question stringlengths 13 291 | contexts stringlengths 2 24.7k | ground_truth stringlengths 6 6.9k ⌀ | exact_answer stringlengths 2 710 |
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Do R-loops tend to form at sites of DNA replication? | ['Escherichia coli rnhA mutants devoid of RNase HI exhibit constitutive stable DNA replication, cSDR, which is thought to be initiated from R-loops stabilized in the absence of RNase HI.', 'We propose that the organized structure of the R-loop is critical for primer RNA function in vivo with important implications for ... | ['R-loops co-localize with the ORC within the same CpG island region in a significant fraction of these efficient replication origins. Physiological R-loop formation at CpG island promoters can contribute to DNA replication origin specification at these regions, the most efficient replication initiation sites in mammal... | ['yes'] |
List functional roles of the FtsZ protein. | ['bacterial homologue FtsZ establishes the cytokinetic ring that constricts during cell division. ', 'In Escherichia coli, initial assembly of the Z ring for cell division requires FtsZ plus the essential Z ring-associated proteins FtsA and ZipA.', 'FtsZ is an essential cell division protein in Escherichia coli, and it... | ['Four major roles of FtsZ have been characterized: cell elongation, GTPase, cell division, and bacterial cytoskeleton.'] | ['cell elongation', 'GTPase', 'cell division', 'bacterial cytoskeleton'] |
What role do gluten proteins play in the development of celiac disease? | ['["Celiac disease (CD) is a frequent inflammatory intestinal disease, with a genetic background, caused by gliadin-containing food. ", "Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy initiated and sustained by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. It is caused by a dysregulated immune respo... | Gluten proteins from wheat, rye, and barley are dietary antigens that trigger a dysregulated immune response in genetically susceptible individuals, leading to the development of celiac disease. The immune response targets both gluten proteins and autoantigens like tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2), contributing to the a... | [] |
Is skin color affected by variations of the SLC24A5 gene? | ['the alleles of single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1426654 and rs1834640 (SLC24A5) associated with light skin pigmentation in Eurasian populati', 'Associations between five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known to play a role in pigmentation (rs1426654-SLC24A5, rs1042602-TYR, rs16891982-SLC45A2, rs6058017-ASIP, ... | ['Yes. The alleles of single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1426654 and rs1834640 (SLC24A5) are associated with light skin pigmentation in Eurasian population.'] | ['yes'] |
Which receptors are targeted by suvorexant? | ['Dual orexin receptor (OXR) antagonists (DORAs) such as almorexant, 1 (SB-649868), or suvorexant have shown promise for the treatment of insomnias and sleep disorders in several recent clinical trials in volunteers and primary insomnia patients. ', 'Several such compounds have entered into clinical development, includ... | ['Suvorexant is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonist of orexin 1 receptor and orexin 2 receptor currently under clinical investigation as a novel therapy for insomnia.'] | ['orexin 1', 'orexin 2'] |
Does thyroid hormone regulate calcium transient in the myocardium? | ['3-iodothyronamine (T(1)AM) is a novel endogenous relative of thyroid hormone, able to interact with trace amine-associated receptors, a class of plasma membrane G protein-coupled receptors, and to produce a negative inotropic and chronotropic effect', 'In adult rat cardiomyocytes acute exposure to 20 microM T(1)AM de... | ['YES'] | ['yes'] |
Are thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 mutations implicated in thyroid hormone resistance syndrome? | ['This study reports the consequences of LT4 treatment over a prolonged period of time in 2 of the first patients with a heterozygous mutation in TRα1.', 'Here we show that the dysregulation of the pituitary-thyroid axis was worsened by the lack of TR alpha1 in TR betaPV mice, and severe impairment of postnatal growth ... | ['The lack of TR alpha1 exacerbates the manifestation of RTH in TR betaPV mice. Therefore, TR alpha1 could play a compensatory role in mediating the functions of T3 in heterozygous patients with RTH'] | ['yes'] |
With which complexes is the protein SUS1 associated? | ['The yeast DUBm comprises a catalytic subunit, Ubp8, and three additional subunits, Sgf11, Sus1 and Sgf73, all of which are required for DUBm activity.', 'the deubiquitination module (DUBm) of SAGA, which is composed of Ubp8, Sus1, Sgf11, and Sgf73.', 'The conserved Sac3:Thp1:Sem1:Sus1:Cdc31 (TREX2) complex binds to n... | ['Sus1/ENY2 is a component of the SAGA and TREX-2 complexes'] | ['SAGA complex', 'TREX-2 complex'] |
Is pregnancy an additional risk during during H1N1 infection? | ['H1N1 influenza in pregnancy can be associated with severe complications', 'This case series confirms a high number of complications in pregnant women due to pandemic H1N1/09.', 'Pregnant women might be at increased risk for complications from pandemic H1N1 virus infection.', 'Pregnant women are at increased risk for ... | ['Pregnant women are at increased risk for complications from pandemic influenza H1N1 virus infection. Pregnant women, because of their altered immunity and physiological adaptations, are at higher risk of developing pulmonary complications, especially in the second and third trimesters. Pregnancy, particularly during ... | ['yes'] |
Where is X-ray free electron laser used? | ['In conjunction with the XFEL temporal profile and high-flux, it is a powerful tool for studying the dynamics of time-dependent systems. Photo-induced processes and fast catalytic reaction kinetics, ranging from femtoseconds to milliseconds, will be resolvable in a wide array of systems circumventing radiation damage.... | ['X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) technologies provide coherent and extremely intense photon pulses of short duration. XFELs are particularly useful in structural biology and imaging, in structural studies of single biological macromolecules (e.g. high resolution protein structure determination) and assemblies (e.g. v... | ['high resolution protein structure determination', 'molecular imaging', 'single-particle imaging', 'study of enzyme kinetics', 'time resolved protein crystallography'] |
Which enzyme is deficient in Gaucher's disease? | ["Gaucher's disease is caused by deficient lysosomal glucocerebrosidase activity", 'Gaucher\'s disease is due to glucocerebrosidase deficiency which is responsible for the accumulation of non degraded glucosylceramide within the lysosomes of macrophages: these "Gaucher cells", overloaded and alternatively activated, re... | ["Gaucher's disease is caused by deficient lysosomal glucocerebrosidase activity", 'Gaucher disease is an inborn recessive autosomal disease due to a partial deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme beta glucocerebrosidase. The deficient activity leads to accumulation of the lipid glucocerebroside in the liver, the spleen an... | ['Beta glucocerebrosidase'] |
Is cystatin C or cystatin 3 used as a biomarker of kidney function? | ['to explore the effect of ageing on renal function with cystatin C as the marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the general population without vascular disease or diabetes.', 'Cystatin C, a more specific kidney function biomarker, was also elevated at 24 h after CLP.', 'This study evaluated FGF-23 as well as t... | ['Yes, cystatin C (CysC) is a novel biomarker of renal function.'] | ['yes'] |
Does Rad9 interact with Aft1 in S.cerevisiae? | ['Rad9 interacts with Aft1 to facilitate genome surveillance in fragile genomic sites under non-DNA damage-inducing conditions in S. cerevisiae.', 'Here we show that Rad9 checkpoint protein, known to mediate the damage signal from upstream to downstream essential kinases, interacts with Aft1 transcription factor in the... | ['Yes. Rad9 functions together with Aft1 on DNA damage-prone chromatin to facilitate genome surveillance, thereby ensuring rapid and effective response to possible DNA damage events.'] | ['yes'] |
Which disease is treated with ZMapp? | ['This includes agents belonging to various therapeutic classes, namely direct antiviral agents (favipiravir and BCX4430), a combination of antibodies (ZMapp), type I interferons, RNA interference-based drugs (TKM-Ebola and AVI-7537), and anticoagulant drugs (rNAPc2). ', 'During the latest outbreak of Ebola virus disea... | ['ZMapp is a combination of antibodies for treatment of Ebola virus disease.'] | ['Ebola virus disease'] |
Are there clinical trials using stem cells for the treatment of cardiac disease? | ['Therapy with mesenchymal stem cells is one of the promising tools to improve outcomes after myocardial infarction. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are an ideal source of mesenchymal stem cells due to their abundance and ease of preparation.', 'Furthermore, several ongoing clinical trials using ASCs are producing pr... | ['Yes, there exists clinical trials for cardiac stem cell based treatment.', 'Yes, there are several clinical trials on the use of stem cells for the treatment of cardiac (heart) disease.'] | ['yes'] |
List three major features of the CCFDN syndrome. | ['Because of our experience in neuromuscular disorders, we choose six, frequent, autosomal recessive disorders for these clinical and genetic studies: hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type Lom (HMSNL), hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type Russe (HMSNR), congenital cataracts facial dysmorphism syndrome (C... | ['Congenital cataracts, facial dysmorphism and peripheral neuropathy are three major features of the CCFDN syndrome. Other described signs and symptoms of the CCFDN syndrome include microcornea, microphthalmos, micropupil, floppy eyelid syndrome, pseudoptosis, nystagmus, congenital esotropia, impairment of distant visu... | ['congenital cataracts', 'facial dysmorphism', 'peripheral neuropathy'] |
Which is the cellular target of gefitinib? | ['Gefitinib, the specific inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), may cause growth delay in cancer cell lines.', 'Gefitinib (Iressa) is a specific and effective epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor.', 'Gefitinib is a specific inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that causes g... | ['The specific cellular target of Gefitinib (Iressa) is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).'] | ['Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)'] |
What is MIRA-seq? | ['MIRA-seq for DNA methylation analysis of CpG islands.', 'MIRA-seq is a reliable, genome-scale DNA methylation analysis platform for scoring DNA methylation differences at CpG-rich genomic regions. The method is not limited by primer or probe design and is cost effective.', 'Using MIRA-seq, we have characterized the D... | ['MIRA-seq is a reliable, genome-scale DNA methylation analysis platform for scoring DNA methylation differences at CpG-rich genomic regions. The method is not limited by primer or probe design and is cost effective.'] | [] |
What is the physiological role of LKB1 involved in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome? | ['Recent functional genetic studies have pointed out that LKB1 plays a physiological role in controlling the Wnt-signaling pathway and activation of the pathway as a consequence of LKB1 haploinsufficiency might be responsible for the development of harmatomatous polyps.', 'PJS polyps from all patients showed generalize... | ['LKB1 plays a physiological role in controlling the Wnt-signaling.'] | ['LKB1 plays a physiological role in controlling the Wnt-signaling.'] |
Is diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) a phospholipid of the mitochondrial membranes? | ['A unique organelle for studying membrane biochemistry is the mitochondrion whose functionality depends on a coordinated supply of proteins and lipids. Mitochondria are capable of synthesizing several lipids autonomously such as phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and in part phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid ... | ['Yes, diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) is a phospholipid of the mitochondrial membranes.'] | ['yes'] |
List the releases of JASPAR database | ['JASPAR is an open-access database of annotated, high-quality, matrix-based transcription factor binding site profiles for multicellular eukaryotes. The profiles were derived exclusively from sets of nucleotide sequences experimentally demonstrated to bind transcription factors. The database is complemented by a web i... | ['JASPAR, JASPAR CORE, JASPAR FAM, JASPAR phyloFACTS, JASPAR 2008 update, JASPAR 2010, JASPAR 2014.'] | ['JASPAR', 'JASPAR CORE', 'JASPAR FAM', 'JASPAR phyloFACTS', 'JASPAR 2008 update', 'JASPAR 2010', 'JASPAR 2014'] |
Is intense physical activity associated with longevity? | ['Our major finding is that repeated very intense exercise prolongs life span in well trained practitioners.', 'Death rates declined with increased levels of total activity (estimated in kilocalories), and declined also with increased intensity of effort measured as from none, to light, to moderately vigorous or vigoro... | ['YES:'] | ['yes'] |
Can exosomes be detected in urine? | ['Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted into the extracellular environment upon internal vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane. The molecular content of exosomes is a fingerprint of the releasing cell type and of its status. For this reason, and because they are released in easily accessible body fluids such as blood an... | ['Yes, urinary exosomes can be detected in urine.'] | ['yes'] |
What histone trimethylation has been associated to RNA splicing? | ['histone H3 lysine 36 tri-methylation (H3K36Me3), exhibits different patterns around the cleavage sites of genes using multiple polyadenylation sites from those of genes using a single polyadenylation site.', 'ChIP-sequencing data mapped onto skipped exon events reveal a correlation between histone H3K36 trimethylatio... | ['Mostly H3K36me3 but there is some evidence that H3K4me3 may also play a role in splicing'] | ['H3K36me3'] |
What is Cerebral Cavernous Malformation? | ['Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a disease of the central nervous system causing hemorrhage-prone multiple lumen vascular malformations and very severe neurological consequences', 'Cerebral cavernous malformations (CMs) are vascular malformations of the central nervous system, which can be detected in the abs... | ['Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a disease of the central nervous system causing hemorrhage-prone multiple lumen vascular malformations and very severe neurological consequences', 'Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a disease of the central nervous system causing hemorrhage-prone multiple lumen vascular... | [] |
How was quantitative proteomic analysis used in isolating and studying the pseudopodium from migratory cells? | ['["we developed an approach to biochemically isolate the pseudopodium from the cell body using 3.0-micrometer porous filters for large-scale quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis.", "Recent work using unique subcellular fractionation methodologies combined with spatial genomic, proteomic, and phosphopro... | An approach was developed to biochemically isolate the pseudopodium from the cell body using 3.0-micrometer porous filters for large-scale quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis. | [] |
Which type of GTPases is required for amino acid-dependent activation of mTORC1? | ['Heterodimeric Rag GTPases are required for amino-acid-mediated mTORC1 activation at the lysosome', 'Amino acids stimulate, in a Rag-, Ragulator-, and vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase-dependent fashion, the translocation of mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface, where it interacts with its activator Rheb', 'mTORC1 promotes... | ['Heterodimeric Rag GTPases are required for amino-acid-mediated mTORC1 activation at the lysosome', 'Amino acids act through the heterodimeric Rag GTPases (RagA or RagB bound to RagC or RagD) in order to promote the translocation of mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface, its site of activation.'] | ['Heterodimeric Rag GTPases'] |
Is SLC22A3 expressed in the brain? | ['The organic cation transporter (OCT) 3 is widely expressed in various organs in humans, and involved in the disposition of many exogenous and endogenous compounds. Several lines of evidence have suggested that OCT3 expressed in the brain plays an important role in the regulation of neurotransmission. ', 'The organic ... | ['Yes, SLC22A3 (organic cation transporter (OCT3)) is widely expressed in various organs in humans, and involved in the disposition of many exogenous and endogenous compounds. Several lines of evidence have suggested that OCT3 expressed in the brain plays an important role in the regulation of neurotransmission.'] | ['yes'] |
How is Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) associated with small cell lung cancer? | [' directed initially against voltage-gated Ca2+ channels found on the lung tumor cells.", "Radiological, bronchoscopic and histological investigations revealed small-cell lung cancer, and neurophysiological investigations confirmed a diagnosis of LEMS.", "Physicians need to be aware that patients may develop PCD and L... | Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is associated with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in the majority of patients. Patients with SCLC may develop LEMS, and SCLC is often detected in patients affected by LEMS. | [] |
Does thyroid hormone affect cardiac remodeling? | ['The aim of this brief paper is to highlight new developments in understanding the cardioprotective role of thyroid hormone in reverting regulatory networks involved in adverse cardiac remodeling.', 'Thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) is shown to be critical for the maturation of cardiomyocytes and for the cellular re... | ['TH affects cardiac remodeling'] | ['yes'] |
Which is the gene mutated in type 1 neurofibromatosis? | ['Individuals with NF1 harbor 1 mutated NF1 allele', 'type 1 (NF1) is a hereditary disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene', 'The NF1 gene, mutated in NF1, is also commonly mutated in sporadic glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)', ' type 1 (NF1) is a common genetic disease caused by haploinsufficiency of the NF1 tumor-s... | ['NF1 gene, encoding neurofibromin 1'] | ['NF1'] |
Is oxalate renal excretion increased after bariatric surgery? | ['Despite the fact that bariatric surgery-induced weight loss is associated with a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality and improvement in renal function, bariatric surgery has recently been shown to be associated with a significant risk of nephrolithiasis. The main risk factor for nephrolithiasis is increas... | ['Bariatric surgery is associated with a significant risk of nephrolithiasis.\nEnteric hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, and oxalate nephropathy must be considered with the other risks of bariatric surgery\nHyperoxaluria in patients treated with bariatric surgery was found to be a result of hyperabsorption of oxalate', '... | ['yes'] |
Is the transcriptional regulator BACH1 an activator or a repressor? | ['the impact of BACH1 repression on transcription', 'Bach1 is a repressor of the oxidative stress response', 'transcriptional repressor Bach-1, ', 'Bach1, a transcriptional repressor of the HMOX1 gene', 'The mechanism underlying Bach1-mediated HO-1 repression is less well understood', "Transcription factor BACH1 [BTB (... | ['BACH1, a basic leucine zipper mammalian transcriptional repressor, negatively regulates heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), a key cytoprotective enzyme that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In the absence of elevated intracellular heme or oxidative stress, BACH1 functions as a repressor of the enhancers of hem... | ['Repressor'] |
Which is the prevalence of cystic fibrosis in the human population? | ['The allelic frequency of this variant was calculated to be 0.7% for this population', 'The results of literature reviews, surveys, and registry analyses revealed a mean prevalence of 0.737/10,000 in the 27 EU countries, which is similar to the value of 0.797 in the United States, and only one outlier, namely the Repu... | ['Prevalence of Cystic Fibrosis varies according to the population. A theoretical estimate of the prevalence of cystic fibrosis based on anthropological data suggested a frequency of 25 affected individuals/100,000 inhabitants. However, real data indicated that the true prevalence in the population was considerably low... | ['0.7–7/100000 inhabitants'] |
Which is the histone residue methylated by MLL1? | ['lack of interaction with the histone methyltransferase, MLL1, resulting in decreased histone H3K4me3 and gene transcription', 'histone H3K4me3 methylase MLL1 complex', 'MEN1 encodes menin, a subunit of MLL1/MLL2-containing histone methyltransferase complexes that trimethylate histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3', 'MLL1, ... | ['Histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4)'] | ['H3K4'] |
What is known about thalidomide therapy and survival of glioblastoma patients? | ['In conclusion, thalidomide given simultaneously with radiation therapy was safe, but did not improve survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma.', 'The authors previously reported improved outcome in patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated with thalidomide and irinotecan compared with historical cont... | ['Findings regarding clinical value of thalidomide in terms of survival in patients with glioblastoma remain mixed. It has been shown that thalidomide can improve survival of recurrent glioblastoma patients. However, other authors have not confirmed these findings. Furthermore, thalidomide did not improve survival of n... | [] |
List clinical trials for prevention of sarcopenia | ['several clinical trials with androgen replacement therapy have failed to show clinical benefit.', 'Clinical trials are needed to find better interventions for this syndrome.', 'emergence of many promising interventions towards this age-related condition (e.g., physical exercise [in particular, resistance training], t... | ['Several clinical trials with androgen replacement therapy. \nStudy was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the rate of muscle protein synthesis. This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00794079'] | ['androgen replacement trials', 'omega-3 fatty acid supplementation', 'NCT00794079'] |
What is the function of the AIRE gene at the embryonic stage? | ['Autoimmune regulator (Aire) is one of the most well-characterized molecules in autoimmunity, but its function outside the immune system is largely unknown. The recent discovery of Aire expression in stem cells and early embryonic cells and its function in the self-renewal of embryonic stem (ES) cells highlight the im... | ['Aire regulates the expression of differentiation-associated genes and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. Aire and Deaf1 help regulate the ectopic expression of diverse tissue-specific antigens to establish self-immune tolerance. Knockdown of Aire in mouse ESCs resulted in significantly decreased clone-forming effi... | ['stem cell renewal and self-immune tolerance'] |
Which are the musculoskeletal manifestations of Marfan syndrome? | ['Musculoskeletal manifestations include scoliosis, dural ectasia, protrusio acetabuli, and ligamentous laxity.', 'Scoliosis, pectus excavatum and carinatum, arachnodactyly, and acetabular protrusion are common musculoskeletal manifestations.', "Two cases are described in which protrusio acetabuli was a major problem. ... | ['Musculoskeletal manifestations of Marfan syndrome include scoliosis, dural ectasia, pectus excavatum and carinatum, arachnodactyly, otto pelvis (protrusio acetabuli), dolichostenomelia and ligamentous laxity.'] | ['scoliosis', 'dural ectasia', 'pectus excavatum and carinatum', 'arachnodactyly', 'otto pelvis', 'protrusio acetabuli', 'dolichostenomelia', 'ligamentous laxity'] |
Which are the major types of the motor speech disorder dysarthria? | ['Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder which can be classified according to the underlying neuropathology and is associated with disturbances of respiration, laryngeal function, airflow direction, and articulation resulting in difficulties of speech quality and intelligibility. There are six major types of dysarthria:... | ['Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder which can be classified according to the underlying neuropathology and is associated with disturbances of respiration, laryngeal function, airflow direction, and articulation resulting in difficulties of speech quality and intelligibility. There are six major types of dysarthria:... | ['flaccid dysarthria', 'spastic dysarthria', 'ataxic dysarthria', 'hyperkinetic dysarthria', 'hypokinetic dysarthria', 'mixed dysarthria'] |
How do antihormonal agents help treat breast cancer in patients who have failed prior therapies? | ['["For women with hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer, endocrine therapies, including the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen, the aromatase inhibitors anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, and the selective estrogen receptor degrader fulvestrant, are recommended in clinical guidelines.", "H... | Antihormonal agents, such as the selective estrogen receptor degrader fulvestrant, are used to treat breast cancer in patients who have failed prior therapies by antagonizing and degrading ER-α, which is active in patients who have progressed on antihormonal agents. | [] |
How do value judgments, rather than cost, play a central role in coverage decisions for health insurance plans regarding treatments like Viagra and Zyban? | ['["Treatment with sildenafil was less costly and resulted in a greater gain in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) compared with other treatments. ", "Based on this model, sildenafil is a cost-effective treatment for PAH with a low price and a net increase in QALYs.", "Four treatment strategies, Viagra, Rivastigmine, ... | Value judgments, rather than cost, seem to play a central, though largely unspoken, role in coverage decisions for health insurance plans regarding treatments like Viagra and Zyban. The decisions are almost exclusively made with reference to the principle of need, giving very little space to cost-effectiveness consider... | [] |
Are alterations in ultraconserved elements associated with colorectal adenocarcinoma? | ['Genetic variants within ultraconserved elements and susceptibility to right- and left-sided colorectal adenocarcinoma', 'Our results strongly suggest that several genetic variants in the UCEs may contribute to CRC susceptibility, individually and jointly, and that different genetic etiology may be involved in RCRC an... | ['yes', 'Yes. SNPs within ultraconserved elements (UCEs) may be valuable prognostic biomarkers for patients with locally advanced CRC who receive 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy.'] | ['yes'] |
Which micro-RNAs have been associated in the pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis? | ['This study provides the first description of increased expression of miRNA miR-155 and miR-146a in RA', 'In this study we investigated the expression, regulation, and function of miR-155 and miR-146a in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) and RA synovial tissue', 'The objective of this study was to... | ['Different expression patterns of mir-146a, miRNA-155, miRNA-124a, mir-203, mir-223, mir-346, mir-132, mir-363, mir-498, mir-15a, and mir-16 were documented in several tissue sample types of RA patients.'] | ['miR-155', 'miR-146a', 'miR-124a', 'miR-222', 'miR-223', 'miR-203', 'miR-346', 'miR-132', 'miR-363', 'miR-498', 'miR-15a', 'miR-16', 'miR-18a'] |
What is Mondor's disease? | ["INTRODUCTION: Mondor's disease is a rare superficial thrombophlebitis, historically involving the thoracic venous system of women. ", "Mondor's disease is a rare benign and self-limiting condition characterized by thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins of the anterolateral thoracoabdominal wall.", "Mondor's diseas... | ["Mondor's disease is a rare benign and self-limiting condition characterized by thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins of the anterolateral thoracoabdominal wall and genital area."] | [] |
Which deficiency is the cause of restless leg syndrome? | ['We describe a unique case of a 23-yr-old female patient affected by a homozygous loss of function mutation in the L-ferritin gene, idiopathic generalized seizures, and atypical restless leg syndrome (RLS). We show that L chain ferritin is undetectable in primary fibroblasts from the patient, and thus ferritin consist... | ['It has been well-documented that iron deficiency is the cause of restless leg syndrome. Magnesium and ferritin were also associated with restless leg syndrome.'] | ['iron'] |
What type of DNA repair pathways is initiated by AlkA glycosylase? | ['The Escherichia coli 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase II protein (AlkA) recognizes a broad range of oxidized and alkylated base lesions and catalyzes the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond to initiate the base excision repair pathway.', 'Schizosaccharomyces pombe has two paralogues of 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase,... | ['The AlkA protein (3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase II protein) is a monofunctional DNA glycosylase that recognizes a broad range of oxidized and alkylated base lesions and catalyzes the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond to initiate the base excision repair (BER) pathway.'] | ['base excision repair (BER) pathway'] |
What DNA methylation patterns are common in high-grade thalamic gliomas in young adults with the H3F3A K27M mutation? | [' transgenes are sufficient to reduce the amounts of H3K27me3 in vitro and in vivo.", "In contrast, thalamic gliomas with wild-type H3F3A had DNA methylation profiles similar to those of hemispheric glioblastomas.CONCLUSION: We found that high-grade thalamic gliomas from young adults, like those from children and adol... | High-grade thalamic gliomas in young adults with the H3F3A K27M mutation commonly have DNA methylation profiles similar to those of hemispheric glioblastomas. | [] |
What are the effects of BMAL1 deficiency? | ['BMAL1 deficiency is associated with premature aging and reduced lifespan', 'BMAL1 deficiency leads to development of stress induced senescence in vivo.', ' Down-regulation of Bmal1 accelerates the development of tumours ', 'BMAL1 deficiency results in premature aging in mice', 'BMAL1 deficiency disrupts circadian osc... | ['BMAL1 deficiency is associated with premature aging and reduced lifespan and BMAL1 deficiency leads to development of stress induced senescence in vivo. Down-regulation of Bmal1 also accelerates the development of tumours, adipogenesis.'] | [] |
Which syndrome is associated with OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 deficiency? | ['Here, we analyzed 8 Rotor-syndrome families and found that Rotor syndrome was linked to mutations predicted to cause complete and simultaneous deficiencies of the organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3.', 'Thus, disruption of hepatic reuptake of bilirubin glucuronide due to coexisting OATP1B1 and... | ['Complete and simultaneous deficiency of the organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 due to mutations in their corresponding genes, has been linked to Rotor syndrome.'] | ['Rotor syndrome'] |
List two chemotherapeutic agents that are used for treatment of Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma | ['Everolimus has been approved by the FDA and the EMA for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis (TSC), pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET), in combination with exemestane in advanced hormone-receptor (HR)-positive, HER2-ne... | ['Everolimus and rapamycin are chemotherapeutic agents that are used for treatment of Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma.'] | ['everolimus', 'rapamycin'] |
Which type of myeloma is ixazomib being evaluated for? | ['Next generation proteasome inhibitors include carfilzomib and oprozomib which are irreversible epoxyketone proteasome inhibitors; and ixazomib and delanzomib which are reversible boronic acid proteasome inhibitors. Two proteasome inhibitors, bortezomib and carfilzomib are FDA approved drugs and ixazomib and oprozomib... | ['The disease focus for the irreversible epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor ixazomib is multiple myeloma.'] | ['Multiple myeloma'] |
Is it possible to visualize subtahalamic nucleus by using transcranial ultrasound? | ['After measuring thermal effects of TCS and imaging artefact sizes of DBS lead using a skull phantom, we prospectively enrolled 34 patients with DBS of globus pallidus internus, ventro-intermediate thalamic or subthalamic nucleus. TCS had no influence on lead temperature, electrical parameters of DBS device or clinica... | ['Yes, it has been shown that it is possible to visualize subtahalamic nucleus by using transcranial ultrasound. Transcranial ultrasound is safe and reliable method that can be employed to monitor lead location and intraoperative visualization of deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes.'] | ['yes'] |
Which trancription factor activates the betalain pathway? | ['The beet Y locus encodes an anthocyanin MYB-like protein that activates the betalain red pigment pathway.', 'Some putative MYB, bHLH, and environmental stress-responsive transcription factor binding sites were detected in the PaDOD1 and PaDOD2 promoter regions.'] | ['The beet Y locus encodes an anthocyanin MYB-like protein that activates the betalain red pigment pathway.'] | ['The beet Y locus encodes an anthocyanin MYB-like protein that activates the betalain red pigment pathway.'] |
List kinases that phosphorylates the protein Bora. | ['During cell division Bora becomes multiply phosphorylated by a variety of cell cycle kinases, including Aurora A and Plk1, albeit at distinctive sites.', 'Likewise, we find that phosphorylation of Bora by Cdk1 promotes phosphorylation of human Plk1 by Aurora A suggesting that this mechanism is conserved in humans. ',... | ['During cell division Bora becomes multiply phosphorylated by a variety of cell cycle kinases, including Aurora A and Plk1, and GSK3β and Cdk1 albeit at distinctive sites.'] | ['Cdk1', 'Plk1', 'Aurora A', 'GSK3β'] |
What is Tarlov Cyst? | ['She underwent ultrasound, CT, and eventually MRI evaluations that led to the diagnosis of a giant (6.7 × 6.4 × 6.6 cm) Tarlov cyst originating from the right S-2 nerve root sleeve/sacral foramen with intrapelvic extension.', 'We report here a case of multiloculated disseminated perineural or Tarlov cysts (TCs). ', 'T... | ['Tarlov or perineural cysts are nerve root cysts found most commonly at the sacral spine level arising between covering layers of the perineurium and the endoneurium near the dorsal root ganglion and are usually asymptomatic.'] | [] |
What type of genome, (RNA or DNA, double stranded single stranded) is found in the the virus that causes blue tongue disease? | ['Bluetongue virus (BTV) genome contains ten double-stranded RNA segments'] | ['The Bluetongue virus (BTV) genome contains ten double-stranded RNA segments.', 'Bluetongue virus (BTV) genome contains ten double-stranded RNA segments. ', 'Bluetongue virus (BTV) genome contains ten double-stranded RNA segments.', 'Bluetongue virus (BTV) genome contains ten double-stranded RNA segments', 'bluetongue... | ['double stranded, segmented RNA'] |
What is the implication of histone lysine methylation in medulloblastoma? | ['Through targeted re-sequencing, we identified mutations of MLL2 in 8 % (14/175) of MBs, the majority of which were loss of function. Notably, we also report mutations affecting the MLL2-binding partner KDM6A, in 4 % (7/175) of tumors. While MLL2 mutations were independent of age, gender, histological subtype, M-stage... | ['Aberrant patterns of H3K4, H3K9, and H3K27 histone lysine methylation were shown to result in histone code alterations, which induce changes in gene expression, and affect the proliferation rate of cells in medulloblastoma.'] | [] |
Which biomarker is widely used in the diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma? | ["half of B-LBL patients are negative for CD45 (leucocyte common antigen, LCA), a widely used marker for the diagnosis of lymphoma, and a significant portion express CD99, a marker for Ewing's sarcoma (ES) or primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)", "Moreover, half of B-LBL patients are negative for CD45 (leucocyte com... | ['CD99 is a hallmark marker for Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors.'] | ['CD99'] |
Which disease is linked to mutations within BRAG1? | ['Mutations in BRAG1 have been identified in families with X-linked intellectual disability (XLID)'] | ['Mutations in BRAG1 have been identified in families with X-linked intellectual disability (XLID).'] | ['X-linked intellectual disability'] |
Which transcription factors (TFs) participate in the formation of the interferon-beta (IFN-b) enhanceosome? | ['The dimer formed by the ATF-2 and c-Jun transcription factors is one of the main components of the human interferon-beta enhanceosome.', 'The induction of IFN transcription resulted from the activation of the components of the IFN-beta enhanceosome, i.e. IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, acti... | ['Transcriptional activation of the IFN beta gene in response to virus infection requires the assembly of an enhanceosome, consisting of the transcriptional activators NF-kappa B, IRF1, ATF2/c-Jun, and the architectural protein HMG I(Y). Transcriptional activation of the human interferon-beta (IFN-beta) gene by virus ... | ['NF-kappa B (p50/p65)', 'ATF-2', 'c-jun', 'IRF-3', 'IRF-7', 'IRF-1'] |
What is the treatment of neuropathic pain in children? | ['Oxcarbazepine, a metabolite of carbamazepine, is used as an antiepileptic, analgesic for neuropathic pain and in the treatment of affective disorders. It has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for partial seizures in adults as both adjunctive and monotherapy, and as adjunctive therapy in children aged ... | ['It is unclear if any treatment is registered for pediatric use. The reported treatments are:\nOxcarbazepine \nOpioids alone, in rotations or with Analgesics (e.g. Ketamine and Lidocaine infusion)\nOpioids and Benzodiazepines\nPregabalin - is one of the first drugs registered for the treatment of neuropathic pain. I... | ['Oxcarbazepine', 'Opioids alone, in rotations or with Analgesics (e.g. Ketamine and Lidocaine infusion)', 'Opioids and Benzodiazepines - for terminal care', 'Pregabalin', 'Tricyclic Antidepressants', 'Lidocaine 5% patches for chronic localized neuropathic pain', 'Ketamine'] |
Is there any link between CTF4 and CTF18 during sister chromatid cohesion? | ['Our results suggest that Elg1, Ctf4, and Ctf18 may coordinate the relative movement of the replication fork with respect to the cohesin ring', 'These data defined two cohesion pathways, one containing CSM3, TOF1, CTF4, and CHL1, and the second containing MRC1, CTF18, CTF8, and DCC1', 'Here we show that three proteins... | ['Yes. CTF4 and CTF18 are required for high-fidelity chromosome segregation. Both exhibit genetic and physical ties to replication fork constituents. Absence of either CTF4 or CTF18 causes sister chromatid cohesion failure and leads to a preanaphase accumulation of cells that depends on the spindle assembly checkpoint.... | ['yes'] |
How homoplasy affects phylogenetic reconstruction? | ['Phylogenetic reconstruction using molecular data is often subject to homoplasy, leading to inaccurate conclusions about phylogenetic relationships among operational taxonomic units.', 'Our use of nonhomoplastic whole-genome SNP characters allows branch points and clade membership to be estimated with great precision'... | ['Evolutionary processes create both newly derived characteristics shared by related descendant lineages (homology) and "false" similarities which confound phylogenetic reconstruction (homoplasy). Homology arises by divergent evolution from a common ancestor and provides us with a phylogenetic signal, while homoplasy a... | [] |
Which gene strand is targeted by transcription-coupled repair (TCR)? | ['Transcription-coupled repair (TCR) is the major pathway involved in the removal of UV-induced photolesions from the transcribed strand of active genes.', 'transcription-coupled repair (TCR) provides faster repair of the transcribed strand of active genes.', 'there are two sub-pathways of nucleotide excision repair (N... | ['Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) removes a variety of helix-distorting lesions from DNA. It has two sub-pathways, the global genome (gg) NER and the transcription-coupled repair (TCR). TCR is triggered when a RNA polymerase, translocating along the transcribed strand, is arrested at a lesion or unusual structure in t... | ['the transcribed strand'] |
Which methyl-CpG-binding protein when mutant becomes the hallmark for Rett syndrome? | ['Rett syndrome (RTT) results from loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and is characterized by abnormal motor, respiratory and autonomic control, cognitive impairment, autistic-like behaviors and increased risk of seizures. ', 'Rett syndrome (RTT) is an autism spectr... | ['Rett syndrome (RTT) was shown to be caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene, with molecular studies identifying MECP2 mutations in up to 80% of classic RTT patients. MECP2 protein was found to assist in the transcriptional silencing process via DNA methylation. We therefore hypothesize th... | ['Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2)'] |
Are cutaneous porphyrias inherited with a recessive pattern? | ['Five of the porphyrias are low-penetrance autosomal dominant conditions in which clinical expression results from additional factors that act by increasing demand for haem or by causing an additional decrease in enzyme activity or by a combination of these effects', 'Molecular mechanisms of dominant expression in por... | ['No, cutaneous porphyrias are inherited in a dominant (not recessive) pattern.'] | ['no'] |
Proteomic analyses have revealed proteins associated with the triple-negative breast cancers. List some proposed proteins. | ['Some of these proteins are of outstanding interest in the biology and clinical management of this disease, such as CD44 and PARP1.', 'We present here our results, including a large cumulative database of proteins based on the analysis of 78 TNBCs, and the identification and validation of one specific protein, Mage-A4... | ['Selected proteins of interest proposed from triple-negative cancer proteomic studies are CD44, PARP1, Mage-A4, LSR, RAB25, S100A14, MUC1, Hsp90, Actin, 14-3-3, vimentin, HSP70, CK18, moesin, IDH2, CRABP2, SEC14L2, beta-catenin, MUC18, Stat1 and CD74.'] | ['CD44', 'PARP1', 'Mage-A4', 'LSR', 'RAB25', 'S100A14', 'MUC1', 'Hsp90', 'Actin', '14-3-3', 'vimentin', 'HSP70', 'CK18', 'moesin', 'IDH2', 'CRABP2', 'SEC14L2', 'beta-catenin', 'MUC18', 'Stat1', 'CD74'] |
What is HbVar? | ['HbVar: A relational database of human hemoglobin variants and thalassemia mutations at the globin gene server.', 'We have constructed a relational database of hemoglobin variants and thalassemia mutations, called HbVar, which can be accessed on the web at http://globin.cse.psu.edu. Extensive information is recorded f... | ['HbVar (http://globin.cse.psu.edu) is a relational database of hemoglobin variants and thalassemia mutations. Extensive information is recorded for each variant and mutation, including a description of the variant and associated pathology, hematology, electrophoretic mobility, methods of isolation, stability informati... | [] |
Are there randomised controlled trials on sevoflurane? | ['After Ethics Review Board approval, 44 ASA I-III patients undergoing elective gynaecological surgery were randomised after surgery to either hypercapnic hyperpnoea or control groups.', 'Hypercapnic hyperpnoea in spontaneously breathing patients halves the time of recovery from sevoflurane-induced anaesthesia in the o... | ['Yes. There are < 10 studies reported, answering questions like : how to improve speed of recovery, relationship to dreaming and anesthetic experience, effect on cardiac troponin release, effect on myocardial injury, postoperative delirium, haemodynamics & emergence and recovery characteristics of total intravenous a... | ['yes'] |
Is there any data to suggest that TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) administration can improve symptom severity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients? | ["These central nervous system (CNS)-mediated effects provide the rationale for use of TRH and its analogs in the treatment of brain and spinal injury, and CNS disorders like schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, depression, shock and ischemia.", 'The Effect o... | ['Yes, there are studies demonstrating that TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) administration can improve symptom severity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. However, some studies have failed to demonstrate symptom improvement following TRH administration.', 'Very high intravenous doses (2-19 mg/min) of thyrot... | ['yes'] |
Which gene is responsible for the development of the Mowat-Wilson syndrome? | ['The cause of MWS is a de novo mutation in the ZEB2 gene.', 'zfhz1b is the causative gene for Mowat-Wilson syndrome, in which patients demonstrate developmental delay and Hirschsprung disease, as well as other anomalies.', 'Intrahepatic biliary anomalies in a patient with Mowat-Wilson syndrome uncover a role for the z... | ['Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a genetic disease caused by heterozygous mutations or deletions of the zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) gene.', 'Nonsense mutations of the ZFHX1B gene in two Japanese girls with Mowat-Wilson syndromezfhz1b is the causative gene for Mowat-Wilson syndrome, in which patients demonstra... | ['ZFHX1B', 'ZEB2', 'SIP-1'] |
Is cancer related to global DNA hypo or hypermethylation? | ['Regions of focal DNA hypermethylation and long-range hypomethylation in colorectal cancer', 'Regions of focal hypermethylation in the tumor were located primarily at CpG islands and were concentrated within regions of long-range (>100 kb) hypomethylation. These hypomethylated domains covered nearly half of the genome... | ['DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation are independent processes and appear to play different roles in tumor progression. Cancer cells are characterized by a generalized disruption of the DNA methylation pattern involving an overall decrease in the level of 5-methylcytosine together with regional hypermethylation ... | ['Global hypomethylation is coupled with focal hypermethylation at CpG islands'] |
Which is the treatment strategy followed in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 for CAG removal? | ['Ataxin-3 protein modification as a treatment strategy for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: removal of the CAG containing exon', 'Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 is caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the ataxin-3 protein, resulting in gain of toxic function of the mutant protein. The expanded glutamine stretch in the ... | ['The novel treatment strategy proposed for treatment of Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 is the removal of the toxic polyglutamine repeat from the ataxin-3 protein through antisense oligonucleotide-mediated exon skipping while maintaining important wild type functions of the protein.'] | [] |
Which are the main causes of fetal echogenic bowel? | ['In group 2 and 3, two anomalies, anorectal malformation and cystic fibrosis, were detected postnatally', 'Six had chromosomal/genetic abnormalities, two had congenital cytomegalovirus, none had cystic fibrosis', 'Primary bowel pathology is rare following the finding of FEB', 'Maternal serology for cytomegalovirus (CM... | ['Fetal echogenic bowel is mainly associated to feto-maternal, intramniotic bleeding but in several cases it is linked to cystic fibrosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus and other viral infections and fetal aneuploidy.', 'Fetal echogenic bowel (FEB) is a soft marker found on second trimester sonography. (P... | ['Itramniotic bleeding', 'CMV infection', 'Cystic Fibrosis (CF)', 'Fetal aneuploidy'] |
What can Nothobranchius furzeri be used as a model system for? | ['The short-lived annual fish Nothobranchius furzeri shows extremely short captive life span and accelerated expression of age markers, making it an interesting model system to investigate the effects of experimental manipulations on longevity and age-related pathologies.', 'Owing to large differences in aging phenotyp... | ['N. furzeri an interesting model system to investigate the effects of experimental manipulations on longevity and age-related pathologies.\nN. furzeri could represent a model system for studying the genetic control of life-history traits in natural populations.\nN. furzeri could be a very useful model for comparative ... | ['aging research'] |
What is known as Calcium Induced Calcium Release (CICR) and its role in cardiomyocyte contractility? | ['Cardiomyocyte contraction depends on rapid changes in intracellular Ca(2+). In mammals, Ca(2+) influx as L-type Ca(2+) current (ICa) triggers the release of Ca(2+) from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release (CICR) is critical for excitation-contraction coupling.', 'Release of calcium (Ca(2+)) ... | ['the cicr mechanism has been understood mainly based on binding of cytosolic ca(2+) with ryanodine receptors (ryrs) and inducing ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr). l-type ca(2+) channels activate ryrs to produce cicr in smooth muscle cells in the form of ca(2+) sparks and propagated ca(2+) waves. in ... | [] |
Which domain allowing self-association do exist in TDP-43 and FUS proteins? | ['Using transient expression of a panel of deletion and chimeric FUS variants in various cultured cells, we demonstrated that FUS accumulating in the cytoplasm nucleates a novel type of RNA granules, FUS granules (FGs), that are structurally similar but not identical to physiological RNA transport granules. Formation o... | ['PRION PROTEINS', "Mutations in related RNA-binding proteins TDP-43, FUS/TLS and TAF15 have been connected to ALS. These three proteins share several features, including the presence of a bioinformatics-predicted prion domain, aggregation-prone nature in vitro and in vivo and toxic effects when expressed in multiple m... | ['Prion-like domain'] |
The CXCR2 receptor is targeted in cancer. Name five antagonists. | ['CXCR2 small-molecule antagonist (SB225002)', 'G31P, an antagonist against CXC chemokine receptors 1 and 2, inhibits growth of human prostate cancer cells in nude mice.', 'The CXCR2 antagonist, SCH-527123, shows antitumor activity', 'retreatment with the CXCR2 antagonist AZ10397767', 'The aim of this study was to inve... | ['There are numerous CXCR2 receptor antagonists, such as SB225002, G31P, SCH-527123, AZ10397767, SCH-479833.'] | ['SB225002', 'G31P', 'SCH-527123', 'AZ10397767', 'SCH-479833'] |
Can the iPS cell technology be used in Fanconi anemia therapy? | ['We explain a protocol for the reproducible generation of genetically corrected iPSCs starting from the skin biopsies of Fanconi anemia patients using retroviral transduction with OCT4, SOX2 and KLF4', 'Before reprogramming, the fibroblasts and/or keratinocytes of the patients are genetically corrected with lentivirus... | ['iPS cell technology can be used for the generation of disease-corrected, patient-specific cells with potential value for cell therapy applications in Fanconi anemia.'] | ['yes'] |
What is TOPAZ1? | ['TOPAZ1, a germ cell specific factor, is essential for male meiotic progression', 'Topaz1 (Testis and Ovary-specific PAZ domain gene 1) is a germ cell specific gene highly conserved in vertebrates', 'Topaz1 is supposed to have a role during gametogenesis and may be involved in the piRNA pathway and contribute to silen... | ['TOPAZ1 is a novel germ cell-specific expressed gene conserved during evolution across vertebrates. Its PAZ-domain protein is abundantly expressed in the gonads during germ cell meiosis. The expression pattern of TOPAZ1, and its high degree of conservation, suggests that it may play an important role in germ cell deve... | [] |
What is the lay name of the treatment for CCSVI (chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency) in multiple sclerosis. | ['patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving standard medical treatment who had been diagnosed with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA)', 'Although it is debated whether chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CC... | ['The so-called "LIberation therapy" is in fact Endovascular Treatment and consists of PTA (Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty), which is dilatation of the internal jugular and/or azygous veins by a catheter venography. Stent placement is optional but has been strongly advised against as being dangerous.'] | ['LIberation therapy'] |
What is smFISH? | ['Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization: quantitative imaging of single RNA molecules.', 'In situ hybridization-based analysis methods complement these studies by providing information about how expression levels change between cells within normal and diseased tissues, and they provide information about th... | ['smFISH (Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization) allows for quantitative imaging of single RNA molecules. Multi-color, single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is particularly useful since it enables analysis of several different transcripts simultaneously. Combining smFISH with immunofl... | [] |
What is known about diseases associated with mutations in the CHCHD10 gene? | ['Late onset spinal motor neuronopathy is caused by mutation in CHCHD10.', 'Mutation c.197G>T p.G66V in CHCHD10 is the cause of the lower motor neuron syndrome LOSMoN/SMAJ. During the preparation of this article other mutations were reported to cause frontotemporal dementia-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis syndrome, indic... | ['Mutation c.197G>T p.G66V in CHCHD10 is the cause of the lower motor neuron syndrome LOSMoN/SMAJ. \nMutations in the CHCHD10 gene have been identified in a large family with a complex phenotype variably associating frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cerebellar ataxia, myopathy, and... | [] |
List bacteria that may be useful in uranium bioremediation. | ['Members of the Betaproteobacteria (i.e. Dechloromonas, Ralstonia, Rhodoferax, Polaromonas, Delftia, Chromobacterium) and the Firmicutes dominated the biostimulated aquifer community.', 'Shewanella oneidensis is an important model organism for bioremediation studies because of its diverse respiratory capabilities, con... | ['The main bacteria studied in uranium bioremediation are Geobacteraceae. Other bacteria are: \nFirmicutes, \nShewanella oneidensis\nPseudomonas aeruginosa\nAnaeromyxobacter dehalogenans \nstrain Rf4T'] | ['Betaproteobacteria', 'Firmicutes', 'Geobacter', 'Geobacteraceae', 'Geobacter uraniireducens', 'Shewanella oneidensis', 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans', 'strain Rf4T'] |
Where can you find the annulus of Zinn? | ["Should the annular tendon of the eye be named 'annulus of Zinn' or 'of Valsalva'?", "The annular tendon is commonly named 'annulus of Zinn', from the German anatomist and botanist Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727-1759) who described this structure in his Descriptio anatomica oculi humani (Anatomical Description of the Hum... | ['Annulus of Zinn is in the orbit.'] | ['orbit', 'EYE'] |
Does metformin interfere thyroxine absorption? | [] | ['There are not reported data indicating that metformin interferes with thyroxine absorption'] | ['no'] |
What clinical use aptamers may have? | ['In murine tumor models, the aptamer-targeted siRNA-mediated NMD inhibition in tumor cells led to significant inhibition of tumor growth, which was superior to best-in-class "conventional" cancer vaccination protocols. Tumor-targeted NMD inhibition forms the basis of a simple, broadly useful, and clinically feasible a... | ['In the clinic, aptamers may be used to enhance the antigenicity of disseminated tumors, leading to their immune recognition and rejection; to target HPV16 E7 oncoprotein, inhibiting cell proliferation and activating apoptosis of infected cells; to act as inhibitors for targets such as VEGF, in age-related macular deg... | [] |
Which are the lipid lowering drugs administered in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)? | ['Impact of adding ezetimibe to statin to achieve low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal (from the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation [COURAGE] trial).', 'After maximizing statin dose, ezetimibe was added to reach the LDL cholesterol goal in 34% of patients (n\xa0= 734). ', '... | ['The lipid lowering drugs administered in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) are:\n1) Statins\n2) Fibrates\n3) Resins\n4) Niacin\n5) Cholesterol absorption-inhibiting drugs.'] | ['Statins', 'Fibrates', 'Resins', 'Niacin', 'Cholesterol absorption-inhibiting drugs'] |
Can Levoxyl (levothyroxine sodium) cause insomnia? | ["METHODS: Seventy-one patients diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism were randomly allocated into two study groups: the first group received usual dose of levothyroxine and the second group received combination of levothyroxine and liothyronine for at least 4 months. The main outcomes were psychosocial problems (Goldb... | ['Levoxyl monotherapy is associated with increased insomnia compared to a combination of levothyroxine and liothyronine.'] | ['yes'] |
Which are the clinical symptoms of left ventricular noncompaction? | ['Perioperative management of the patient with LVNC might be challenging due to the clinical symptoms of heart failure, systemic thromboembolic events, and fatal left ventricular arrhythmias.', 'Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy is a rare type of congenital cardiomyopathy characterized by prematurely arrest... | ['The clinical symptoms of left ventricular noncompaction are:\n1) heart failure, \n2) systemic thromboembolic events, \n3) ventricular arrhythmias and\n4) sudden cardiac death.'] | ['heart failure', 'systemic thromboembolic events', 'systemic thromboembolism', 'ventricular arrhythmias', 'sudden cardiac death'] |
How is volume associated with Glasgow Outcome Score in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage? | ['["Age, Glasgow Coma Scale, ICH location, volume (all P<0.0001), and pre-ICH cognitive impairment (P=0.005) were independently associated with Glasgow Outcome Score>or = 4. The FUNC score was developed as a sum of individual points (0-11) based on strength of association with outcome. ", "Age, Glasgow Coma Scale, ICH ... | Volume is significantly associated with Glasgow Outcome Score in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, with a p-value of less than 0.0001. | [] |
What is ChIPpeakAnno? | ['ChIPpeakAnno: a Bioconductor package to annotate ChIP-seq and ChIP-chip data', 'We have developed ChIPpeakAnno as a Bioconductor package within the statistical programming environment R to facilitate batch annotation of enriched peaks identified from ChIP-seq, ChIP-chip, cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) or any ... | ['ChIPpeakAnno is a Bioconductor package within the statistical programming environment R that facilitates batch annotation of enriched peaks identified from ChIP-seq, ChIP-chip, cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) or any experiments resulting in a large number of enriched genomic regions.'] | [] |
Are there any desmins present in plants? | ['Inherited mutations in the gene coding for the intermediate filament protein desmin have been demonstrated to cause severe skeletal and cardiac myopathies.', 'Mutations in the intermediate filament (IF) protein desmin cause severe forms of myofibrillar myopathy characterized by partial aggregation of the extrasarcome... | ['No. Desmins are type III intermediate filament (IF) proteins that have been identified to date only in metazoa (human, Danio rerio, bovine). Desmins are also associated with severe forms of skeletal, cardiac and myofibrillar myopathies.'] | ['no'] |
Which syndromes are associated with heterochromia iridum? | ["To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Ascher's syndrome associated with iris coloboma, heterochromia iridum, and narrowing of horizontal palpebral fissure and decreased outer intercanthal distance secondary to lengthening of lateral canthal ligament.", ' Sensorineural hearing loss (17/20, 85.0%) and he... | ["The syndromes that are associated with heterochromia iridum are:\n1) Ascher's syndrome\n2) Waardenburg Syndrome type II (WS2)\n3) Horner's syndrome."] | ["Ascher's syndrome", 'Waardenburg Syndrome type II', 'WS2', 'WS Type II', "Horner's syndrome"] |
Are cyclophilins proteins that bind to prolines? | ['Cyclophilins are ubiquitously expressed proteins that bind to prolines and can catalyse cis/trans isomerization of proline residues.', 'a characteristic of the cyclophilin family of proteins that bind prolines and often act as cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerases. ', 'The cyclophilins are widely expressed enzymes tha... | ['Cyclophilins are ubiquitously expressed proteins that bind to prolines.'] | ['yes'] |
Which growth factors are known to be involved in the induction of EMT? | ['Moreover, recent studies have shown that most EMT cases are regulated by soluble growth factors or cytokines. Among these factors, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) execute diverse functions by binding to and activating members of the FGF receptor (FGFR) family, including FGFR1-4.', 'Fibroblast growth factor receptor ... | ['EMT is characterized by acquisition of cell motility, modifications of cell morphology, and cell dissociation correlating with the loss of desmosomes from the cellular cortex. A number of growth factors have been shown to be involved in this process. These include fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TNF... | ['fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)', 'TGF-β1', 'TGF-β2', 'TNF-α', 'CCN family', 'Sonic Hedgehog (SHh)', 'Notch1', 'GF-β', 'Wnt', 'EGF', 'bFGF', 'IGF-I', 'IGF-II'] |
Which mutations in the cardiac isoform of the ryanodine receptor (RyR2) have been found to be related to CPVT? | ['Recently, a novel CPVT RyR2 mutation, G230C, was found to increase the cytosolic, but not the luminal, Ca2+ sensitivity of single RyR2 channels in lipid bilayers.', 'These data suggest that the G230C mutation enhances the propensity for SOICR by sensitizing the channel to luminal and cytosolic Ca2+ activation, and th... | ['Recently, a novel CPVT RyR2 mutation, G230C, was found to increase the cytosolic, but not the luminal, Ca2+ sensitivity of single RyR2 channels in lipid bilayers. The novel RYR2-S4153R mutation has been implicated as a cause of CPVT and atrial fibrillation. A novel RyR2-V2475F mutation is associated with CPVT in huma... | ['RyR2-G230C', 'RyR2-S4153R', 'RyR2-V2475F', 'RyR2-R2474S', 'RyR2-N2386I', 'RyR2-L433P', 'RyR2-E189D', 'RyR2-R4497C (RyR2-R4496C in the mouse)', 'RyR2-V2306I,', 'RyR2-P4902L', 'RyR2-R4959Q', 'RyR2-S2246L', 'RyR2-N4104K'] |
SPAG5 was implicated in which cancers? | ['BACKGROUND: We conducted multiple microarray datasets analyses from clinical and xenograft tumor tissues to search for disease progression-driving oncogenes in prostate cancer (PCa). Sperm-associated antigen 5 (SPAG5) attracted our attention. SPAG5 was recently identified as an oncogene participating in lung cancer a... | ['SPAG5 was implicated in prostate cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer.'] | ['prostate cancer', 'lung cancer', 'cervical cancer', 'breast cancer'] |
What is the mechanism of action of verubecestat? | ["The BACE1 inhibitor verubecestat (MK-8931) reduces CNS β-amyloid in animal models and in Alzheimer's disease patients.", 'We show that verubecestat (MK-8931) is a potent, selective, structurally unique BACE1 inhibitor that reduced plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain concentrations of Aβ40, Aβ42, and sAPPβ (a... | ['Verubecestat (MK-8931), a diaryl amide-substituted 3-imino-1,2,4-thiadiazinane 1,1-dioxide derivative, is a potent, selective, structurally unique BACE1 inhibitor that reduced plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain concentrations of Aβ40, Aβ42, and sAPPβ (a direct product of BACE1 enzymatic activity).'] | [] |
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