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Polarity Inversion (PI) based watermarking scheme utilizes the fact that the human auditory system (HAS) is insensitive to the polarity of the speech signal [1] . Secure data can be hidden in speech signal by inverting the polarity of certain portion of the signal. PI watermarking can be classified as phase coding sche... | 0 |
The LinGO Grammar Matrix (Bender et al., 2002 ) is a resource for building implemented precision HPSG (Pollard and Sag, 1994) grammars of natural languages. Grammars based on the Matrix are expressed in the Type Description Language (TDL) (Krieger and Schäfer, 1994) , are interpretable by the Linguistic Knowledge Build... | 0 |
The task of producing summaries from a cluster of multiple topic-related documents has gained much attention during the Document Understanding Conference 1 (DUC) and the Text Analysis Conference 2 (TAC) series. Despite a lot of research in this area, it is still a major challenge to automatically produce summaries that... | 0 |
Nowadays corpus processing techniques are widely adopted to approach the well-known lexical bottleneck problems in language engineering. Lexical acquisition methods rely on collocational analysis (pure statistics), robust parsing (syntax-driven acquisition) or semantic annotations as they are found in large thesaura or... | 0 |
In recent years, visual question answering (VQA) (Antol et al., 2015) and image captioning (Donahue et al., 2015; Rennie et al., 2017) have been widely studied in both the computer vision and NLP communities. Most recent VQA research (Lu et al., 2017; Pedersoli et al., 2017; Anderson et al., 2018; Lu et al., 2018) conc... | 0 |
The volume of the scientific literature is vast and increasing. It is commonly impossible for researchers to read all the papers published even in their own specialty, thus it is natural to apply text summarization methods to scientific literature. The problem we consider is to summarize a scientific paper that has bee... | 0 |
The exponential increase in the volume of scientific publications in the past decades has made NLP an essential tool for large-scale knowledge extraction and machine reading of these documents. Recent progress in NLP has been driven by the adoption of deep neural models, but training such models often requires large am... | 0 |
Achieving a model of discourse interpretation that is both robust and deep is a major challenge. Consider the dialogue in Figure 1 (the sentence numbers are from the Redwoods treebank (Oepen et al., 2002) ). A robust and deep interpretation of it should resolve the anaphoric temporal description in utterance 154 to the... | 0 |
Communication between healthcare professionals and deaf patients is challenging [11] , especially during the current COVID-19 pandemic [20] . Sign language interpreters can often not enter hospitals and clinics, interpreting via video relay is not always viable, and face masks make lipreading impossible [14] .We conduc... | 0 |
One of the big challenges for the MT community is the problem of placing translated words in a natural order. This issue originates from the fact that different languages are characterized by different word order requirements. The problem is especially important if the distance between words which should be reordered i... | 0 |
Arguments play a central role in decision making on social issues. Striving to automatically understand human arguments, computational argumentation becomes a growing field in natural language processing. It can be analyzed at two levels -monological argumentation and dialogical argumentation. Existing research on mono... | 0 |
A Named Entity (NE) is a lexical unit consisting of a sequence of contiguous words which refers to a concrete entity -such as a person, a location, an organization or an artifact. Figure 1 contains an example sentence, extracted from the Spanish corpus referred in section 2 and translated into Catalan, including severa... | 0 |
The problem of language translation has been in focus for many decades and has seen contributions from both linguistic and computer science communities. Linguistic contribution (Streiter (1996) ) has come in the form of several language resources comprising of dictionaries, grammar and studies on units of translation. ... | 0 |
Due to cultural interactions in history (Ebrey, 1996) , Korean shares a large number of Sino-Korean words with Chinese, which are etymologically rooted in Chinese characters but have their Korean pronunciation (Wang et al., 2016) . Traditionally written in logographic Chinese characters, Sino-Korean words are now writt... | 0 |
Job markets are under constant developmentoften due to developments in technology, migration, and digitization-so are the skill sets required. Consequentially, job vacancy data is emerging on a variety of platforms in big quantities and can provide insights on labor market skill demands or aid job matching (Balog et al... | 0 |
Computational research on multiword expressions (MWEs) has mostly addressed the topic for English (Sag et al., 2001) . Some research has dealt with other languages, such as French (Michiels and Dufour, 1998) or Chinese (Zhang et al., 2000) , but there has been no computationally tractable research on the topic for Russ... | 0 |
Temporality is crucial in understanding the course of clinical events from a patient's electronic health records. Since a large part of the information on temporality resides in narrative clinical notes, automatic extraction of temporal information from clinical notes using natural language processing (NLP) techniques ... | 0 |
The outbreak of COVID-19 has raised concerns about the spread of Sinophobia and other forms of East Asian prejudice across the world, with reports of online and offline abuse directed against East Asian people, including physical attacks (Flanagan, 2020; Wong, 2020; Liu, 2020; Walton, 2020; Solomon, 2020; Guy, 2020) . ... | 0 |
This paper describes the systems submitted by AI Speech Co., Ltd. (AISP) and Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) for IWSLT 2022 Simultaneous Translation task. Two speech translation systems including cascade and end-to-end (E2E) for the Simultaneous Speech Translation track, and a simultaneous neural machine translatio... | 0 |
Distributional models of meaning have been proved extremely useful for a number of natural language processing tasks, ranging from thesaurus extraction (Curran, 2004) to topic modelling (Landauer and Dumais, 1997) and information retrieval (Manning et al., 2008) , to name just a few. These models are based on the distr... | 0 |
In continuous speech recognition, N-grams have been widely used as effective linguistic constraints for spontaneous speech [1] . To reduce the search effort, N of a high-order can be quite powerful; but making the large corpus necessary to calculate a reliable high-order N is unrealistic. For a realistic linguistic con... | 0 |
There are many different aspects to consider in the evaluation of machine translation (MT) systems, including intelligibility, accuracy, error analysis and so on (e.g. Arnold et al., 1994; EAGLES, 1999) . However, few seem to directly address the identification and translation of personal names within texts, especially... | 0 |
The language used in social media expresses many differences from other written genres: its vocabulary is informal with intentional deviations from standard orthography such as repeated letters for emphasis; typos and non-standard abbreviations are common; and non-linguistic content is written out, such as laughter, so... | 0 |
Data understanding is fundamentally important in natural language processing (NLP); for data-driven learning-based methods (e.g. neural networks), the quality of the training data bounds the quality of models learned using it. Therefore, understanding this data is necessary in order to ensure that models learn to perfo... | 0 |
Despite its importance to empirical evaluation, relatively little attention has been paid to statistical power in NLP. In particular, if it is the case that typical experiments in NLP are underpowered, not only would we expect many meaningful improvements to go undetected, we would also expect many apparently significa... | 0 |
Relation extraction is the task of finding relationships between two entities from text. For the task, many machine learning methods have been proposed, including supervised methods (Miller et al., 2000; Zelenko et al., 2002; Culotta and Soresen, 2004; Kambhatla, 2004; Zhou et al., 2005) , semisupervised methods (Brin,... | 0 |
Text generation is the task of automatically generating texts, which maintain specific properties of real texts. In the context of synthetic text generation, generative models are used to generate test data for benchmarking big data systems (Rabl and Jacobsen, 2012) . BDGS (Ming et al., 2014) is a text generator that a... | 0 |
In cross language information retrieval (CLIR) a user issues a query in one language to search a document collection in a different language. Out of Vocabulary (OOV) words are problematic in CLIR. These words are a common source of errors in CLIR. Most of the query terms are OOV words like named entities, numbers, acro... | 0 |
Automatic text summarization (Nenkova and McKeown, 2011 ) is a fundamental problem in natural language processing. Given an input text (typically a long document or article), the goal is to * These authors contributed equally to this work.Input Article: Yahoo's patents suggest users could weigh the type of ads against ... | 0 |
Recently, Neural Machine Translation (NMT) (Bahdanau et al., 2014; Sutskever et al., 2014) has been greatly developed and become the dominant paradigm in machine translation. On the one hand, the development of deep neural networks such as Transformer (Vaswani et al., 2017; Li et al., 2021a) has played a significant ro... | 0 |
Clarification questions are common in human-human dialogue. They help dialogue participants maintain dialogue flow and resolve misunderstandings. Purver (2004) finds that in human-human dialogue speakers most frequently use reprise clarification questions to resolve recognition errors. Reprise clarification questions u... | 0 |
Second Language Acquisition (SLA) has long recognized the need for immediate feedback on learner production (Mackey, 2006) . However, in real-life classrooms, there is limited opportunity for such immediate feedback if every student is to be considered according to her needs.Intelligent Language Tutoring Systems make i... | 0 |
Identifying medical concepts in social media narratives is the task of recognizing certain phrases in the context of a user's post. Each phrase is also assigned a label from a set of predefined medical types. For instance, given the sentence "Aspirin cured my terrible headache, but made me sleepy", the following medica... | 0 |
Nowadays, there are numerous Web sites containing personal opinions, e.g. customer reviews of products, forums, discussion groups, and blogs. Here, we use the term Weblog for these sites. How to extract and analyze these opinions automatically, i.e. "Opinion Mining", has seen increasing attention in recent years.This p... | 0 |
POS tagging, i.e., assigning syntactic categories to tokens in context, is an important first step when developing language technology for low-resource languages. POS tags can provide an efficient inductive bias for modeling downstream tasks, especially if training data for these tasks are limited.However, POS tagging ... | 0 |
Events are important building blocks of documents. They play a key role in document understanding tasks, such as information extraction (Chambers and Jurafsky, 2011) , news summarization (Vossen and Caselli, 2015) , story understanding (Mostafazadeh et al., 2016) . Conceptually, events correspond to state changes and n... | 0 |
Parody is a figurative device which imitates entities such as politicians and celebrities by copying their particular style or a situation where the entity was involved (Rose, 1993) . It is an intrinsic part of social media as a relatively new comedic form (Vis, 2013) . A very popular type of parody is political parody... | 0 |
Automatic discourse analysis of student essays can benefit many downstream applications such as essay rating, text organization assessment and writing instruction. In this paper we focus on identifying discourse elements for sentences in persuasive essays written by Chinese high school students. Discourse elements repr... | 0 |
Given the state of the art of current language and speech technology, communication problems are unavoidable in present-day spoken dialogue systems. The main source of these problems lies in the imperfections of automatic speech recognition, but also incorrect interpretations by the natural language understanding modul... | 0 |
Language Models (LM) are commonly used to score a sequence of tokens according to its probability of occurring in natural language. They are an essential building block in a variety of applications such as machine translation, speech recognition and grammatical error correction. The standard way of evaluating a languag... | 0 |
Use cases for Natural Language Generation are abundant and vary widely from theoretically interesting to practically relevant. Topically limited systems are already being used in different areas like weather reports (Ramos-Soto et al., 2013) or financial analysis (Nesterenko, 2016) . Our topically unlimited software ha... | 0 |
Recent work has shown the efficacy of bidirectional long short-term memory network (bi-LSTM) encoders in parsing (Kiperwasser and Goldberg, 2016; Cross and Huang, 2016b; Cross and Huang, 2016a) . In these parsers, a bi-LSTM encodes the sentence and constructs context-aware embeddings for each word. Then a standard tran... | 0 |
In this study, we propose an approach for acquiring legal term translations from parallel corpora, by analysing bilingual context profiles.Following the implementation of legal bilingualism in the 90's, Hong Kong has experienced an increasing demand for authentic and high quality legal texts in both Chinese and English... | 0 |
The introduction of the attention mechanism (Bahdanau et al., 2014) offered a way to demystify the inference process of neural models. By assigning scalar weights to different elements of the input, we are able to visualize and potentially understand why the model made the decision it made, or discover a deficiency in ... | 0 |
Unsupervised constituency parsing is the task of inducing phrase-structure grammars from raw text without using parse tree annotations. Early work induces probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs) via the Expectation Maximation algorithm and finds the result unsatisfactory (Lari and Young, 1990; Carroll and Charniak,... | 0 |
Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is a natural language processing task of identifying the particular word senses of polysemous words used in a sentence. Recently, a lot of attention was paid to the problem of WSD for the Russian language (Lopukhin and Lopukhina, 2016; Lopukhin et al., 2017; Ustalov et al., 2017) . This ... | 0 |
Neural machine translation (NMT) has gained popularity in recent two years (e.g. (Bahdanau et al., 2014; Jean et al., 2015; Luong et al., 2015; Mi et al., 2016b; , especially for the attentionbased models of Bahdanau et al. (2014) .The attention model plays a crucial role in NMT, as it shows which source word(s) the mo... | 0 |
In this paper, we present the submission for Similar Language Translation Task in WMT 2019. The task focuses on improving machine translation results for three language pairs Czech-Polish (Slavic languages), Hindi-Nepali (Indo-Aryan languages) and Spanish-Portuguese (Romance languages). The main focus of the task is to... | 0 |
Gender bias is one of the typologies of social bias (e.g. race, politics) that is alarming the Natural Language Processing (NLP) community. An illustration of the problematic behaviour are the recurrently appearing occupational stereotypes that homemaker is to woman as programmer is to man (Bolukbasi et al., 2016) . Re... | 0 |
A Keyphrase (KP) is a piece of text that conveys the main semantic meaning of a document. KPs can be either present (or extractive) or absent (or abstractive): present KPs are exact substrings of the document while absent KPs are not. Their automatic prediction is an important challenge for the community research as KP... | 0 |
The dominant approach in word sense disambiguation (WSD) is based on supervised learning from manually sense-tagged text. While this is effective, it is quite difficult to get a sufficient number of manually sense-tagged examples to train a system. Mihalcea (2003) estimates that 80-person years of annotation would be n... | 0 |
Bilingual lexicon induction (BLI) is the task of generating accurate translations for each word in a list of source language words. Being able to perform BLI without parallel data is critical in many low resource scenarios. Bilingual word embeddings (BWEs) represent words from two different languages in the same vector... | 0 |
In our everyday lives, we increasingly (and often unconsciously) rely on technologies where the languages we see, hear and produce are mediated in real-time by technology. Indeed, we are well into the human-machine era (Sayers et al., 2021) . We talk to our devices using Amazon's Alexa and Apple's Siri, we read tweets ... | 0 |
When people converse about social or political topics, similar arguments are often paraphrased by different speakers, across many different conversations. For example, consider the dialog excerpts in Fig. 1 from the 89K sentences about gun control in the IAC 2.0 corpus of online dialogs (Abbott et al., 2016) . Each of ... | 0 |
Massive open online courses (MOOCs) boom swiftly in recent years and have provided convenient education for over 100 million users worldwide (Shah, 2019) . As a multi-media, large-scale online interactive system, MOOC is an excellent platform for advanced application research (Volery and Lord, 2000) . Since MOOC is com... | 0 |
Hate speech is a serious challenge that social media platforms are currently confronting (Duggan, 2017) . However, it is not limited to the online world. According to a study, there is a link between online hate and physical crime (Williams et al., 2020) . As a result, it is critical to combat hate speech and other for... | 0 |
This work is part of the understanding of the Arabic speech [15] . In this paper we are interested in determining the meaning of Arabic ambiguous words that we can encounter in the messages transcribed by the module of speech recognition.The word sense disambiguation (WSD) involves the association of a given word in a ... | 0 |
Translation from speech utterances is a challenging problem that has been studied both under statistical, symbolic approaches (Ney, 1999; Casacuberta et al., 2004; Kumar et al., 2015) and more recently using neural models (Sperber et al., 2017) . Most previous work rely on pipeline approaches, using the output of a spe... | 0 |
This paper discusses the annotation problems and research questions that came up during the annotation of Estonian copular sentences while developing Estonian Universal Dependencies treebank, especially while converting it from version 1 of UD annotation guidelines to version 2.Copular clauses are a sentence type in wh... | 0 |
Recent investigations (Popović, 2015; Stanojević et al., 2015) have shown that the character n-gram F-score (CHRF) represents a very promising evaluation metric for machine translation, especially for morphologically rich target languages -it is simple, it does not require any additional tools or information, it is lan... | 0 |
Entity linking consists of linking mentions of entities found in text against canonical entities found in a target knowledge base (KB). Early work in this area was motivated by the availability of large KBs with millions of entities (Bunescu and Paşca, 2006) . Most subsequent work has followed this tradition of linking... | 0 |
Argumentation mining aims to extract and analyze argumentation expressed in natural language texts. It is an emerging field at the confluence of natural language processing (NLP) and computational argumentation; see (Moens, 2014; Lippi and Torroni, 2016) for a comprehensive overview.Initial work on argumentation mining... | 0 |
Natural language processing (NLP) tasks often suffer from disfluencies in spontaneous speech. In spontaneous speech, speakers occasionally talk with disfluencies such as repetitions, stuttering, or filler words. These speech disfluencies inhibit proper processing for other subsequent applications, for example machine t... | 0 |
As per the thesis of compositionality as is endorsed in the school of logical positivism, the meaning of a complex expression is the totality of its constituent parts and the way they are combined together into a structural whole. However, in contrary, it is often noticed that the meaning of whole is always more than t... | 0 |
Building intelligent conversation systems is a longstanding goal of artificial intelligence and has attracted much attention in recent years (Shum et al., 2018; Kollar et al., 2018 ). An important challenge for building such conversation systems is the response selection problem, that is, selecting the best response to... | 0 |
With the rapid spread of the social media, many texts have been uploaded to the internet. As such, social media texts are considered important language resources owing to an increasing demand for information extraction and text mining (Lau et al., 2012; Aramaki et al., 2011) . However, these texts include lexical varia... | 0 |
Open Information Extraction (OPENIE) is the problem of extracting structured data from a text corpus, without knowing a priori which relations will be extracted. It is one of the primary technologies used in building knowledge bases (KBs) that, in turn, power question answering (Berant et al., 2013) . The vast majority... | 0 |
Word-level alignment is a key infrastructural technology for multilingual processing. It is crucial for the development of translation models and translation lexica (Tufiş, 2002; Melamed, 1998) , as well as for translingual projection (Yarowsky et al., 2001; Lopez et al., 2002) . It has increasingly attracted attention... | 0 |
shows the learning curves for two state of the art statistical machine translation (SMT) systems for Urdu-English translation. Observe how the learning curves rise rapidly at first but then a trend of diminishing returns occurs: put simply, the curves flatten.This paper investigates whether we can buck the trend of dim... | 0 |
Effective generation of prose demands not only knowledge of rhetorical structure but also rich models of entities, events and states, knowledge of tense and aspect, and mechanisms to track focus of attention with respect to discourse, time, and space. McKeown [1982] used discourse focus (DF) [Sidner, 1979 [Sidner, , 19... | 0 |
An abundance of applications require spelling correction, which (at the high level) is the following task. The user intends to type a chunk q of text, but types instead the chunk s that contains spelling errors (which we discuss in detail later), due to uncareful typing or lack of knowledge of the exact spelling of q. ... | 0 |
Non-compositional multiword expressions (MWEs) still pose serious issues for a variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. For instance, if you use the free machine translation service Google Translate to translate example 1 (1-a) from English to German, according to the translation (1-b) the stabbing (luckily ... | 0 |
Booking was successful. Reference number is: 7gawk763. Anything else I can do for you? I also need to book an expensive restaurant with Japanese food.(hotel, price range, cheap), (hotel, type hotel) (hotel, price range, cheap), (hotel, type, hotel) , (hotel, parking, yes) (hotel, price range, cheap), (hotel, type, hote... | 0 |
Recent years have seen increasing application of machine learning in dialog systems. From speech recognizer, to natural language understanding and dialog manager, statistical classifiers are applied based on more data available from users. Typically, the results from each of these modules were sent to the next module a... | 0 |
With the current explosive growth of Interact usage, the demand for fast and useful access to online data is increasing. An efficient categorization system should provide accurate information quickly.There are many applications for text categorization, including information retrieval, text routing, text filtering and t... | 0 |
Parsers based on deep grammatical formalisms, such as CCG (Steedman and Baldridge, 2011) and HPSG (Pollard and Sag, 1994) , exhibit superior performance on certain semantically crucial (unbounded) dependency types when compared to those with relatively shallow context free grammars (in the spirit of Collins (1997) and ... | 0 |
In this paper, we present a preliminary system to extract script-like structures in a goal-directed fashion from the web. For language processing purposes, humans appear to have knowledge of many stylized situations, such as what typically happens when going to a restaurant or riding a bus. This knowledge is shared amo... | 0 |
The difficulties of natural language parsing, in general, and of parsing Chinese, in particular, are due to local ambiguities of words and phrases. Extensive linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge is required for their resolution (Chang, 1994; Chen, 1996) . Different parsing approaches provide different types of knowl... | 0 |
The increasing availability of parallel corpora from various sources, welcome as it may be, leads to new challenges when building a statistical machine translation system for a specific domain. The task of determining which parallel texts should be included for training, and which ones hurt translation performance, is ... | 0 |
This demonstration introduces a translation retrieval system THUTR, which combines machine translation and information retrieval to provide useful information to translation users. Unlike machine translation, our system casts translation as a retrieval problem: given a source-language string, returns a list of ranked t... | 0 |
There is a large literature on information extraction (IE) from the unstructured text of medical records (see (Meystre et al., 2008) for the most recent review). Relatively little of this literature, however, is specific to psychiatric records (see (Sohn et al., 2011; Lloyd et al., 2009; Roque et al., 2011) for excepti... | 0 |
Amazon Alexa Prize (Ram et al., 2018) provides a platform to collect real human-machine conversation data and evaluate performance on speechbased social conversational systems. Our system, Gunrock 1 addresses several limitations of prior chatbots (Vinyals and Le, 2015; Fang et al., 2018) including inconsistency and dif... | 0 |
Despite impressive progress made in Natural Language Processing (NLP), it is unreasonable to expect models to be perfect in their predictions. They often make incorrect predictions, especially when inputs tend to diverge from their training data distribution (Elsahar and Gallé, 2019; Miller et al., 2020; Koh et al., 20... | 0 |
Classical semantic theories (Montague, 1974) , as well as dynamic (Kamp and Reyle, 1993) and underspecified (Fox and Lappin, 2010) frameworks use categorical type systems. A type T identifies a set of possible denotations for expressions in T , and the system specifies combinatorial operations for deriving the denotati... | 0 |
Automatic text summarization aims at generating a short and coherent summary from one or multiple documents while preserving the main ideas of the original documents. Building upon the conventional summarization task, fixed length text summarization (FLS) demands extra focus on controlling the length of output summarie... | 0 |
In many readability applications, it is useful to know the complexity of a given word. In early approaches to the readability task, simple metrics such as whether a word had more than 3 syllables (Mc Laughlin, 1969) or was on a given list or not (Dale and Chall, 1948) were used to identify complex words. More recently,... | 0 |
Summarizing spoken documents has been extensively studied over the past several years (Penn and Zhu, 2008; Maskey and Hirschberg, 2005; Murray et al., 2005; Christensen et al., 2004; Zechner, 2001) . Conventionally called speech summarization, although speech connotes more than spoken documents themselves, it is motiva... | 0 |
There has been a significant increase in discussion forum data in online media recently. Most of such discussion threads have a clear debate component in them with varying levels of formality. Automatically identifying the groups of discussants with similar attitudes, or subgroup detection, is an interesting problem wh... | 0 |
Narrated instructional videos provide rich visual, acoustic and language information for people to easily understand how to complete a task by procedures. An increasing amount of people resort to narrated instructional videos to learn skills and solve problems. For example, people would like to watch videos to repair a... | 0 |
Pre-trained sentence encoders such as ELMo (Peters et al., 2018a) and BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) have rapidly improved the state of the art on many NLP tasks, and seem poised to displace both static word embeddings (Mikolov et al., 2013) and discrete pipelines (Manning et al., 2014) as the basis for natural language pr... | 0 |
The development of the social web has stimulated the use of figurative and creative language in public including the use of irony. As a special kind of figurative device, the most striking feature of irony is the incongruity between the literal meaning and the contextual meaning of an ironic sentence (Farías et al., 20... | 0 |
Researchers in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) investigate the multiplex of factors that influence our ability to acquire new languages and chief among these factors is the role of the learner's mother tongue. Recently this fundamental factor has been studied in Native Language Identification (NLI), which aims to inf... | 0 |
In social media communication, multilingual people often switch between languages, a phenomenon known as code-switching or codemixing (Auer, 1984) . This makes language identification and tagging, which is perhaps a prerequisite for almost all other language processing tasks that follow, a challenging problem (Barman e... | 0 |
Reasoning on tabular or semi-structured knowledge is a fundamental challenge for today's natural language processing (NLP) systems. Two recently created tabular Natural language Inference (NLI) datasets, TabFact (Chen et al., 2020b) on Wikipedia relational tables and INFOTABS on Wikipedia Infoboxes help study the quest... | 0 |
Commonsense knowledge is often necessary for natural language understanding. As shown in Table 1 , we can understand that the writer needs help to get dressed and seems upset with this situation, indicating that he or she is probably not a child. Thus, we can infer that a possible reason that the writer needs to be dr... | 0 |
Joint models of syntactic and semantic parsing are attractive; they can potentially avoid the error propagation that is inherent in pipelines by using semantic models to inform syntactic attachments. However, in practice, the performance of joint systems for semantic role labelling (SRL) has been substantially beneath ... | 0 |
Probabilistic grammars and finite automata are commonly used to model distributions in natural language processing. Among language models, probabilistic finite automata (PFAs) provide a simple, yet powerful and well-understood representation of many probabilistic language phenomena. Numerous speech processing tasks rel... | 0 |
La notion de description d'arbre a été introduite par ) pour rendre l'opération d'adjonction des Grammaires d'Arbres Adjoints (TAG) monotone. Elle a ensuite été formalisée et étudiée d'un point de vue mathématique par (Rogers & Vijay-Shanker, 1992) . Elle a enfin été à la base de nouveaux formalismes linguistiques (Kal... | 0 |
Learning and assessment solutions in today's educational marketplace are placing increasing importance and resources on developing technologies that are dialogic (as opposed to monologic) in nature. Conversational proficiency is a crucial skill for success in today's workplace (Weldy and Icenogle, 1997; Oliveri and Tan... | 0 |
Syntax-based machine translation has witnessed promising improvements in recent years. Depending on the type of input, these efforts can be divided into two broad categories: the string-based systems whose input is a string to be simultaneously parsed and translated by a synchronous grammar (Wu, 1997; Chiang, 2005; Gal... | 0 |
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