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The usefulness of weighted finite-state transducers (WFSTs) has been well-documented for speech recognition decoding. Large component WFSTs representing a context-dependent phone sequence model (C), the pronunciation lexicon (L) and the language model (G) can be composed into a single large transducer (C • L • G, or CL... | 0 |
Dependency structures are frequently used in Natural Language Generation (NLG) and in some cases in Machine Translation (MT). In NLG, dependency structures are used in the surface realization step. The input to the surface realizer is defined by the standard architecture RAGS for NLG systems as "syntactic representatio... | 0 |
Concept-to-text natural language generation (NLG) generates texts from formal knowledge representations (Reiter and Dale, 2000) . With the emergence of the Semantic Web (Antoniou and van Harmelen, 2008) , interest in concept-to-text NLG has been revived and several methods have been proposed to express axioms of OWL on... | 0 |
One of the essential features of every natural language is its ambiguity. And apart from the homonymy and polysemy of words, the phenomenon which makes automatic text understanding difficult is the possible metaphorical usage of both simple and more complex phrases. Identification of potentially figurative usage is cru... | 0 |
Grammatical error correction (GEC) is often considered a variant of machine translation (MT) (Brockett et al., 2006; due to their structural similarity-"translating" from source ungrammatical text to target grammatical text. At present, several neural encoderdecoder (EncDec) approaches have been introduced for this tas... | 0 |
In recent years, conversational speech recognition attracts much research attention in both academia and industry, since it is the very premise of building intelligent conversational applications. In contemporary ASR systems, language model plays an essential role of guiding the search among the word candidates and has... | 0 |
Most of the current approaches in Natural Language Processing are data-driven. The size of the resources used for training is often the primary concern, but the quality and a large variety of topics may be equally important. Monolingual texts are usually available in huge amounts for many topics and languages. However,... | 0 |
Recently, several latent topic analysis methods such as Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) (Deerwester et al., 1990) , Probabilistic LSI (pLSI) (Hofmann, 1999) , and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) (Blei et al., 2003) have been widely used for text analysis. However, those methods basically assign topics to words, but do... | 0 |
Alzheimer's disease is prevalent and becoming more so as the world's population ages (Prince et al., 2014) . Since no cure is known, it is hoped that early detection and intervention might slow the onset of symptomatic cognitive decline and dementia. Clinical methods to detect Alzheimer's disease are typically applied ... | 0 |
Studies of human dialogue behaviour indicate that natural dialogue utterances are very often multifunctional. This observation has inspired the development of multidimensional approaches to dialogue analysis and annotation, e.g. , (Larsson, 1998) , (Popescu-Belis, 2005) , (Bunt, 2006) . The most frequently used annotat... | 0 |
Temporal relation (TempRel) extraction has been considered as a major component of understanding time in natural language (Do et al., 2012; Uz-Zaman et al., 2013; Minard et al., 2015; Llorens et al., 2015; Ning et al., 2018a) . However, the annotation process for TempRels is known to be time consuming and difficult eve... | 0 |
Recently, semi-structured data (e.g. variable length tables without a fixed data schema) has attracted more attention because of its ubiquitous presence on the web. On a wide range of various table reasoning tasks, Transformer based architecture along with pretraining has shown to perform well (Eisenschlos et al., 2021... | 0 |
Online learning has become the tool of choice for large scale machine learning scenarios. Compared to batch learning, its advantages include memory efficiency, due to parameter updates being performed on the basis of single examples, and runtime efficiency, where a constant number of passes over the training sample is ... | 0 |
Recent work has shown that well-trained, indomain neural machine translation (NMT) systems can produce translations that, at the sentence level, are rated on par with human reference translations (Hassan Awadalla et al., 2018) . Part of this success comes from the impressive improvements in fluency of NMT output compar... | 0 |
Online encyclopedias now make vast amounts of information and human knowledge available to internet users around the world in various languages. However, information resources are not evenly distributed across all languages. To facilitate international knowledge sharing, the task of cross-language article linking (CLAL... | 0 |
In corpus-based NLP, acquisition of lexical knowledge has become one of the major research topics. Among several research topics in this field, acquisition from parallel corpora is quite attractive (e.g. Dagan et al. (1991) ). The reason is that parallel sentences are useful for resolving both syntactic and lexical amb... | 0 |
Sentence analyses are essentially reasoning processes which derive assumptions/expectations t?om observed input sentences. A syntactic structure ex-. tracted fl'om a sentence by parsing is only a prediction, and may be invalidated by semantic or contextual analyses. This is because interpretation of a sentence requires... | 0 |
Nowadays comparable corpora are widely used in many applications of natural language processing, particularly in bilingual terminology extraction where parallel corpora are a scarce resource (Rapp, 1995; Fung, 1995; Chiao and Zweigenbaum, 2002; Laroche and Langlais, 2010) . In the task of bilingual lexicon extraction f... | 0 |
Recent studies have exposed the importance of biomedical NLP in the well-being of human-beings, analyzing the critical process of medical decisionmaking. However, the dialogue managing tools targeted for medical conversations (Zhang et al., 2020) , (Campillos Llanos et al., 2017) , (Kazi and Kahanda, 2019) between pati... | 0 |
The automatic evaluation of textual outputs is a core issue in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks such as Natural Language Generation, Machine Translation (MT) and Automatic Summarization (AS). State-of-the-art automatic evaluation methods all operate by rewarding similarities between automatically-produced c... | 0 |
Wolof (ISO code: 693-3) is a Niger-Congo language mainly spoken in Senegal and Gambia. 1 Until recently, not many natural language processing (NLP) tools or resources were available for this language. Dione (2012a) developed a finite-state morphological analyzer. Dione (2014) reported on the creation of a deep computat... | 0 |
Security and privacy policy documents describe how an entity collects, maintains, uses, and shares users' information. Users need to read the privacy policies of the websites they visit or the mobile applications they use and know about their privacy practices that are pertinent to them. However, prior works suggested ... | 0 |
Motivated partially by the TREC-8 QA collection (Voorhees and Tice, 2000) , question answering has of late become one of the major topics within the natural language processing and information retrieval communities, and a number of QA systems targeting the TREC collection have been proposed Moldovan and Harabagiu, 2000... | 0 |
In an effort to automatically interpret the semantics of written languages, the analysis and understanding of causal relationships between facts stand as a key element. A major difficulty regarding automation is that causality can be expressed using many different syntactic patterns as well as contrasted semantic repre... | 0 |
Machine learning techniques, which automatic ally learn linguistic information from online text corpora, have been applied to a number of natural language problems throughout the last decade. A large percentage of papers published in this area involve comparisons of different learning approaches trained and tested with... | 0 |
Abstractive summarization models must aggregate salient content from the source document(s) and remain faithful, i.e. being factually consistent with information in the source documents. Neural abstractive models are effective at identifying salient content and producing fluent summaries (See et al., 2017; Chen and Ban... | 0 |
The divergence of Latin into distinct regional dialects had profound linguistic and literary implications for all of Europe. Even before the Middle Ages, the syllable length of classical Latin had been nearly forgotten in the vernacular. 1 Latin poetry had used quantitative meter, whereby syllable length was the organi... | 0 |
Modern statistical NLP models are notoriously expensive to train, requiring the use of generalpurpose or specialized numerical optimization algorithms (e.g., gradient and coordinate ascent algorithms and variations on them like L-BFGS and EM) that iterate over training data many times. Two developments have led to majo... | 0 |
Computational syntax can work on different levels of abstraction. The lowest level normally used when processing written text is strings of tokens ("words"). But it is often useful to work with more abstract structures: part-of-speech (POS) tagged lemma sequences, phrase structure trees, dependency trees, or some kind ... | 0 |
Machine transliteration plays an important role in machine translation. The importance of term transliteration can be realized from our analysis of the terms used in 200 qualifying sentences that were randomly selected from English-Chinese mixed news pages. Each qualifying sentence contained at least one English word. ... | 0 |
Much attention has recently been devoted to integer linear programming (ILP) formulations of NLP problems, with interesting results in applications like semantic role labeling (Roth and Yih, 2005; Punyakanok et al., 2004) , dependency parsing (Riedel and Clarke, 2006) , word alignment for machine translation (Lacoste-J... | 0 |
Transliteration occurs when a word is borrowed into a language with a different character set from its language of origin. The word is transcribed into the new character set in a manner that maintains phonetic correspondence.When attempting to automate machine transliteration, modeling the channel that transforms sourc... | 0 |
Since 2013, neural network based bilingual word embedding (BWE) has been applied to several natural language processing tasks (Mikolov et al., 2013; Faruqui and Dyer, 2014; Xing et al., 2015; Dinu et al., 2015; Lu et al., 2015; Artetxe et al., 2016; Smith et al., 2017; . Recently, researchers have found that supervisio... | 0 |
There are seven minority Uralic languages in the Volga-Kama area and adjacent regions of Russia 1 : Komi (Zyrian, Permyak), Udmurt, Mari (Meadow, Hill), Erzya and Moksha. All these languages fall in the middle of the Uralic spectrum in terms of the number of speakers. Similarly, they all belong to the middle level of d... | 0 |
Cet article se place dans le cadre d'une étude des méthodes de sémantique distributionnelle en domaine spécialisé et en français. Notre objectif à moyen terme est la sélection de la méthode la plus efficace pour identifier des similarités sémantiques distributionnelles entre les unités lexicales ou terminologiques d'un... | 0 |
Attempts at measuring MT output quality have included the comparison of a set of test scores for MT output to a set of the same tests' scores for naturally-occurring target language text (Jones and Rusk 2000) . This work broke new ground in automating MT Evaluation (MTE). However, the tests used were selected on an ad ... | 0 |
Translating natural language expressions into logical formulas has been extensively studied for decades, attracting theoretical and practical interests. To date techniques have essentially involved adding methods of building a semantic expression piecewise to the process of identifying syntactic structure with a parser... | 0 |
La modélisation des connaissances d'un domaine de spécialité par le biais des ontologies et l'annotation linguistique de documents textuels, constituent deux problématiques cruciales de l'ingénieurie des connaissances et du traitement automatique des langues. Ces deux problématiques ont été largement étudiées indépenda... | 0 |
The state-of-the-art statistical machine translation (SMT) model is the log-linear model (Och and Ney, 2002) , which provides a framework to incorporate any useful knowledge for machine translation, such as translation model, language model etc. In a SMT system, one important problem is the re-ordering between words an... | 0 |
The development of digital photography has led to the advancement of digital image editing, where professionals as well as hobbyists use software tools such as Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Photos, and so forth, to change and improve certain characteristics (brightness, contrast, etc.) of an image.Image editing is a hard ... | 0 |
Transfer learning (TL) has attracted extensive research interests in natural language processing with a wide range of forms, e.g., TL from pretrained language models (PLM) to downstream tasks Radford et al., 2018) , from a task with rich labeled data to a task with low resource † Equal contribution.* Corresponding auth... | 0 |
Statistical machine translation (SMT) models estimate parameters (lexical models, and distortion model) from parallel corpora. The reliability of these parameter estimates is dependent on the size of the corpora. In morphologically rich languages, this sparsity is compounded further due to lack of large parallel corpor... | 0 |
Over the past decade the web has become more and more social. The number of people having an identity on one of the Internet social networks (Facebook 2 , Google+ 3 , Twitter 4 , etc.) has been steadily growing, many users communicate online on a daily basis. Their interactions open new possibilities for social science... | 0 |
A headline is considered as a condensed summary of a document. It can be classified as the acme of text summarization. The necessity for automatic headline generation has been raised due to the need to handle huge amount of documents, which is a tedious and time-consuming process. Instead of reading every document, the... | 0 |
The task of relation extraction (RE) is to recognize and extract relations between entities or concepts in texts. Dependency parse trees have become a popular source for discovering extraction patterns, which encode the grammatical relations among the phrases that jointly express relation instances. In rule-based RE me... | 0 |
Computing similarity is at the core of many computer science tasks. Many have developed algorithms for computing the semantic similarity of words (Lee, 1999) , of expressions to generate paraphrases (Lin and Pantel, 2001 ) and of documents (Salton and McGill, 1983) . However, little investigation has been spent on auto... | 0 |
In general, part-of-speech (PoS) taggers can be catagorised into two types. First, data-driven taggers, i.e. taggers that are trained on pre-tagged corpora and are both language and tagset independent, e.g. (Brants, 2000; Toutanova et al., 2003; Shen et al., 2007) . Second, linguistic rule-based taggers, which are deve... | 0 |
Current advances in Japanese text processing are mainly due to the remarkable growth of the word processor market. Machine readable Japanese text can now be easily prepared and distributed. This trend spurred the research and development of further text processing applications such as machine translation and text-to-sp... | 0 |
Words often convey affect-emotions, feelings, and attitudes. Some words have affect as a core part of their meaning. For example, dejected and wistful denotate some amount of sadness (and are thus associated with sadness). On the other hand, some words are associated with affect even though they do not denotate affect.... | 0 |
Input material at the appropriate level is important for language learners − whether it is a revision of the already acquired linguistic forms or an introduction of the structures to be acquired next, in line with the input hypothesis by Krashen (1977) . Automating the search for such material can systematically and ef... | 0 |
Parallel data in the domain of interest is the key resource when training a statistical machine translation (SMT) system for a specific business purpose. In many cases it is possible to allocate some budget for manually translating a limited sample of relevant documents, be it via professional translation services or t... | 0 |
The aim of this work is to develop and extend word sense disambiguation (WSD) techniques to be applied to all words in a text. The goal of WSD is to link occurrences of ambiguous words in specific contexts to their meanings, usually represented by a machine readable dictionary (MRD) or a similar lexical repository. For... | 0 |
Multiword expressions (MWEs) are lexical items that can be decomposed into single words and display lexical, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and/or statistical idiosyncrasy (Kim, 2008) . Light verb constructions (LVCs) form a subtype of MWEs: they are verb and noun combinations in which the verb has lost its meaning to ... | 0 |
Meme culture in today's virtual climate gives us a variety of insight into the pop culture, general ideology and linguistic conversational manner of the generation. To understand the internet culture, it becomes essential to study memes (Shifman, 2013) and the impact it has on people on the internet. Some of the most p... | 0 |
Natural Language (NL) understanding can be intuitively understood as a general capacity, mapping words to entities and their relationships. However, current work on automated NL understanding (typically referenced as semantic parsing (Zettlemoyer and Collins, 2005; Wong and Mooney, 2007; Chen and Mooney, 2008; Kwiatkow... | 0 |
We report on investigations motivated by the idea that the structured search spaces defined by syntactic machine translation approaches such as Hiero (Chiang, 2007) can be used to guide Neural Machine Translation (NMT) (Kalchbrenner and Blunsom, 2013; Sutskever et al., 2014; Cho et al., 2014; Bahdanau et al., 2015) . N... | 0 |
User-generated content (UGC) provides an insight into the use of language in an informal setting in a way that previously was not possible. That is to say that in the pre-internet era (where most published content was curated and edited), text that was available for analysis was not necessarily reflective of everyday l... | 0 |
The challenge of automatically identifying opinions in text automatically has been the focus of attention in recent years in many different domains such as news articles and product reviews. Various approaches have been adopted in subjectivity detection, semantic orientation detection, review classification and review ... | 0 |
Nominal Compounds are syntactically condensed constructs which have extensively been attempted to expand in order to unfold the meaning of the constructions. Currently there exist two different approaches in Computational Linguistics: (a) Labeling the semantics of compound with a set of abstract relations (Moldovan and... | 0 |
The automatic generation of narratives is still a largely unexplored field in NLG. Some exceptions are STORYBOOK (Callaway, 2000) , a narrative prose generation system that can generate many different retellings of the same story (Little Red Riding Hood) and the architecture for a "narratologically enhanced NLG system"... | 0 |
During the last few years, quantitative approaches to literary analysis have increasingly progressed from stylistic problems to higher-level phenomena such as plot, community structure and interaction between protagonists. One example of this is the recent interest in constructing social networks from literary fiction,... | 0 |
In recent years, microblogging has developed into a resource for quickly and easily gathering data about how people feel about different topics. Sites such as Twitter allow for real-time communication of sentiment, thus providing unprecedented insight into how well-received products, events, and people are in the publi... | 0 |
Humans are capable of saying the same thing in many ways. Careful lexical choices can re-shape a concept in different modes of presentation, giving it a humourous tone, for example, or some degree of formality, or a rap vibe. This type of linguistic creativity has recently been mirrored in the task of textual style tra... | 0 |
Infants start learning their native language even before birth and, already during their first year of life, they succeed in acquiring linguistic structure at several levels, including phonetic and lexical knowledge. One extraordinary aspect of the learning process is infants' ability to segment continuous speech into ... | 0 |
MUMIS develops and integrates basic technologies, which will be demonstrated within a laboratory prototype, for the automatic indexing of multimedia programme material. Various technology components operating offline will generate formal annotations of events in the data material processed. These formal annotations wil... | 0 |
The lexicon is the repository of word-specific information. It includes representations of the syntax and semantics associated with individual words. It also might include generalisations which can be made about word use and idiosyncrasies associated with the behaviour of specific words. It is important to identify reg... | 0 |
More and more users every day are communicating with conversational dialog systems present around them like Apple Siri, Amazon Alexa, and Google Assistant. As of 2019, 31% of the broadband households in the United States have a digital assistant. 1 Henceforth, we refer to these systems as dialog agents or simply agents... | 0 |
The USA has the highest rate of firearm related deaths compared to other industrialized countries. Violence is particularly prevalent in cities like Chicago, which has seen a 40% increase in firearm violence in 2015; someone is shot every 2-3 hours in the city. The Chicago Police Department claims that gang violence is... | 0 |
The topic of this paper is word sense induction, that is the automatic discovery of the possible senses of a word. A related problem is word sense disambiguation: Here the senses are assumed to be known and the task is to choose the correct one when given an ambiguous word in context. Whereas until recently the focus o... | 0 |
Machine translation (MT) systems are divided to Corpus based Machine Translation systems (CBMT) and Rule Based Machine Translation systems (RBMT). Both types need a lot of development effort and time to create a working system. Dologlou et al., introduced a monolingual MT system (METIS-I) that can be produced with less... | 0 |
Spoonerism is a linguistic phenomenon in which parts of two spoken words including consonants, vowels, and tones can be switched to construct two other implied words. A term spoonerism is named after William Archibald Spooner, who was famous for making spoonerism. Spoonerism can be seen as one kind of wordplay used to ... | 0 |
Fairness, accountability, and transparency to fight model-inherent bias and discrimination have become a major branch of machine learning research in recent years. This includes studying cultural bias and stereotypes in datasets and language models. Stereotypes are cognitive schemas that aid in categorizing and perceiv... | 0 |
The related work section is an important part of a paper. An author often needs to help readers to understand the context of his or her research problem and compare his or her current work with previous works. A related work section is often used for this purpose to show the differences and advantages of his or her wor... | 0 |
Many textual indices have been proposed in the field of computational stylistics. The number of tokens, i.e., the frequency of words in a document, is the simplest. Some indices use information related to words that appear only one or two times in the text, while others take the entire frequency spectrum into account (... | 0 |
The SENSEVAL (and recently SemEval) exercises have revealed a lot of issues on automatic word sense disambiguation (WSD), and allowed researchers to learn more about the linguistic and technical aspects of the task. System performance often depends on many factors, including the feature set, availability of training in... | 0 |
Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG; Steedman, 2000) parsing is challenging due to its so-called "spurious" ambiguity that permits a large number of non-standard derivations (Vijay-Shanker and Weir, 1993; Kuhlmann and Satta, 2014) . To address this, the de facto models resort to chart-based CKY (Hockenmaier, 2003; Clar... | 0 |
Traditional accounts of idiomaticity distinguish idiomatic use of language from literal use, claiming that idioms are multiword expressions (MWEs) which do not conform to Frege's principle, i.e. whose meaning as a whole cannot fully be derived from the aggregated meaning of their components (Gibbon, 1982) . In other wo... | 0 |
Relation extraction (RE) is the task of determining the existence and type of relation between two textual entity mentions. Slot filling, a general form of relation extraction, includes relations between nonentities, such as a person and an occupation, age, or cause of death (McNamee and Dang, 2009) .RE annotated data,... | 0 |
Implicit relevance feedback serves as a great source of information about user behaviour and search context. A lot of research went through in the recent past in making use of this great pool of information. Relevance feedback is proven to significantly improve retrieval performance (Harman, 1992; Salton and Buckley, 1... | 0 |
This paper concerns pre-trained Language Models' (LMs) interpretation of context-specific implicit elements on the pragmatic level of language understanding. Probing LMs' competence in implicitness is challenging due to the lack of surface representation. In this paper, we attempt to tease apart exactly what LMs "know"... | 0 |
Recent progress in natural language processing and computational social science have pushed political science research into new frontiers. For example, scholars have studied language use in presidential elections (Acree et al., 2018) , legislative text in Congress (de Marchi et al., 2018) , and similarities in national... | 0 |
Distributed representations of knowledge base entities and concepts have become key elements of many recent NLP systems, for applications from document ranking (Jimeno-Yepes and Berlanga, 2015) and knowledge base completion (Toutanova et al., 2015) to clinical diagnosis code prediction (Choi et al., 2016a,b) . These wo... | 0 |
Science changes continually: While certain research topics may be in a state of stagnation or decline, other research fronts move forward rapidly. However, even "dormant" (Menard, 1971 ) science can regain importance if new data is produced or methods are developed to tackle unresolved research problems. Scientific tho... | 0 |
A system with the capability of natural language understanding typically relies on knowledge about a restricted domain of application. For example, as a natural language component of an information system, it needs to be able to identify the relevant linguistic patterns. In case of an information system for flight sche... | 0 |
Reasoning over temporal relations relevant to an event mentioned in the document can help us understand when the event begins, how long it lasts, how frequent it is, and etc. Starting with the Time-Bank (Pustejovsky et al., 2003) corpus, a series of temporal competitions (TempEval-1,2,3) (Verhagen et al., 2009 (Verhage... | 0 |
Entity linking (Zhang et al., 2010; Han et al., 2011) is the task of linking entity mentions in a text document to concepts in a knowledge base. It is a basic building block used in many NLP applications, such as question answering (Yu et al., 2017; Dubey et al., 2018; Shah et al., 2019) , word sense disambiguation (Ra... | 0 |
This manuscript describes the participation of the UMUTeam in the Multimedia Automatic Misogyny Identification (MAMI) shared task (Fersini et al., 2022) , proposed at SemEval 2022. This sharedtask consists in the identification and categorisation of misogynous content from a dataset composed of memes (Dawkins and Davis... | 0 |
Following the success of neural machine translation (NMT) models in sentence-level translation, context-aware NMT models have been studied to further boost the quality of translation (Jean et al., 2017; Tiedemann and Scherrer, 2017; Wang et al., 2017; Bawden et al., 2018; Maruf and Haffari, 2018; Miculicich et al., 201... | 0 |
Cohen , Perrault, and Allen (1981) argued that "... users of question-answering systems expect them to do more than just answer isolated questions -they expect systems to engage in conversation. In doing so, the system is expected to allow users to be less than meticulously literal in conveying their intentions, and it... | 0 |
The issue of consensus building within discourse has become more substantial since the computer and web technologies offer vast opportunities for public debates, collaborative discussions, negotiations etc. In computational linguistics there have been numerous studies dedicated to discourse analysis, modelling and anal... | 0 |
In conversational machine reading (CMR), machines can take the initiative to ask users questions that help to solve their problems, instead of jumping into a conclusion hurriedly (Saeidi et al., 2018) . In this case, machines need to understand the knowledge base (KB) text, evaluate and keep track of the user scenario,... | 0 |
Recent corpus linguistics work has produced evidence of syntactic consistency, the preference to reuse a syntactic construction shortly after its appearance in a discourse (Gries, 2005; Dubey et al., 2005; Reitter, 2008) . In addition, experimental studies have confirmed the existence of syntactic priming, the psycholi... | 0 |
The incorporation of an inflected lexicon into Neural Machine Translation (NMT) enables system developers to adapt the translation to specific domains, and users to adjust translations of phrases generated by the translation system.Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation (PB-SMT; Setiawan et al., 2005 ) provided c... | 0 |
Data Augmentation (DA) is a training paradigm that has been proved to be very effective in many modalities (Park et al., 2019; Perez and Wang, 2017; Sennrich et al., 2016a) , especially for classification (Perez and Wang, 2017) . In structured domain, Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is the frontier of DA research (Sen... | 0 |
Medical Entity Recognition (MER) consists in two main steps: (i) detection and delimitation of phrasal information referring to medical entities in textual corpora (e.g. pyogenic liver abscess, infection of biliary system) and (ii) identification of the semantic category of located entities (e.g. Medical Problem, Test)... | 0 |
Most research on spoken dialogue has focused on humans talking to virtual agents, often only reached at the end of a telephone line. Interesting challenges and opportunities arise when the interlocutor is a physically embodied mobile agentfor example, a robot. When we enter into dialogue with a robot, we can talk about... | 0 |
Since the early work on sentiment analysis, it has been established that the part of speech with the highest proportion of subjective words are adjectives (Wiebe et al., 2004 ) (see Sentence (1)). However, not all adjectives are subjective (2).(1) A grumpy guest made some impolite remarks to the insecure and inexperien... | 0 |
Multi-turn dialogue modeling, a classic research topic in the field of human-machine interaction, serves as an important application area for pragmatics (Leech, 2003) and Turing Test. The major challenge in this task is that interlocutors tend to use incomplete utterances for brevity, such as referring back to (i.e., c... | 0 |
Chinese sentences are written as character sequences without word delimiters, which makes word segmentation a prerequisite of Chinese language processing. Since Xue (2003) , most work has formulated Chinese word segmentation (CWS) as sequence labeling (Peng et al., 2004) with character position tags, which has lent its... | 0 |
The parsing of unrestricted text, with its enormous lexical and structural ambiguity, still poses a great challenge in natural language processing. The traditional approach of trying to master the complexity of parse grammars with hand-coded rules turned out to be much more difficult than expected, if not impossible. N... | 0 |
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