question stringlengths 13 291 | contexts stringlengths 2 24.7k | ground_truth stringlengths 6 6.9k ⌀ | exact_answer stringlengths 2 710 |
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List the three most prevalent pathogenic species of Borrelia in Europe. | [' The Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis in Europe express different OspA serotypes on their surface, B. burgdorferi (serotype 1), B. afzelii (serotype 2), B. garinii (serotypes, 3, 5 and 6) and B. bavariensis (serotype 4), while only B. burgdorferi is present in the US. ', 'Borrelia afzelii is the predominant ... | ['The most prevalent pathogenic species of Borrelia in Europe are: B. afzelii, B. garinii and B. burgdorferi ss.'] | ['B. afzelii', 'B. garinii', 'B. burgdorferi ss.'] |
Can Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) be used for gender selection? | ['This testing is used for identifying singlegene disorders, chromosomal abnormalities, mitochondrial disorders, gender selection in non-mendelian disorders with unequal gender distribution, aneuploidy screening, and other preconceptually identified genetic abnormalities in prospective parents. ', ' Although many clini... | ['Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis can be used for gender selection.'] | ['yes'] |
Is Alpers disease inherited in an autosomal recessive mode? | ['Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome (AHS) is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder', 'Alpers syndrome is an autosomal recessive mitochondrial DNA depletion disorder that affects children and young adults', "Alpers' syndrome is a fatal neurogenetic disorder first described more than 70 years ago. It is an autosomal recess... | ['Alpers disease is a fatal neurogenetic disorder first described more than 70 years ago. It is an autosomal recessive, developmental mitochondrial DNA depletion disorder characterized by deficiency in mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLG) catalytic activity, refractory seizures, neurodegeneration, and liver diseas... | ['yes'] |
Is RANKL secreted from the cells? | ['Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble secreted factor that acts as a decoy receptor for receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) ', 'Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a secreted glycoprotein and a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. It usually functions in bone remodeling, by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis... | ['Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) is a cytokine predominantly secreted by osteoblasts.'] | ['yes'] |
What does mTOR stands for? | [' mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)', 'mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)', 'mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)', 'mammalian target or rapamycin (mTOR)', 'mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)', 'mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) ', ' mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)', ' mammal target of rapamycin (mTOR)'... | ['mTOR stands for: mammalian target of rapamycin.'] | ['mammalian target of rapamycin'] |
In which types of DNA repair is the UvrAB complex involved? | ['illegitimate recombination is mostly suppressed by UvrA and UvrB.', 'UvrAB complex suppresses illegitimate recombination', 'Transcription-coupled repair (TCR) is a subpathway of nucleotide excision repair (NER) that acts specifically on lesions in the transcribed strand of expressed genes.', 'the transcription repair... | ['UvrB and the lesion-recognition factor UvrA form the UvrAB complex, which plays a key role in bacterial nucleotide excision repair (NER). In transcription-coupled repair (TCR), the transcription repair coupling factor Mfd recruits uvrA, and the assembled UvrAB complex initiates repair. UvrAB complex also suppresses i... | ['nucleotide excision repair (NER)', 'transcription-coupled repair (TCR)', 'suppression of illegitimate recombination'] |
What causes Katayama Fever? | ['The laboratory diagnosis of schistosomiasis and Katayama syndrome in returning travellers is difficult because the number of excreted eggs is often very limited.', 'Eosinophilia (sometimes exceeding 50%) is often present in patients with acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever), but may be limited or absent in late fib... | ['Katayama fever is an acute clinical condition characterised by high fever, dry cough and general malaise occurring during early Schistosoma spp. infection.'] | ['Schistosoma spp'] |
What type of arrhythmia is known as bidirectional ventricular tachycardia (BDVT)? | ['Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia (BVT) is an uncommon type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT) with alternating polarity of the QRS complex most commonly described digitalis toxicity. ', 'Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia (BVT), which is characterized by an alternating beat-to-beat ECG QRS axis, is ... | ['Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia (BVT), which is characterized by an alternating beat-to-beat ECG QRS axis, is a rare but intriguing arrhythmia associated with digitalis toxicity, familial catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), and several other conditions that predispose cardiac myocytes ... | [] |
Which are the subtypes of Pfeiffer syndrome? | ['Of 802 patients treated for craniosynostosis, 28 were identified with Pfeiffer syndrome: 17 were classified as type I (61 percent), seven were classified as type II (25 percent), and four were classified as type III (14 percent). ', 'Pfeiffer syndrome is divided into three clinical subtypes. Type 1 "classic" Pfeiffer... | ['Pfeiffer syndrome is divided into three clinical subtypes.', 'Pfeiffer syndrome is divided into three clinical subtypes. Type 1 "classic" Pfeiffer syndrome involves individuals with mild manifestations including brachycephaly, midface hypoplasia and finger and toe abnormalities; it is associated with normal intellige... | ['Type I', 'Type I (1)', 'Type II', 'Type II (2)', 'Type III', 'Type III (3)'] |
How many genes outside of the MHC locus have been genetically associated to Rheumatoid Arthritis through GWAS? | ['Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have allowed the characterization of more than 40 new susceptibility genes and the confirmation of a marked differential genetic background between patients expressing anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA, approximately 80% of all RA patients) and ACPA negative RA ... | ['Large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 30 loci involved in RA pathogenesis. To date, over 30 non-MHC RA-associated loci have been identified in humans, and over 100 arthritis-associated loci have been identified in rodent models of RA. The most relevant non-HLA gene single nucleotide p... | ['more than 30'] |
Which disease the London mutation involved in? | ['In the present study, we used a new training paradigm in the intelliCage automatic behavioral assessment system to investigate cognitive functions of the transgenic mice harboring London mutation of the human amyloid precursor protein (APP.V717I). ', "The novel approach to study the transgenic mice cognitive abilitie... | ["London mutation that is the missense mutation in exon 17 of the amyloid precursor protein gene on chromosome 21 (Val717Ile) is involved in Alzheimer's Disease."] | ["Alzheimer's Disease", 'AD'] |
What is the effect of the direct interaction of Ikaros and Foxp1 in B-lymphocytes? | ['Direct interaction of Ikaros and Foxp1 modulates expression of the G protein-coupled receptor G2A in B-lymphocytes and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.', 'We describe a novel physical and functional interaction between the proteins, which requires the central zinc finger domain of Ikaros. The Ikaros-Foxp1 interaction is... | ['Direct interaction of Ikaros and Foxp1 modulates expression of the G protein-coupled receptor G2A in B-lymphocytes and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.', 'The effect of the direct interaction of Ikaros and Foxp1 in B-lymphocytesis is modulation of expression of the G protein-coupled receptor G2A.'] | ['Modulation of expression of the G protein-coupled receptor G2A.'] |
What is the role of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) in hematopoiesis? | ['Histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) protein is involved in Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4)-mediated transcriptional repression in hematopoietic stem cells', 'we demonstrate that LSD1, a histone lysine demethylase, also participates in the trans-repressive effects of SALL4. Based on luciferase assays, the amine ox... | ['LSD1 represents a central regulator of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. LSD1 knockdown (LSD1-kd) expanded progenitor numbers by enhancing their proliferative behavior. LSD1-kd led to an extensive expansion of granulomonocytic, erythroid and megakaryocytic progenitors. In contrast, terminal granulopoiesis, ery... | [] |
Which proteins constitute the methyl-directed mismatch repair system (MMR) in bacteria? | ['MutY and MutSL (mismatch repair system [MMR])', 'Escherichia coli DNA Mismatch Repair (MMR) protein MutS ', 'We have characterized the mismatch repair system (MMR) of the highly radiation-resistant type strain of Deinococcus radiodurans, ATCC 13939. We show that the MMR system is functional in this organism, where it... | ['The mismatch repair system (MMR) recognizes and corrects mismatched or unpaired bases caused mainly by DNA polymerase, and contributes to the fidelity of DNA replication in living cells. In bacteria, the methyldirected mismatch repair (MMR) is comprised of MutS and MutL proteins, encoded by the mutS/L operon.'] | ['mutS', 'mutL', 'mutH'] |
Which is the target protein of the drug nivolumab? | ['nivolumab, a fully human IgG4 programmed death 1 (PD-1) immune-checkpoint-inhibitor antibody', ' Nivolumab (a programmed death 1 [PD-1] checkpoint inhibitor)', 'Nivolumab, a fully human immunoglobulin G4 programmed death 1 immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody, ', ' programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitors pembro... | ['Nivolumab was developed as a monoclonal antibody against programmed death receptor-1, an immune checkpoint inhibitor which negatively regulates T-cell proliferation and activation.'] | ['programmed death receptor-1'] |
Is exonuclease Xrn1 a component of the P-bodies? | ["PBs are associated with mRNA decay and contain the decapping enzymes DCP1/2, the 5' to 3' exonuclease Xrn1, the Lsm proteins (1-7), and the scaffolding proteins hedls/GE-1 and GW182. Both SGs and PBs contain mRNA, eIF4E, microRNAs and argonaute proteins, and various regulators of mRNA stability and translation (TTP, ... | ["In eukaryotic cells, XRN1 is often found in particles known as processing bodies (P bodies) together with other proteins involved in the 5' → 3' degradation pathway, such as DCP2 and the helicase DHH1 (Me31B). In yeast and human tissue culture cells, Xrn1 has been shown to be a component of P-bodies (processing bodi... | ['yes'] |
Which hormone abnormalities are characteristic to Pendred syndrome? | ['Loss or reduction of function mutations of SLC26A4 underlie Pendred syndrome, a disorder invariably leading to hearing loss with enlarged vestibular aqueducts and in some patients to hypothyroidism and goiter.', 'Goiter development and hypothyroidism vary among affected individuals and seem to be partially dependent ... | ['Thyroid hormone abnormalities are characteristic to Pendred syndrome. Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid hormone abnormality in Pendred syndrome. Pendred syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by sensorineural deafness, goiter and a partial defect in iodide organification.'] | ['thyroid hormone abnormalities'] |
What is the Genomic Regions Enrichment of Annotations Tool (GREAT)? | ['We developed the Genomic Regions Enrichment of Annotations Tool (GREAT) to analyze the functional significance of cis-regulatory regions identified by localized measurements of DNA binding events across an entire genome. Whereas previous methods took into account only binding proximal to genes, GREAT is able to prope... | ['Genomic Regions Enrichment of Annotations Tool (GREAT) is a tool to analyse the functional significance of cis-regulatory regions identified by localised measurements of DNA binding events across an entire genome. Whereas previous methods took into account only binding proximal to genes, GREAT is able to properly inc... | [] |
Which is the most typical peptide sequence responsible for retrieval of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumenal proteins from the Golgi apparatus? | ['Retention of soluble proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum is dependent on their interaction with the KDEL (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) receptor in the Golgi apparatus and their subsequent retrieval back to the endoplasmic reticulum.', 'the retrieval system for lumenal ER proteins. These proteins carry a specific sorting signal... | ['The lumenal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins carry a specific sorting signal which enables their retrieval from multiple post-ER compartments (up to the TGN along the exocytotic pathway), back to the ER. The most typical such signal is the carboxyl-terminal Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL), which is bound by a KDEL receptor... | ['the carboxyl-terminal Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL)'] |
Are there conserved noncoding elements identified between genomes of human and teleosts? | ['We report evidence for a mechanism for the maintenance of long-range conserved synteny across vertebrate genomes. We found the largest mammal-teleost conserved chromosomal segments to be spanned by highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs), their developmental regulatory target genes, and phylogenetically and funct... | ['Vertebrate genomes contain thousands of conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) that often function as tissue-specific enhancers. In this study, we have identified CNEs in human, dog, chicken, Xenopus, and four teleost fishes (zebrafish, stickleback, medaka, and fugu) using elephant shark, a cartilaginous vertebrate, as ... | ['yes'] |
What is the purpose of the Orpington Prognostic Scale? | ['Stroke severity was determined using the Orpington Prognostic Scale.', 'Predicting response to rehabilitation in elderly patients with stroke using the Orpington Prognostic Scale and selected clinical variables.', ' The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of the Orpington Prognostic Scale (OPS) to pred... | ['The Orpington Prognostic Scale (OPS) is used to predict futue functional status of stroke patients, to asses stroke severity, outcome and response to subacute rehabilitation. In patients with stroke, OPS and NIHSS had significant contribution to the estimation of the functional status and OPS was more effective than ... | [] |
What is PANTHER-PSEP? | ['PANTHER-PSEP: predicting disease-causing genetic variants using position-specific evolutionary preservation.', "PANTHER-PSEP is a new software tool for predicting non-synonymous genetic variants that may play a causal role in human disease. Several previous variant pathogenicity prediction methods have been proposed ... | ["PANTHER-PSEP is a new software tool for predicting non-synonymous genetic variants that may play a causal role in human disease. Several previous variant pathogenicity prediction methods have been proposed that quantify evolutionary conservation among homologous proteins from different organisms. PANTHER-PSEP employs... | [] |
What is the color of the protein Ranasmurfin? | ['Ranasmurfin, a blue protein from a different species of frog, displays a novel structure with a unique chromophoric crosslink.', 'Crystallization of Ranasmurfin, a blue-coloured protein from Polypedates leucomystax.', 'Ranasmurfin, a previously uncharacterized approximately 13 kDa blue protein found in the nests of t... | ['Ranasmurfin is a blue protein.'] | ['Blue'] |
Is alternative splicing of apoptotic genes playing a role in the response to DNA or mitochondrial damage? | ['Apoptosis promoted by UV in cells lacking p53 is prevented when the change in AS of the apoptotic gene bcl-x is reverted, confirming the relevance of this mechanism.', 'We demonstrate that E2F1 requires SC35 to switch the alternative splicing profile of various apoptotic genes such as c-flip, caspases-8 and -9 and Bc... | ['Yes, alternative splicing seem to play a key role in the response to DNA or mitocondrial damage as suggested by the number of apoptotic genes that are alternatively spliced, with often antagonistic roles of the isoforms generated.'] | ['yes'] |
Which translocation is the hallmark of Ewing sarcoma? | ['Tumours defined as Ewing sarcoma (ES) constitute a group of highly malignant neoplasms that most often affect children and young adults in the first 2 decades of life. The EWS/Fli-1 fusion gene, a product of the translocation t(11;22) (q24; 12), is detected in 95% of ES patients', "Ewing's sarcoma is a malignancy cha... | ['Tumours defined as Ewing sarcoma (ES) constitute a group of highly malignant neoplasms that most often affect children and young adults in the first 2 decades of life. The EWS/Fli-1 fusion gene, a product of the translocation t(11;22) (q24; 12), is detected in 95% of ES patients', 'The EWS/Fli-1 fusion gene, a produc... | ['translocation t(11;22) (q24;12)'] |
Are reduced-nicotine cigarettes effective for smoking cessation? | ['CONCLUSIONS: In this 6-week study, reduced-nicotine cigarettes versus standard-nicotine cigarettes reduced nicotine exposure and dependence and the number of cigarettes smoked. ', 'RESULTS: Significant reductions in nicotine intake were observed between usual brand smoking (∼1.2 mg nicotine) and the 0.3 and 0.05 mg n... | ['Yes, reduced-nicotine cigarettes are effective for smoking cessation.'] | ['yes'] |
Is the HRC Ser96Ala variant associated with sudden cardiac death in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy? | ['The Ser96Ala genetic variant of HRC is associated with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in idiopathic DCM and may serve as an independent predictor of susceptibility to arrhythmogenesis in the setting of DCM.', 'The Ser96Ala (S96A) mutation within the histidine rich Ca(2+) binding protein (HRC) has recently b... | ['The histidine-rich calcium binding protein (HRC) Ser96Ala polymorphism was shown to correlate with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death only in dilated cardiomyopathy patients but not in healthy human carriers.The Ser96Ala genetic variant of HRC is associated with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in idiop... | ['yes'] |
What is the mode of action of everolimus? | ['Target-of-Rapamycin Inhibitors (Sirolimus, Everolimus),', 'Although the mTOR inhibitor everolimus is effective for the treatment of patients who have failed TKI therapy, it is important to consider all available treatment options before switching therapy mode of action.', 'The mTOR pathway, and its upstream regulator... | ['Everolimus is a drug that binds to mTORC1 and inhibits activation of the mTOR signalling pathway. It is used in targeted cancer therapy protocols or after transplantation for maintenance immunosuppression, against allograft rejection.'] | [] |
Which is the most widely used model for the study of multiple sclerosis (MS)? | ['experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model of multiple sclerosis', 'Many aspects of MS can be mimicked in the animal model of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (MOG-EAE)', 'the chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS', 'Th... | ["Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a classical, conventional and widely recognized animal model for studying multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE is the best available model for the inflammatory processes that occur in MS, and for the disease process. A less commonly used model is that of Theiler's murine enc... | ['Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)'] |
What is the role of neurexins in forming transsynaptic interactions at the presynapse? | ['["Neurexins and neuroligins are two distinct families of single-pass transmembrane proteins localized at pre- and postsynapses, respectively. ", "presynaptic neurexins", "best-characterized transsynaptic interactions are formed by presynaptic neurexins, which bind to diverse postsynaptic ligands.", "presynaptic neure... | Neurexins play a key role in forming transsynaptic interactions at the presynapse by binding to diverse postsynaptic ligands, making them the best-characterized transsynaptic interactions. | [] |
What is the methodological principle of ChIA-PET? | ['Overall we show that ChIA-PET is the cornerstone to explore the three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure, and certainly will lead the forthcoming wave of 3D genomics studies.', 'Chromatin interaction analysis with paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET) is a new technology to study genome-wide long-range chromatin int... | ['Chromatin interaction analysis with paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET) is a new technology to study genome-wide long-range chromatin interactions bound by protein factors. To minimize non-specific noise and reduce complexity, as well as to increase the specificity of the chromatin interaction analysis, chromatin im... | [] |
Can PLN mutations lead to dilated cardiomyopathy? | ['A PLN founder mutation (43 cases) and LMNA mutations (19 cases, 16 different mutations) were most prevalent and often demonstrated a specific phenotype.', 'PLN mutation R14del was identified in 12 (12 %) ARVC patients and in 39 (15 %) DCM patients', 'The PLN R14del founder mutation is present in a substantial number ... | ['Yes, PLN mutations can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy.'] | ['yes'] |
Which dediodinases are present in kidney? | ['Iodothyronine deiodinase in vitro activity studies in the chicken showed the presence of type I and type III iodothyronine deiodinase activity in both liver and kidney.', 'Co-expression of the deiodinases was also found in the kidney.', 'high ID-I activities were found in liver, kidney', "the kidney microsome 5'-deio... | ['Type 1 and Type 3 deiodinases are both present in liver'] | ['Type 1 deiodinase', 'Tipe 3 deiodinase'] |
How do somatic mutations in patients with MDS relate to clinical features, considering the common occurrence of inactivating mutations in PcG genes like EZH2? | ['["Loss-of-function mutations of EZH2, a catalytic component of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), are observed in ~\\\\n10% of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), but are rare in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)", "We describe the use of an oligo-SNP array for genomic profiling of aCNA and cnLOH, together w... | Somatic mutations of epigenetic gene regulators are common in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and correlate with some clinical and laboratory features. Recent extensive mutation analyses of the myeloid malignancies have revealed that inactivating somatic mutations in PcG genes such as EZH2 occur frequentl... | [] |
List the types of the Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) according to the five-part classification system. | ['The general definition has been expanded into five subtypes: CRS type 1 = acute worsening of heart function (acute heart failure-acute coronary syndrome) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction; CRS type 2 = chronic abnormalities in heart function (chronic heart failure-chronic heart disease) leading to kidney in... | ['Cardiorenal syndromes (CRS) have been recently classified into five distinct entities, each with different major pathophysiologic mechanisms. \nCRS type 1: acute worsening of heart function (AHF-ACS) leading to kidney injury and/or dysfunction. \nCRS type 2: chronic abnormalities in heart function (CHF-CHD) leading t... | ['CRS type 1', 'CRS type 2', 'CRS type 3', 'CRS type 4', 'CRS type 5'] |
Where does CTCF colocalize with cohesin? | ['In human cells, Pol III genes and transcription factors have also been shown to colocalize with cohesin and the transcription regulator and genome organizer CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF).', 'To investigate cohesin-non-CTCF (CNC) binding events in vivo we mapped cohesin and CTCF, as well as a collection of tissue-specif... | ['Cohesin subunits associate with viral and cellular CTCF sites involved in complex gene regulation and chromatin organization. Cohesin cobinds across the genome with transcription factors independently of CTCF, plays a functional role in estrogen-regulated transcription, and may help to mediate tissue-specific transcr... | ['In imprinted and repressed, highly compacted loci that are prone to recombination events.'] |
Is there any algorithm for enhancer identification from chromatin state? | ['RFECS: a random-forest based algorithm for enhancer identification from chromatin state.', 'However, only a limited number of cell types or chromatin marks have previously been investigated for this purpose, leaving the question unanswered whether there exists an optimal set of histone modifications for enhancer pred... | ['yes', 'Yes. RFECS is a random-forest based algorithm for enhancer identification from chromatin state. It integrates histone modification profiles for the identification of enhancers, and can be used to identify enhancers in a number of cell-types. RFECS not only leads to more accurate and precise prediction of enhan... | ['yes'] |
What are the main characteristics/symptoms of the "Brugada" syndrome | ['In 1992, Brugada and Brugada first described a new entity, which became known as Brugada syndrome, that is associated with a high risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in patients without structural heart disease. This syndrome is characterized by a distinct electrocardiographic phenotype, type 1 B... | ['In 1992, Brugada and Brugada first described a new entity, which became known as Brugada syndrome, that is associated with a high risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in patients without structural heart disease. This syndrome is characterized by a distinct electrocardiographic phenotype, type 1 B... | [] |
Are mutations in the C9orf72 gene associated with macular degeneration? | ['Over the years, however, growing evidence from clinical, pathological and genetic findings has suggested that ALS and FTD belong to the same clinic-pathological spectrum disorder. This concept has been further supported by the identification of the most common genetic cause for both diseases, an aberrantly expanded h... | ['Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by motor neurone loss resulting in muscle weakness, spasticity and ultimately death. 5-10% are caused by inherited mutations, most commonly C9ORF72, SOD1, TARDBP and FUS.'] | ['no'] |
Which proteins form part of the NRD complex in S. cerevisiae? | ['This activity is derived from the CHD3 and CHD4 proteins which contain helicase/ATPase domains found in SWI2-related chromatin remodelling factors, and facilitates the deacetylation of oligonucleosomal histones in vitro. We refer to this complex as the nucleosome remodelling and deacetylating (NRD) complex', 'Molecul... | ['The purification of an ATR complex allowed identification of chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 4 (CHD4) as an ATR-associated protein by tandem mass spectrometric sequencing. CHD4 (also called Mi-2beta) is a component of a histone-deacetylase-2 (HDAC2)-containing complex, the nucleosome remodeling and deacetyl... | ['Chd2', 'Chd4', 'Hdac2', 'Mta1', 'Mta2', 'Sen1', 'Pcf11'] |
Is there an association between TERT promoter mutation and survival of glioblastoma patients? | ["Glioblastoma patients with TERT mutations showed a shorter survival than those without TERT mutations in univariate analysis (median, 9.3 vs. 10.5 months; P = 0.015) and multivariate analysis after adjusting for age and gender (HR 1.38, 95 % CI 1.01-1.88, P = 0.041). However, TERT mutations had no significant impact ... | ['Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter are associated with shorter survival of glioblastoma patients. Prognostic value of TERT mutations for poor survival is largely due to their inverse correlation with IDH1 mutations.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the biological role of expansins in fungi? | ['interactions with alpha-expansin in cell wall extension and polysaccharide degradation', 'cell wall swelling may not be a significant event during the action of expansin and hydrolases', 'To evaluate a putative implication of three newly identified expansin/family 45 endoglucanase-like (EEL) proteins in lignocellulos... | ['Expansins are extracellular proteins that increase plant cell-wall extensibility. These wall-loosening proteins are involved in cell wall extension and polysaccharide degradation. In fungi expansins and expansin-like proteins have been found to localize in the conidial cell wall and are probably involved in cell wall... | [] |
How does miR-1 overexpression worsen arrhythmias in coronary artery disease patients and what are the implications for antiarrhythmic treatments? | ['["Dysfunction of the gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43), an established miR-1 target, during cardiac hypertrophy leads to ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT).", "miR-1 overexpression may contribute to the increased susceptibility of the heart to AVB, which provides us novel insights into the molecular mechanisms u... | miR-1 overexpression worsens arrhythmias in coronary artery disease patients by regulating pacemaker channel genes and contributing to arrhythmogenesis. This up-regulation of miR-1 in patients with myocardial infarction indicates a higher risk for arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmic treatments could potentially target miR-1 to... | [] |
What is the association between proBNP serum concentrations and stroke outcomes? | ['N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide levels as a predictor of functional outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke.', 'There was a strong positive correlation between the plasma level of NT-proBNP and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (r=0.415, P=0.000). Plasma levels of NT-proBNP in patients wi... | ['ProBNP serum concentrations are elevated in stroke patients relative to healthy controls. Greater proBNP serum concentrations are associated with greater stroke severity and with increased risk for unfvorable functional outcomes.'] | [] |
In which fields of DNA sequencing are Bloom filters applied? | ['A novel algorithm, fast and accurate classification of sequences (FACSs), is introduced that can accurately and rapidly classify sequences as belonging or not belonging to a reference sequence. ', 'Classification of DNA sequences using Bloom filters', 'Lighter is a fast, memory-efficient tool for correcting sequencin... | ['A novel algorithm, fast and accurate classification of sequences (FACSs), is introduced that can accurately and rapidly classify sequences as belonging or not belonging to a reference sequence. Classification of DNA sequences using Bloom filters Lighter is a fast, memory-efficient tool for correcting sequencing erro... | ['storage', 'compression', 'alignment-free comparisons'] |
Where are the unipolar brush cells localized? | ['Cerebellar unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are glutamatergic interneurons that receive direct input from vestibular afferents in the form of a unique excitatory synapse on their dendritic brush. ', 'Immunostained unipolar brush cells were observed in granule cell regions of the cochlear nucleus and the vestibulocerebellu... | ['Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are glutamatergic interneurons localized in granule cell regions of the cochlear nucleus and the vestibulocerebellum of cerebellum.'] | [] |
Is CD84 genetically associated with arthritis? | ["The SNP is predicted to disrupt transcription factor binding site motifs in the 3' UTR of an immune-related gene, CD84, and the allele associated with better response to etanercept was associated with higher CD84 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (P = 1 × 10(-11) in 228 non-RA patients and P = 0.0... | ['Three members of this gene family, Ly108, Ly9, and CD84, exhibit polymorphisms that strongly influence susceptibility to systemic autoimmunity, notably in mice, but also in some human populations. Our study demonstrates that an allele associated with response to etanercept therapy is also associated with CD84 gene ex... | ['yes'] |
Which is the receptor for substrates of Chaperone Mediated Autophagy? | ['These proteins are targeted by chaperones and delivered to lysosomes where they are translocated into the lysosomal lumen and degraded via the lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A (LAMP-2A)', 'Macroautophagy is followed by chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), in which Hsc70 (Heat shock cognate 70) selectively ... | ['Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a lysosomal pathway for selective removal of damaged cytosolic proteins. The LAMP2A (Lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 isoform A) functions as a receptor for cytosolic proteins and also as essential component of the CMA translocation complex [28]. Cytosolic substrate protein... | ['LAMP2A', 'Lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 isoform A'] |
Which R package is used for the analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation profiles? | ['methylKit: a comprehensive R package for the analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation profiles.', ' Here, we describe an R package, methylKit, that rapidly analyzes genome-wide cytosine epigenetic profiles from high-throughput methylation and hydroxymethylation sequencing experiments. methylKit includes functions for ... | ['MethylKit is a comprehensive R package for the analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation profiles. MethylKit includes functions for clustering, sample quality visualization, differential methylation analysis and annotation features, thus automating and simplifying many of the steps for discerning statistically signific... | ['methylKit'] |
Which genes were found to be methylated in bladder cancer cells? | ['CpG island in promoter of hepaCAM gene was hyper-methylated both in bladder carcinoma tissues and cell lines (T24 and BIU-87). Otherwise, aberrant methylation of its promoter was associated with its decreased expression.', 'Abnormal hypermethylation in CpG island of hepaCAM promoter is involved in absence of hepaCAM ... | ['In bladder cancer, hepaCAM (hepatocyte cell adhesion molecule), RARβ(2), APC, TPEF (transmembrane protein containing epidermal growth factor and follistatin domain), RASSF1A, p14(ARF) and p16 genes were found to be methylated. These methylation events were demostrated to associate with downregulation of gene expressi... | ['hepaCAM (hepatocyte cell adhesion molecule)', 'RARβ(2)', 'APC', 'TPEF (transmembrane protein containing epidermal growth factor and follistatin domain)', 'RASSF1A', 'p14(ARF)', 'p16'] |
Which signaling pathway is activating the dishevelled proteins? | ['Wnt signaling is known to be important for diverse embryonic and post-natal cellular events and be regulated by the proteins Dishevelled and Axin. Although Dishevelled is activated by Wnt and involved in signal transduction, it is not clear how Dishevelled-mediated signaling is turned off. ', 'The Dishevelled protein... | ['Dishevelled (Xdsh) controls cell fate via canonical Wnt signaling'] | ['Wnt signaling'] |
Which is the physiological target for LeuRS translational quality control? | ['The physiological target for LeuRS translational quality control is norvaline.', 'The physiological target for LeuRS translational quality control is norvaline', 'Rather, as shown by kinetic, structural and in vivo approaches, the prime biological function of LeuRS editing is to prevent mis-incorporation of the non-s... | ['QUALITY CONTROL', 'The physiological target for LeuRS translational quality control is norvaline.', 'The fidelity of protein synthesis depends on the capacity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) to couple only cognate amino acid-tRNA pairs. If amino acid selectivity is compromised, fidelity can be ensured by an inh... | ['Norvaline'] |
Which cell types are known to be driving Rheumatoid Arthritis? | ['Integration of GWAS results with cell-type specific gene expression or epigenetic marks have highlighted regulatory T cells and CD4 memory T cells as critical cell types in RA', 'A subset of synovial DCs is important in the response to cigarette smoke', ' we demonstrate that autoimmune patient (systemic lupus erythem... | ['Macrophages, T cells and their respective cytokines play a pivotal role in RA. Rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) constitute a quite unique cell type that distinguishes RA from other inflammatory conditions of the joints. Activated synovial fibroblasts (SFs) have the ability to invade joint cartilage, ... | ['Macrophages', 'T-cells', 'Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS)', 'Dendritic cells', 'synovial fibroblasts'] |
What is the mode of inheritance of Romano Ward long QT syndrome? | ['KCNQ1 is associated with two different entities of LQTS, the autosomal-dominant Romano-Ward syndrome (RWS), and the autosomal-recessive Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome (JLNS) characterized by bilateral deafness in addition to cardiac arrhythmias.', 'The Romano Ward long QT syndrome (LQTS) has an autosomal dominant... | ['The Romano Ward long QT syndrome (LQTS) has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.'] | ['autosomal dominant'] |
What is the role of the Tsix gene during X chromosome inactivation? | ['A conservation of Tsix expression pattern in voles, rat and mice suggests a crucial role of the antisense transcription in regulation of Xist and XIC in rodents.', 'the Tsix gene (antisense counterpart of Xist)', 'One of the two X chromosomes in female mammalian cells is subject to inactivation (XCI) initiated by the... | ['One of the two X chromosomes in female mammalian cells is subject to inactivation (XCI) initiated by the Xist gene. Xist works as a functional RNA molecule that recruits repressive chromatin factors towards one of the female Xs for inactivation. The Tsix gene, antisense of Xist, through transcription negatively regul... | [] |
Is the Prostate- Specific Antigen (PSA) test relevant only for prostate cancer? | ['rostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death in men', 'PSA is known to be prostate specific, but not PCa specific', 'deficiencies of serum PSA as a prostate-cancer-specific diagnostic test are well recognized.', 'medical debate surrounding the use of th... | ['No, although the PSA test can detect high levels of PSA that may indicate the presence of prostate cancer, many other conditions, such as an enlarged or inflamed prostate, can also increase PSA levels.'] | ['no'] |
Is Cri Du Chat associated with an expansion of a repeat with in the gene found on chromosome 5? | ['Cri-du-chat syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5', 'The typical cri du chat syndrome, due to 5p15.2 deletion, includes severe intellectual disability, facial dysmorphisms, neonatal hypotonia and pre- and post-natal growth retardation, whereas more distal deletions i... | ['Cri-du-chat syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5', 'Cri-du-chat syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. ', 'syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5 . ', 'cri-du-chat s... | ['no'] |
What is the function of the exosome? | ['Exosomes-secreted microRNAs play an important role in metastatic spread', 'Exosome-mediated communication', 'Cells are able to produce and release different types of vesicles, such as microvesicles and exosomes, in the extracellular microenvironment. According to the scientific community, both microvesicles and exoso... | ['Exosomes are 40-100-nm vesicles released by most cell types after fusion of multivesicular endosomes with the plasma membrane. Exosomes contain proteins and RNA species and can mediate communication and immune responses.'] | [] |
In which phase of the cell cycle arrest is impaired in Fanconi anemia? | ['We found that ICLs activate a branched pathway downstream of the ATR kinase: one branch depending on CHK1 activity and the other on the FANCs-RMN complex. The transient slow-down of DNA synthesis was abolished in cells lacking ATR, whereas CHK1-siRNA-treated cells, NBS1 or FA cells showed partial S-phase arrest', 'Ar... | ['In response to damage induced by DNA cross-linking agents, the S-phase checkpoint is inefficient in Fanconi anemia (FA) cells, leading to accumulation of secondary lesions, such as single- and double-strand breaks and gaps. The prolonged time in G2 phase seen in FA cells therefore exists in order to allow the cells t... | ['In Fanconi anemia cells, the S-phase checkpoint is inefficient.'] |
What distinguishes lantibiotics from antibiotics? | ['One potentially interesting class of antimicrobials are the modified bacteriocins termed lantibiotics, which are bacterially produced, posttranslationally modified, lanthionine/methyllanthionine-containing peptides.', 'low levels of resistance have been reported for lantibiotics compared with commercial antibiotics',... | ['Lantibiotic compounds are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides against which bacteria are not able to produce resistance, hence making them a good alternative to antibiotics. It is interesting that low levels of resistance have been reported for lantibiotics compared with commercial antibiotics. Given that ... | ['Lantibiotics are post-translationally modified natural peptides containing lanthionine'] |
What molecule is targeted by Avelumab? | ['Several drugs targeting PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab) or PD-L1 (atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab) have been approved or are in the late stages of development.', 'We then focus on the recent breakthrough work concerning the structural basis of the PD-1/PD-Ls interaction and how therapeutic antibodies, pembr... | ['Avelumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1).'] | ['programmed death-ligand 1', 'PD-L1'] |
Describe the applicability of Basset in the context of deep learning | ['Basset: learning the regulatory code of the accessible genome with deep convolutional neural networks.', "We introduce the open source package Basset to apply CNNs to learn the functional activity of DNA sequences from genomics data. We trained Basset on a compendium of accessible genomic sites mapped in 164 cell typ... | ["Basset is an open source package which applies CNNs to learn the functional activity of DNA sequences from genomics data. Basset was trained on a compendium of accessible genomic sites mapped in 164 cell types by DNase-seq, and demonstrated greater predictive accuracy than previous methods. Basset predictions for the... | [] |
What is considered a reliable technique for the definitive cytogenetic diagnosis of Fanconi anemia homozygosity? | ["The in vitro enhancement of chromosome breakage by diepoxybutane (DEB) and mitomycin C (MMC) was studied in 24 Fanconi's anemia (FA) homozygotes and 28 heterozygotes. Both drugs were shown to enhance chromosome breakage significantly in the homozygotes", 'In the great majority of cases, DEB and MMC stressing are reli... | ['In vitro enhancement of chromosome breakage by diepoxybutane (DEB) and mitomycin C (MMC) are reliable techniques for the definitive cytogenetic diagnosis of Fanconi anemia homozygosity.', 'In the great majority of cases, DEB and MMC stressing are reliable techniques for the definitive cytogenetic diagnosis of FA homo... | [] |
What species is associated with Tetrodotoxin? | ['The selling and importing of puffer fish species and their products was banned in Thailand in 2002, because of possible neurotoxic effects.', 'Efficiency of a rapid test for detection of tetrodotoxin in puffer fish.', 'Marine pufferfish contain tetrodotoxin (TTX), an extremely potent neurotoxin', 'Tetrodotoxin is a p... | ['Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a low molecular weight (approximately 319 Da) neurotoxin found in a number of animal species, including pufferfish. TTX is originally produced by marine bacteria, and pufferfish are intoxicated through the food chain that starts with the bacteria. TTX is found in warm waters, especially of the I... | [] |
Is the Snord116 cluster associated with the Prader-Willi syndrome? | ['All three deletions included SNORD116, but only two encompassed parts of SNURF-SNRPN, implicating SNORD116 as the major contributor to the Prader-Willi phenotype. Our case adds further information about genotype-phenotype correlation and supports the hypothesis that SNORD116 plays a major role in the pathogenesis of ... | ['Yes, SNORD116 has a major role in Prader-Willi syndrome etiology.'] | ['yes'] |
Is Achondroplasia associated with hearing loss? | ['A hearing screening program was performed to determine the prevalence of hearing loss and abnormal tympanometry in individuals with short-stature skeletal dysplasias attending a national meeting. Behavioral audiometry, otoacoustic emission testing, and tympanometry were used to assess hearing. Failed hearing screen w... | ['Yes, there is hearing deficit in achondroplasia'] | ['yes'] |
Are conserved noncoding elements associated with the evolution of animal body plans? | ['Here, we discuss the evidence that CNEs are part of the core gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that specify alternative animal body plans. The major animal groups arose>550 million years ago. We propose that the cis-regulatory inputs identified by CNEs arose during the "re-wiring" of regulatory interactions that occurr... | ['Yes. Cis-regulatory inputs identified by CNEs arose during the "re-wiring" of regulatory interactions that occurred during early animal evolution. Consequently, different animal groups, with different core GRNs, contain alternative sets of CNEs. Due to the subsequent stability of animal body plans, these core regulat... | ['yes'] |
Which microRNAs are involved in exercise adaptation? | ['Some miRNAs as miR-1, miR-133 and miR-208a are highly expressed in the heart and strongly associated with the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Recent data indicate that these miRNAs as well as miR-206 change their expression quickly in response to physical activity.', 'the miR-494 content significantly decreased a... | ['miR-1, miR-133, miR-208a, miR-206, miR-494, miR-146a, miR-222, miR-21, miR-221, miR-20a, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-23, miR-107 and miR-181 are involved in exercise adaptation'] | ['miR-1', 'miR-133', 'miR-208a', 'miR-206', 'miR-494', 'miR-146a', 'miR-222', 'miR-21', 'miR-221', 'miR-20a', 'miR-133a', 'miR-133b', 'miR-23', 'miR-107', 'miR-181'] |
What is the indication for valbenazine? | ['VMAT2 inhibitors (e.g. deutetrabenazine and valbenazine) have been studied in the treatment of HD-related chorea, tardive dyskinesia and tics associated with Tourette syndrome.', 'Valbenazine granted breakthrough drug status for treating tardive dyskinesia.', 'The FDA lowered approval hurdles for valbenazine due to a... | ['Valbenazine granted breakthrough drug status for treating tardive dyskinesia.'] | ['Valbenazine granted breakthrough drug status for treating tardive dyskinesia.'] |
What is Tn-seq? | [' Using Tn-seq, a genome-wide fitness profiling technique, we identified several functions required for fitness of Y.\xa0pestis in vivo that were not previously known to be important.', 'Tn-seq is a technique that allows for quantitative assessment of individual mutants within a transposon mutant library by sequencing... | ['The transposon mutagenesis and high-throughput sequencing (Tn-seq) is a technique that allows for quantitative assessment of individual mutants within a transposon mutant library by sequencing the transposon-genome junctions and then compiling mutant presence by mapping to a base genome. Using Tn-seq, it is possible ... | [] |
Is it possible to determine the proteome of a formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue? | ['ver the last few years, advances in methodology have made it possible to recover peptides from FFPE tissues that yield a reasonable representation of the proteins recovered from identical fresh or frozen specimens.', 'Thus, laser capture microdissection of FFPE tissue coupled with downstream proteomic analysis is a v... | ['Yes, advances in sample preparation has enabled the proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the effect of a defective CLN3 gene? | ['Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by defective function of the lysosomal membrane glycoprotein CLN3. ', 'human CLN3 that is defective in Batten disease, localizes to the vacuole', 'JNCL results from mutations in CLN3 on chromosome 16p12.1.', 'Mutations in ... | ['Mutations in the CLN3 gene, which encodes a lysosomal membrane protein, are responsible for the neurodegenerative disorder juvenile Batten disease.'] | ['Batten disease', 'juvenile-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis', 'JNCL'] |
List available genetic multicolor cell labeling techiniques in Drosophila | ['Flybow: genetic multicolor cell labeling for neural circuit analysis in Drosophila melanogaster.', 'To facilitate studies of neural network architecture and formation, we generated three Drosophila melanogaster variants of the mouse Brainbow-2 system, called Flybow. Sequences encoding different membrane-tethered fluo... | ['Flybow and Drosophila Brainbow.'] | ['Flybow', 'Drosophila Brainbow'] |
What is the role of peptide aptamers? | ['Peptide aptamers: The versatile role of specific protein function inhibitors in plant biotechnology.', ' These artificial short peptides are able to specifically bind, track, and inhibit a given target molecule with high affinity, even molecules with poor immunogenicity or high toxicity, and represent a remarkable al... | ['Peptide aptamers are artificial short peptides which are able to specifically bind to defined functional domains, track, and inhibit a given target molecule with high affinity, even molecules with poor immunogenicity or high toxicity. They represent a remarkable alternative to antibodies in many different application... | [] |
Can we use platelet biomarkers to study Alzheimer's disease? | ["Platelet biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease.", 'platelets are the most important source of circulating forms of the amyloid precursor protein and other important proteins such as Tau and glycogen synthase kinase-3B.', 'Alternative plasma and platelet measures are described,', "The success of these studies led to the a... | ["Yes, platelet biomarkers can be used to study Alzheimer's disease."] | ['yes'] |
Is dichlorphenamide effective for periodic paralysis? | ['BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Acetazolamide and dichlorphenamide are carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors effective in the clinical condition of hypokalemic periodic paralysis (hypoPP).', 'In one study dichlorphenamide (DCP) vs placebo was tested in two groups of participants: 42 with hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) ... | ['Yes, dichlorphenamide is effective for periodic paralysis. Dichlorphenamide--a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor--has been shown in a controlled trial to prevent attacks for many patients with both hypokalemic and hypokalemic periodic paralysis.'] | ['yes'] |
What is ChiRP-seq (Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification sequencing)? | ["Here we introduce Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP), where tiling oligonucleotides retrieve specific lncRNAs with bound protein and DNA sequences, which are enumerated by deep sequencing. ChIRP-seq of three lncRNAs reveal that RNA occupancy sites in the genome are focal, sequence-specific, and numerous.... | ['ChiRP-seq (Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification sequencing) is a method where tiling oligonucleotides retrieve specific lncRNAs with bound protein and DNA sequences, which are enumerated by deep sequencing. ChIRP-seq of three lncRNAs reveal that RNA occupancy sites in the genome are focal, sequence-specific, and n... | [] |
Name the major classes of small non coding RNAs in mammalians? | ['Some of these RNA classes, in particular microRNAs and snoRNAs, undergo maturation processes that lead to the production of shorter RNAs.'] | ['microRNAs (miRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are the major classes of small non coding RNAs. Recently, thanks mostly to massively parallel sequencing technologies, other classes of small RNAs have been discovered, such as piRNAs and scaRNAs.'] | ['miRNA', 'snRNA', 'snoRNAs', 'scaRNAs', 'piRNAS'] |
Which are the supplemental antioxidant in athletes? | ['Although these supplementations are increasingly used by master athletes, very few data are available on their effects on oxidative stress, muscle recovery, and physical performance. The potential benefits of supplement use in athletes are thus questionable. Some studies indicate no benefits, while others highlight p... | ['There are several antioxidant supplements belonging to different families, i.e. Vitamins, Polyphenols, alpha-lipoic acid, ubiquinones, n-3- polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs), minerals and others. Nonetheless the widespread use of these supplements, it is still debated their true usefulness, and it is not unanimously advi... | ['Resveratrol', 'Quercetin', 'Vitamin C', 'Biostimine', 'Astaxanthin', 'Melatonin', 'coenzyme Q(10)', 'Creatine', 'Isoquercetin', 'Epigallocatechin gallate', 'n-3 fatty acids', 'L. rhamnosus IMC 501', 'L. paracasei IMC 502', 'docosahexanoic acid (DHA)', 'eicosapentanoic acid (EPA)', 'Rhodiola Rosea', 'Vitamin E', 'Zinc... |
Does a linker histone exist in the yeast genome? | ['Hho1p is a bona fide linker histone', 'In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, HHO1 encodes a putative linker histone with very significant homology to histone H1', 'HHO1p may play a similar role to linker histones, but at restricted locations in the chromatin', 'The putative linker histone in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hho1p, h... | ['Here, we present our results showing a connection between the linker histones, the higher-order chromatin structures, and the process of chronological lifespan of yeast cells. Characteristically, linker histone depleted chromatin generally exhibited longer chromatin loops than the wild-type. These results suggest tha... | ['yes'] |
What is the risk in G-CSF treatment for severe congenital neutropenia? | ['We obtained serial hematopoietic samples from an SCN patient who developed AML 17 years after the initiation of G-CSF treatment. Next- generation sequencing was performed to identify mutations during disease progression. In the AML phase, we found 12 acquired nonsynonymous mutations. Three of these, in CSF3R, LLGL2, ... | ['Severe congenital neutropenia is a rare hematological condition causing severe chronic neutropenia. Treatment with the myeloid growth factor, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is usually effective, but the dose of G-CSF required to normalize blood neutrophils varies greatly. Ten to thirty percent of the p... | [] |
By which methods can we evaluate the reliability of a phylogenetic tree? | ['For robustness evaluation, we apply bootstrap and jackknife techniques to input data.', 'An alignment confidence score capturing robustness to guide tree uncertainty.', 'We build on the widely used bootstrap method for perturbing the phylogenetic tree.', 'SuperTRI: A new approach based on branch support analyses of m... | ['The methods for assessing the robustness/reliability of the topology of the inferred phylogenetic trees are: the widely used bootstrap method and the jackknife method.', 'In contrast to other similar software, the program FreeTree (available at http://www.natur.cuni.cz/~flegr/programs/freetree or http://ijs.sgmjourna... | ['bootstrap', 'jackknife'] |
Is there any cross-talk between the Wnt and the Akt pathways? | ['Our data demonstrate that engaging Wnt signaling at the receptor level by this method leads to necessary crosstalk between multiple signaling pathways including activation of Akt, mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, PKA/CREB, and inhibition of RhoA/ROCK that substantially increase human β-cell proliferation while maintaining the β-... | ['The Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways cross-talk mainly through the activity of GSK-3β, a common component of both pathways, but also through the activity of other signaling transducers, such as Cby or WISP-1.'] | ['yes'] |
Are EDNRB mutations involved in the development of Hirschsprung disease? | ['QTL analysis identifies a modifier locus of aganglionosis in the rat model of Hirschsprung disease carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations', 'As reported previously, when the same null mutation of the Ednrb gene, Ednrb(sl), was introgressed into the F344 strain, almost 60% of F344-Ednrb(sl/sl) pups did not show any symptoms of ... | ['Although mutations in eight different genes (EDNRB, EDN3, ECE1, SOX10, RET, GDNF, NTN, SIP1) have been identified in affected individuals, it is now clear that RET and EDNRB are the primary genes implicated in the etiology of HSCR. Mutations in genes of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase and endothelin receptor B (EDNR... | ['yes'] |
For the constructions of which organs has 3D printing been tested? | ['To determine the potential of an integrated, image-based computer-aided design (CAD) and 3-dimensional (3D) printing approach to engineer scaffolds for head and neck cartilaginous reconstruction for auricular and nasal reconstruction.', 'Subcutaneous in vivo implantation of auricular and nasal scaffolds was performed... | ['Nose, ear and meniscus prototypes/constructs have been produced with 3D (3-dimesional) printing.'] | ['nose', 'ear', 'meniscus'] |
Is single guide RNA part of the CRISPR/Cas9 tool or an inhibitor of its function? | ['Cas9, an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease found in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) bacterial immune systems, is a versatile tool for genome editing, transcriptional regulation, and cellular imaging applications. Structures of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 alone or bound to single-guide RNA... | ['Single guide RNA is part of the CRISPR/Cas9 system.'] | ['Single guide RNA is part of the CRISPR/Cas9 system.'] |
Do carmustine wafers improve survival of glioblastoma patients? | ['At recurrence, treatment options include repeat surgery (with or without Gliadel wafer placement), reirradiation or systemic therapy. ', 'DISCUSSION: Carmustine wafers for primary HGG surgery in accordance with the NICE TA121 were associated with a median survival of 15.3 months; this is improved compared with previo... | ['Yes, it has been documented that implantation of carmustine wafers improves survival of newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma patients.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the treatment of acute myocarditis? | ['ibuprofen 400 mg twice a day as therapy', 'Acute fulminant myocarditis commonly manifests itself as severe, rapidly progressive hemodynamic deterioration and circulatory collapse that may be resistant to high doses of inotropic agents and steroids and to mechanical support by intra-aortic balloon pump', 'the TandemHe... | ['Treatment of acute myocarditis includes antiinflammatory drugs like ibuoprofen and steroids, inotropic agents and mechanical support (intra-aortic ballon pump). TandemHeart percutaneous ventricular assist device may be used in some, more compromised, patients for few days.'] | ['antiinflammatory steroid and non steroid drugs', 'inotropic agents', 'mechanical support'] |
Which genes are regulated by MEF-2 in the heart? | ['Inhibition of MEF2A using siRNA attenuated HB-EGF-induced COX-2, ANF expression and cell size.', 'This genetic reprogramming coincides with a pronounced increase in expression of the estrogen receptor (ER)alpha gene, which we show to be a direct MEF2 target gene', 'cardiac calsequestrin gene (casq2)', 'Functional stu... | ['COX-2, ANF, estrogen receptor (ER)alpha gene, calsequestrin gene, casq2, cTnT, MCK, alpha-cardiac actin, sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, SERCA, MLC-2, alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chain gene, phosphoglycerate mutase and PGAM-M are regulated by MEF-2 in the heart'] | ['COX-2', 'ANF', 'estrogen receptor (ER)alpha gene', 'calsequestrin gene', 'casq2', 'cTnT', 'MCK', 'alpha-cardiac actin', 'sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase', 'SERCA', 'MLC-2', 'alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chain gene', 'phosphoglycerate mutase', 'PGAM-M', 'cardiac troponin C', 'cTnC'] |
Which gene is responsible for the development of Sotos syndrome? | ['Sotos syndrome is a well-known overgrowth syndrome characterized by excessive growth during childhood, macrocephaly, distinctive facial appearance and learning disability. This disorder is caused by mutations or deletions in NSD1 gene', 'Sotos syndrome (SoS) is a multiple anomaly, congenital disorder characterized by... | ['Sotos syndrome (SoS) is a multiple anomaly, congenital disorder characterized by overgrowth, macrocephaly, distinctive facial features and variable degree of intellectual disability. Haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene at 5q35.3, arising from 5q35 microdeletions, point mutations, and partial gene deletions, accounts ... | ['NSD1 gene'] |
What are the pregnancy outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis? | ['Patients with rheumatic disease can have successful pregnancy outcomes, particularly when a collaborative approach between the rheumatologist and obstetrician is applied. ', 'Of 78 JIA pregnancies, 53 (68%) were delivered by either Caesarean section (n = 40, 51%) or instrumental delivery (n = 13, 17%); compared with ... | ['There is increased obstetrical and neonatal morbidity. Women with RA had an increased risk of LBW, SGA babies, preeclampsia and CS compared with unaffected women.\nWomen with RA appear to have a higher age-adjusted risk of adverse outcomes of pregnancy and longer hospital stays than do pregnant women in the general ... | [] |
What is plantar fasciitis | ['Plantar fascia (PF) disorders commonly cause heel pain and disability', 'Plantar fasciitis (PF) is a common foot complaint, affects both active sportsmen and physically inactive middle age group. It is believed that PF results from degenerative changes rather than inflammation', 'Plantar fasciitis (PF) is present in ... | ['Plantar fascia (PF) disorders like plantar fasciitis commonly cause heel pain and disability and are thought to be degenerative rather than inflammatory in nature'] | ['heel pain'] |
Which are the most abundant human lincRNA? | ['One abundant such RNA, ci-ankrd52, largely accumulates to its sites of transcription, associates with elongation Pol II machinery, and acts as a positive regulator of Pol II transcription', 'long noncoding RNA MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1), also known as MALAT-1 or NEAT2 (nuclear-enr... | ['MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) locus is misregulated in many human cancers and produces an abundant long nuclear-retained noncoding RNA. MALAT/NEAT2 highly abundant, its expression is strongly regulated in many tumor entities including lung adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma ... | ['MALAT1', 'MALAT-1', 'NEAT2', 'NEAT1', 'H19', 'XIST'] |
Which value of nuchal translucency thickness is set as the threshold for high-risk for Down Syndrome? | ['Combined prenatal screening was always positive for Down syndrome when NT thickness exceeded 4.0 mm', 'In women aged 35 to 37 years, combined prenatal screening was always positive when NT exceeded 2.8 mm, 3.0 mm, and 3.4 mm at 11, 12, and 13 weeks of gestation, respectively', 'NT is physiological for a measurement <... | ['NT is physiological for a measurement < 3 mm but the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities (essentially trisomies 21, 18 and 13) increases when NT > or = 3 mm. As women aged, this upper NT threshold value changed according to gestational age. In women aged 35 to 37 years, combined prenatal screening was always posit... | ['3mm'] |
What is Path2PPI? | ['Path2PPI: an R package to predict protein-protein interaction networks for a set of proteins', 'We introduce Path2PPI, a new R package to identify protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks for fully sequenced organisms for which nearly none PPI are known. Path2PPI predicts PPI networks based on sets of proteins from... | ['Path2PPI is an R package to identify protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks for fully sequenced organisms for which nearly none PPI are known. Path2PPI predicts PPI networks based on sets of proteins from well-established model organisms, providing an intuitive visualization and usability. It can be used to combi... | [] |
Is there a role of regorafenib for sarcoma treatment? | ['Regorafenib has been approved for third-line therapy.', 'Study protocol of REGOSARC trial: activity and safety of regorafenib in advanced soft tissue sarcoma: a multinational, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II trial.', 'DISCUSSION: The design of this trial allows an assessment of regorafenib activity over plac... | ['Yes, there is evidence to suggest that regorafenib can be effective for sarcoma treatment. Clinical trials are under-way.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the principle of the PAR-CLIP methodology? | ['We developed a cell-based crosslinking approach to determine at high resolution and transcriptome-wide the binding sites of cellular RBPs and miRNPs.', 'To gain insight into the complexity of snoRNA processing and the functional relevance of snoRNA-derived small RNAs, we sequence long and short RNAs, small RNAs that ... | ['In particular, PAR-CLIP utilizes a photoactivatable nucleoside for more efficient crosslinking. A recent method, PAR-CLIP, uses photoreactive nucleosides to crosslink RBPs to target RNAs in cells prior to immunoprecipitation. One characteristic feature of cDNA libraries prepared by PAR-CliP is that the precise posi... | [] |
How are lincRNA affecting the regulation of gene expression? | ['We detected a considerable number of cis expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTLs) and demonstrated that the genetic regulation of lincRNA expression is independent of the regulation of neighboring protein-coding genes.', 'We observe biases in lincRNA genomic locations and expression profiles that are consistent... | ['lincRNA may function either as modulators of epigenetic mark deposition or as endogenous antagonists for microRNA binding. A lincRNA, linc-RoR, may function as a key competing endogenous RNA to link the network of miRNAs and core TFs, e.g., Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog. Mdig is involved in the regulation of H3K9me3 to influ... | [] |
What is the function of the mammalian gene Irg1? | ['IRG1 is highly upregulated in murine ANA-1 macrophages by several proinflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, as well as in spleen and lung of Listeria monocytogenes or Toxoplasma gondii infected mice, respectively', 'The proinflammatory cytokine-induced IRG1 protein associates with mitochondria'... | ['Human IRG1 and mouse Irg1 mediates antiviral and antimicrobial immune responses, without its exact role having been elucidated. Irg1 has been suggested to have a role in apoptosis and to play a significant role in embryonic implantation. Irg1 is reported as the mammalian ortholog of methylcitrate dehydratase.'] | [] |
Can clonidine be used to reduce agitation in children. | ['Children receiving clonidine immediately after anesthesia induction had statistically significant improvement in postoperative agitation at the 15-minute mark (P = .096) and last score obtained (P = .095) using the Watcha scale.', 'Clonidine has proven to be effective in reducing the incidence of post-operative agita... | ['Yes, clonidine is effective in prevention of post-anesthesia agitation in children.'] | ['yes'] |
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