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Since its early years, the computational linguistics field has devoted much effort to the development of formal systems for modeling the syntax of natural language. There has been a considerable interest in rewriting systems that enlarge the generative power of context-free grammars, still remaining far below the power... | 0 |
Lexical ambiguity remains one of the major problems for current machine translation systems. In the following French sentence "Je cherche des idées pour manger de l'avocat" 1 , the word "avocat" is clearly referring to the fruit, whereas both Google Translate 2 as well as Babelfish 3 translate the word as "lawyer". Alt... | 0 |
Most recent work on second language acquisition (SLA) has focused on intermediate-to-advanced learners in assessment settings driven by a series of shared tasks (Dale and Kilgarriff, 2011; Dale et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2013 Ng et al., , 2014 Lee et al., 2015 Lee et al., , 2016 Daudaravicius et al., 2016) . The 2018 Duo... | 0 |
Existing phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems have very weak models of context. In a Chinese-to-English SMT system for instance, the Chinese sentence context is only directly modeled within the Chinese phrases available in the phrasal translation lexicon, and indirectly modeled by the constraints ... | 0 |
There are approximately 60 Indigenous 1 languages from 10 distinct language families (Rice, 2008) currently spoken in Canada. Several of these languages have tens of thousands of speakers and are still acquired by most children, whereas others have a few tens or hundreds of mostly-elderly speakers; in all, 260,550 repo... | 0 |
We present a methodology and tooling to handle a set of various Natural Legal Language Processing and Document Curation services currently under development in the EU project Lynx 1 . First, the platform is acquiring data and documents related to compliance from jurisdictions in different languages with a focus on Engl... | 0 |
There is more data available today on the web than there has ever been and it keeps increasing. Use of large data in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) community is not new. Many NLP problems (Brants et al., 2007; Turney, 2008; Ravichandran et al., 2005) have benefited from having large amounts of data. However, pro... | 0 |
Treebanks are under development for many languages. They are successfully exploited for the induction of treebank grammars, training of stochastic parsers, and for evaluating and benchmarking competitive parsing and grammar models. While parser evaluation against treebanks is most natural for treebank-derived grammars,... | 0 |
The major goal of MELISSA is to provide the technology and tools enabling software developers to provide a Natural Language (NL) interface for new products, as well as for legacy applications. The project is based on the conviction that NL is the most user friendly interface for specific software applications and for a... | 0 |
Access to information is a human right and crossing language barriers is essential for global information exchange and unobstructed, fair communication. However, we are still far from the goal of making information accessible to all a reality. The World Health Organisation (WHO) reports that there are some 466 million ... | 0 |
Inflection and nominal composition are morphological processes which exist in many natural languages. Machine translation into an inflected language or into a compounding language must be capable of generating words from a large vocabulary of valid word surface forms, or ideally even be open-vocabulary. In NMT, though,... | 0 |
Arabic raises various challenges to natural language processing (NLP): Arabic is a morphologically rich language (Tsarfaty et al., 2010) , where significant information concerning syntactic units is expressed at the word level, which makes part of speech (POS) tagging a challenge since it involves morpho-syntactic disa... | 0 |
Hate speech is any form of expression through which speakers intend to vilify, humiliate, or incite hatred against a group or a class of persons on the basis of some characteristics, including race, religion, skin color, sexual identity, gender identity, ethnicity, disability, or national origin (Ward, 1997; Nockleby, ... | 0 |
A long-term goal of natural language understanding is to build intelligent systems that can reason and infer over natural language. The question answering (QA) task, in which models learn how to answer questions, is often used as a benchmark for quantitatively measuring the reasoning and inferring abilities of such int... | 0 |
Word embeddings are a success story in NLP. They have been equated to distributional semantics models (Lenci, 2018; Boleda, 2020) , a theory of semantics which relates the meaning of words to their distribution in context (Harris, 1954) . Recently introduced contextualized word embeddings (e.g. Devlin et al., 2019) hav... | 0 |
Machine translation (MT) technology has improved substantially over the past few decades. MT output is no longer used just for gisting but also for post-editing by professional translators as an important part of the translation workflow. Several studies confirm that post-editing MT output increases translators' produc... | 0 |
High quality summaries can significantly reduce the information overload of many professionals in a variety of fields. Moreover, the publication of information on the Internet in an ever-increasing variety of languages dictates the importance of developing multi-lingual summarization tools that can be readily applied t... | 0 |
Most work regarding sentiment analysis focuses on training and testing a sentiment classifier on data of the same domain. For example a new classifier is trained on tweets and tested on tweets. However, in real-world scenarios the data might originate from different sources and domains. Often it is the case that sentim... | 0 |
Text style transfer has been applied to many applications (e.g., sentiment manipulation, formalized writing) with remarkable success. Early work relies on parallel corpora with a sequence-to-sequence learning framework (Bahdanau et al., 2015; Jhamtani et al., 2017) . However, collecting parallel annotations is highly t... | 0 |
Since the early days of natural language understanding (NLU), quantifier scope disambiguation has been an extremely hard task. Therefore, early NLU systems either devised some mechanism for leaving the semantic representation underspecified (Woods 1978, Hobbs and Shieber 1987) , or tried to assign scoping to sentences ... | 0 |
Computational argumentation research lays the ground for applications that support opinion formation, including argument search engines (Wachsmuth et al., 2017b) , collective deliberation (Uszkoreit et al., 2017) , and debating technologies (Toledo et al., 2019) . Such applications rely on large pools of up-to-date arg... | 0 |
With a vast amount of data being available, in particular through the world wide web, more than ever before users have the chance to access an enormous amount of information. While information per se is a resource, this information overload can hinder our ability to process it and use it to understand issues or make de... | 0 |
Generation of References in Context (GREC) is a set of shared task challenges in NLG involving a corpus of introductory sentences from Wikipedia articles. The Named Entity Recognition (GREC-NER) task requires participants to recognize all mentions of people in a document and indicate which mentions corefer. In the Name... | 0 |
Domain adaptation (DA) is an important and active research topic in Statistical Natural Language Processing [1, 2] . In a nutshell, domain adaptation aims to mitigate the well-known problem of covariate shift which stems from statistical distribution differences between train and test samples. This often happens in NLP... | 0 |
Social media have become a major communication channel, enabling fast dissemination and consumption of information. A lot of this information is true and shared in good intention; however, some is false and potentially harmful. While the so-called "fake news" is not a new phenomenon, e.g., the term was coined five year... | 0 |
State-of-the-art models for retrieval in open domain question answering are based on learning dense text representations Karpukhin et al., 2020; Qu et al., 2021) . However, such models rely on large datasets of question-passage pairs for training. These datasets are expensive and sometimes even impractical to collect (... | 0 |
Information retrieval refers to searching relevant documents satisfying the user information need. User information need is typically captured in the form of a query. A search system consists of two parts viz. offline processing and online processing.Offline processing mainly consists of two partscrawling and indexing.... | 0 |
Applications using annotated corpora are often, by design, limited by the information found in those corpora. Since most English treebanks provide limited predicate-argument (PRED-ARG) information, parsers based on these treebanks do not produce more detailed predicate argument structures (PRED-ARG structures). The Pen... | 0 |
As part of the DARPA TRANSTAC program, we have developed and fielded a free-form, two-way S2S translation system supporting English/Iraqi Arabic (E/I) in the military force protection domain [1] . In the latest phase of the program, a "Surprise Language" was announced to participating sites, with only a small amount of... | 0 |
Corpus development for academic research and practical NLP applications often meets with a dilemma: development of high quality data sets with rich annotation schemes (e.g. MASC (Ide et al., 2010) ) requires substantial manual curation and analysis effort and does not scale up easily; on the other hand, easy "opportuni... | 0 |
A crucial challenge for semantic NLP applications is recognizing the many different ways for expressing the same information. This semantic variability phenomenon was addressed within specific applications, such as question answering, information extraction and information retrieval. Recently, the problem was investiga... | 0 |
Syntactic parsing is the process of determining the grammatical structure of a sentence as conforming to the grammatical rules of the relevant natural language. The structure of the sentence is determined according to the grammar formalism that the parser is built upon. Phrase structure parsers, also known as constitue... | 0 |
Noun phrases quite commonly have multiple modifiers, including quantifiers, attributive adjective phrases, relative clauses, possessors, appositives and the like. As frequently noted in the literature (e.g., Shaw and Hatzivassiloglou, 1999) , the linear order of modifiers can signify their logical scope (though other f... | 0 |
Hindi-Urdu is a member of the Indo-Aryan language family widely distributed in Indian subcontinent. It is originally related the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. In contrast, Japanese is an East Asian language spoken mainly in Japan. Genealogically, geographically, and even historically, Japane... | 0 |
In the past, several approaches have been proposed to retrieve various types of collocations from the analysis of large samples of textual data. Pairwise associations (bigrams or 2-grams) (e.g., [Smadja, 1988] , ) as well as n-word (n > 2) associations (or n-grams) (e.g., [Choueka el al., 1983] , [Smadja and McKeown, 1... | 0 |
In the field of machine translation, traditional methods depend on a careful design of useful features obtained by analyzing linguistic properties of the translation tasks. Inspired by recent success of methods that learn vector representation of words from large corpora in an unsupervised way, Devlin et al. (2014) hav... | 0 |
CCG is a strongly lexicalized grammatical formalism, in which the vast majority of the decisions made during interpretation involve choosing the correct definitions of words. We explore the effect of modelling this explicitly in a parser, by only using a probabilistic model of lexical categories (based on a local conte... | 0 |
Situated question answering is a challenging problem that requires reasoning about uncertain interpretations of both a question and an environment together with background knowledge to determine the answer. To illustrate these challenges, consider the 8th grade science diagram questions in Figure 1 , which are motivate... | 0 |
The ISO-latin family, Unicode or the Universal Character Set have been around for some time now. They cater, among other things, for letters which can bear different diacritic marks. For instance, French uses four accented es (éèêë) besides the unaccented form e. Some of these accented forms correspond to phonemic diff... | 0 |
In the last few years, approaches that cast syntactic parsing as the task of finding a sequence have gained traction for both dependency and constituency parsing. In sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) parsing (Vinyals et al., 2015; Li et al., 2018) , parse trees are represented as arbitrary-length sequences, where the atte... | 0 |
Language models that use probability distributions over sequences of words are found in many natural language processing applications, including speech recognition, machine translation, text summarization, and dialogue utterance generation. Recent studies have demonstrated that language models trained using neural netw... | 0 |
Japanese morphological analysis (MA) takes an unsegmented string of Japanese text as input, and outputs a string of morphemes annotated with parts of speech (POSs). As MA is the first step in Japanese NLP, its accuracy directly affects the accuracy of NLP systems as a whole. In addition, with the proliferation of text ... | 0 |
La traduction statistique est devenue populaire au sein de la communauté langagière suite aux travaux de (Brown et al., 1993) . Depuis, de nombreux chercheurs se sont attelés à la réalisation de meilleurs modèles, et plusieurs approches séduisantes ont été proposées.Même si les études sur la traduction statistique incl... | 0 |
Many speech and language applications require text tokens to be converted from one form to another. For example, in text-to-speech synthesis, one must convert digit sequences (32) into number names (thirtytwo), and appropriately verbalize date and time expressions (12:47 → twelve forty-seven) and abbreviations (kg → ki... | 0 |
It is now possible to find a large amount of information on people's opinions on almost every subject online. The ability to analyze such information is critical in complex, high-stakes decision making processes. At the individual level, someone wishing to buy a laptop may read customer reviews from others who have pur... | 0 |
Native Language Identification (NLI) aims to determine the native language (L1) of a writer based on his or her writings in a second language (L2). Though initially motivated by the study of crosslinguistics influence, the value of NLI is not limited to education. Potentially, it is also very valuable in academic, mark... | 0 |
In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the NLP domain, with sentiment analysis and emotion identification at its core. The advent of attention-based models and complex deep learning architectures has led to substantial headways in sentiment/ emotion classification and their intensity prediction. However... | 0 |
Human corpus annotation is a difficult, timeconsuming, and hence costly process. This motivates research into methods which reduce this cost (Leech, 1997) . One such method consists of automatically pre-annotating the corpus (Marcus et al., 1993; Dandapat et al., 2009) using an existing system, e.g., a POS tagger, synt... | 0 |
It is estimated that worldwide there are 6000 to 7000 languages, with these disappearing at an alarming rate so that only some 600 of these can be viewed a 'safe' and likely to survive (Nettle and Romaine 2000) . Even major European languages like Swedish and Danish are now fearful of survival (Allwood 2004) . The resp... | 0 |
The task of determining whether a sequence of words (a Multiword Expression -MWE) is idiomatic has received lots of attention (Fazly and Stevenson, 2006; Cook et al., 2007) . Especially for MWE type idiomaticity identification (Constant et al., 2017) , where the goal is to decide if an MWE can be idiomatic regardless o... | 0 |
Growing interest in richly annotated corpora is a driving force for the development of annotation tools that can handle multiple levels of annotation. We find it crucial in order to make full use of the potential of multi-level annotation that individual annotation levels be treated as self-contained modules which are ... | 0 |
Imagine you are in your flat sitting on an autonomous wheelchair, which you can control via voice commands. After someone knocks on the entrance door, you say to the wheelchair: "Take me to the door." The expected reply by the wheelchair would be: "OK. I'll take you there." Full understanding can only be established in... | 0 |
A major problem for current wide-coverage symbolic parsing systems is the existence of unknown words: words which appear in the input strings to be parsed, but which are not in the system's lexicon. To give a representative example: when the English Resource Grammar (ERG: Copestake and Flickinger (2000)) was tested ove... | 0 |
EHR is defined by ISO as repository of information regarding the health status of a subject of care, in computer processable form, stored and transmitted securely and accessible by multiple authorized users, having a standardized or commonly agreed logical information model is the support of continuing, efficient and q... | 0 |
The statistical machine translation (SMT) system PORTAGE was developed at the National Research Council Canada and has recently been made available to Canadian universities and research institutions. It is a state-of-the-art phrase-based SMT system. We will shortly describe its basics in this paper and then highlight t... | 0 |
Relation extraction (RE) is the task of detecting and characterizing semantic relations expressed between entities in text. For instance, given the sentence "Cone, a Kansas City native, was originally signed by the Royals and broke into the majors with the team.", one of the relations we might want to extract is the em... | 0 |
Named entity recognition (NER), which is one of the first and important stages in a natural language processing (NLP) pipeline, is to identify mentions of entities (e.g. persons, locations and organisations) within unstructured text. Traditionally, most of the effective NER approaches are based on machine learning tech... | 0 |
Despite having 20 to 30 millions of native speakers (Haig and Matras, 2002; Hassanpour et al., 2012; Thackston, 2006b; Thackston, 2006a) , Kurdish is among the less-resourced languages for which the only linguistic resource available on the Web is raw text (Walther and Sagot, 2010) .Apart from the resource-scarcity pro... | 0 |
Due to the massive growth of Web 2.0 technologies, user-generated content has become a primary source of various types of content. Community Question Answering (CQA) services have also attracted continuously growing interest. They allow users to submit questions and answer questions asked by other users. A huge number ... | 0 |
Transliteration Mining (TM) is the process of finding transliterations in parallel or comparable texts of different languages. For example, given the Arabic-English word sequence pairs: ( ﻫﮬﮪھﺎﻟﻲ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻚ ,ﺳﻼﺳﻲ Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia), successful TM would mine the transliterations: ,ﻫﮬﮪھﺎﻟﻲ( Haile) and ,ﺳﻼ... | 0 |
Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is the use of small amounts of labeled data with relatively large amounts of unlabeled data to train predictors. In some cases, the labeled data can be sufficient to provide reasonable accuracy on in-domain data, but performance on even closely related out-of-domain data may lag far behin... | 0 |
Women write more about emotions, men use more numbers (Newman et al., 2008) . Conclusions such as these, based on Natural Language Processing (NLP) research into gender, are not just compelling to a general audience (Cameron, 1996) , they are specific and seem objective, and hence are published regularly.The ethical pr... | 0 |
Natural language interfaces to database systems (NLIDB) allow the user to use natural language to interrogate a database. This is an old desideratum, but there is no easy way to attain it. To begin with, even for simple queries that can be solved into a single SQL select query, namely Simple Logic Queries (SLQs), may b... | 0 |
Automated text classification has become standard practice with applications in fields such as information retrieval and natural language processing. The most common basis for text classification is by topic (Joachims, 1998; Sebastiani, 2002) , but other classification criteria have evolved, including sentiment (Pang e... | 0 |
A parser is an algorithm for inferring the structure of its input, guided by a grammar that dictates what structures are possible or probable. In an ordinary parser, the input is a string, and the grammar ranges over strings. This paper explores generalizations of ordinary parsing algorithms that allow the input to con... | 0 |
Characters are mentioned in novels in various ways. They are referred by their first names, surnames, job titles, nick names, diminutives, honorifics and other forms that are ambiguous to some extent. This paper investigates the impact of using geometric deep learning for the purpose of linking names that refer to the ... | 0 |
Understanding how neural language models learn and represent syntactic structure is an important analytic question for NLP. Recent work has directly probed the internal activations of models (Conneau 1 We release code to construct the corpora and run our experiments at https://github.com/toizzy/ tilt-transfer Ppl when ... | 0 |
Compared to many other systems, spoken dialogue systems (SDS) tend to have more difficulties in correctly interpreting user input. Whereas a car normally goes left if the driver turns the steering wheel in that direction or a vacuum cleaner starts working if one pushes the on button, interactions between a user and a s... | 0 |
Abstract meaning representations (AMRs) (Banarescu et al., 2013) are rooted labeled directed acyclic graphs that represent a non intersentential abstraction of natural language with broad-coverage semantic representations. AMR parsing thus requires solving several natural language processing tasks; named entity recogni... | 0 |
The Turkish Discourse Bank (TDB) is a project initiated by the joint effort of a group of researchers in Turkey. The project builds on an existing corpus, namely the METU Turkish Corpus (MTC) (Say et al., 2002) , and extends it to a discourse level resource by following the principles of the PDTB (Prasad et al., 2007) ... | 0 |
In recent years, significant research in Machine Translation has been carried out, mainly in the area of data-driven MT (example-based and statistical (SMT)), as opposed to knowledge-driven approaches (rule-based (RMT), knowledge-based).Recent evaluations (Callison-Burch et al. 2009) show that both types of systems r... | 0 |
As the number of tasks and benchmarks for NLG have increased (Gehrmann et al., 2021) , the challenges in evaluating NLG systems have also continued to grow (Liu et al., 2016; Nema and Khapra, 2018; Sai et al., 2019) . One reliable way of evaluating NLG systems is to collect human judgements. However, this is a time con... | 0 |
Informal text (e.g., newsgroups, online chat, blogs, etc.) is the majority of all text appearing on the Internet. Informal text tends to have very different style from formal text (e.g., newswire, magazine, etc.). In particular, they are different in vocabulary, syntactic structure, semantic interpretation, discourse s... | 0 |
Modeling the meaning of words has long been studied and served as a basis for almost every kind of NLP tasks. Most recent word modeling techniques are based on neural networks, and the word representations produced by such techniques are called word embeddings, which are usually lowdimensional, dense vectors of continu... | 0 |
Document summarization is a core task in natural language processing, targeting to automatically generate a shorter version of one or multiple documents while retaining the most important information. As a straightforward and effective method, extractive summarization creates a summary by selecting and subsequently con... | 0 |
Citizen journalism or street journalism involves public citizens playing an active role in collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating news and information. Apart from the fact that it allows bringing in a broader perspective, a key reason for its rise and influence is because of witness reports. Witnesses are ... | 0 |
Natural language processing (NLP) has long recognised morphosyntactic features as necessary for solving advanced natural language understanding (NLU) tasks. An enormous impact of contextual language models on presumably all NLP tasks has slightly weakened the importance of morphosyntactic analysis. As morphosytnactic f... | 0 |
We participated in the WMT21 news translation shared task for English↔Icelandic language pair. It is a medium-resource regime with under 10M parallel sentences. In our experiments we focused on two approaches for improving translation system: data filtering methods inspired by work of (Jónsson et al., 2020) and data au... | 0 |
The theme of this paper is the following assumption:The uncertainty of tokens coming after a sequence helps determine whether a given position is at a boundary. (A) Intuitively, as illustrated in Figure 1 , the variety of successive tokens at each character inside a word monotonically decreases according to the o set l... | 0 |
Task-oriented dialogue systems have attracted significant attention, which have been greatly advanced by deep learning techniques. Traditionally, these dialog systems have been built as a pipeline, with modules including spoken language understanding (SLU), dialog state tracking, action selection and language generatio... | 0 |
Coreference resolution systems typically operate by making sequences of local decisions (e.g., adding a coreference link between two mentions). However, most measures of coreference resolution performance do not decompose over local decisions, which means the utility of a particular decision is not known until all othe... | 0 |
Existing toxicity detection datasets and models classify the entire comment or document and do not identify the range that makes the text toxic. A system that accurately locates the toxicity range in the text is crucial in achieving semi-automatic review. As a complete submission for the shared task, systems are requir... | 0 |
The development of the Internet and of the userfriendly Web technologies profoundly changed the ways the general public can express their opinions on a multitude of topics. In order to make informed decisions, there is a necessity to develop methods that adequatelyefficiently and effectivelyextract new knowledge from t... | 0 |
Emoji are non verbal features used to enrich computer mediated communication (CMC) and mobile mediated communication (MMC). Empirically, the use of emoji may vary in non trivial ways: emoji can be redundant with respect to the text, but they can also act as words, carrying their own part-of-speech category, thus provid... | 0 |
There are many choices of speech recognisers, but we find no alternative with both a permissive license and on-line recognition suitable for a spoken dialogue system. The Google speech recognition service 1 provides state-of-the-art quality for many tasks (Morbini et al., 2013) and may be used for free; however, the li... | 0 |
Akkadian is a dead Semitic language that was spoken and written in Mesopotamia between 2800 and 0 B.C. The main difficulty in this language is that verbs take a great variety of forms that differ not only by their ending, as in Indo-European languages, but also by the beginning and by the middle part. The only constant... | 0 |
The article presents a morphological analyser for the Kven language, i. e. a program that is an explicit model of the Kven grammar, by which the user may either analyse or generate any Kven wordform, and presents both program design choices and some of the usage possibilities.The article is structured as follows: Secti... | 0 |
Peer reviewing of student writing has been widely used in various academic fields. While existing web-based peer-review systems largely save instructors effort in setting up peer-review assignments and managing document assignment, there still remains the problem that the quality of peer reviews is often poor (Nelson a... | 0 |
Spoken language understanding plays an important role in spoken dialogue system. SLU aims at extracting the semantics from user utterances. Concretely, it identifies the intent and captures semantic constituents. These two tasks are known as intent detection and slot filling (Tur and De Mori, 2011) , respectively. For ... | 0 |
There has been a huge interest in the automatic identification and extraction of opinions from free text in recent years. Opinion mining spans a variety of subtasks including: creating opinion word lexicons (Esuli and Sebastiani, 2006; Ding et al., 2008) , identifying opinion expressions (Riloff and Wiebe, 2003; Fahrni... | 0 |
Vaidya et al. (2019) discuss a number of issues in the analysis of Hindi complex predicates, or light verb constructions, in particular the agreement between light verbs and some embedded nominal predicates, selectional restrictions on possible noun verb combinations, and argument alternations as illustrated in (1) and... | 0 |
Vector spaces enjoy widespread use in information retrieval (Salton and McGill, 1983; Baeza-Yates and Ribiero-Neto, 1999) , and from this original application vector models have been applied to semantic tasks such as word-sense acquisition (Landauer and Dumais, 1997; Widdows, 2003) and disambiguation (Schütze, 1998) . ... | 0 |
The purpose of the paper and the accompanying demonstration is to introduce the Language Resources, Tools and Services (LRTS) that are being prepared within the Central and South-East European Resources (CESAR) project. The CESAR project functions as an integral part of the larger, Europe-wide initiative META-NET 1 , t... | 0 |
As the volume of online documents has drastically increased, text classification has become more important, and a growing number of statistical and machine learning techniques have been applied to the task (Lewis, 1992) , (Yang and Wilbur, 1995) , (Baker and McCallum, 1998) , (Lam and Ho, 1998) , (Mc-Callum, 1999) , (D... | 0 |
In recent years, there is an increasing interest of using speech processing and natural language processing (NLP) technologies to automatically score speaking tests (Eskenazi, 2009) . A set of features related to speech delivery, such as fluency, pronunciation, and intonation, has been utilized in these studies. Howeve... | 0 |
The rise in the number of cyberattacks, such as the WannaCry ransomware attack 1 , has put pressure on governments and corporations to protect their intellectual property and critical documents. Traditional cybersecurity solutions such as access-control, firewalls, malware scanners, intrusion detection and prevention t... | 0 |
Goal-Oriented Conversational Agents (GO Chatbots) are seeing increased use to help users to achieve predetermined goals, but they can handle only very simple tasks, such as playing songs, searching information, set alarms or reminders. Building a dialogue agent to fulfill complex tasks remains one of the fundamental ch... | 0 |
Measures of text similarity have many applications and have been studied extensively in both the NLP and IR communities. For example, a combination of corpus and knowledge based methods have been invented for judging word similarity (Lin, 1998; Agirre et al., 2009) . Similarity derived from a largescale Web corpus has ... | 0 |
The objective of Named Entity Recognition (NER) is to allocate and classify tokens in texts into predefined categories, such as person names, location names, organizations, etc. NER is a subtask of many natural language processing applications, i.e. in information extraction, machine translation, question answering, et... | 0 |
The goal of Information Extraction (IE) is to pull out pieces of information that are salient to the user's need from large volume of text. With the dramatic increase of World Wide Web, there has been growing interest in extracting relevant information from large textual documents. The IE tasks may vary in detail and r... | 0 |
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