have no doubt that if objective consideration was applied the President would have no choice but to issue a", "give bursaries for the next year. But Gerhardus Pretorius, who managed the Jacob Zuma Education Trust at the time, told the court that nobody ever told him of a significant donation expected from Thomson. Theunis Benemere, involved in the day-to-day administration of the trust, said that \"there was always enough money\". Former Judge Willem Heath told the court his unit was confident it would be included in the multi-agency probe into the arms deal. His unit was the most dangerous by far if there was evidence of corruption as it had the power to have the deal cancelled on \"public interest\" grounds. Heath said he was baffled when Mbeki refused to allow them to investigate. He said \"I have no doubt that if objective consideration was applied the President would have no choice but to issue a proclamation\". Heath's two former right-hand men, Gerhard Visagie and Jannie Lubbe, echoed his sentiments. The president of the Independent Democrats, Patricia de Lille, told the court she was handed information by people whose identity she did not disclose. She first asked for a commission of inquiry into the arms deal. When that was refused she asked Mbeki to issue a proclamation to allow the Heath unit to investigate. She said that her \"role was to pass on the information and hope and pray that it will be investigated. I was ostracised, but I did it for the people of the country. I wanted to assist government to root out the few bad apples.\" She was accused by Van Zyl of using the arms deal to attack the ANC, but she retorted that her \"attack was on corruption.\" Gavin Woods, who headed Parliament's Committee on Public Accounts (Scopa), told the court that they wanted a thorough investigation of the arms deal. It would have included their own investigation as well as one by four agencies including the Heath Special Investigating Unit. He received a letter from Zuma, written in his capacity as leader of government business, saying that government saw no need for the Heath Unit to be involved. At the time, Woods said there was no clarity on what it was the \"leader of government business\" was supposed to do. Under cross-examination he conceded that the director of public prosecutions, the auditor-general and the public protector also wanted Heath excluded. Zuma said that when he was asked in Parliament if the revelations at the Shaik trial were a blot on the moral regeneration programme headed by him, he replied, \"not at all, I don't look at it that way. Not at all, honourable members.\" The Defence rested its case on 7 April 2005, which was followed by the State's final arguments on 28 April. Judge Squires said that he would not be prepared to give any judgment before 30 May. In his final statements, Judge Squires thanked the defence and the prosecutor for the \"meticulous and careful manner\" in which they \"presented their cases\", which he said made the \"court's task easier,\" especially when seen in the light of the difficult and complex nature of the case. The formal part of the trial ended shortly after the defence counsel asked the court to consider the possibility that Shaik had sought a bribe of R500,000 (US$77,000) a year from Thompson-CSF without Zuma's knowledge. The defence stated, however, that this version should only be considered if the court rejected their original argument. Judge Squires reconvened the court on 7 June to deliver his sentence. Describing corruption as a \"pervasive and insidious evil,\" he found that Shaik's actions had been aimed at advancing his business interests through an association with Zuma: Judge Squires also said that he was convinced that Shaik gave Zuma \"a sustained level of support\" designed to maintain a lifestyle the politician could never have afforded otherwise, and that this was an investment in Zuma's political profile from which Shaik expected to benefit. Judge Squires continued that the payments \"were not ... to a low-salaried bureaucrat seduced into temptation,\" and that the higher the status of the beneficiary, the more serious the offence. Judge Squires found Shaik guilty of a generally corrupt relationship with Zuma and for soliciting a bribe for Zuma from Thomson-CSF. He was also found guilty of fraud for irregularly writing off loans from the books of Nkobi Group. Judge Squires dismissed Shaik's anti-apartheid \"struggle credentials\", saying what he had sought to achieve was exactly the same as the apartheid regime's \"command of the economy\" by a privileged few, which is exactly what the struggle had sought to replace. The judge sentenced Shaik to the minimum prescribed sentence of 15 years on each of the corruption counts. Shaik was sentenced to three years for fraud; however, Judge Squires said he found mitigating circumstances for not imposing the same minimum penalty for the fraud charge, as Shaik had not been the instigator and the crime had no adverse effect on any other party. Judge Squires ordered that the three sentences run concurrently and described Shaik as a man with commendable vision, ambition, and energy, but one who appears to have lost his moral compass and scruples. The judge also imposed a series of fines on 10 companies related to the Nkobi Group. Concluding the sentencing proceedings, Squires said: Shaik immediately announced his intentions to appeal the sentence, and Judge Squires set aside 26 July as the date of a hearing for Shaik's leave to appeal. The political nature of the trial prompted immediate reactions from all sides of the political and economic spectrum in South Africa. Non-ANC-aligned parties immediately praised the verdict as it weakened the moral position of the ANC. Groups hostile to the ANC immediately demanded that Zuma be charged with corruption as well. The leader of the United Democratic Movement, Bantu Holomisa, issued a press release strongly in favour of charging Zuma. He stated that \"we [the UDM] hope that this was merely phase one of the prosecution process: Schabir Shaik has been prosecuted as the corruptor. Phase two must necessarily be to prosecute the corruptee. It would be an embarrassment for the country to have a serving deputy president arrested and prosecuted. Therefore President Mbeki must fire Mr Zuma if he does not resign\". The press report concluded by saying that the 15-year jail sentence was confirmation that South African society would not tolerate those who were guilty of corruption. Democratic Alliance MP Sheila Camerer echoed Holomisa's sentiments: \"The DA [Democratic Alliance] has maintained since August 2003 that the deputy president ... should have been charged with Shaik. We believe he should be charged now in view of Judge Squires' finding that he was complicit in both counts of corruption\". Independent Democrats leader Patricia de Lille also said the sentence should prove a deterrent: \"Schabir Shaik has been handed the justice all South Africans needed to hear and that this should prove as a deterrent for anyone in the future. We should all celebrate the restoration of faith in our country by the local and international community with this judgement.\" The Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu), the most powerful trade union federation in South Africa, openly supported Zuma. However, its spokesman, Paul Notyhawa, said that it respected the court's decision: \"We definitely have to respect the court's decision in the matter, noting that the accused has reserved his right to appeal\". Notyhawa said that Cosatu had never objected to the trial of Shaik, but he went on to say that \"what we object to is that the judge erred in implicating a person who has not been part of the proceedings and has been denied his right to respond in a proper forum\". The majority of the press called for Zuma to resign. Under intense pressure from within the ANC as well as the public, Zuma's spokesperson Lakela Kaunda announced on 14 June 2005 that Zuma would resign his seat in parliament. The ANC issued a statement later in the day accepting Zuma's", "South Africa, openly supported Zuma. However, its spokesman, Paul Notyhawa, said that it respected the court's decision: \"We definitely have to respect the court's decision in the matter, noting that the accused has reserved his right to appeal\". Notyhawa said that Cosatu had never objected to the trial of Shaik, but he went on to say that \"what we object to is that the judge erred in implicating a person who has not been part of the proceedings and has been denied his right to respond in a proper forum\". The majority of the press called for Zuma to resign. Under intense pressure from within the ANC as well as the public, Zuma's spokesperson Lakela Kaunda announced on 14 June 2005 that Zuma would resign his seat in parliament. The ANC issued a statement later in the day accepting Zuma's resignation. Kaunda further explained that Zuma would stop his activities in parliament the next day and would write a letter to the speaker to inform her of his decision, clarifying that \"the bottom line is that you won't see him [Zuma] in parliament again, at least not as a member\". The ANC's statement read that it \"respects the position taken by Deputy President Zuma to resign as a member of parliament\". Zuma, in response to the ANC, said that \"President Thabo Mbeki has taken a decision regarding my presence in government and cabinet. It is the president's prerogative to take such a decision, in the context of, and within his authority as the president of the republic in light of this decision. I have also offered to resign my seat in parliament not as an admission of guilt of any kind, but in order to make it easier for the ANC and government to function in parliament.\" According to the statement, Zuma planned to stay on as deputy president of the ANC. Cosatu immediately reacted negatively to Zuma's resignation, prompting protests and calls for Zuma to be reinstated, although they represented a minority of the South African public. Zuma was charged with corruption as a result of the trial, although he continued to enjoy support from leftist and Zulu elements of the ANC. His support did appear to decline significantly (but not entirely collapse) after being charged with an unrelated rape case late in 2005, which led to him suspending his activities within the ANC. Judge Squires granted Shaik the right to an appeal in the Supreme Court of Appeal in Bloemfontein against his fraud and one of his corruption convictions. After being granted his reprieve, Shaik told reporters in a press conference that he was grateful and intended to use the options made available to him. He concluded the press conference by stating that \"obviously one would have liked to be victorious on all the charges, but we are in the legal process\". Many reporters asked him if he would petition the Chief Justice to appeal the convictions that Judge Squires denied grounds of appeal, to which Shaik replied that his legal team was considering the matter. The National Prosecuting Authority, as represented by spokesperson Makhosini Nkosi in front of the courthouse, said that it accepted Judge Squires' decision, despite some disappointment. Nkosi also said that \"We [the NPA] are satisfied that the judge applied his mind correctly to all the facts. In some cases, we are naturally disappointed, but even then you appreciate the reasons for coming to that decision\". Judge Squires extended Shaik's R100,000 (US$15,000) bail. It took more than a year for the Supreme Court of Appeal Court to pass a ruling on the two appeals as well as the application from Shaiks' legal team for leave of appeal on the second corruption charge (which Squires had declined to award). However, on 6 November 2006, President Craig Howie on a bench of 5 judges, rejected this right to appeal. The appeal judges found that Shaik was correctly convicted on three charges of corruption and that the sentence was fair. Furthermore, the court found that Shaik's actions went against the very fibre of the constitution. Shaik reported to jail to start serving his effective 15-year sentence. On 3 March 2009, Shaik was released on medical parole, after serving two years and four months of his 15-year prison term. Mr Shaik applied for leave to appeal to the Constitutional Court in Johannesburg, against his conviction and sentence, and consequential steps. In October 2007 the Court dismissed most elements of the application, finding that most of the grounds for appeal submitted by Shaik had no prospect of success. However, it granted leave to appeal against the order for confiscation of his assets. Shaik and his companies (Nkobi Holdings and Nkobi Investments) then appealed to the Constitutional Court to question the validity of the confiscation order regarding R33 million of their assets. The original court authorised the confiscation under the Prevention of Organised Crime Act (POCA), since it held that they constitute proceeds of crime. In April 2008 the Constitutional Court dismissed this appeal, finding that Shaik and his companies had received their shareholdings in Thint, a major ground for the asset forfeiture order, as a result of \"the corrupt payments\" made to Zuma, and that the remainder of the order related to dividends that accrued due to this shareholding. The court ruled that POCA permitted that all benefits that had arisen from the commission of a crime, whether directly or indirectly, may be confiscated by the trial court after it convicted an accused; and that the trial court had discretion to determine the appropriate amount in any given case. The court concluded that Shaik and his companies had not shown that the High Court improperly exercised its discretion to determine the amount to be confiscated nor that the order confiscating both the shareholding and the dividend was \"disturbingly inappropriate\". In November 2006 the South African comic strip Madam & Eve ran a series of strips lampooning Shaik's arrival in prison. Schabir Shaik trial The Schabir Shaik trial was an important court trials in post-apartheid South Africa. The case, tried in the Durban and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bundjalung people The Bundjalung people (also known as Bunjalung, Badjalang and Bandjalang) are Aboriginal Australians who are the original custodians of northern coastal area of New South Wales (Australia), located approximately northeast of Sydney, an area that includes the Bundjalung National Park. Bundjalung people all share descent from ancestors who once spoke as their first, preferred language one or more of the dialects of the Lower-Richmond branch of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung language family The Arakwal of Byron Bay count themselves as one of the Bundjalung peoples. According to Norman Tindale, Bundjalung tribal lands encompassed roughly , from the northern side of the Clarence River to the Richmond River, including Ballina with their inland extension running to Tabulam and Baryugil. The coastal Widje horde ventured no further than Rappville. According to R. H. Mathews, the Bundjalung rite of transition into manhood began with a cleared space called a \"walloonggurra\" some distance from the main camp. On the evening the novices are taken from their mothers around dusk, the men sing their way to this bora ground where a small bullroarer (\"dhalguñgwn\") is whirled. The Bundjalung used a variety of instruments including blowing on a eucalyptus leaf, creating a bird-like sound. Clapsticks were used to establish a drumbeat rhythm on ceremonial dancing occasions. Emu callers, short, one foot, about 30 cm long didgeridoos were traditionally used by the Bundjalung when hunting (Eastern Australia Coastal Emus). When striking the emu-caller at one end with the open palm it sounds like an emu. This decoy attracts the bird out of the bush making it an easy prey. Bundjalung people The Bundjalung people (also known as Bunjalung, Badjalang and Bandjalang) are Aboriginal Australians who are the original custodians of northern coastal area of New South Wales (Australia), located approximately northeast of Sydney, an area that includes" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Penny Sage-embo Penny Sage-embo (or Sagembo) is a social entrepreneur in Papua New Guinea. In 2014 she won the Trukai Community Responsibility Award in the Westpac Outstanding Women of the Year Awards. In 2003 Sage-embo and her husband established Tembari Children’s Care in Oro, Port Moresby, which provides care for abandoned and orphaned children. Initially the organisation focused on caring for the orphans of HIV-positive parents, as both Penny and her husband Hayward worked as counsellors for people diagnosed with HIV and they were concerned for the future of their clients' children. In 2012 Tembari provided meals and education for 200 children, and in 2016 provided for 350 children. In 2015 government aid assisted the centre to build classrooms and provide education at their site, as bus fares and transport to nearby schools had become prohibitive. In 2014 Sage-embo founded Joy’s Social Training Institute. It aims to empower and motivate women through awareness raising, counselling, formal supervision and focused training programs for businesses and the community. Penny Sage-embo Penny Sage-embo (or Sagembo) is a social entrepreneur in Papua New Guinea. In 2014 she won the Trukai Community Responsibility Award in the Westpac Outstanding Women of the Year Awards. In 2003" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Harishchandrachi Factory Harishchandrachi Factory (Marathi: हरिश्चंद्राची फॅक्टरी, \"Harishchandra's Factory\") is a 2009 Marathi film, directed by Paresh Mokashi, depicting the struggle of Dadasaheb Phalke in making \"Raja Harishchandra\" in 1913: India's first feature film, the birth of Indian cinema. The film is the directorial debut of Paresh Mokashi who won the Best Director award at Pune International Film Festival, where the film was shown. In September 2009, it was selected as India's official entry to Academy Award in the Best Foreign Language Film Category, making it the second film, after \"Shwaas\" (2004), in Marathi cinema to receive this honour. The film depicts the making of India's first full-length feature film by Dadasaheb Phalke. The film was officially released in India on 29 January 2010 and received critical appreciation. Harishchandrachi Factory Harishchandrachi Factory (Marathi: हरिश्चंद्राची फॅक्टरी, \"Harishchandra's Factory\") is a 2009 Marathi film, directed by Paresh Mokashi, depicting the struggle of Dadasaheb Phalke in making \"Raja Harishchandra\" in 1913: India's first feature film, the birth of Indian cinema. The film is the directorial debut of Paresh Mokashi who won the Best Director award at Pune International Film Festival, where the film was shown. In September 2009, it was selected as India's" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Gamma Ray (EP) Gamma Ray is the debut EP by Gamma Ray, a musical project by former Kyuss guitarist Josh Homme, released in 1996 by Man's Ruin Records. After the breakup of Kyuss in 1995, Homme recorded the Gamma Ray material in Seattle with producer Chris Goss, bassist Van Conner, and drummer Victor Indrizzo. Former Kyuss singer John Garcia contributed backing vocals to the track \"Born to Hula\". After the release of the EP, Homme received a cease and desist order because the name Gamma Ray was already in use by a German power metal band. He changed the name of the project to Queens of the Stone Age, and both of the \"Gamma Ray\" tracks were re-released the following year by Man's Ruin on the \"Kyuss / Queens of the Stone Age\" split EP, which featured some of the final studio recordings by Kyuss and debuted the \"Queens of the Stone Age\" moniker for Homme's new project. The split EP also included a third track from the \"Gamma Ray\" recording sessions, \"Spiders and Vinegaroons\". Both tracks from the \"Gamma Ray\" EP were later re-recorded by Queens of the Stone Age. \"If Only Everything\" was re-recorded under the shortened title \"If Only\" for Queens of the Stone Age's debut album in 1998, while \"Born to Hula\" was re-recorded and appeared as a B-side on \"The Lost Art of Keeping a Secret\" single from the band's 2000 album \"Rated R\". Credits adapted from the EP's liner notes. Gamma Ray (EP) Gamma Ray is the debut EP by Gamma Ray, a musical project by former Kyuss guitarist Josh Homme, released in 1996 by Man's Ruin Records. After the breakup of Kyuss in 1995, Homme recorded the Gamma Ray material in Seattle with producer Chris Goss, bassist Van Conner, and drummer Victor Indrizzo." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Percy S. Cox Percy Smith Cox (circa 1872 – February 24, 1911) was an American photographer who worked in pre-revolutionary Mexico at the beginning of the twentieth century. Born circa 1872 in Pennsylvania, Cox was the youngest of three sons of John William (a farmer) and Mary F. Cox. The family moved to the Escondido region (Twin Oaks) of California where Cox began working as a photographer by 1893. From 1896 to 1898, Cox attended Claremont College at Pomona. By 1899, Cox was working in Mexico City as a photographer; in October of that year, he was joined there in business by fellow San Diegan Ralph J. Carmichael, setting up a photography studio as Cox and Carmichael. Cox sold his interest in the studio in early 1902 and returned to the United States suffering from altitude sickness. In 1903, Cox married school teacher Mary Peter in Pasadena. Cox and his wife moved to Mexico City in 1904, and the next year Cox and partners A. C. Moore, J. Duncan Gleason, and John S. Turner (all from Los Angeles) established the American Printing and Engraving Company there. Cox continued to work in Mexico through 1909, but returned to Escondido in late 1909, again suffering from the effects of Mexico City's high altitude. He sold his photo-engraving business in Mexico City to the owners of the Mexican \"Herald,\" and apparently abandoned his career as a photographer. In 1910, he opened a dealership in San Diego selling Lane steamer automobiles, then worked in the photographic supply business in Los Angeles. Cox died suddenly on February 24, 1911 in Pomona. Cox was among a group of expatriate photographers (such as fellow San Diegans Carmichael and C. B. Waite) working in Mexico in the first decade of the 20th century, chronicling industrialization and social conditions. Cox’s subjects included railroads, bridges, mines, and landscapes. His works illustrated magazine articles, and books, and were reproduced as postcards. Many of Cox’s photographs are included in collections such as the Eugene P. Lyle, Jr. Photographs, University of Oregon; the DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University; and the California Border Region Digitization Project of the San Diego History Center. Works by Cox & Carmichael are included in the Collection of Southern California and Mexico Photographs of the Huntington Library. Many also appear in published works. While Cox was considered a fine photographer by contemporaries, recent criticism has focused on Cox's work as representative of American cultural imperialism in Mexico. A number of Cox’s photographs have been attributed incorrectly to Percy B[oxley] Cox (1875-1946). Percy S. Cox Percy Smith Cox (circa 1872 – February 24, 1911) was an American photographer who worked in pre-revolutionary Mexico at the beginning of the twentieth century. Born circa 1872 in Pennsylvania, Cox was the youngest of three sons of John William (a farmer) and Mary F. Cox. The family moved to the Escondido region (Twin Oaks) of California where Cox began working as a photographer by 1893. From 1896 to 1898, Cox attended Claremont College at" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jacob Volkmann Jacob Joseph Volkmann (born September 5, 1980) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Welterweight division. A professional MMA competitor since 2007, Volkmann has formerly competed for the UFC, Bellator, and the World Series of Fighting. Volkmann was born in Fergus Falls, Minnesota and graduated from Henning High School. Volkmann wrestled for the Otter Tail Central Bulldogs and holds the schools all-time record for career wins and also won three state titles. Volkmann then attended University of Minnesota, where he was a Big Ten Conference wrestling champion and a three time NCAA All-American. In 2001 as a freshman he finished fourth, then in 2003 as junior finished third (defeating future UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Rashad Evans), and then once again as a senior in 2004 finished fourth. After graduating from Minnesota, Volkmann attended the Northwestern Health and Science University in Bloomington, Minnesota where he earned his chiropractic doctorate and it was during this time that he also began competing in Greco-Roman wrestling at the senior level, and met UFC Lightweight Champion Sean Sherk through this program, who asked Volkmann to help train for a title fight. Volkmann later embarked on his own career in mixed martial arts. Volkmann started his professional MMA career in 2007, primarily competing in Minnesota where he is a member of the Minnesota Martial Arts Academy. At Bellator 7, Volkman made his lone Bellator appearance by defeating WEC and TUF vet, Kevin Knabjian with a D'arce choke. In August 2009, it was announced he would be making his Ultimate Fighting Championship debut at UFC 106 against Paulo Thiago. Volkmann lost the fight via unanimous decision. Volkmann lost his second UFC fight (after taking it on short notice) against Martin Kampmann at UFC 108 via first round submission due to a modified guillotine choke dubbed the \"death choke.\" He received a third chance in the Octagon at against Ronys Torres, in which Volkmann moved down to lightweight. Volkmann won the fight via split decision (28–29, 30–27, 30–27), earning his first UFC win. Volkmann was scheduled to face Paul Kelly on July 3, 2010 at UFC 116. However, the fight was moved on August 1, to the card, due to visa issues for Kelly. Volkmann defeated Kelly via unanimous decision (30-27, 30-27, 30-27). On October 2, 2010, it was announced that Volkmann would fight former MFC lightweight champion, Antonio McKee, at UFC 125. Volkmann won via split decision. After his bout at UFC 125, Volkmann said that he wanted to fight U.S. President Barack Obama because he disagreed with his policies and asserting, \"Someone needs to knock some sense into that idiot.\" That statement resulted in a visit from the U.S. Secret Service the following week. Volkmann has appeared on several national news shows for the comments, including The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Inside Edition, and the Fox Business Network. Volkmann was also placed on administrative leave by White Bear Lake High School, where he is the assistant head coach of wrestling. Volkmann next fought Danny Castillo on August 14, 2011 at UFC on Versus 5. The contest was mostly a grappling affair with Volkmann, on more than one occasion, threatening with a D'arce choke in all three rounds. He won the fight via unanimous decision (29-28 on all cards). Volkmann was expected to face TJ Grant on December 30, 2011 at UFC 141. However, Grant was forced from the bout with an injury and replaced by Efrain Escudero. Volkmann controlled throughout the fight, dominating Escudero on the ground for rounds one and two. Volkmann won the fight via unanimous decision. He again made waves calling out U.S. President Barack Obama after the fight stating, \"Obama needs a glassectomy...It's where they remove the belly button and put a piece of glass in there, so you can see what you're doing while your head's up your ass.\" The post-fight comments, again, got Volkmann placed on administrative leave by the White Bear Lake High School. Volkmann was defeated by Paul Sass via first round submission due to a triangle armbar on May 26, 2012 at UFC 146. Volkmann was expected to face Shane Roller on September 1, 2012 at UFC 151. However, after UFC 151 was cancelled, Volkmann/Roller was rescheduled and took place on October 5, 2012 at UFC on FX 5. Volkmann took Roller down early in the fight and quickly took his back, forcing him to submit to a rear-naked choke at only 2:38 of the first round. This was Volkmann's first stoppage win since being in the UFC. Volkmann faced promotional newcomer Bobby Green on February 2, 2013 at UFC 156. He lost the fight via submission in the third round. Following the loss, Volkmann was released from the promotion. A week after his UFC departure Volkmann was announced as the newest addition to the World Series of Fighting ranks. Volkmann made his WSOF debut vs. Strikeforce vet Lyle Beerbohm at WSOF 3, on June 14. He won via unanimous decision. After the fight it emerged that Volkmann had suffered a seizure and blacked out before weigh-ins after becoming dehydrated from the weight-cut. Volkmann defeated Danny White in a 165lb Catchweight bout at Dakota FC 18: Spring Brawl on April 26, 2014. He then faced UFC veteran TJ O'Brien at Pinnacle Combat 16 on May 9, 2014. Volkmann lost the fight via guillotine choke. He was set to make his debut in Maximum Fighting Championship against Andrew McInnes on October 3, 2014 at MFC 41. However, this fight never came to fruition and Volkmann didn't fight for the company. Volkmann and his wife have three children. Volkmann is also a chiropractor and runs a clinic. Jacob Volkmann Jacob Joseph Volkmann (born September 5, 1980) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Welterweight division. A professional MMA competitor since 2007, Volkmann has formerly competed for the UFC, Bellator, and the World Series of Fighting. Volkmann was born in Fergus Falls, Minnesota and graduated from Henning High School. Volkmann wrestled" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ramil Khayrulin Khayrulin, Ramil Ratmirovich (; born January 23, 1985) is a Russian film producer, filmmaker and screenwriter. In 2007 he graduated from the Russian National Research Medical University, medical-biological faculty, specialty physician biophysicist. From 2005 to 2006 he worked in \"All PROkat+\" the managing editor and reporter. In 2009, the youth engaged in politics in North-Eastern Administrative Okrug, Moscow, Russia, was an assistant to a member of the Public Council of the City of Moscow \"The Commission on transnational migration policy\" and has worked in the youth newspaper \"Northern Lights\" editor. In 2009 opened the NGO \"Independent Humanitarian Projects\". The main activities are the key concerns of the employment and training of young people with disabilities. In April 2009 took part in the forum of people with disabilities within the framework of the Film Festival SyrFilmFest'09, Syracuse, New York, USA, where they held a run movies Edward Topol \"At the edge of the stand\" and Sergei Govorukhin \"No one but us ...\" about people past the hot spots. Since 2010 - General Producer \"TVOROG Media Group\". In 2011 he made his debut with the film project \"Dolls\", directed by Artem Arakelyan as a producer. In the same year joined the jury for the contest final directorial project Film Festival \"Artkino\". Since 2012 – a Russian political analyst and television Kuwait and \"Al-Alam\". In 2012 he became a producer on \"Arena\", directed by Edward Bordukova, who became member of the program ShortFilmCorner the 66th Cannes Film Festival. One of the main roles in the film played a famous young actor Azamat Nigmanov (Best Actor at the 23rd festival \"Kinotavr\" for the movie \"Convoy\", filmmeker Aleksei Mizgiryov). From 2012 to 2013, executive producer of the film documentary project \"Muslims are proud of Russia\". The project is aimed at real-world examples to show that there is no conflict between the terms \"Muslim\" and \"Russian patriot\". In 2013, the executive producer of the film \"And we love life\" about the life of the blockade of Gaza, Palestina made «ART FILM» and «TVOROG Media Group» with the participation of Prime Minister of the Gaza Ismail Haniyeh, directed by Abdulla Issa. This unusual pattern is somewhere between fiction and documentary films: within invented scenario shows the real heroes and stories, filmed real-life situations and emotions of the people who survived the terrible tragedy. Ramil Khayrulin Khayrulin, Ramil Ratmirovich (; born January 23, 1985) is a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Conrado Walter Conrado Walter, S.A.C. (19 June 1923 – 20 September 2018) was a German-born Brazilian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Walter was born in Bichishausen, Germany and was ordained a priest on 2 December 1956 from the Religious order of Society of the Catholic Apostolate. Walter was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of Jacarezinho on 1 December 1977 as well as Titular bishop of Lysinia and ordained on 3 February 1978. Walter was appointed Coadjutor bishop of Jacarezinho on 26 November 1984 and succeeded as bishop on 10 August 1991. Walter retired 5 July 2000. He died in September 2018 at the age of 95. Conrado Walter Conrado Walter, S.A.C. (19 June 1923 – 20 September 2018) was a German-born Brazilian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Walter was born in Bichishausen, Germany and was ordained a priest on 2 December 1956 from the Religious order of Society of the Catholic Apostolate. Walter was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of Jacarezinho on 1 December 1977 as well as Titular bishop of Lysinia and ordained on 3 February 1978. Walter was appointed Coadjutor bishop of Jacarezinho on 26 November 1984 and succeeded as bishop on 10 August" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ang Lee Ang Lee (; born 23 October 1954) is a Taiwanese film director and screenwriter. Lee's work is known for its emotional charge, which critics believe is responsible for his success in offsetting cultural barriers and achieving international recognition. Lee's earlier films, such as \"The Wedding Banquet\", \"Pushing Hands\", and \"Eat Drink Man Woman\" explored the relationships and conflicts between tradition and modernity, Eastern and Western. Soon after, Lee arrived in Hollywood with his first film \"Sense and Sensibility\". Lee's films also deal heavily with repressed, hidden emotions in many of his films, including \"Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon\", \"The Ice Storm\", \"Hulk\", \"Sense and Sensibility, Life of Pi,\" and \"Brokeback Mountain.\" Lee won two Academy Awards for Best Director, for his work on \"Brokeback Mountain,\" and \"Life of Pi\", becoming the first non-white person to win the award. He also won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for \"Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon,\" receiving nominations for Best Picture and Best Director as well. Ang Lee was born in a Waishengren family, in a military dependents' village of the Republic of China Armed Forces, located at Chaochou, Pingtung, a southern agricultural county in Taiwan. Both of Lee's parents moved from Mainland China to Taiwan following the Chinese civil war in 1949. He grew up in a household that put heavy emphasis on education. Lee studied in the Provincial Tainan First Senior High School (now National Tainan First Senior High School) where his father was the principal. He was expected to pass the annual Joint College/University Entrance Examination, the only route to a university education in Republic of China. But after failing the exam twice, to the disappointment of his father, he entered a three-year college, the National Arts School (now reorganized and expanded as National Taiwan University of Arts), and graduated in 1975. His father had wanted him to become a professor, but he had become interested in drama and the arts at college. This early frustration set his career on the path of performance art. Seeing Ingmar Bergman's film \"The Virgin Spring\" (1960) was a formative experience for him. After finishing his mandatory military service in the Republic of China Navy (ROCN), Lee went to the US in 1979 to study at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he completed his bachelor's degree in theater in 1980. Originally, Lee was interested in acting, but his challenges with speaking English made it difficult and he quickly turned to directing. At UIUC, Lee met his future wife Jane Lin (), also a student from Republic of China, who pursued her Ph.D. degree. Thereupon, he enrolled at the Tisch School of the Arts of New York University, where he received his MFA in film production. He was a classmate of Spike Lee and worked on the crew of his thesis film, \".\" During graduate school, Lee finished a 16mm short film, \"Shades of the Lake\" (1982), which won the Best Drama Award in Short Film in R.O.C. His own thesis work, a 43-minute drama, \"Fine Line\" (1984), won NYU's Wasserman Award for Outstanding Direction and was later selected for the Public Broadcasting Service. Lee's NYU thesis drew attention from the William Morris Agency, the famous talent and literary agency that later represented Lee. At first, though, WMA found Lee few opportunities, and Lee remained unemployed for six years. During this time, he was a full-time house-husband, while his wife Jane Lin, a molecular biologist, was the sole breadwinner for the family of four. This arrangement put enormous pressure on the couple, but with Lin's support and understanding, Lee did not abandon his career in film but continued to generate new ideas from movies and performances. He also wrote several screenplays during this time. In 1990, Lee submitted two screenplays, \"Pushing Hands\" and \"The Wedding Banquet\", to a competition sponsored by Government Information Office of R.O.C., and they came in first and second, respectively. The winning screenplays brought Lee to the attention of Hsu Li-kong (), a recently promoted senior manager in a major studio who had a strong interest in Lee's unique style and freshness. Hsu, a first-time producer, invited Lee to direct \"Pushing Hands\", a full-length feature that debuted in 1991. The 'Father Knows Best' trilogy \"Pushing Hands\" (1991) was a success in R.O.C. both among critics and at the box office. It received eight nominations in the Golden Horse Film Festival, R.O.C.'s premier film festival. Inspired by the success, Hsu Li-kong collaborated with Lee in their second film, \"The Wedding Banquet\" (1993), which won the Golden Bear at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival and was nominated as the Best Foreign Language Film in both the Golden Globe and the Academy Awards. In all, this film collected eleven Taiwanese and international awards and made Lee a rising star. These first two movies were based on stories of Chinese Americans, and both were filmed in the US. In 1994, Hsu invited Lee to return to Republic of China to make \"Eat Drink Man Woman\", a film that depicts traditional values, modern relationships, and family conflicts in Taipei. The film was a box office hit and was critically acclaimed. For a second consecutive year, Lee's film received the Best Foreign Language Film nomination in both the Golden Globe and Academy Awards, as well as in the British Academy Award. \"Eat Drink Man Woman\" won five awards in R.O.C. and internationally, including the Best Director from Independent Spirit. The three films show the Confucian family at risk and star the Taiwanese Chinese actor Sihung Lung to form what has been called Lee's \"Father Knows Best\" trilogy. In 1995, Lee directed Columbia TriStar's British classic \"Sense and Sensibility\". This made Lee a second-time winner of the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards, and won Best Adapted Screenplay for screenwriter Emma Thompson, who also starred in the movie alongside Alan Rickman, Hugh Grant and Kate Winslet. \"Sense and Sensibility\" also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama. Thompson has described the experience of working with Lee in his first English language film, noting how taken aback Lee was when the actors asked questions or provided suggestions, something Thompson notes as uncommon in Chinese culture. Once this disjuncture was bridged, Thompson remembered having \"the most wonderful time because his notes were so brutal and funny.\" After this, Lee directed two more Hollywood movies: \"The Ice Storm\" (1997), a drama set in 1970s suburban America, and \"Ride with the Devil\" (1999), an American Civil War drama. Although the critics still highly praised these latter two films, they were not particularly successful at the box office, and for a time this interrupted Lee's unbroken popularity – from both general audiences and arthouse aficionados – since his first full-length movie. However, in the late 1990s and 2000s, \"The Ice Storm\" had high VHS and DVD sales and rentals and repeated screenings on cable television, which has increased the film's popularity among audiences. In 1999, Hsu Li-kong, Lee's old partner and supporter, invited him to make a movie based on the traditional \"wuxia\" genre concerning the adventures of martial artists in ancient China. Excited about the opportunity to fulfill his childhood dream, Lee assembled a team from the United States, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China for \"Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon\" (2000). The film was a surprising success worldwide. With Chinese dialogue and English subtitles, the film became the highest grossing foreign film in many countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, and was nominated in 10 categories at the Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Foreign Language Film, and Best Director. It ended up winning Best Foreign Language Film and three technical", "In 1999, Hsu Li-kong, Lee's old partner and supporter, invited him to make a movie based on the traditional \"wuxia\" genre concerning the adventures of martial artists in ancient China. Excited about the opportunity to fulfill his childhood dream, Lee assembled a team from the United States, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Mainland China for \"Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon\" (2000). The film was a surprising success worldwide. With Chinese dialogue and English subtitles, the film became the highest grossing foreign film in many countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, and was nominated in 10 categories at the Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Foreign Language Film, and Best Director. It ended up winning Best Foreign Language Film and three technical awards. The success of \"Crouching Tiger\" demonstrated that Lee's artistry had a general appeal; it also inspired such established directors as Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige to explore wuxia films for Western audiences. In 2003, Lee returned to Hollywood to direct \"Hulk\", his second big-budget movie after the disappointment of \"Ride with the Devil\"s restricted release. The film received mixed reviews while being a financial success, grossing over $245 million at the box office. After the setback, Lee considered retiring early, but his father encouraged him to continue making movies. Lee decided to take on a small-budget, low-profile independent film based on Annie Proulx's Pulitzer Prize-finalist short story, \"Brokeback Mountain\". In a 2005 article by Robert K. Elder, Lee was quoted as saying, \"What do I know about gay ranch hands in Wyoming?\" In spite of the director's distance from the subject at hand, \"Brokeback Mountain\" showcased Lee's skills in probing the depths of the human heart. The 2005 movie about the forbidden love between two Wyoming sheepherders immediately caught public attention and became a cultural phenomenon, initiating intense debates and becoming a box office hit. The film was critically acclaimed at major international film festivals and won Lee numerous Best Director and Best Picture awards worldwide. \"Brokeback Mountain\" was the most acclaimed film of 2005, winning 71 awards and an additional 52 nominations. It won the Golden Lion (best film) award at the Venice International Film Festival and was named 2005's best film by the Los Angeles, New York, Boston, and London film critics. It also won best picture at the 2005 Broadcast Film Critics Association, Directors Guild of America, Writers Guild of America (Adapted Screenplay), Producers Guild of America and the Independent Spirit Awards as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama, with Lee winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Director. \"Brokeback Mountain\" also won Best Film and Best Director at the 2006 British Academy Awards (BAFTA). \"Brokeback Mountain\" was nominated for a leading eight Oscars and was the front runner for Best Picture heading into the 5 March ceremony, but lost out to \"Crash\", a story about race relations in Los Angeles, in a controversial upset. He became the first non-white person to win the Best Director at the Academy Awards (when he won again for \"Life of Pi\", he became the second non-white person to win). In 2006, following his Best Director Oscar, Ang Lee was bestowed the Order of Brilliant Star with Grand Cordon, the second highest civilian honour, by the R.O.C. government. His next film was \"Lust, Caution\", which was adapted from a short novel by the Chinese author Eileen Chang. The story was written in 1950, and was loosely based on an actual event that took place in 1939–1940 in Japanese-occupied Shanghai, China, during World War II. Similar to \"Brokeback Mountain\", Ang Lee adapted and expanded a short, simple story into a feature film in a way that allows individual figures to develop sophisticated layers of reserved emotions, without being sidetracked by complicated plots or overstuffed material. \"Lust, Caution\" was distributed by Focus Features and premiered at international film festivals in the summer and early fall of 2007. In the U.S., the movie received a NC-17 rating (no one 17 and under admitted) from the MPAA mainly due to several strongly explicit sex scenes. This was a challenge to the film's distribution because many theater chains in the United States refuse to show NC-17 films. The director and film studio decided not to appeal the decision. Lee removed 9 minutes from the film to make the content suitable for minor audiences in order to be permitted to show \"Lust, Caution\" in mainland China. \"Lust, Caution\" captured the Golden Lion from the 2007 Biennale Venice Film Festival, making Lee the winner of the highest prize for the second time in three years (Lee is one of only four filmmakers to have won the Golden Lion twice). When \"Lust, Caution\" was played in Lee's native R.O.C. in its original full-length edition, it was very well received. Staying in R.O.C. to promote the film and to participate in a traditional holiday, Lee got emotional when he found that his work was widely applauded by fellow Taiwanese. Lee admitted that he had low expectations for this film from the U.S. audience since \"its pace, its film language;– it's all very Chinese.\" The film was ignored by the Oscars, receiving zero nominations. It was snubbed from consideration in the Best Foreign Language Film category; after being officially submitted by R.O.C., the Academy ruled that an insufficient number of R.O.C. nationals had participated in the production, thus disqualifying it from further consideration. Lee was chosen as president of the jury for the 2009 edition of the Venice Film Festival that took place from 2 to 12 September 2009. Lee's next film after 2009's \"Taking Woodstock\" was \"Life of Pi\", which was adapted from the novel of the same name written by Yann Martel. The story was a retrospective first-person narrative from Pi, a then 16-year-old boy from India, who is the only human to survive the sinking of a freighter on the way from India to Canada. He finds himself on a lifeboat with an orangutan, a hyena, a wounded zebra and a Bengal tiger. During this unlikely journey, young Pi questions his belief in God and the meaning of life. The novel was once considered impossible to make into a movie, but Lee persuaded 20th Century Fox to invest $120 million and heavily relied on 3D special effects in post-production. Unlike most other sci-fi precedents, Lee explores the artistic horizon of applying 3D effects and pushes the boundary of how this technology can serve the movie's artistic vision. The movie made its commercial premiere during the Thanksgiving weekend of 2012 in the US and worldwide and became a critical and box office success. In January 2013, \"Life of Pi\" earned 11 Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Visual Effects. He went on to win the Academy Award for Best Director. In 2013, he was selected as a member of the main competition jury at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. Lee next directed \"Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk\" based on the novel of the same name. It was his first film since winning the Oscar for Best Director for \"Life of Pi\". The film was released in November 2016, and received a mixed response from audiences and critics alike. In 2013, Ang Lee began development on the project with a screenplay written by Peter Morgan, but later put it on hold in 2014 in order to make \"Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk\". In December 2015, it was announced that the project, tentatively titled \"Thrilla in Manila\", would be his next film after \"Gemini Man\". David Oyelowo and Ray Fisher are reportedly Lee's top choices for the leading roles. In April 2017, Ang Lee began discussions with Skydance Media to helm a sci-fi action film that follows a senior NSA official being hunted by a young clone of himself right as he is about to retire from the agency. The film is set to star Will Smith in the", "for Best Director for \"Life of Pi\". The film was released in November 2016, and received a mixed response from audiences and critics alike. In 2013, Ang Lee began development on the project with a screenplay written by Peter Morgan, but later put it on hold in 2014 in order to make \"Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk\". In December 2015, it was announced that the project, tentatively titled \"Thrilla in Manila\", would be his next film after \"Gemini Man\". David Oyelowo and Ray Fisher are reportedly Lee's top choices for the leading roles. In April 2017, Ang Lee began discussions with Skydance Media to helm a sci-fi action film that follows a senior NSA official being hunted by a young clone of himself right as he is about to retire from the agency. The film is set to star Will Smith in the lead role with a release date set for 4 October 2019. In January 2018, it was announced that Clive Owen and Mary Elizabeth Winstead had been cast as the antagonist and female lead respectively. In March 2013, it was announced that Lee would direct a television pilot for the drama series \"Tyrant\", created by Gideon Raff and developed by Howard Gordon and Craig Wright. Production was scheduled for the summer of 2013 for the FX series. However, Lee decided to quit the project to take a break from his hectic schedule. Ang Lee has had a career-long collaboration with producer and screenwriter James Schamus and editor Tim Squyres. He has also worked several times with music composer Mychael Danna and a few times with Danny Elfman. Lee lives in Larchmont, in Westchester County, New York, with his wife Jane Lin, a microbiologist, whom he married in 1983. They have two sons, Haan (born 1984), and Mason (born 1990). Lee is sometimes described as a naturalized US citizen, but he claims that he is a permanent resident of United States. Lee is a Buddhist. Lee has been involved in the process of filmmaking in various capacities, though the highlight of his career and legacy is his directorial work. The following are Lee's various credits. Ang Lee Ang Lee (; born 23 October 1954) is a Taiwanese film director and screenwriter. Lee's work is known for its emotional charge, which critics believe is responsible for his success in offsetting cultural barriers and achieving international recognition. Lee's earlier films, such as \"The Wedding Banquet\", \"Pushing Hands\", and \"Eat Drink Man Woman\" explored the relationships and conflicts between tradition and modernity, Eastern and Western. Soon after, Lee arrived in Hollywood with his first film \"Sense and Sensibility\". Lee's films also deal heavily with repressed, hidden emotions in many of his films, including" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Cost to serve Cost to Serve is a process-driven accountancy tool to calculate the profitability of a customer account, based on the actual business activities and overhead costs incurred to service that customer. In the context of supply chain management it can be used to analyse how costs are consumed throughout the supply chain. It shows that each product and customer demands different activities and has a different cost profile. The product and customer profiles are often illustrated using a Pareto analysis curve which highlights those that contribute most to the company's profit and those that erode it.Unlike Activity Based Costing (ABC), Cost to Serve is not resource-intensive and focuses on aggregate analyses around a blend of cost drivers. It gives an integrated view of costs at each stage of the supply chain providing a fact-based view to unravel the complexity of multiple supply chains and channels to market. It enables a focus on both long-term decisions and the prioritisation of short-term actions. Businesses are able to reposition customers and services, and how they are served to improve overall margin. Cost-to-Serve is a registered trademark for LCP Consulting Ltd Cost to serve Cost to Serve is a process-driven accountancy tool" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Josh Dun Joshua William Dun (born June 18, 1988) is an American musician. He is best known as the drummer and percussionist for the musical duo Twenty One Pilots, alongside frontman Tyler Joseph. Dun was born in Columbus, Ohio, to Laura Lee Dun (née McCollum), a hospice social worker, and William Earl \"Bill\" Dun, a physical therapy assistant. He grew up with two sisters, Ashley Bonnie Lee and Abigail Christine \"Abbie\" Dun, and a brother named Jordan Christopher Dun. Dun states that his adolescence was somewhat rebellious, \"I just had this aggression,\" he says, noting that his parents nearly kicked him out when he was 14. \"They almost sent me to military school. They didn't know what to do with me, and I was always in detention. I never got into drugs or alcohol, but I would yell at my parents and just treat them terribly. Everything was an argument.\" Dun would often skateboard down to the local music store and purchase records, most of which were of the punk rock genre. His parents used to set strict rules on what type of music Dun was allowed to listen to, so instead he asked people at the store to recommend albums to him. \"I'd hide albums like Green Day's \"Dookie\" underneath my bed,\" Dun says. \"Sometimes they'd find them and get real mad. They'd find a Christian alternative, like Relient K, and make me listen to that.\" Regardless, Dun says, \"Looking back, they were trying their best.\" Dun initially took trumpet lessons at school, but was \"never awesome at it\". He said the lessons only taught him how to read music rather than create his own. Dun turned his attention to drums but decided to teach himself rather than take lessons, believing at the time that \"somebody else teaching me how to play an instrument... was kind of prohibiting me from being creative\". One method Dun references was imitating the beats of the records he'd buy on an electronic drum kit. Dun did not attend college, instead living with friends and focusing on musical hobbies. \"I was going nowhere,\" he says. \"One day I said to my dad, 'Are you disappointed that I'm working a minimum-wage job, and I didn't go to college?' I'll never forget his response. He replied, 'It's not about how much money you make or what your job is, but it's more about your character. For that, I'm proud of you.' It gave me motivation.\" Dun worked at Guitar Center for three years alongside his friends. It was here he met former Twenty One Pilots drummer Chris Salih, who introduced him to future bandmate, Tyler Joseph. In March 2010, Dun joined House of Heroes after the band's drummer, Colin Rigsby, took a break to spend more time with his family. In Rigby's place, Dun played the drums for many tracks on the band's album Suburba. Dun even makes an appearance in the music video \"God Save the Foolish Kings\", and provides a vocal cameo as well. He also took part in House of Heroes' live tour until October, when Rigsby returned to his duties. Quitting his job at Guitar Center, Dun planned to leave for Nashville in pursuit of a drum career in the industry; however, he was stopped by Twenty One Pilots drummer Chris Salih, who offered him his role. He went on to play a show with Tyler Joseph after Salih and bassist Nick Thomas left the group due to busy schedules. They played one song before police officers eventually cancelled the show. Dun subsequently became the band's full-time drummer. Once a part of the now-duo Twenty One Pilots, the pair released the band's second studio album, \"Regional at Best\", on July 8, 2011, and signed with record label Fueled by Ramen, a subsidiary of Atlantic Records, in April 2012. Twenty One Pilots' third album, \"Vessel\", was released on January 8, 2013. The band's fourth album, \"Blurryface\", was released on May 17, 2015, two days ahead of its intended release date. At this point in Twenty One Pilots' career, the band had topped the charts with their hit Stressed Out – the song's music video being filmed at Dun's childhood home, and receiving over 1 billion views on YouTube. Their fifth album, \"Trench\", was released on October 5, 2018. Dun has said on music, \"I've always wanted to play drums and now I'm able to do that pretty much on a nightly basis. That's what I love the most, getting together with people in a room and letting music unify us – I know that sounds really dramatic, but it's a really cool experience and something that I won't get tired of for a while yet.\" Both Dun and Twenty One Pilots lead Tyler Joseph have an \"X\" tattoo on their body symbolizing their dedication to their hometown fans in Columbus, Ohio. They received it on stage during their hometown show at the Lifestyle Communities Pavilion on April 26, 2013. Joseph's is located on his right bicep and Dun's is located on his neck behind his right ear. Dun also sports the name \"Tyler\" above his left knee. Dun maintained a relationship with actress Debby Ryan from May 2013 to September 2014. Josh Dun Joshua William Dun (born June 18, 1988) is an American musician. He is best known as the drummer and percussionist for the musical duo Twenty One Pilots, alongside frontman Tyler" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Colebrookdale Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania Colebrookdale Township is a township in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 5,078 at the 2010 census. The Bahr Mill Complex and Nicholas Johnson Mill were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , all of it land. It is drained by the Schuylkill River via the Manatawny Creek and tributaries of the Perkiomen Creek. Its villages include Englesville (also in Montgomery County,) Gablesville, and New Berlinville. Colebrookdale Township surrounds the borough of Boyertown on three sides. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,270 people, 1,994 households, and 1,529 families residing in the township. The population density was 629.3 people per square mile (243.1/km²). There were 2,030 housing units at an average density of 242.4/sq mi (93.6/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 98.69% White, 0.19% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 0.08% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.34% of the population. There were 1,994 households, out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.4% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.3% were non-families. 19.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.03. In the township the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males. The median income for a household in the township was $54,238, and the median income for a family was $60,407. Males had a median income of $40,590 versus $26,764 for females. The per capita income for the township was $23,208. About 0.4% of families and 1.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 3.2% of those age 65 or over. Colebrookdale Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania Colebrookdale Township" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge The Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge is a historic gold dredge located in Sumpter, in the U.S. state of Oregon. Gold was discovered in Sumpter in 1862. Three gold dredges were put into service in the Sumpter Valley district between 1912 and 1934. A gold dredge works by having large buckets that pull the gold-bearing earth up into its machinery to be processed, keeping the gold and spewing the waste (known as \"tailings\") out the back by way of a stacker. Built on a shallow hull, these dredges did not need a lot of water to operate, as they moved their pond of water with them. The internal mechanics were not very sophisticated—they duplicated, on a larger scale, many of the devices used by placer mining throughout the gold rush, such as the gold pan and the sluice box. In essence, the dirt that was dug by the large electrically powered buckets was sifted and sorted, and the remainder was washed over a series of riffles allowing the gold to settle and be trapped. The primary advantages that made the dredge more efficient than other methods were the volume of earth it could process and having its own water supply. The dredge that was built in Sumpter Valley could dig over 20 buckets per minute, consuming more than seven yards of earth each minute. The Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge required a three-man crew to operate the machinery and 17 more workers to complete the crew for maintenance, bookkeeping, surveying, truck driving, managing and a few other roles. The dredge operated 363 days a year; most of the men were given the Fourth of July and Christmas day off from work. One or two men had to stay on board to watch over the machine during the evenings. Dredge workers often reported hearing the ghost of Joe Bush \"Haunting\" the dredge when the dredge was not operating due to closure or repair. Three dredges worked the valley from 1913 to 1954. Sumpter No. 3 was built substantially from parts of the first dredge, which had been idle for 10 years. Between them, the dredges traveled more than , extracting $10 to 12 million worth of gold. Still, it cost more to run than the gold could pay for. The last dredge closed in 1954, more than $100,000 in debt. In its lifetime this dredge made $4.5 million at $35 per troy ounce. That is 128,570 troy ounces which, at the recent value of $1,400.00 per ounce, would be worth $180,000,000. The Oregon Parks and Recreation Department has preserved this historic area as the Sumpter Valley Dredge State Heritage Area. The park includes the Gold Dredge Gift Store and Museum, with a video featuring interviews with dredge workers, historic photos and artifacts. Tours of the dredge are provided. The dredge was part of a paranormal investigation on the 2013 television series Ghost Mine. Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge The Sumpter Valley Gold Dredge is a historic gold dredge located in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ork (video game) Ork is a computer game for the Amiga and Atari ST platforms. It was developed by WJS Design and published by Psygnosis in 1991. \"Ork\" is a platform game with five levels. It takes place on an alien planet called Cisskei, where the player character, an alien called Ku-Kabul, must find his way through each level in turn. The levels are filled with puzzles to solve and enemies to kill. Ku-Kabul is equipped with a machine gun and a jetpack. However, these must be used with care, because ammunition and fuel come in a finite supply, although replenishments can be found in some places. \"Ork\" is noted for its theme music, composed by Tim Bartlett. Keeping with Psygnosis's tradition of including references to earlier games, the third level of \"Ork\" includes one bit where lemmings generate out of thin air, walk a few dozen metres, then jump off a cliff. The cover artwork for \"Ork\" is the image \"Behemoth's World\", which was painted by Richard Clifton-Dey, and was also earlier used as the cover for Blue Öyster Cult's 1980 album Cultösaurus Erectus. Ork (video game) Ork is a computer game for the Amiga and Atari ST platforms." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jim Younger James Hardin Younger (January 15, 1848 – October 19, 1902) was a notable American outlaw and member of the James–Younger Gang. He was the brother of Cole, John and Bob Younger Born in Missouri on January 15, 1848. Jim Younger was the ninth of fourteen children born to Henry Washington Younger and Bersheba Leighton Fristoe. With his brother Cole, he joined the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, eventually becoming a member of Quantrill's Raiders in 1864. Jim was later captured by Union troops, in the same ambush that resulted in William Quantrill's death, and was imprisoned until the war's end. After the war Jim tried his hand at various activities, including starting a horse ranch. In 1873 he joined the James–Younger Gang, which was founded by Cole, along with Frank and Jesse James. It's uncertain how much time he spent with the gang, but he was present when his brother John was killed by Pinkertons in Roscoe, Missouri in 1874. He left the gang and spent the next two years working a ranch in San Luis Obispo, California. Jim returned to the gang in time to join the ill-fated 1876 bank job in Northfield, Minnesota. Part of his jaw was shot off and he was captured and sentenced to life imprisonment. Along with Cole, he was paroled in 1901. After his release he became engaged to Alix Mueller, who had met him in prison 20 years after the Northfield robbery. Due to the terms of his parole, however, Jim couldn't marry. He committed suicide on October 19, 1902. His body was returned to Lee's Summit, Missouri for burial. In 1941, Younger was portrayed by actor Arthur Kennedy in the film \"Bad Men of Missouri\". In 1950, Dewey Martin played Younger in the film \" Kansas Raiders\", about his time spent with Quantrill's Raiders. In 1954, Sheb Wooley played Younger in an episode of Jim Davis's syndicated western television series, \"Stories of the Century\". In the 1972 film \"The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid\" he was portrayed by Luke Askew\". In the 1980 film \"The Long Riders\" he was portrayed by Keith Carradine. In the TV show \"Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman\", he was portrayed in the episode \"Baby Outlaws S3E21\" by Donnie Jeffcoat In the 2001 film \"American Outlaws\" he was portrayed by Gregory Smith. Jim Younger James Hardin Younger (January 15, 1848 – October 19, 1902) was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Matchless: A Christmas Story Matchless: A Christmas Story is a short story by Gregory Maguire, published in 2009 although originally commissioned as a piece for National Public Radio in 2008. The story is a version of and expansion on \"The Little Match Girl\" by Hans Christian Andersen. The story focuses on Frederick, the \"urchin\" from Andersen's original story who took one of the Match Girl's slippers. Frederick is the son of a poor woman who works as a seamstress to clumsy royalty. Frederick takes the slipper to act as a boat for the spool people that populate the toy town he has created in secret in his attic. One year after the death of the Match Girl, Frederick nearly gets lost late at night but is guided safely home by some mysterious lights like the ones that the Match Girl saw during her own strange experience. Matchless: A Christmas Story Matchless: A Christmas Story is a short story by Gregory Maguire, published in 2009 although originally commissioned as a piece for National Public Radio in 2008. The story is a version of and expansion on \"The Little Match Girl\" by Hans Christian Andersen. The story focuses on Frederick, the \"urchin\"" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mia's Science Adventure: Romaine's New Hat Mia's Science Adventure: Romaine's New Hat is the second title of the \"Mia's Big Adventure Collection\" software series created by Kutoka Interactive. Released in 2000 in Canada and the United States, the game teaches sciences to children between 6 and 10 years old. Mia lost her mother's hat to the rat Romaine. The player helps her on a quest to find it, buy it back and return home safely. The game's 12 educational activities teach about plants and their parts; animals, their habitats, eating habits and classification; weather, clouds; the solar system; earth science; the human body and its systems; heat energy; properties of matter fossils; electricity and magnetism. Mia's Science Adventure received positive reviews from the \"Los Angeles Times\", \"USA Today.com\", \"eToys.com\", \"Parent's Choice\", \"National Parenting Center\", \"Review Corner\" and others on account of the value of its educational contents, graphics, story and appeal to children. The game received several awards such as the National Parenting Center<nowiki>'</nowiki>s \"Seal of Approval\", the Coalition for Quality Children's Media<nowiki>'</nowiki>s \"Kids First Endorsement\", Parents' Choice<nowiki>'</nowiki>s \"Gold Award\". Mia's Science Adventure: Romaine's New Hat Mia's Science Adventure: Romaine's New Hat is the second title of the \"Mia's Big" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Paolo Lucio Anafesto Paolo Lucio Anafesto (Latin: \"Paulucius Anafestus\") was, according to tradition, the first Doge of Venice, serving from 697 to 717. A noble of Eraclea, then the primary city of the region, he was elected in 697 as an official over the entire lagoon that surrounded Venice. His job was to both put an end to the conflicts between the various tribunes who until then had governed the differing parts and to coordinate the defense against the Lombards and the Slavs who were encroaching on their settlements. However, Anafesto's existence is uncorroborated by any source before the 11th century. According to John Julius Norwich, Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually Exarch Paul. Moreover, Paul's \"magister militum\" had the same first name as Paoluccio's reputed successor, Marcellus Tegallianus, casting doubt on the authenticity of that doge as well. Paolo Lucio Anafesto Paolo Lucio Anafesto (Latin: \"Paulucius Anafestus\") was, according to tradition, the first Doge of Venice, serving from 697 to 717. A noble of Eraclea, then the primary city of the region, he was elected in 697 as an official over the entire lagoon that surrounded Venice. His job was to both put an end to the conflicts between the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Doting Cove Doting Cove and Ragged Harbour. Located on the Straight Shore of Newfoundland, Ragged Harbour is to the west of Musgrave Harbour and Doting Cove is to the east. Ragged Harbour got its name from the appearance of its harbour which is filled with rocks and coves, thus giving it a 'ragged' look. The 1836 Newfoundland \"Census\" records a family of five living in Ragged Harbour, it was the family of Jack Mullins. Soon after the Bemisters and Pinsents settled in Ragged Harbour. One of the Bemisters of Ragged Harbour, Simeon, was a crew member on the \"Belle Hadden\" which was built in Ragged Harbour and was used to take produce to mining towns. Doting Cove had its first settlers by 1850, some of the families were the Abbotts, Cuffs, Haywards, Hickses, and Moulands. Just seven years later the population had reached 102 in Doting Cove. Many of the settlers would go to the Wadham Islands to fish during the summer season. In the 1900s Doting Cove was a supporter of the Fisherman's Protective Union and by 1912 a Union Trading Co. store was opened there. Ragged Harbour and Doting Cove by 1884 were both almost entirely Methodist. However the Salvation Army made converts in Doting Cove first in the 1890s and the majority of Doting Cove's population became Salvation Army by the 1930s. The 1911 \"census\" records Doting Cove's population as 458 and Ragged Harbours as 49. Since Doting Cove, Ragged Harbour and Musgrave Harbour were incorporated their population has remained near 1000 throughout the 1900s. Doting Cove Doting Cove and Ragged Harbour. Located on the Straight Shore of Newfoundland, Ragged Harbour is to the west of Musgrave Harbour and Doting Cove is to the east. Ragged Harbour got its name from the appearance of its harbour which" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "K Missile family The K family of missiles named after Indian scientist and former president A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, is a series of submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) developed by India to boost its second strike capabilities and thus augment it's nuclear deterrence. Information about this family of missiles has mostly been kept classified. It is reported that \"K\" missiles are faster, lighter and stealthier than their Agni missile counterparts. <div style=\"text-align:justify\"> The \"Sagarika\"/K-15 missile (Sanskrit: सागरिका, IAST:Sāgarikā, meaning \"Oceanic\") is the SLBM version of the land-based Shaurya missile. With a shorter range than K-4 missiles it is to be integrated with Arihant class submarine concurrently developed for the use of Indian Navy. Sagarika/K-15 was developed at the DRDO’s missile complex in Hyderabad. The complex consists of the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), the Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL) and the Research Centre, Imarat (RCI). <br>DRDL designed and developed the missile, while the ASL provided the motors and propulsion systems. The RCI’s contribution was in avionics, including control and guidance systems and inertial navigation systems. Medium range K-15 ballistic missile has a range between 700 km to 1,500 km with varying payload. This will also get help from Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) to ensure guaranteed national access to precision navigation. These will enable high accuracy required for precision strike. The last developmental test of the missile was conducted on 28 January 2013 from an under water launch platform off the coast of Visakhapatnam . K-4 is an intermediate-range submarine-launched ballistic missile under development by DRDO. It is a 10 m long missile weighing 20 tonnes, capable of carrying a 1 tonne payload up to a range of 3,500 km. INS Arihant, first of the Arihant Class Submarines, will be able to carry 4 K-4 missiles. The K-4 missile was successfully tested on 24 March 2014 from a underwater pontoon submerged 30 m deep. K-5 missile is reportedly being developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for the Indian strategic forces’ underwater platforms. It will arm the future variants of Arihant class submarines of the Indian Navy. Reportedly, DRDO is in the process of developing a submarine-launched solid fuel missile with a maximum range of 5,000 kilometres and a payload of one tonne. K-6 missile is SLBM which is reportedly under development by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)'s Advanced Naval Systems Laboratory in Hyderabad. It is a three-stage solid fuel MIRV capable missile with a length of 12m, width of 2m, a payload of 2-3 tonne warhead and a maximum range of 6,000 km. It will arm the S5 class of ballistic missile submarines of the Indian Navy. These 'K' missiles are intrinsically important for India's nuclear deterrence arsenal because they provide India with a much needed ideal and invulnerable second-strike capability stated in India's Nuclear Doctrine and thus shift the balance of power in India's favour in Asian region. K Missile family The K family of missiles named after Indian scientist and former president A. P." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Finnish neopaganism Finnish Neopaganism, or the Finnish native faith (: \"Finnish Faith\") is the contemporary Neopagan revival of Finnish paganism, the pre-Christian polytheistic ethnic religion of the Finns. A precursor movement was the \"Ukonusko\" (\"Ukko's Faith\", revolving around the god Ukko) of the early 20th century. The main problem in the revival of Finnish paganism is the nature of pre-Christian Finnish culture, which relied on oral tradition and of which very little is left. The primary sources concerning Finnish native culture are written by latter-era Christians. There are two main organisations of the religion, the \"Association of Finnish Native Religion\" (\"Suomalaisen kansanuskon yhdistys ry\") based in Helsinki and officially registered since 2002, and the \"Pole Star Association\" (\"Taivaannaula ry\") headquartered in Turku with branches in many cities, founded and officially registered in 2007. The Association of Finnish Native Religion also caters to Karelians and is a member of the Uralic Communion. Pagan beliefs, traditions and myths survived for a long time side by side with official Lutheranism in Eastern Finland and in Karelia, at least until the first part of the 20th century. The first efforts of recovery of ancient mythology were carried out to enrich national Finnish culture. Nature worship, respect for traditions, and equality are typical features of the Neopagan movement. The Finnish native religion can be defined as \"ethno-pagan\", as it is related to national consciousness and identity. Finnish native religion followers do not necessarily consider themselves \"Neopagans\" or identify with new religions such as Wicca. They emphasise love for the motherland as a key content of a balanced relationship of humans with nature, old and new generations, as well as individual and community. The Finnish native faith believers hold sacred many unspoiled natural places, woods, springs and rocks. They consider the numinous presence of the gods, the ancestors and the spirits, as pervading the natural sites and environments (\"hiisi\"). In 2013 the Taivaannaula launched a national project on Finnish holy places and sites in order to increase awareness and protection. In 2014 Karhun kansa (\"People of the Bear\") was officially registered as an organised religious community, becoming the first neopagan association given such status in Finland. The status brings the authority for example to marry, bury and give names. The Finnish native religion is polytheistic, with a pantheon of many deities worshipped: Ukko the sky god, and chief deity in the Finnish pantheon, Akka the goddess of fertility, and wife of Ukko, Ahti, Tapio, Pekko, Nyyrikki, Mielikki, Ilmarinen (the god of sky and weather who some consider to be the same as Ukko), Louhi, Turisas, Haltijas (elven spirits), Lemminkäinen (mythical hero), Väinämöinen (mythical hero, creator god and god of poetry and music and magic), Hiisi (spirit of the holy place, genius loci), Jumi (fertility god or statue that gives fertility). The religion also includes an element of ancestor worship. For Finnish native religion adherents, the afterlife is a place called Tuonela, and it is a place where several different deities live, including Tuoni. Various traditional festivals are followed, including Hela, a festival celebrating the coming of spring and the new growing season, Juhannus or Ukon juhla, the midsummer festival, Kekri, a celebration of harvest and the ancestors, and Joulu, the midwinter festival. Some Finnish Neopagans visit sacred forests, where wooden god-images or sacred stones can sometimes be found. Some celebrate the circling of the year at certain dates, for example by burning bonfires, dancing, sacrificing, or making other kinds of rituals. One ritual, which is also an authentic practice of the ancestors, is to drink a toast for the thunder god Ukko at the midsummer festival (Finnish: \"Ukon juhla\"). Finnish neopaganism Finnish Neopaganism, or the Finnish native faith (: \"Finnish Faith\") is the contemporary Neopagan revival of Finnish paganism, the pre-Christian polytheistic ethnic religion of the Finns. A precursor movement was the \"Ukonusko\" (\"Ukko's Faith\", revolving around the god Ukko) of the early 20th century. The main problem in the revival of Finnish paganism is the nature of pre-Christian Finnish culture, which relied on oral tradition and of which very little is left. The primary sources concerning Finnish native culture are written by latter-era Christians. There are two main organisations of the religion, the \"Association of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Peter Ledden Peter Robert Varville Ledden (born 12 July 1943) is a former English cricketer. Ledden was a left-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Scarborough, Yorkshire. Ledden made his first-class debut for Sussex against Surrey at the County Ground, Hove, in the 1961 County Championship. He made 34 further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Oxford University in 1967. With the bat, he scored a total of 756 runs at an average of 15.12, with a high score of 98. This score was one of four half centuries he made and came against Warwickshire in 1964. With the ball, he took 8 wickets at a bowling average of 42.25, with best figures of 5/43, which came against Cambridge University in 1966. Ledden also played List A cricket for Sussex, making his debut in that format against Yorkshire in the 1963 Gillette Cup. He made three further List A appearances for Sussex, against Surrey in the 1964 Gillette Cup, the touring Australians in 1964, and Somerset in the 1966 Gillette Cup. In his four matches, he scored a total of 23 runs at an average of 5.75, with a high score of 12. Peter Ledden Peter Robert Varville Ledden (born 12 July 1943) is a former English cricketer. Ledden was a left-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Scarborough, Yorkshire. Ledden made his first-class debut for Sussex against Surrey at the County Ground, Hove, in the 1961 County Championship. He made 34 further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Oxford University in 1967. With the bat, he scored a total of 756 runs at an average of 15.12, with a high score of 98. This score was one of four half centuries" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "West Main Street Commercial Historic District (Statesboro, Georgia) The West Main Street Commercial Historic District is a historic district consisting of five brick buildings in downtown Statesboro, Georgia that were built between 1905 and 1923 and that hold a total of 16 storefronts. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The \"most outstanding\" is the Brannen Building, on the south side of West Main St. running east from the corner of Walnut, which hosts a row of five storefronts. The storefronts have pressed metal pilasters and cornices. The next two buildings further east, each with three storefronts, are also included. And the first two buildings on the north side of West Main St. running east, with three and two storefronts respectively. Four of the buildings are two-story and one is one-story. Some were built by local builder L.R. Blackburn. Statesboro was the subject of a wider survey of historic resources completed at the same time as the NRHP nomination for the district. West Main Street Commercial Historic District (Statesboro, Georgia) The West Main Street Commercial Historic District is a historic district consisting of five brick buildings in downtown Statesboro, Georgia that were built between 1905" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Chili Gulch Chili Gulch (also spelled Chile Gulch) is a gulch in Calaveras County, California. This five-mile gulch was the richest placer mining section in Calaveras County. It received its name from Chileans who worked it in 1848 and 1849, and was the scene of the so-called Chilean War. The largest known quartz crystals were recovered from a mine on the south side of the gulch. Chili Gulch is registered as California Historical Landmark #265. In December 1849, American miners in Calaveras County drew up a local mining code that called for all foreign miners to leave the country within 15 days, leading to much protest and violence. The so-called \"Chilean War\" resulted in several deaths and the expulsion of Chilean miners from their claims. Accounts vary widely about the details, with some including mention of Joaquin Murrieta's involvement on the side of the Chileans. The events in Calaveras County projected the Murietta legend into the politics of Chile where anti-American politicians used it to garner votes. Chili Gulch Chili Gulch (also spelled Chile Gulch) is a gulch in Calaveras County, California. This five-mile gulch was the richest placer mining section in Calaveras County. It received its name from Chileans" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Steve Long (soccer) Steve Long is a retired American soccer player who played in the American Soccer League, North American Soccer League and Major Indoor Soccer League. Although born in the Belgian Congo, he was raised in Brazil. He attended Wheaton College where he played on the men's soccer team from 1975 to 1978. He scored 59 goals and added 21 assists for 139 points. This puts him in fourth place on the team's all time career points list. He was inducted into the school's Athletic Hall of Fame in 1993. In 1979, he played for the Pennsylvania Stoners of the American Soccer League. He then moved to the Chicago Sting of the North American Soccer League. In 1981, he moved, this time to the Memphis Americans of the Major Indoor Soccer League. When the team moved west to Las Vegas in 1984, Long went with it. However, he retired at the end of the 1984-1985 season. Since retirement he runs Steve Longs's Samba Soccer Camp Steve Long (soccer) Steve Long is a retired American soccer player who played in the American Soccer League, North American Soccer League and Major Indoor Soccer League. Although born in the Belgian Congo, he" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Collioure AOC Collioure is an Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) for French wines situated around the town of Collioure in the Roussillon wine region of France. Red, rosé and a few white wines are produced-the reds from Grenache noir, Mourvèdre, Syrah, Carignan and Cinsaut grapes; the white are made from a blend of from Grenache blanc and Grenache gris. The boundaries of the AOC are identical with the Banyuls AOC as many of the grapes grown in Collioure are destined for use in the fortified \"Vins doux naturels\" of the region. The grapes that do not get used for Banyuls are then produced as non-fortified still wines under the Collioure AOC. Viticulture was likely introduced to the area soon after the ancient Greeks introduced winemaking to the Languedoc are in the 6th century BC. Under the Romans, viticulture spread throughout the area with the nearby cities of Narbonne, Carcassonne and Perpignan being major centers for the trade of Roussillon wine from areas like Collioure. For a large part of its history, the region has been under Spanish rule and was even a part of the Catalonia region until the mid-17th century. Like other Roussillon wine regions, this Spanish influence can be seen in the types of wines produced here. Even today, wine experts such as Hugh Johnson and Jancis Robinson describe the wines of Collioure as being more like Spanish wines in profile than French. The history of the Collioure region has been closely linked to the wines of Banyuls. For several centuries, grapes produced in this region was used to produce the fortified wine that gained an international reputation. It wasn't until 1971 that the region gained its own identity with an AOC established for production of non-fortified red wines. The Collioure wine region is located along the Mediterranean coast in the Roussillon district, extending from the coast up to the foothills of the Pyrenees which separates the area from the Spanish wine region of Catalonia across the border. Both the mountains and the sea have strong influences on the region's distinctly Mediterranean climate. During the summer growing season, temperatures are very warm and dry with the potential for drought. In the evening, cool winds from the mountains descend over the vineyards and this can help moderate temperatures for the vines. Vineyard soils in the area range from alluvial soils near the sea and rivers to more gravel, limestone and schist based soils closer to the foothills of the Pyrenees. The soil types will affect the resulting style of wine with the more schist-based soils on the higher slopes of the foothills produced more intense, full bodied wines while the more alluvial soils closer to the sea will produce lighter styles of wine. Many producers in Collioure also produce wines under the Banyuls label, which tends to have more prestige and fetch a higher price on the international wine market. The nature of the vintage will usually determine what percentage of Collioure grapes are used for Banyuls and what percentage will remain Collioure. When grapes are destined to become Collioure they are usually harvested a couple of weeks earlier than the grapes that are destined to be fortified. This is because the warm climate of the region causes grape sugars to rise as acids in the grapes drastically fall. While fortified wines value the high percentage of residual sugar from very ripe grapes, non-fortified wines need more of the balance from the remaining acids. Often, though, winemakers will still need to add additional acids such as tartaric acid in a process known as acidification. In a typical vintage about one-third of the grapes harvested in the region will be used for Collioure AOC labeled wines. Grapevines in Collioure are trained as \"bush vines\" which, along with their age, contributes to the very low yields of Collioure. In fact, the yields from this area are often among the lowest in France - often lower than the AOC maximum of 2.3 tones per acre (40 hectoliters per hectare). Wines produced in Collioure also must not rise above a maximum alcohol level of 15% (min 12% for red, 11.5% for \"rose\" and whites)and residual sugar level of 5 grams per liter. This low sugar levels means that all wines from Collioure are technically dry wines but to wine drinkers they may perceive \"sweetness\" due to the very high levels of ripeness the grapes attain in the warm climate of the region. The primary grapes of the Collioure AOC are Grenache, Syrah and Mourvedre with Carignan and Cinsaut playing minor roles. The Mourvedre planted in Collioure is used almost exclusively for still wine production and is very rarely used in the production of Banyuls. The \"rose\" are produced mainly from the red wine grapes that have received very brief skin contact and maceration time or it maybe produced from a \"saignée\" method where some wine is \"bleed off\" from the fermenting vats of red wines before much of the color inducing phenolic compounds have taken hold. This method produces a more intensely flavored and darker colored red wine while at the same time producing a high quality \"rose\". The whites are usually made from Grenache blanc. The red wines of the region are characterized by their rich, full bodied flavors with spice aroma notes. As of 2008, there were an estimated 815 acres (330 hectares) of vineyards planted in the boundaries of the Collioure AOC. In 2002, the \"encépagement\" (or permitted grape components of the AOC wine) was changed which included permitting an AOC white wine for the first time. Today wines labeled Collioure AOC must contain at least a 60% blend of Grenache, Syrah and Mourvedre with no individual grape variety permitted to exceed 90% of the total blend. Cinsault and Carignan and allowed to up to a maximum of 30%. Prior to the 2002 AOC change, white wines produced from grapes grown in the Collioure region had to be sold as a \"vin de Pays\". Today the AOC white blend must contain a minimum of 70% blend of Grenache blanc and Grenache gris with Macabeo, Malvoisie, Marsanne, Roussanne and Vermentino permitted to round out the remaining portion of the blend - though each of those grape varieties can not individually exceed 15%. Over the years, the quality of wines produced in the Collioure AOC has been steadily increasing. Wine experts, such as Andre Domine point to the 1982 \"encépagement\" change that permitted the use of Syrah and Mourvedre as a turning point. Modern winemaking techniques have also introduced temperature controlled fermentation as well as increased usage of oak barrels for the aging of wine. The most well made reds of Collioure are described as having polished (or \"soft\") tannins, a full bodied and deep dark color with spicy aroma and flavor notes. The \"roses\" of the region can be very aromatic and usually have a raspberry color. They are traditionally paired with the local seafood. The whites can have a golden color and be very full bodied. They are usually consumed within 3 years of harvest. Collioure AOC Collioure is an Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) for French wines situated around the town of Collioure in the Roussillon wine region of France. Red," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "President of the European Union The official title President of the European Union (or President of Europe) does not exist, but there are a number of presidents of European Union institutions, including: Alongside these the Council of the European Union (also known as the Council of Ministers or simply \"the Council\") containing 28 national ministers, one of each nation, rotates its presidency by country. This presidency is held by a country not person; meetings are chaired by the minister from the country holding the presidency (depending on the topic, or \"configuration\"), except for the Foreign Affairs Council (one so-called \"configuration\" of the Council of the EU), which is usually chaired by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. The Presidency of the Council of the European Union has been held by Austria (and by extension Chancellor Sebastian Kurz) since 1 July 2018. In protocol (ceremonial) terms, it is the President of the Parliament who comes first, as it is listed first in the treaties. However, on the world stage, the principal representative of the EU is considered to be the President of the European Council, but the President of the European Commission, as head of the executive branch of the European Union, takes part in the G7 and other international summits as well. All four offices have been described as the President of Europe, however, none can be seen to be analogous to the President of the United States (who is both head of state and head of government). Imperfect comparisons with other political system have attempted to explain the complex nature of the European institutions. As each institution has its own leader, it has been suggested that the terms \"Speaker\" of the European Parliament, \"Governor\" of the European Central Bank, \"Chairman\" of the Council of the European Union, \"President\" of the European Council and \"Prime Commissioner\" would give a clearer indication of their respective roles. During the height of the Commission President's powers in the late-1980s and 1990s, the Commission President was sometimes referred to as the Europe's Prime Minister and the role of the President is similar to that of a national Prime Minister chairing a cabinet. The formulation of titles is not without precedent in Europe; for comparison, the title for the Prime Minister of Spain in Spanish is the \"Presidente del Gobierno\" (\"President of the Government\"), not Prime Minister. The Presidents of each institution are chosen in a slightly different way; Whilst distinct, each president is required to closely co-operate with one another in a complex political system. Under the ordinary legislative procedure of the European Union, the Commission proposes legislation with the Parliament and Council of the European Union coming to a co-decision on amendments and adoption of the law. The president of each of these organs is generally held responsible their functioning and direction. The president of the European Council is considered the principal representative of the EU internationally and diplomatically. They are required to lead the Council, which works to set the EU's general political direction and promote compromise and consensus within the Council. They are appointed by the appropriate national leaders in the European Council. Prior to the Treaty of Lisbon, each member state (in turn) took the responsibilities of both the Presidency of the European Council and the Presidency of the Council of the European Union. The press frequently summarised these responsibilities to the shorthand tag \"EU Presidency\" or \"EU President\", both for the country holding it or its political leader. The president of the European Commission leads the Commission, the executive and cabinet of the European Union. The president, as part of this institution, is responsible for the political direction, logistics and implementation of European law and held accountable to both the European Parliament and Council of the European Union. They are also required to make a State of the Union address to the European Parliament, modelled after the United States. The role gives the holder the right to allocate portfolios to, dismiss and reshuffle European Commissioners and direct the Commission's civil service. The president is nominated by the European Council and appointed by the European Parliament. It is customary that the European Council uses the result of the last European elections to guide their nomination. The president of the European Parliament ensures proper parliamentary procedure is followed and is responsible for representing the Parliament in both legal and diplomatic settings. The president must also give final assent to the EU budget. President of the European Union The official title President of the European Union (or President of Europe) does not exist, but there are a number of presidents of European Union institutions, including: Alongside these the Council of the European Union (also known as the Council of Ministers or simply \"the Council\") containing 28" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2017 Caymanian general election General elections were held in the Cayman Islands on 24 May 2017. They were the first elections held after electoral reforms approved in a 2012 referendum, which introduced single member constituencies. The People's Progressive Movement remained the largest party, winning seven of the 19 seats. However, independents emerged as the largest group in the Legislative Assembly with nine seats. Initially, a coalition government between the Progressives, Cayman Democratic Party members and independents was announced. Under the arrangement, Alden McLaughlin would have remained as premier and McKeeva Bush would have become speaker. However, an agreement was later reached between the Cayman Democratic Party and all independent members apart from one to form a “government of national unity” in which McKeeva Bush will take office as Premier. In response, Alden McLaughlin suggested the incoming government would be a \"train wreck\" and that he did not \"expect this government to last very long\". It was then revealed that the deal between the CDP and independent members had failed, and that discussions on government formation were ongoing by all parties. Eventually, the coalition government originally proposed between the Progressives, Cayman Democratic Party members and independent members was agreed upon, and took office with Alden McLaughlin as Premier on 31 May. 2017 Caymanian general election General elections were held in the Cayman Islands on 24 May 2017. They were the first elections held after electoral reforms approved in a 2012 referendum, which introduced single member constituencies. The People's Progressive Movement remained the largest party, winning seven of the 19 seats. However, independents emerged as the largest group in the Legislative Assembly with nine seats. Initially, a coalition government between the Progressives, Cayman Democratic Party members and independents was announced. Under the arrangement, Alden McLaughlin would have remained as premier and McKeeva" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Plaza Mayor, Lima The Plaza Mayor or Plaza de Armas of Lima, is the birthplace of the city of Lima, as well as the core of the city. Located in the Historic Centre of Lima, it is surrounded by the Government Palace, Cathedral of Lima, Archbishop's Palace of Lima, the Municipal Palace, and the Palace of the Union. The Plaza de Armas is surrounded by the Jiron Junin, Jiron de la Union, Jiron Huallaga, and the Jiron Carabaja avenues. In 1523, King Charles I of Spain mandated the \"Procedures for the creation of cities in the New World\". These procedures indicated that after outlining a city's plan, growth should follow a grid centered on the square shape of the plaza. On the day of the foundation of the city, January 18, 1535, the conquistador Francisco Pizarro, conforming to established procedure, designated a location to build the plaza. Later, Pizarro and Nicolas de Rivera, the city's first mayor, toured the city's location and split parcels. Pizarro, taking advantage of his title of founder and governor, took a large parcel of land between the north side of the plaza and the Rimac river. The lot to the south of the plaza was designated to be a church, the western lot was to be the site of a city council, and the rest of the lots were divided among the rest of the conquistadors. The 17th-century historian Bernabé Cobo said of the plaza: ...\"\"it is the finest and most well-formed [plaza] that I have ever seen, even in Spain. It occupies an entire block, with the width of four streets on one side and four streets on the other, and with all four sides it measures more than two thousand feet; it is very flat...\"\" Subsequently, the viceroy Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco, count of Nieva, proposed the gallows, which had previously been located at the centre of the plaza, be moved nearer to the river to the location which is now the Desamparados train station. In place of it, a new water fountain was built at the centre of the plaza. The gallows were returned to the south side of the plaza on the Callejon de Petateros. The first water fountain built on the plaza was constructed by the viceroy Francisco de Toledo, and was inaugurated on October 21, 1578. It consisted of a baluster and an elevated bowl, and in it had eight pipes through which water fell into the bowl on the next level. A ball at the top of the fountain dispersed water back onto the lower levels. The seal of the city was inscribed on this ball. The water fountain was replaced in by the viceroy García Sarmiento de Sotomayor, count of Salvatierra, who inaugurated it on September 8, 1651. This fountain remains as the centerpiece of the plaza to this day. During the colonial era, the plaza served as a market, bull fighting ring, and the city gallows. The plaza also became home to the Auto de fe in which the inquisition occurred. The tribunal of the inquisition had one of its three courts located in Lima. The first conviction occurred on November 15, 1573 and this was the first heretic to be tried and executed in the new world. In 1622, the Cathedral of Lima is completed. This church still stands today on the plaza. In 1821, José de San Martín proclaimed the Independence of Peru on this plaza. After this historic event, the flag of the new republic was paraded around the plaza. In 1855, President Ramón Castilla inaugurated the first public gas lighting system which were first installed on the light posts of the plaza. Also at this time, gardens were planted on the plaza as up until this time it was made of pavement. In 1860, the first rail ways for trams were installed on the plaza. In 1922, construction of the Archbishop's Palace of Lima was completed. In 1938, the Government Palace was completed and in 1944 the Municipal Palace was completed. 360° view of Plaza Mayor, Lima Plaza Mayor, Lima The Plaza Mayor or Plaza de Armas of Lima, is the birthplace of the city of Lima, as well as" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1985 USFL season The 1985 USFL season was the third and final season of the United States Football League (USFL). Adopted instant replay for the 1985 season. Under the instant-replay rule, a team may have one appeal per half in three situations: The team asking for the replay would lose a time out if they were wrong. The replay was available only in games televised by ABC. Harry Usher became the new commissioner of the USFL in January 1985. The USFL and the United States Football League Players Association (USFLPA) agreed on a four-year agreement. \"W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PCT= Winning Percentage, PF= Points For, PA = Points Against\" \" = Division Champion, = Wild Card\" \"New Jersey finished ahead of Memphis based on a head-to-head tiebreaker advantage (2-0-0).\" \"Home team in CAPITALS\" Quarterfinals June 29–30 and July 1 Semifinals July 6–7 USFL Championship game July 14 (at East Rutherford, New Jersey) 1985 USFL All-League Team 1985 The Sporting News USFL All-Star Team 1985 USFL season The 1985 USFL season was the third and final season of the United States Football League (USFL). Adopted instant replay for the 1985 season. Under the instant-replay rule, a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Marcello Pittella Marcello Pittella (born June 4, 1962 in Lauria) is an Italian politician. He has served as President of the Basilicata region since 2013. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Pittella's father Domenico and brother Gianni were also politicians. Marcello the mayor of Lauria from 2001 to 2005. in April 2005, he was elected to the Basilicata Regional Council and re-elected in 2010. He joined Basilicata's Regional Government in 2012 as an Assessor to productive activity. He was its Vice President from April 2013 to September 2013. On November 8, 2013 he was elected President of Basilicata, succeeding Vito De Filippo. Marcello Pittella Marcello Pittella (born June 4, 1962 in Lauria) is an Italian politician. He has served as President of the Basilicata region since 2013. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Pittella's father Domenico and brother Gianni were also politicians. Marcello the mayor of Lauria from 2001 to 2005. in April 2005, he was elected to the Basilicata Regional Council and re-elected in 2010. He joined Basilicata's Regional Government in 2012 as an Assessor to productive activity. He was its Vice President from April 2013 to September 2013. On November 8, 2013 he was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Barton Beds Barton Beds (now the Barton Group) is the name given to a series of grey and brown clays, with layers of sand, of Upper Eocene age (around 40 million years old), which are found in the Hampshire Basin of southern England. They are particularly well exposed in the cliffs at Barton-on-Sea, which is the world type locality for the Barton Beds, and lends its name to the Bartonian age of the Eocene epoch. The clay is abundant in fossils, especially molluscs. The beds are found in the Hampshire Basin, and are well exposed in the cliffs of Barton, Hordle, and on the Isle of Wight. The cliffs at Barton are the world type locality for the Barton Beds. The beds consist of grey, greenish and brown clays with bands of sand and have long been well known for the abundance and excellent preservation of their fossils. More than 500 species have been recorded, of which, over half are molluscs, including numerous turret shells and lamellibranchs. Sharks teeth are common, and the beds have yielded remains of corals, fishes, mammals, reptiles, and birds. Plant fossils are also abundant. In the 1840s fossils were found in the \"crocodile bed\" at Hordle cliff, which belonged to an extinct species of alligator, which was subsequently named \"Diplocynodon hantoniensis\", after the county of Hampshire (\"Hantonia\" being a Latinization based on the Anglo-Saxon name \"Hantescire\"). Above the highly fossiliferous Barton Clay, there is a sandy series with few fossils; these are the Headon Hill or Barton Sands. Today, the Barton Beds are rather poorly exposed in many sections due to coastal protection works. The \"Barton Beds\" are of Upper Eocene age, and the area was covered with an inland sea, and the temperature was higher than at the present day. The term \"Bartonian\" was introduced by Karl Mayer-Eymar in 1857 for the continental equivalents of the series. Barton Beds Barton Beds (now the Barton Group) is the name given to a series of grey and brown clays, with layers of sand, of Upper Eocene age (around 40 million years old), which are found in the Hampshire Basin of southern England. They are particularly well exposed in the cliffs at Barton-on-Sea, which is the world type locality for the Barton Beds, and lends its name to the Bartonian age of the Eocene epoch. The clay is abundant in fossils, especially molluscs. The beds are found" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pearl Cleage Pearl Cleage (born December 7, 1948) is an African American author whose work, both fiction and non-fiction, has been widely recognized. Her novel \"What Looks Like Crazy on an Ordinary Day\" was a 1998 Oprah Book Club selection. Cleage is known for her feminist views, particularly regarding her identity as an African American woman. Cleage teaches drama at Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia and is the Playwright in Residence at the Alliance Theatre. Pearl Cleage was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, the daughter of Doris Cleage (\"née\" Graham), a teacher, and the late civil rights activist Bishop Albert Cleage. After backlash resulting from her father's radical teachings, the family moved to Detroit, Michigan, where Bishop Cleage became a prominent civil rights leader. Cleage first attended Howard University in Washington, D.C. in 1966, majoring in playwriting and dramatic literature. However she moved to Atlanta, Georgia, to attend Spelman College in 1969, where she attained a bachelor's degree in drama in 1971. She then joined the Spelman faculty as a writer and playwright in residence and as a creative director. Cleage has written many novels, plays, and non-fiction works borrowing heavily from her life experiences. Many of her novels are set in neighborhoods in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2013, Cleage became the Playwright in Residence at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia through the National Playwright Residency Program funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and administered by HowlRound. The initial three-year term was renewed for an additional three years in 2016. Cleage is documenting her residency with frequent writings in the HowlRound journal. Cleage notably writes about topics at the intersection of sexism and racism, specifically on issues such as domestic violence and rape in the black community. She has been a supporter of the Obama administration. Cleage is an activist for AIDS and women's rights, experiences from which she draws from for her writings. In 1969, Cleage married Michael Lomax, an Atlanta politician and past-president of Dillard University in New Orleans, Louisiana. They had a daughter, Deignan Njeri. The marriage ended in divorce in 1979. In 1994, Cleage married Zaron Burnett, Jr, writer and director for the Just Us Theater Company. She has four grandchildren. Cleage is a former Cosby Endowed Chair professor at Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia. She also speaks at colleges, universities, and conferences on topics including domestic violence, the citizen's role in a participatory democracy, and writing topics. Chain Pearl Cleage Pearl Cleage (born December 7, 1948) is an African American author whose work, both fiction and non-fiction, has been widely recognized. Her novel \"What Looks Like Crazy on an Ordinary Day\" was a 1998 Oprah Book Club selection. Cleage is known for her feminist views, particularly regarding her identity as an African American woman. Cleage teaches drama at Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia and is the Playwright in Residence at the Alliance Theatre. Pearl Cleage was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, the daughter of Doris Cleage (\"née\" Graham), a teacher, and the late civil rights activist" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tragedy + Time \"Tragedy + Time\" is a song by American punk rock band Rise Against. The song was released as the second single from their seventh album, titled \"The Black Market\". The song impacted radio on October 21, 2014. According to lead singer Tim McIlrath, the title of the song comes from the phrase \"tragedy plus time equals comedy\". The song is a playable track in Guitar Hero Live. Mischa Pearlman of \"Alternative Press\" praised the song's chorus, calling it \"one of the band’s most catchy, anthemic choruses\". Max Qayyum of Punknews.org said that \"despite being the poppiest song on the record\", he found the track sincere and noted how it would work as the penultimate track. Ryan Bray of Consequence of Sound called the song \"overlong but catchy\". Dan H. of Sputnikmusic criticized the song for being \"extraneous even amidst the variety\". A music video for the song was released on November 6, 2014. A lyric video was released for the song earlier on October 21, 2014. Tragedy + Time \"Tragedy + Time\" is a song by American punk rock band Rise Against. The song was released as the second single from their seventh album, titled \"The Black" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lauren Glassberg Lauren Glassberg (born June 2, 1971) is an American journalist. Currently, Glassberg is a features reporter and substitute co-anchor for WABC-TV's editions of \"Eyewitness News\" in New York City. Lauren joined the ABC Affiliate in March 2000. In addition to Lauren's features, she seldom extends to report the mainstream news during her fill-in anchorages, often alongside anchors Joe Torres and Bill Ritter, respectively. Lauren started her career in journalism as a teenager writing for the \"Main Street Wire,\" the newspaper on Roosevelt Island. She graduated from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism and soon after landed her first television job in Akron, Ohio. From there she headed south to Little Rock, Arkansas where she covered the Whitewater scandal and anchored the Saturday morning news. At WABC-TV, her Friday food segment is called \"Neighborhood Eats\". Prior to coming to WABC TV, she anchored \"KARE 11 Today\", which was a morning news show on the NBC affiliate in Minneapolis (the show no longer airs). Before Minneapolis she anchored and reported in Little Rock at KATV, and prior to that she was a reporter at what was then the ABC affiliate WAKC 23 in Akron, Ohio. She grew up in New York City. Glassberg came to WABC-TV From Little Rock, Arkansas. At ABC, Glassberg serves as the quirky and exhilarating neighborhood reporter, where she provides New Yorkers with reports and every Friday she has a segment called \"7 Neighborhood Eats\", where she goes to random neighborhood restaurants and tastes several dishes and gives a good word of praise to the restaurant. Akron, Ohio gave Glassberg her first job. In Ohio, Glassberg was a reporter/anchor for an independent station. Next, Glassberg hosted the morning program \"Good Day Minneapolis\", now a part of the Fox affiliation. From there, Glassberg came back to her native New York City, where she came back to the station she grew up watching \"Eyewitness News\" in and towards the end of the Bill Beutel and Roz Abrams era. Glassberg's journalistic talent began when she began reporting for the \"Main Street Wire\" on Roosevelt Island, New York. Lauren gave birth to a baby boy, Beau Hudson, in November 2013. Lauren Glassberg Lauren Glassberg (born June 2, 1971) is an American journalist. Currently, Glassberg is a features reporter and substitute co-anchor for WABC-TV's editions of \"Eyewitness News\" in New York City. Lauren joined the ABC Affiliate in March 2000. In" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ohio State Route 749 State Route 749 (SR 749) is an east–west state highway in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. Its western terminus is at a signalized intersection with US 52 in the hamlet of New Palestine, and its eastern terminus is at another signalized intersection, this time SR 132, in the unincorporated community of Lindale. The entirety of SR 749 is nestled within the confines of Clermont County. This state highway is not included as a part of the National Highway System. SR 749 was first designated in 1937 along the routing that it currently occupies in southwestern Clermont County. The highway has not experienced any major changes to its routing since its debut. Ohio State Route 749 State Route 749 (SR 749) is an east–west state highway in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. Its western terminus is at a signalized intersection with US 52 in the hamlet of New Palestine, and its eastern terminus is at another signalized intersection, this time SR 132, in the unincorporated community of Lindale. The entirety of SR 749 is nestled within the confines of Clermont County. This state highway is not included as a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "J. Franklin Jameson John Franklin Jameson (September 19, 1859 – September 28, 1937) was an American historian, author, and journal editor who played a major role in the professional activities of American historians in the early 20th century. He helped establish the American Historical Association. A Yankee, Jameson was born in Somerville, Massachusetts, the son of John Jameson, a schoolteacher, lawyer, and postmaster, and Mariette Thompson. He graduated from Amherst College in 1879 as class valedictorian, studying with John W. Burgess and Anson D. Morse. More influential was Herbert Baxter Adams, head of the department of history and political science at the Johns Hopkins University, where Jameson received the first doctorate in history in 1882. He became an instructor; his dissertation \"The Origin and Development of the Municipal Government of New York City\" was published in article form in 1882. He moved to Brown University as professor in 1888. One of his judgments has since gained currency as a proverbial saying. In \"The History of Historical Writing in America\" (Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Company, 1891), Jameson remarked that the third volume of George Bancroft's \"History of the United States\", like the first two, \"continued to vote for Jackson.\" Subsequent versions of this saying—e.g., that \"every page of Bancroft's history votes for Jackson\"—may be traced to this phrasing. Jameson was a social historian, an expert in historiography, and above all an intellectual entrepreneur and gatekeeper who helped determine the priorities of the history profession in America. His base was the American Historical Association, which he helped found in 1884. He chaired its Historical Manuscripts Commission in 1895 and became the first managing editor of the \"American Historical Review\" (AHR), 1895–1901, 1905–1928, serving as information central for academic historiography. After an interlude at the University of Chicago he went to Washington in 1905 as director of the Department of Historical Research of the heavily endowed Carnegie Institution of Washington. It was controlled by scientists who never fully supported Jameson, though he held the position until 1928. He was not known for his writings, but his small book on \"The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement\" (1926) proved influential. It expressed themes Jameson had been developing since the 1890s which reflected the \"Progressive\" historiography. It downplayed ideas and political values and stressed the Revolution was a fight over power among economic interest groups, especially who would rule at home. In 1890, Jameson was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. Jameson was the first professional historian to become the AHA president (1907). Although a number of Jameson's colleagues and friends went on to serve as AHA presidents, they also tended to refer to Jameson as \"the Dean,\" a jocose reference to his influence within the organization. Jameson invited W.E.B. Du Bois to present a paper concerning Reconstruction at the 1909 AHA meeting, which proved controversial; no other African-American was invited to speak before the AHA until 1940. At that time, the AHA used a system of electing a Second Vice President who ascended to the Presidency of the organization over the subsequent two years. Trouble arose in the AHA as younger men protested Jameson's authoritarianism. In 1913-15 the insurgents, led by Frederic Bancroft, accused Jameson and an inner circle of notable historians of the time (including Frederick Jackson Turner, Andrew C. McLaughlin, George Lincoln Burr, and Charles Homer Haskins) of being undemocratic, and published a pamphlet attacking both the system of governance and the individuals. A compromise was offered by Jameson's co-editor of the AHR and incoming President, George Lincoln Burr, who refused to take office unless he were elected by the membership directly. As a result, the insurgents gained some new, more democratic rules, including the direct annual election of the President, and Burr was unanimously elected President of the AHA. Although the controversy was resolved, Jameson's reputation suffered some collateral damage. During World War I Jameson edited historical material for soldiers in their training camps, and he published articles in the AHR that supported the Allies. In 1918, he was one of two scholars who pronounced on the authenticity of the Sisson Documents that purported to demonstrate that Germany had financed the Bolshevik Revolution. Decades later George F. Kennan demonstrated the documents were forgeries and denounced Jameson for his participation despite his lack of qualifications, notably no knowledge of Russian. At Carnegie Jameson supervised a series of documentary publications, such as guides to archival resources around the world, documentary editions of the letters of members of the Continental Congress, documents on the slave trade and slave law, and the papers of Andrew Jackson, as well as an atlas of American history. Jameson began numerous annual publications and, with Waldo Leland, started lobbying Congress to create the National Archives, the building for which was first funded in 1926. The National Archives organization was established in 1934. In 1926 he finally published an influential short book in the works for three decades, \"The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement\". After losing his position at Carnegie in 1928, he became head of the Division of Manuscripts at the Library of Congress, where he made some notable acquisitions of major collections. Jameson himself explained his life's work in this way: J. Franklin Jameson John Franklin Jameson (September 19, 1859 – September 28, 1937) was an American historian, author, and journal editor who played a major role in the professional activities of American" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jacquinot Bay Airport Jacquinot Bay Airport is an airport near Jacquinot Bay in the East New Britain Province on the island of New Britain in Papua New Guinea. The airstrip was liberated by the Australian Army in 1944, and an airstrip was built by 1945. There is no scheduled airline service. The Jacquinot Bay area was liberated by the Australian Army on 4 November 1944. The 2/3 Railway Construction Company and the 17th Field Company RAE began construction of an airfield and in February 1945, No. 1 Airfield Construction Squadron expanded the base. The airfield had a single coral runway. Royal Australian Air Force units based here included: Royal New Zealand Air Force units based here included: Following the Japanese surrender several Japanese aircraft were flown from Vunakanau Airfield to Jacquinot Bay Airfield. On 15 November 1945 an RAAF C-47 #13339 crashed into a mountain on a flight from Jacquinot Bay to Rabaul, all 28 passengers and crew were killed. The airport has one runway which measures in length. Jacquinot Bay Airport Jacquinot Bay Airport is an airport near Jacquinot Bay in the East New Britain Province on the island of New Britain in Papua New Guinea. The airstrip was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Fovant Badges The Fovant Badges are a set of regimental badges cut into a chalk hill, Fovant Down, near Fovant, in southwest Wiltshire, England. They are located between Salisbury and Shaftesbury on the A30 road in the Nadder valley; or approximately southwest of Fovant. They were created by soldiers garrisoned nearby, and waiting to go to France, during the First World War; the first in 1916. They are clearly visible from the A30 road which runs through the village. Nine of the original twenty remain, and are scheduled ancient monuments and recognised by the Imperial War Museum as war memorials. Further badges have been added more recently. The Fovant Badge Society holds an annual Drumhead Service which is attended by the Australian High Commissioner, local mayors and members of parliament. These services fund the upkeep of the badges. After the outlines were cut into the grass-covered hillsides, they were refilled with chalk brought from a nearby slope, up to 50 tons per badge. The badges took an average fifty men six months to complete. Reading left to right (north-east to south-west), the badges at Fovant are: To commemorate the centenary of the first badge, created in 1916, a badge in the shape of a poppy, to represent the poppies that grew in “Flanders Fields” has been created. Several of the lost badges were short lived, small and crudely constructed. The previously unrestored military badge at Sutton Down of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment was restored during 2017 and spring 2018 by volunteers of the Sutton Mandeville Heritage Trust. It was supported by a grant from the National Lottery and the restored badge was inaugurated on 3 May 2018 by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, the successor to the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. () The nearby badge of 7th Battalion, The London Regiment remains unrestored. () After more than twenty years of neglect the outline map of Australia on Compton Down has been restored by a local voluntary group called the Map of Australia Trust (MOAT). This unique hill figure was created by Australian troops garrisoned in Hurdcott Camp in the fields below the map training and awaiting transport to the battlefields of WW1. The map is a Scheduled Monument. () On Lamb Down, on the north side of the A36 between Codford and the Deptford interchange and about 9 miles north by west of Fovant, is a cutting of the Australian Commonwealth Military Force badge, it is less detailed than the one at Fovant. It was cut in 1916–1917. () Additionally, near Barford St Martin, at the eastern end of the Fovant Encampment, was the Finsbury Rifles Badge. Not much is known about this figure. Also about 20 miles distance of the Fovant Badges is another military hill figure, though not of a badge: the Bulford Kiwi, which resides in the grounds of the Bulford Camp. Fovant Badges The Fovant Badges are a set of regimental badges cut into a chalk hill, Fovant Down, near" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pascal Edmond Pascal Edmond (born 19 November 1971) is a French professional golfer. Edmond was born in Paris, and turned professional in 1991. His brother Olivier is also a professional golfer. Despite many trips to qualifying school, Edmond never managed to gain full playing status on the European Tour. However, he did play many seasons on the second tier Challenge Tour, and in 2000 won the Aa St Omer Open, three years before it became co-sanctioned by the main tour. That victory accounts for more than half of his career earnings on the two tours combined. Edmond later moved to Canada where he is the director of the golf academy at Les Quatre Domaines in Mirabel, Quebec. Pascal Edmond Pascal Edmond (born 19 November 1971) is a French professional golfer. Edmond was born in Paris, and turned professional in 1991. His brother Olivier is also a professional golfer. Despite many trips to qualifying school, Edmond never managed to gain full playing status on the European Tour. However, he did play many seasons on the second tier Challenge Tour, and in 2000 won the Aa St Omer Open, three years before it became co-sanctioned by the main tour. That victory accounts" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hanna Pakarinen Hanna Helena Pakarinen (born 17 April 1981 in Lappeenranta, Finland) is a Finnish pop and pop-rock singer who rose to fame as the winner of the first series of the Finnish singing competition \"Idols\" in 2004. Since then she has represented Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007 on homeland, and has sold over 91,000 certified records in Finland, which places her among the top 50 best-selling female soloists in her home country. Hanna was born in Lappeenranta, South Karelia (though she now resides in Helsinki she still proudly speaks the local dialect of the region). Throughout her early twenties she worked as a forklift driver, an unusual occupation for a female, and was part of a local Finnish band named Rained. In the summer of 2003, a twenty-three-year-old Pakarinen auditioned for the inaugural season of the Finnish singing competition \"Idols\" in the country's capital, Helsinki. Her powerful and emotion-filled vocals impressed the panel of judges and she was unanimously passed through to the next round of the contest, before making it through to the live finals. From the outset of the live shows, Pakarinen was considered a hot favourite to win. She received consistent high praise from the judges, and on one occasion she was even hugged by one of them. On numerous occasions they described her as, \"the first \"real\" singer in the competition\". On 3 January 2004 Pakarinen secured a place in the top two grand finale of the contest, alongside Jani Wickholm. During the finale, broadcast a week later on 9 January, Pakarinen performed Tina Turner's \"The Best\", the Bangles' \"Eternal Flame\" and the coronation song made especially for the \"Idols\" winner, \"Tulin Voittamaan (\"I Came to Win\")\". She also made an English version of the song titled \"Love is Like a Song\". Later that night, it was announced that Pakarinen had secured 60% (or 413,000) of the viewers' votes, thereby defeating runner-up Jani Wickholm, who had received 40% (or 282,000) of the public vote. Pakarinen was crowned as the first Finnish Idol and was given an advanced payment of €30,000, along with a recording contract with Sony BMG. Immediately after winning \"Idols\", Pakarinen signed a recording contract with Sony BMG and she released her debut single \"Love Is Like A Song\", which debuted at number one on the Finnish singles chart, a position it held for four non-consecutive weeks. Her debut album \"When I Become Me\" was released in June 2004, five months after her win on \"Idols\", and debuted at number two on the Finnish albums chart. Although it held the number two spot for a total of five weeks and stayed within the top five for ten weeks, the album did not manage to reach the number one position. However, it was still a huge success and was certified platinum for the sale of over 52,000 copies in Finland. Although a second single was not released commercially from the album, the songs \"Fearless\", \"How Can I Miss You\" and the title track \"When I Become Me\" were released as promotional singles in order to support the album, with \"How Can I Miss You\" becoming Pakarinen's first music video. Pakarinen also embarked on her first nationwide tour as a recording artist named the \"When I Become Me Tour\", which received excellent reviews and sold out at every venue. In the late summer of 2005, Pakarinen returned to the music scene with her second commercial single \"Kiss Of Life\", which would serve as the first single to be taken from her second album \"Stronger\". The song debuted and peaked at number four on the Finnish singles chart, and when the album was released in September, it (like her first album) debuted and peaked at number two. \"Stronger\" was not as successful as her first album, falling to number ten within its first three weeks, however it still managed to sell almoat 17,000 copies and was certified gold. The songs \"Stronger Without You\" and \"Damn You\" were chosen as promotional singles, the first of which was accompanied by a music video. To further support the album, Pakarinen travelled across Finland on her \"Stronger Tour\", performing many songs from the new album as well as several from her previous record. In January 2007, after a short break from the music industry, Pakarinen released the song \"Go Go\" as a promotional single from her highly anticipated third studio album. The song was accompanied by a music video which became extremely popular, and when \"Lovers\", the third album was released on 14 February, it debuted at number three on the chart. Although it placed lower than her previous record, \"Lovers\" went on to become much more critically successful and spent over twice as many weeks on the albums chart. It was certified gold and sold 16,000 copies in Finland. The album also marked Pakarinen's personal debut as a songwriter. She is credited on six of the album's eleven original tracks. On 17 February 2007 it was announced that Pakarinen had been chosen to represent Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest in Helsinki with the song \"Leave Me Alone\", the first commercial single from her new album and her third commercial single overall. During the live finals, the song received 53 points and finished in 17th place. However, the contest allowed Pakarinen to gain a much wider European audience, and \"Leave Me Alone\" and its music video became very popular, especially in Sweden. Here, the song topped the radio chart for three consecutive weeks and peaked at number eight on the Swedish singles chart. In the UK, the song charted at number one-hundred-and-twenty-two on downloads. Back home in Finland, the song peaked at number eleven. Following the Eurovision Song Contest, Pakarinen returned to her music and embarked upon her \"Lovers Tour\", again playing to sell-out audiences and receiving rave reviews for her powerful voice and stunning stage performances. On 17 October 2007 she appeared on the soundtrack of the Finnish movie \"Musta Jää\". Pakarinen sang the title song \"Black Ice\", for which she made a music video to promote the movie. Following her highly successful \"Lovers\" album, Pakarinen took a break from the music industry in order to write material for her fourth studio album. In late 2008, Pakarien released \"Make Believe\" as the first single from her upcoming fourth studio album, \"Love In A Million Shades\", the title of which was announced true her official Myspace. After almost two years since the appearance of her third album, \"Love In A Million Shades\" was released on 14 January 2009. Having taken a creative step away from the rock-image of her previous album \"Lovers\", \"Love In A Million Shades\" debuted and peaked at number 7 on the Finnish albums chart, her first release to peak outside the top three. The second single, \"Shout It Out Loud\" however, peaked at number 2 on the singles chart, her highest position since her debut, \"Love Is Like A Song\". The album sold 7,000 copies and was the first album by Pakarinen not to be certified. However, her record label Sony BMG stated that the drop in sales was expected due to the growing digital age throughout the world, before going on to say they believed Pakarinen's career could easily last well over another decade. The title-track, \"Love In A Million Shades\" was also released as the second single in late February and was accompanied by a music video, her first since \"Black Ice\" over a year earlier. In mid-2009 Pakarinen completed her fourth national tour, supporting her fourth studio album. Unlike her previous tours however, the \"Love In A Million Shades Tour\" played small, intimate venues. She recorded her first album in Finnish, which includes the singles \"Paperimiehen tytär\", \"Miehet\", and \"Se yksi ainoa\". Hanna Pakarinen Hanna Helena Pakarinen (born 17" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Romuald Hazoumè Romuald Hazoumè (born 1962 in Porto Novo) is a Yoruba artist from the Republic of Bénin, best known for his work \"La Bouche du Roi\", a reworking of the 1789 image of the slave ship \"Brookes\". \"La Bouche du Roi\" was widely exhibited in the United Kingdom as part of the centenary remembrance of the Slave Trade Act 1807 by Parliament. He only uses recycled materials to create his works. Hazoumè is also known for his mask series. He started this phase of his art in the mid-1980s. These masks, made from discarded gasoline canisters, resemble those used in traditional African culture and ceremonies. In explaining these works, Hazoumè has said: “I send back to the West that which belongs to them, that is to say, the refuse of consumer society that invades us every day.” Hazoumè is among the artists represented in The Contemporary African Art Collection (CAAC) of Jean Pigozzi. Romuald Hazoumè Romuald Hazoumè (born 1962 in Porto Novo) is a Yoruba artist from the Republic of Bénin, best known for his work \"La Bouche du Roi\", a reworking of the 1789 image of the slave ship \"Brookes\". \"La Bouche du Roi\" was widely exhibited in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Spontaneous process A spontaneous process is the time-evolution of a system in which it releases free energy and it moves to a lower, more thermodynamically stable energy state. The sign convention for free energy follows the general convention for thermodynamic measurements, in which a release of free energy from the system corresponds to a negative change in the free energy of the system and a positive change in the free energy of the surroundings. Depending on the nature of the process, the free energy is determined differently. For example, the Gibbs free energy is used when considering processes that occur under constant pressure and temperature conditions whereas the Helmholtz free energy is used when considering processes that occur under constant volume and temperature conditions. Because spontaneous processes are characterized by a decrease in the system's free energy, they do not need to be driven by an outside source of energy. For cases involving an isolated system where no energy is exchanged with the surroundings, spontaneous processes are characterized by an increase in entropy. In general, the spontaneity of a process only determines whether or not a process \"can\" occur and makes no indication as to whether or not the process \"will\" occur. In other words, spontaneity is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for a process to actually occur. Furthermore, spontaneity makes no implication as to the speed at which as spontaneous may occur. As an example, the conversion of a diamond into graphite is a spontaneous process at room temperature and pressure. Despite being spontaneous, this process does not occur since the energy to break the strong carbon-carbon bonds is larger than the release in free energy. For a process that occurs at constant temperature and pressure, spontaneity can be determined using the change in Gibbs free energy, which is given by: where the sign of Δ\"G\" depends on the signs of the changes in enthalpy (Δ\"H\") and entropy (Δ\"S\"). The sign of Δ\"G\" will change from positive to negative (or vice versa) where \"T\" = Δ\"H\"/Δ\"S\". In cases where Δ\"G\" is: This set of rules can be used to determine four distinct cases by examining the signs of the Δ\"S\" and Δ\"H\". For the latter two cases, the temperature at which the spontaneity changes will be determined by the relative magnitudes of Δ\"S\" and Δ\"H\". When using the entropy change of a process to assess spontaneity, it is important to carefully consider the definition of the system and surroundings. The second law of thermodynamics states that a process involving an isolated system will be spontaneous if the entropy of the system increases over time. For open or closed systems, however, the statement must be modified to say that the total entropy of the \"combined\" system and surroundings must increase, or, This criterion can then be used to explain how it is possible for the entropy of an open or closed system to decrease during a spontaneous process. A decrease in system entropy can only occur spontaneously if the entropy change of the surroundings is both positive in sign and has a larger magnitude than the entropy change of the system: and In many processes, the increase in entropy of the surroundings is accomplished via heat transfer from the system to the surroundings (i.e. an exothermic process). Spontaneous process A spontaneous process is the time-evolution of a system in which it releases free energy and it moves to a lower, more thermodynamically stable energy state. The sign convention for free energy follows the general convention for thermodynamic measurements, in which a release of free energy from the system corresponds" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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