question stringlengths 13 291 | contexts stringlengths 2 24.7k | ground_truth stringlengths 6 6.9k ⌀ | exact_answer stringlengths 2 710 |
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How does thyroid hormone regulate mitochondrial biogenesis in the myocardium? | ['L-T3 significantly increased the expression of factors involved in mitochondrial DNA transcription and biogenesis, such as hypoxic inducible factor-1α, mitochondrial transcription factor A and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator-1α, in the LV peri-infarct zone', 'the T(3)-induced phosphorylation ... | ['T4 increases myocardial mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity, oxygen consumption and markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. The marked, parallel increases in PPARalpha levels suggest its potential involvement in mediating myocardial-specific remodeling of mitochondria in response to T4. T3 induces mitochondrial biogene... | [] |
Why are insulators necessary in gene therapy vectors? | ['hromatin insulators separate active transcriptional domains and block the spread of heterochromatin in the genome. Studies on the chicken hypersensitive site-4 (cHS4) element, a prototypic insulator, have identified CTCF and USF-1/2 motifs in the proximal 250 bp of cHS4, termed the "core", which provide enhancer bloc... | ['a) They inhibit oncogene activation upon vector integration and b) They maximize the probability of vector expression upon integration in heterochromatinic regions', 'The presence of insulators in gene therapy vectors is necessary because these elements have the ability to help overcome the problem of position effect... | [] |
Which is the main target of the anti-arrhythmic activity of flecainide? | ['flecainide (sodium channel blocker) ', 'Flecainide is a sodium channel blocker with minimal effects expected on ventricular repolarization. ', 'Flecainide, a class I antiarrhythmic drug, inhibits Na(+) and RyR2 channels and prevents CPVT.', ' flecainide, a Class I antiarrhythmic drug, improves left ventricular pressu... | ['Flecainide is a class 1c antiarrhythmic that acts by blocking sodium channels and is used mainly in the treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias.'] | ['The sodium channel'] |
Which disease can be treated with Delamanid? | ['Recently approved anti-Tb drugs (bedaquiline and delamanid) have the potential to induce arrhythmia and are recommended in patients with MDR-Tb when other alternatives fail.', 'Delamanid: a review of its use in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.', 'Delamanid (Deltyba(®)), a nitroimidazo-oxazole derivativ... | ['Delamanid is used in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.'] | ['tuberculosis'] |
List available tools for genomic visualisation in comparative genomics | ["Insyght: navigating amongst abundant homologues, syntenies and gene functional annotations in bacteria, it's that symbol!", 'Insyght is a comparative genomic visualization tool that combines three complementary displays: (i) a table for thoroughly browsing amongst homologues, (ii) a comparator of orthologue functiona... | ['Insyght, Genomicus and Sockeye.'] | ['Insyght', 'Genomicus', 'Sockeye'] |
Is lenvatinib effective for thyroid cancer? | ['New insights in the treatment of radioiodine refractory differentiated thyroid carcinomas: to lenvatinib and beyond.', 'However, even more impressive responses and progression-free survival benefits were seen in the phase III SELECT trial with lenvatinib, giving even higher hopes for the future management of what was... | ['Yes, lenvatinib is effective for thyroid cancer.'] | ['yes'] |
Which receptor does benralizumab target for allergic asthma treatment and how does it improve outcomes? | ['plete blood eosinophils and improve the clinical outcomes of allergic asthma.", "Expert opinion: Benralizumab has the advantage over other anti-IL-5 therapies to target the IL-5R\\u03b1 itself.", "Benralizumab is an anti-interleukin-5 receptor \\u03b1 monoclonal antibody that depletes blood and airway eosinophils.", ... | Benralizumab targets the interleukin-5 receptor α to deplete blood eosinophils and improve the clinical outcomes of allergic asthma. | [] |
What is the relationship between thyroid hormone and inflammatory markers in heart failure patients? | ['Considering normal subjects, patients without and with low T3 syndrome, IL-6 and TNFalpha increased progressively from normal to patients with fT3<2 pg/ml (p<0.01 and p<0.01) while CRP only respect to the group with low T3 syndrome (p<0.01). The inflammatory markers were all inversely correlated with FT3 levels.'] | ['There is an inverse correlation between inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF alfa and PCR) and FT3 levels in patients with heart failure'] | ['There is an inverse correlation between inflammatory markers and FT3 circulating levels'] |
What is the disease in which patients are sensitive to DNA crosslinking agents, presenting with a high frequency of chromosomal aberrations? | ['Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal disorder that causes genome instability. FA patients suffer developmental abnormalities, early-onset bone marrow failure, and a predisposition to cancer. The disease is manifested by defects in DNA repair, hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, and a high degree of chromosoma... | ['Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal disorder that causes genome instability and manifests by defects in DNA repair, hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, and a high degree of chromosomal aberrations.', 'Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal disorder that causes genome instability. FA patients suffer developmenta... | ['Fanconi anemia'] |
Is there any link between conserved noncoding elements and alternative splicing in vertebrates? | ['Some of the most highly conserved sequences occur in genes encoding RNA binding proteins, particularly the RNA splicing-associated SR genes. Differences in sequence conservation between plants and animals are likely to reflect differences in the biology of the organisms, with plants being much more able to tolerate g... | ['Yes. Some of the most highly conserved sequences occur in genes encoding RNA binding proteins, particularly the RNA splicing-associated SR genes.'] | ['yes'] |
Are the proteins Erbin (LAP2) and Merlin cooperating? | ['Erbin and the NF2 tumor suppressor Merlin cooperatively regulate cell-type-specific activation of PAK2 by TGF-beta.', "The results show that the epithelial-enriched protein Erbin controls the function of the NF2 tumor suppressor Merlin by determining the output of Merlin's physical interactions with active PAK2. ", '... | ['Yes, Erbin and Merlin are cooperating.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the drug target for Simtuzumab? | [' These results suggest that LOXL2 could be an appealing target for treatment of scar formation after glaucoma surgery, and point to the potential therapeutic benefits of simtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody derived from GS-607601.', 'These results suggest that LOXL2 could be an appealing target for treatment o... | [' These results suggest that LOXL2 could be an appealing target for treatment of scar formation after glaucoma surgery, and point to the potential therapeutic benefits of simtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody derived from GS-607601.', ' these results suggest that loxl2 could be an appealing target for treatment ... | ['LOXL2'] |
What body parts are also known as phalanges? | ['Metacarpal and phalangeal fractures of the long fingers a', ' The anatomical structure of each finger is comprised of four phalanges (distal, middle, proximal, and metacarpal phalange).', 'arious features of the toes, humps in the toe line, phalange marks, flatfoot condition, pits, cracks, corns, etc., were studied.'... | ['The anatomical structure of each finger is comprised of four phalanges (distal, middle, proximal, and metacarpal phalange). Toes are also known as phalages'] | ['bones of the digits, fingers or toes'] |
Which are the plant DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase families? | ['The topologies of the trees were overall congruent: four monophyletic groups corresponding to the four plant C5-MTase families were clearly distinguished. In addition, sequence analyses of the plant C5-MTase target recognition domain sequences were performed and phylogenetic trees were reconstructed showing that ther... | ['The plant DNA (cytosine-5)methyltransferases are classified into the families: MET, CMT, and the de novo DRM.'] | ['MET', 'CMT', 'DRM'] |
Is signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) critical for tumor angiogenesis progression? | [' (STAT3) is critical for cancer progression by regulating tumor cell survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Herein, we investigated the regulation of STAT3 activation and the therapeutic effects of Icaritin, a prenyl flavonoid derivative from Epimedium Genus, in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). ', ' Overall, these res... | ['(STAT3) is a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor, originally discovered as a transducer of signal from cell surface receptors to the nucleus. It is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation at position 705 leading to its dimerization, nuclear translocation, DNA binding, and activation of gene transcription. Under nor... | ['yes'] |
Are Drosophila ultraconserved elements candidate ncRNAs? | ['Highly constrained intergenic Drosophila ultraconserved elements are candidate ncRNAs.', 'Here, we report the discovery and characterization of UCEs from 12 sequenced Drosophila species. We identified 98 elements ≥80 bp long with very high conservation across the Drosophila phylogeny. Population genetic analyses reve... | ['Yes. Highly constrained intergenic Drosophila ultraconserved elements are candidate ncRNAs.'] | ['yes'] |
Which enzyme is involved in the maintenance of DNA (cytosine-5-)-methylation? | ['his defect does not appear in mouse models with mutations in Dnmt3a and Mthfr genes and, therefore, it is specific for the Dnmt1 gene and is suggestive of a role of DNMT1 in imprint resetting or maintenance in the male germ line.', 'Specificity of Dnmt1 for methylation of hemimethylated CpG sites resides in its catal... | ['The mammalian DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase 1, DNMT1 is the major enzyme responsible for the maintenance of the DNA methylation patterns on the newly synthesized strand after DNA replication. DNMT1 prefers hemimethylated DNA and during DNA replication methylates hemimethylated CpG sites by copying methylation pa... | ['DNMT1', 'MET1'] |
Which syndrome is associated with mutations in the LYST gene? | ['Mutations in LYST, a gene encoding a putative lysosomal trafficking protein, cause Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), an autosomal recessive disorder typically characterized by infantile-onset hemophagocytic syndrome and immunodeficiency, and oculocutaneous albinism. A small number of reports of rare, attenuated forms o... | ['Mutations in LYST, a gene encoding a putative lysosomal trafficking protein, cause Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), an autosomal recessive disorder typically characterized by infantile-onset hemophagocytic syndrome and immunodeficiency, and oculocutaneous albinism. A small number of reports of rare, attenuated forms o... | ['Chediak-Higashi syndrome'] |
Is Pfh1 a component of the replisome? | ['Pfh1 Is an Accessory Replicative Helicase that Interacts with the Replisome to Facilitate Fork Progression and Preserve Genome Integrity', "Although the Schizosaccharomyces pombe 5'-to-3' DNA helicase Pfh1 is known to promote fork progression, its genomic targets, dynamics, and mechanisms of action are largely unknow... | ['No. Pfh1 Is an Accessory Replicative Helicase that Interacts with the Replisome to Facilitate Fork Progression and Preserve Genome Integrity. DNA replication through hard-to-replicate sites, including both highly transcribed RNA Pol II and Pol III genes, requires the S. pombe Pfh1 helicase.'] | ['no'] |
Describe the isolation of transcription factor complexes by in vivo biotinylation tagging and direct binding to streptavidin beads, as applied for the case of the essential hematopoietic transcription factor GATA-1. | ['Using the biotin tagged erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 as example, we describe several optimization steps for the application of the high affinity biotin streptavidin system in ChIP', 'Isolation and characterization of hematopoietic transcription factor complexes by in vivo biotinylation tagging and mass spect... | ['Owing to the very high affinity of biotin for avidin and streptavidin, biotinylation tagging offers an attractive approach for the efficient purification of protein complexes. The very high affinity of the biotin/(strept)avidin system also offers the potential for the single-step capture of lower abundance protein co... | [] |
Can Diabetes be caused by a defect in a potassium chanel? | ['Mutations in KATP channel genes can result in hypo- or hypersecretion of insulin, as in neonatal diabetes mellitus and congenital hyperinsulinism, respectively.', 'To date, all patients affected by neonatal diabetes due to a mutation in the pore-forming subunit of the channel (Kir6.2, KCNJ11) are heterozygous for the... | ['Mutations in the KATP channel can lead to neonatal diabetes.', 'Mutations in KATP channel genes can result in hypo- or hypersecretion of insulin, as in neonatal diabetes mellitus and congenital hyperinsulinism, respectively.'] | ['yes'] |
When ceritinib used instead of crizotinib? | ['Ceritinib is a second-generation ALK inhibitor that has demonstrated activity in crizotinib-resistant patients, becoming a promising treatment option in this population. ', 'Ceritinib is approved for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC in patients who are intolerant to or have progressed despite therapy wi... | ['Ceritinib is approved for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC patients that are crizotinib-resistant and crizotinib-naïve.'] | ['crizotinib-resistant ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC patients', 'crizotinib-naïve ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC patients'] |
Is metabolic syndrome related with cardiovascular disease? | ['The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by a cluster of risk factors including central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, The MetS is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ', 'As a molecular link between metabolic signal... | ['The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by a cluster of risk factors including central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, The MetS is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).'] | ['yes'] |
In which condition was protein S100A7 originally identified? | ['Psoriasin (S100A7), originally identified in psoriasis, is a calcium-binding protein belonging to the multigenic S100 family', 'Psoriasin (S100 A7) was discovered two decades ago as a protein abundantly expressed in psoriatic keratinocytes. ', ' Psoriasin, originally isolated from psoriasis as an overexpressed molecu... | ['Psoriasin (S100A7) was originally identified in psoriasis.'] | ['psoriasis'] |
What pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions can be considered as prophylactic therapies in Cluster Headache patients? | ['The calcium channel blocker verapamil is the drug of choice for CH prevention. Other drugs that may be used for this purpose include lithium carbonate, topiramate, valproic acid, gabapentin, and baclofen.', 'Recently, the therapeutic options for refractory CH patients have expanded with the emergence of both peripher... | ['Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, is considered the mainstay of prophylactic therapy of Cluster Headache patients. Lithium carbonate, topiramate, valproic acid, gabapentin, baclofen, methysergide, melatonin, ketoprofen and indomethacin can also be tried for prophylactic therapy of Cluster Headaches patients. Non-... | [] |
Elaborate on the association between Genomic Regulatory Blocks (GRBs) and target genes | ['Recent functional studies have demonstrated that many microRNAs (miRNAs) are expressed by RNA polymerase II in a specific spatiotemporal manner during the development of organisms and play a key role in cell-lineage decisions and morphogenesis. They are therefore functionally related to a number of key protein coding... | ["Genomic regulatory blocks (GRBs) are chromosomal regions spanned by highly conserved non-coding elements (HCNEs), most of which serve as regulatory inputs of one target gene in the region. The target genes are most often transcription factors involved in embryonic development and differentiation. GRBs often contain e... | [] |
Is there any role for Pds5b in cohesion establishment? | ['Pds5B is required for cohesion establishment and Aurora B accumulation at centromeres.', 'Here, we demonstrate that Pds5 proteins are essential for cohesion establishment by allowing Smc3 acetylation by the cohesin acetyl transferases (CoATs) Esco1/2 and binding of Sororin. While both proteins contribute to telomere ... | ['Yes. Pds5 proteins are essential for cohesion establishment by allowing Smc3 acetylation by the cohesin acetyl transferases (CoATs) Esco1/2 and binding of Sororin.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the most prominent sequence consensus for the polyadenylation site? | ['the cannonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA', 'Two AATAAA motifs are coded in the last exon of this gene', 'The results demonstrate that the intact AAUAAA is not required for RNA polyadenylation but is required for the cleavage step preceding polyadenylation to occur efficiently', 'the early poly(A) consens... | ["Functional polyadenylation [poly(A)] sites consist of two sequence elements, the AAUAAA and G/U box signals, that closely flank the site of mRNA 3'-end formation. The canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA"] | ['AATAAA', 'AAUAAA'] |
Which proteins in the cerebro-spinal fluid can be used for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease? | ["Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have reduced amyloid (Aβ 1-42) and elevated total tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau 181p) in the cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF), suggesting that these same measures could be used to detect early AD pathology in healthy elderly (CN) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI)", 'although ... | ["CSF is a clear fluid that bathes and cushions the brain and spinal cord. Adults have about 1 pint of CSF, which physicians can sample through a minimally invasive procedure called a lumbar puncture, or spinal tap. Research suggests that Alzheimer's disease in its earliest stages may cause changes in CSF levels of tau... | ['phosphorylated tau', 'beta-amyloid'] |
Is exon skipping correlated with exon circularization? | ['Exon Skipping Is Correlated with Exon Circularization', 'We find that circularization of exons is widespread and correlates with exon skipping, a feature that adds considerably to the regulatory complexity of the human transcriptome', 'Exon Skipping Is Correlated with Exon Circularization.', 'We find that circulariza... | ['Yes. Circularization of exons is widespread and correlates with exon skipping, a feature that adds considerably to the regulatory complexity of the human transcriptome.'] | ['yes'] |
Which are the subunits of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in the canonical pathway activation? | ['In this study, we demonstrated that the HSV-1 UL42 protein, a DNA polymerase processivity factor, was a novel antagonism of the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. UL42 was shown to significantly suppress TNF-α mediated NF-κB activation. Co-immunoprecipitation experiment revealed that UL42 bound to the NF-κB subunits ... | ['The NF-κB canonical pathway is mediated by the p65/relA and p50 subunits.'] | ['p65', 'RelA', 'p50', 'NF-κB1'] |
Is indicated the use of antioxidant supplements in patients at risk for coronary artery disease? | ['We and others have published observational epidemiologic studies in support of vitamins in the primary prevention of CVD, but the results from intervention studies are mixed.', 'For vitamin E, observational data suggest benefit at doses of 100 to 400 IU/d. Results from recent large-scale trials are mixed, with some s... | ['antioxidant supplementation \nHowever there are no clear evidencies on the clinical and prognostic benefit of this supplementation. \nCurrently there areno recommendation for the antioxidant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease.\nCurrently the American Heart Association recommends consumption of a balance... | ['no'] |
What is Neisseria adhesin A? | ['Exploiting chimeric human antibodies to characterize a protective epitope of Neisseria adhesin A, one of the Bexsero vaccine components.', 'Neisseria adhesin A (NadA) is one of the antigens of Bexsero, the recently licensed multicomponent vaccine against serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (MenB). NadA belongs to the ... | ['Neisseria adhesin A (NadA) is one of the antigens of Bexsero, the recently licensed multicomponent vaccine against serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (MenB). NadA belongs to the class of oligomeric coiled-coil adhesins and is able to mediate adhesion and invasion of human epithelial cells. As a vaccine antigen, NadA ... | [] |
Is Tuberous Sclerosis a genetic disease? | ['Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disease', 'Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic disease', 'Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystem genetic disease', 'Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disease', 'The disease is caused by mutational inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene tuberous ... | ['Tuberous sclerosis is a genetic disorder with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, variable expressivity, and incomplete penetrance. Two thirds of TSC cases result from sporadic genetic mutations, not inheritance, but their offspring may inherit it from them. Current genetic tests have difficulty locating th... | ['yes'] |
Which drug is considered as the first line treatment of fibromyalgia? | ['Multimodal approaches seem to be the treatment of choice in fibromyalgia', 'A multidisciplinary program was developed and implemented for patients with fibromyalgia in the primary care setting. The program included education (seven sessions) and physical therapy (25 sessions).', 'Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain an... | ['Pregabalin is, therefore, a valuable option in the first-line treatment of patients with fibromyalgia.'] | ['Pregabalin'] |
Describe the applicability of Semantic MediaWiki in the case of FANTOM5 | ['To make the heterogeneous data set accessible and useful for investigators, we developed a web-based database called Semantic catalog of Samples, Transcription initiation And Regulators (SSTAR). SSTAR utilizes the open source wiki software MediaWiki along with the Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) extension, which provides fl... | ['To make the heterogeneous data set accessible and useful for investigators, a web-based database called Semantic catalog of Samples, Transcription initiation And Regulators (SSTAR) has been developed. SSTAR utilizes the open source wiki software MediaWiki along with the Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) extension, which provi... | [] |
Is TNNI3K a cardiac-specific protein? | ['cardiomyocyte-specific kinase TNNI3K ', 'We report that cardiac troponin I-interacting kinase (TNNI3K), a cardiomyocyte-specific kinase,', 'TNNI3K, a cardiac-specific kinase, ', ' The cardiac troponin I-interacting kinase (TNNI3K), a novel cardiac specific kinase, is associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy', 'Human... | ['Yes, TNNI3K is highly expressed in heart but is undetectable in other tissues.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the role of TAD protein domain? | [' Thus, nuclear ERK5 activates transcription factors by either direct phosphorylation or acting as co-activator thanks to a unique transcriptional activation TAD domain located at its C-terminal tail. ', 'Although lacking kinase activity, these forms activate transcription by interacting with transcription factors thr... | ['TAD domain is a transcription activation domain found in transcription factors.'] | ['transcription activation domain', 'transactivation domain', 'trans-activating domain'] |
How are looped genes identified in yest? | ["Gene-loop formation is dependent on regulatory proteins localized at the 5' and 3' ends of genes, such as TFIIB.", 'Instead, activators physically interacted with the general transcription factor TFIIB when the genes were activated and in a looped configuration.'] | ["Gene-loop formation is dependent on regulatory proteins localized at the 5' and 3' ends of genes, such as TFIIB.", "gene-loop formation is dependent on regulatory proteins localized at the 5' and 3' ends of genes, such as tfiib.", "Gene-loop formation is dependent on regulatory proteins localized at the 5' and 3' end... | [] |
What is the localization of the protein encoded by the gene DNAJC11? | [' DnaJC11, respectively. The first three are outer membrane proteins, CHCHD3 has been assigned to the matrix space, and the other two proteins have not been described in mitochondria previously.'] | ['mitochondrial inner membrane'] | ['mitochondrial inner membrane'] |
What are the effects of ILK ablation? | ['ILK knockdown had no effect on the viability or survival pathway activity pattern of MM cells.', 'We conclude that ILK does not play a prominent role in the promotion or sustenance of established MM.', 'Defective granulation tissue formation in mice with specific ablation of integrin-linked kinase in fibroblasts', 'H... | ['Depending on the tissue or cell where ILK is ablated we see different effects:\nAblation of ILK in heart results in dilated cardiomyopathy and spontaneous heart failure\nAblation of ILK in fibroblasts leads to impaired healing due to a severe reduction in the number of myofibroblasts\nAblation of ILK in osteoclasts i... | ['Ablation of ILK in heart results in dilated cardiomyopathy and spontaneous heart failure', 'Ablation of ILK in fibroblasts leads to impaired healing due to a severe reduction in the number of myofibroblasts', 'Ablation of ILK in osteoclasts inhibits bone resorption', 'Ablation of ILK in liver results in enhanced and ... |
How Flaviviridae family of viruses infects vertebrates? | ['(WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus that cycles between mosquitoes and birds but that can also infect humans, horses, and other vertebrate animals. In most humans, WNV infection remains subclinical. However, 20%-40% of those infected may develop WNV disease, with symptoms ranging from fever to meningoencephalitis. A la... | ['A wide range of about 500 different viruses is transmitted by arthropods such as ticks, mosquitoes and sandflies. These arboviruses multiply in the arthropod vector, and for each virus there is a natural cycle involving vertebrates (various birds or mammals) and arthropods. The virus enters the arthropod when the lat... | [] |
Is Beta-Thalassemia is associated with a mutation or deletion of the gene that codes for alpha globin? | ['Beta-thalassemia, one of the most common single-gene disorders, is the result of reduced or absent production of β-globin chains', 'The beta-thalassemia syndromes are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by reduced or absent expression of the beta-globin gene'] | ['Beta-thalassemia, one of the most common single-gene disorders, is the result of reduced or absent production of β-globin chains', 'beta-thalassemia, one of the most common single-gene disorders, is the result of reduced or absent production of β-globin chains.', 'Beta-thalassemia, one of the most common single-gene ... | ['no'] |
Which are the biotracers used for detection of Alzheimer's disease using PET? | ['(18)F-flutemetamol PET and structural MRI provided additive information in the diagnostic classification of aMCI subjects, suggesting an amyloid-independent neurodegenerative component among aMCI subjects in this sample.', 'This pooled analysis of four studies determined the level of association between uptake of the... | ["Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) was the first radiotracer capable of highlighting deposits of beta-amyloid—one pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease—in living individuals during a PET scan. The Alzheimer's Association helped fund early PIB development. The Association in 2006 also awarded a $2.1 million grant to t... | ['Pittsburgh compound B', 'Florbetaben (BAY 94-9172)', 'Florbetapir F 18 (18F-AV-45)', '18F flutemetamol (flute)'] |
List clinical trials that have directly compared microsurgical clipping with endovascular coiling for treatment of ruptured brain aneurysms? | ['The authors report the 3-year results of the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT). The objective of this ongoing randomized trial is to compare the safety and efficacy of microsurgical clip occlusion and endovascular coil embolization for the treatment of acutely ruptured cerebral aneurysms and to compare functional... | ['Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT) and international subarachnoid aneurysmal trial (ISAT) have directly compared microsurgical clipping with endovascular coiling for treatment of ruptured brain aneurysms. FIAT study, a clinical care trial aiming to compare angiographic and clinical outcomes following treatment wit... | ['Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT)', 'international subarachnoid aneurysmal trial (BRAT)', 'FIAT study'] |
How does apolipoprotein E in HDL help with anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects? | ['[" have previously reported that apolipoprotein E (apoE), a protein component of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high-density lipoproteins and a potent plasma-borne atheroprotective factor, exerts anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages by switching the activation profile from M1 (\\"classic\\") to M2 (\\"... | Apolipoprotein (apo) E-containing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties | [] |
Does HuR protein regulate the splicing process? | ['HuR and TIA1/TIAL1 are involved in regulation of alternative splicing of SIRT1 pre-mRNA', 'Here we describe experiments showing that HuR and TIA1/TIAL1, two kinds of RNA-binding proteins, were involved in the regulation of alternative splicing of SIRT1 pre-mRNA under normal and stress circumstances', 'HuR increased S... | ['Recent research demonstrated that SIRT1 pre-mRNA undergoes alternative splicing to produce different isoforms, such as SIRT1 full-length and SIRT1-∆Exon8 variants. Here we describe experiments showing that HuR and TIA1/TIAL1, two kinds of RNA-binding proteins, were involved in the regulation of alternative splicing o... | ['yes'] |
Is the protein β1-integrin recycled? | ['Pathways selectively regulating β1-integrin recycling are implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis,', 'integrin-positive early and recycling endosomes ', 'LPA-induced recycling of β1 integrin,', 'RCP-mediated recycling of α5β1 integrin ', 'CycD1 overexpression increased β1 integrin recycling ', 'inhibition of aut... | ['Yes, the β1-integrin is recycled.'] | ['yes'] |
Which ApoE isoform is associated with atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease? | ["Among three isoforms, the apoE4 isoform is associated with increased frequency of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease (AD). ", "Homozygosity for ApoE epsilon4 is associated with atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease whereas ApoE epsilon2 and epsilon3 tend to be protective.", "Importantly, lipoproteins containin... | ["The ApoE4 isoform is associated with increased frequency of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease (AD)."] | ['ApoE4 isoform', 'Apolipoprotein E4 isoform'] |
How do histone methyltransferases cause histone modification? | ['Lysine methylation of histones is associated with both transcriptionally active chromatin and with silent chromatin, depending on what residue is modified. Histone methyltransferases and demethylases ensure that histone methylations are dynamic and can vary depending on cell cycle- or developmental stage.', 'This app... | ['Histone methyltransferases (HMTs) are responsible for the site-specific addition of covalent modifications on the histone tails, which serve as markers for the recruitment of chromatin organization complexes. There are two major types of HMTs: histone-lysine N-Methyltransferases and histone-arginine N-methyltransfera... | [] |
Which are the bioinformatics tools for gene structure prediction?
| ["The prediction of the complete structure of genes is one of the very important tasks of bioinformatics, especially in eukaryotes. A crucial part in the gene structure prediction is to determine the splice sites in the coding region. Identification of splice sites depends on the precise recognition of the boundaries b... | ['The in silico prediction of the complete structure of genes is one of the main challenges of bioinformatics. A critical part in the gene structure prediction is to identify the boundaries between exons and introns (i.e. splice sites) in the coding region. Several advanced bioinformatics tools have been developed for ... | ['WPSS', 'SCGPred', 'TICO', 'GLIMMER', 'MetWAMer', 'WebScipio', 'GeneSeqer', 'SplicePredictor', 'DGSplicer', 'TAP', 'GeneBuilder', 'SeqHelp', 'FGENE', 'FGENEH', 'HSPL', 'RNASPL', 'HEXON', 'CDSB', 'HBR'] |
Are long non coding RNAs spliced? | ['Our analyses indicate that lncRNAs are generated through pathways similar to that of protein-coding genes, with similar histone-modification profiles, splicing signals, and exon/intron lengths.', 'For alternative exons and long noncoding RNAs, splicing tends to occur later, and the latter might remain unspliced in so... | ['Long non coding RNAs appear to be spliced through the same pathway as the mRNAs'] | ['yes'] |
Which are the methods for in silico prediction of the origin of replication (ori) among bacteria? | ['Based on the Z-curve theory, we have developed a web-based system Ori-Finder to predict oriCs in bacterial genomes with high accuracy and reliability by taking advantage of comparative genomics', 'we have applied a combination of multiple in silico approaches - Z curve, the cell division cycle (cdc6) gene location an... | ['Several in silico methods have been applied for prediction of the origin of replication (ori). DNA base composition asymmetry, such as GC skew, is the basis of numerous in silico methods used to detect the ori in prokaryotes. The Z curve analysis is also used for ori identification. Comparative genomics, by BLAST ana... | ['GC skew analysis', 'Z curve analysis', 'comparative genomics', 'dnaA gene location', 'localization of dnaA binding sites (DnaA boxes)', 'localization of CtrA binding sites', 'localization of IHF binding sites', 'localization of cell division cycle (cdc6) gene', 'localization of other boundary genes', 'localization of... |
Is there a genome-wide technique for the detection of R-loop formation? | ['Genome-wide analysis of fragile sites by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and microarray (ChIP-chip) of phosphorylated H2A in these mutants supported a transcription-dependent mechanism of DNA damage characteristic of R loops', 'We have used a bisulfite-sensitivity assay to demonstrate genome-wide increase in the... | ['Genome-wide analysis of fragile sites by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and microarray (ChIP-chip) of phosphorylated H2A in these mutants supported a transcription-dependent mechanism of DNA damage characteristic of R loops. Here we show that recombination factors are required for the survival of yeast FACT mut... | ['yes'] |
Is Bladder training an effective method to treat urge incontinence ? | ['Mindfulness-based stress reduction appears to be a treatment worthy of further study, as in the short term, it is as effective as historical studies of drug treatment and bladder training in reducing urge incontinence and incontinence-related quality of life.', 'All patients, irrespective of the results of cystometry... | ['Yes. Bladder training is a simple, safe, and effective treatment in the management of mild to moderate forms of urinary incontinence in outpatient populations. It can be used as a first-line treatment or in combination with such other interventions as pelvic muscle exercises, bladder pressure biofeedback, electrical ... | ['yes'] |
What is the function of caspases? | ['Caspases are the ultimate executors of the apoptotic programmed cell death pathway.', 'Members of the caspase family of cysteine proteases coordinate the morphological and biochemical events that typify apoptosis. ', 'Caspase function is known to be essential for cell death by apoptosis,', 'Caspases, initially identi... | ['Caspases are intracellular proteases that propagate programmed cell death, proliferation, and inflammation.'] | ['Caspases are intracellular proteases that propagate programmed cell death, proliferation, and inflammation.'] |
Has silicon been used in treatment of incontinence ? | ['an artificial anal sphincter. Worldwide, there are two established devices on the market: the artificial bowel sphincter® (ABS) from A. M. S. (Minnetonka, MN, USA) and the soft anal band® from A. M. I. (Feldkirch, Austria). How to implant the artificial anal sphincter? Both devices consist of a silicon cuff which can... | ['Yes'] | ['yes'] |
Show results of randomised controlled trials for certolizumab pegol. | ['RESULTS: 4049 RA patients who received CZP were included in the safety pooling; total exposure 9277 PY, mean exposure 2.1 years (range 0.04-7.6). SIE, most frequently pneumonia (IR 0.73/100 PY), were the most common serious AE, occurring more frequently in CZP compared to placebo-treated patients in RCT (IR 5.61/100 ... | ['Improvement of clinical results (ACR50, 28 joint disease activity score (DAS-28) remission and HAQ scores) with certolizumab pegol. Adverse events were more frequent with certolizumab; there was a statistically significant increase in the number of serious adverse events, infections and hypertension.\nRandomised cont... | [] |
How is active neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum detected? | ['The neurotoxin detection is based on the mouse lethality assay. ', 'which could be shown by bioassay to produce biologically active type B toxin in culture.', 'Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) hold great promise for providing various differentiated cell models for in vitro toxigenicity testing. ', 'A dire... | ['Active neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum can be detected by:\nmouse lethality assay\nby mass spectrometry\nbioassay\ndifferentiated cell models\npeptide cleavage assay\nFDC (functional dual coating) microtitre plate immuno-biochemical assay\nendopeptidase activity monitored via UV-Visible spectroscopy'] | ['mouse lethality assay', 'by mass spectrometry', 'bioassay', 'differentiated cell models', 'peptide cleavage assay', 'FDC (functional dual coating) microtitre plate immuno-biochemical assay', 'endopeptidase activity monitored via UV-Visible spectroscopy'] |
The protein NONO forms heterodimers. With which proteins? | ['The paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1) and non-POU-domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NONO) heterodimer is an essential structural component of paraspeckles,', 'PSPC1-NONO heterodimer.', 'Crystallization of a paraspeckle protein PSPC1-NONO heterodimer', 'difficult heterodimeric complex of two human proteins, par... | ['The protein NONO forms heterodimers with PSPC1, SFPQ.'] | ['PSPC1', 'SFPQ'] |
Which intraflagellar transport (IFT) motor protein has been linked to human skeletal ciliopathies? | ['Cytoplasmic dynein-2 (dynein-2) performs intraflagellar transport and is associated with human skeletal ciliopathies', 'Cytoplasmic dynein-2 is the motor for retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT), and mutations in dynein-2 are known to cause skeletal ciliopathies', 'Intraflagellar transport (IFT) depends on two e... | ['Cytoplasmic dynein-2 (dynein-2) performs intraflagellar transport and is associated with human skeletal ciliopathies', 'Intraflagellar transport (IFT) depends on two evolutionarily conserved modules, subcomplexes A (IFT-A) and B (IFT-B), to drive ciliary assembly and maintenance. All six IFT-A components and their mo... | ['Intraflagellar transport (IFT) motor protein DYNC2H1'] |
Does nimotuzumab improve survival of glioblastoma patients? | ['The survival times were similar to those seen in historical data of standard therapy.', 'The survival time of a matched population treated at the same hospital with irradiation alone was decreased (median 8.0 and 12.2 mo for GBM and AA patients, respectively) compared with that of the patients who received nimotuzuma... | ['Yes. Nimotuzumab improves survival of adult and pediatric patients diagnosed with glioblastoma and with other high-grade gliomas.'] | ['yes'] |
To which family does the Zika virus belong? | ['Zika virus (ZIKV; genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae) '] | ['The Zika virus belongs to the family Flaviviridae.'] | ['Flaviviridae'] |
what is the role of GATA-4 in regeneration of the heart after myocardial infarction? | ['TGF-beta conducted the myogenic differentiation of CD117+ stem cells by upregulating GATA-4 and NKx-2.5 expression. Therefore, the intramyocardial implantation of TGF-beta-preprogrammed CD117+ cells effectively assisted the myocardial regeneration and induced therapeutic angiogenesis, contributing to functional cardi... | ['GATA-4 is implicated in cardiogenic differentiation of cardiac c-kit+AT2+ cells that represent approximately 0.19% of total cardiac cells in infarcted heart. GATA-4 overexpression in mesenchymal stem cells increases both survival and angiogenic potential in ischemic myocardium and may therefore represent a novel and ... | [] |
Which are the main NMD factors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae? | ['In addition to their well-documented roles in the promotion of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), yeast Upf proteins (Upf1, Upf2/Nmd2, and Upf3) also manifest translational regulatory functions, at least in vitro, including roles in premature translation termination and subsequent reinitiation', 'In Saccharomyces ce... | ['Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a surveillance mechanism that accelerates the degradation of mRNAs containing premature translation termination codons. This quality control pathway depends on the NMD-specific factors, Upf1p, Upf2p/Nmd2p, and Upf3p, as well as the two release factors, eRF1 and eRF3 (respectively... | ['Upf1p', 'Nmd2p', 'Upf3p'] |
What is the effect of Allopurinol on asphyxia in neonates? | ['Potential neuroprotective strategies targeting different pathways leading to neuronal cell death in response to hypoxic-ischemic insult have been investigated: hypothermia, erythropoietin, iminobiotin, deferioxamine, magnesium, allopurinol, xenon, melatonin and statins.', 'Allopurinol reduces the formation of free ra... | ['Allopurinol was shown in a number of clinical trial to be safe and effective for treatment of neonatal asphyxia. Allopurinol improves short-term and long-term clinical outcomes of neonatal asphyxia. Allopurinol should be administered as soon as possible. Postulated mechanism of allopurinol action in this setting is ... | [] |
Which are the most under-represented oligonucleotides in higher eukaryote genomes? | ['Unusual frequencies of certain alternating purine-pyrimidine runs in natural DNA sequences', 'Octanucleotides are the most deficient, occurring at only 60% of the frequency expected in random sequences. An unexpectedly high proportion of these octamers consists of alternating tetramers with the repeat structure (PuPy... | ['The oligonucleotides containing the CG and TA dinucleotide are generally under-represented in higher eukaryote genomes', 'TpA is the most underepresented dinucleotide followed closely by CpG. For trinucleotides, GCA/TGC tends to be under-represented in phage, human viral, and eukaryotic sequences, and CTA/TAG is stro... | ['TA', 'CG', '(PuPy)n', 'GCA/TGC', 'CTA/TAG'] |
What is the effect of the absence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rrm3p? | ['Twice as many pause sites were identified in rrm3 compared with wild-type cells, as pausing in this strain occurred at both highly transcribed RNA polymerase II genes and the previously identified protein DNA complexes. ORFs of highly transcribed RNA polymerase II genes are a class of natural pause sites that are not... | ["The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RRM3 gene encodes a 5' to 3' DNA helicase. While replication of most of the yeast genome was not dependent upon Rrm3p, in its absence, replication forks paused and often broke at an estimated 1400 discrete sites, including tRNA genes, centromeres, inactive replication origins, and transcr... | ['Lack of the yeast Rrm3p DNA helicase causes replication defects at multiple sites within ribosomal DNA (rDNA), including at the replication fork barrier (RFB).'] |
Is the circadian clock involved in ribosome biogenesis? | ['The circadian clock coordinates ribosome biogenesis.', 'Here we show that the circadian clock exerts its function also through the regulation of mRNA translation. Namely, the circadian clock influences the temporal translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in ribosome biogenesis by controlling the transcription of tr... | ['Yes. The circadian clock coordinates ribosome biogenesis. It influences the temporal translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in ribosome biogenesis by controlling the transcription of translation initiation factors as well as the clock-dependent rhythmic activation of signaling pathways involved in their regulation... | ['yes'] |
Is LPS a microbial product? | ['and microbial translocation [lipopolysaccaride (LPS), microbial 16S rDNA and sCD14] ', 'Lipopolysaccharide sensing an important factor in the innate immune response to Gram-negative bacterial infections', 'bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)', 'sterile bacterial wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to investigate the changes... | ['Yes, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the bacterial cell wall.'] | ['yes'] |
What is Dravet syndrome? | ['Dravet syndrome is one of the most severe epilepsy syndromes of early childhood, and it comes with very high morbidity and mortality. The typical presentation is characterized by hemiclonic or generalized clonic seizures triggered by fever during the first year of life, followed by myoclonic, absence, focal and gener... | ['Dravet syndrome is one of the most severe epilepsy syndromes of early childhood, and it comes with very high morbidity and mortality. It is likely that Dravet syndrome is underdiagnosed in adults with treatment-resistant epilepsy.', 'dravet syndrome is one of the most severe epilepsy syndromes of early childhood, and... | ['A severe epilepsy of chidhood'] |
Which is the third subunit of the TSC1-TSC2 complex upstream of mTORC1? | ['The tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) tumor suppressors form the TSC1-TSC2 complex, which limits cell growth in response to poor growth conditions. Through its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward Rheb, this complex inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1), a key promoter of ce... | ['TBC1D7 was identified as a stably associated and ubiquitous third core subunit of the TSC1-TSC2 complex. It was demonstrated that TSC1-TSC2-TBC1D7 (TSC-TBC) is the functional complex that senses specific cellular growth conditions and possesses Rheb-GAP activity to negatively regulate mTORC1 activity. In agreement wi... | ['TBC1D7'] |
What is Bexsero? | ['A capsular group B meningococcal vaccine - 4CMenB (Bexsero) - has recently been licensed in the European Union, Canada and Australia.', 'The 4-component meningococcal serogroup B vaccine 4CMenB (Bexsero) is the first vaccine against this serogroup and has been approved by licensing authorities in Europe, Canada and A... | ['Bexsero is a 4-component vaccine against capsular Meningococcus serogroup B (4CMenB), which has recently been licensed in Europe, Canada and Australia.', 'Bexsero is amulticomponent vaccine against serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (MenB).'] | [] |
Which gene is most commonly associated with severe congenital and cyclic neutropenia? | ['Neutrophil elastase gene (ELANE) mutations are responsible for the majority of cases of severe congenital neutropenia (CN) and cyclic neutropenia (CyN)', 'We screened CN (n\xa0=\xa0395) or CyN (n\xa0=\xa092) patients for ELANE mutations and investigated the impact of mutations on mRNA expression, protein expression, ... | ['Neutrophil elastase gene (ELANE) mutations are responsible for the majority of cases of severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) and cyclic neutropenia (CN).', 'Cyclic neutropenia (CN) and severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) are disorders of neutrophil production that differ markedly in disease severity. Mutations of the ... | ['The neutrophil elastase gene (ELANE)'] |
What is the role of TRH in hypertension? | ['We recently showed that diencephalic TRH may mediate the central leptin-induced pressor effect', 'that central TRH participates in the hypertension induced by body weight gain probably through its well-known action on sympathetic activity.', 'Five polymorphisms in five genes, CAST(calpastatin), LIPC (hepatic lipase),... | ['TRH gene overexpression induces hypertension in normal rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats have central TRH hyperactivity with increased TRH synthesis and release and an elevated TRH receptor number. TRH antisense treatment reduces hypertension.\ncentral TRH participates in the hypertension induced by body weigh... | [] |
Neurostimulation of which nucleus is used for treatment of dystonia? | ['Bilateral globus pallidus internus (GPi) DBS was performed in five SD patients and unilateral ventralis oralis anterior and posterior (Voa/Vop) nucleus of the thalamus DBS in two post-stroke hemiballismus patients. ', 'BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation of the internal pallidum (GPi-DBS) is effective for various type... | ['Neurostimulation of globus pallidus internus is effective for treatment of dystonia. Ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus has also been tested for neurostimulation in dystonia patients.'] | ['globus pallidus internus'] |
Is triadin involved in cardiac function? | ['Junctin (JCN), a 26-kd sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) transmembrane protein, forms a quaternary protein complex with the ryanodine receptor, calsequestrin, and triadin in the SR lumen of cardiac muscle. Within this complex, calsequestrin, triadin, and JCN appear to be critical for normal regulation of ryanodine receptor... | ['Yes, triadin is involved in the regulation of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.'] | ['yes'] |
which are the risk factors for sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? | ['Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is used in the diagnosis and risk stratification of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and can detect myocardial replacement fibrosis (anindependent predictor of adverse cardiac outcomes) using late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). ', 'J wave is associated with increased risk of sudden ca... | ['The following risk factors for sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have been identified: 1) previous cardiac arrest; 2) sustained ventricular tachycardia; 3) family history of sudden cardiac death; 4) high-risk genetic mutations; 5) unexplained syncope; 6) non-sustained ventricular tachy... | ['myocardial fibrosis using late gadolinium enhancement', 'J-wave on ECG', 'Extreme left ventricular hypertrophy (>30mm)', 'Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia', 'Sustained ventricular tachycardia', 'previous cardiac arrest', 'family history of sudden cardiac death', 'unexplained syncope', 'hypotensive response to exe... |
Which protein mediates gene loop formation in the yeast S. cerevisiae? | ['A transcription-independent role for TFIIB in gene looping.', 'Moreover, looping is dependent upon the general transcription factor TFIIB: the E62K (glutamic acid 62 -->lysine) form of TFIIB adversely affects looping at every gene tested, including BLM10, SAC3, GAL10, SEN1, and HEM3', "TFIIB crosslinks to both the pr... | ["Moreover, looping is dependent upon the general transcription factor TFIIB: the E62K (glutamic acid 62 --> lysine) form of TFIIB adversely affects looping at every gene tested, including BLM10, SAC3, GAL10, SEN1, and HEM3. TFIIB crosslinks to both the promoter and terminator regions of the PMA1 and BLM10 genes, and i... | ['TFIIB'] |
Has proteomics been used in the study of the dry eye syndrome? | ['Tear proteomic analysis of patients with type 2 diabetes and dry eye syndrome by two-dimensional nano-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.', 'Dry eye syndrome in diabetic patients is associated with aberrant expression of tear proteins, and the findings could lead to identification of novel pa... | ['Yes, tears obtained from patients with the dry eye syndrome have been analyzed using different proteomic technologies.'] | ['yes'] |
Is there a role of proton beam therapy in medulloblastoma treatment? | ['All papers directly compared outcomes from protons with photons, five papers included medulloblastoma, four papers each included craniopharyngioma and low grade gliomas and three papers included ependymoma.', 'There are many indications of protontherapy for paediatric brain tumours in curative intent, either for loca... | ['Yes, proton beam therapy is used for treatment of medulloblastoma.'] | ['yes'] |
Is edema a symptom of nephrotic syndrome? | ['Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a common clinical disease with four main clinical manifestations: hypoalbuminemia (<30 g/L), macro-proteinuria (>3.5 g/24 h), edema, and hyperlipidemia. ', 'Nephrotic syndrome is an unusual manifestation of IgA Nephropathy (IgAN).', 'Twelve patients with IgAN with steroid-responsive nephrot... | ['Yes, edema is the commonest presenting symptom and sign in nephrotic syndrome.'] | ['yes'] |
Is apremilast effective for psoriasis? | ['CONCLUSION: Apremilast reduces the severity of nail/scalp psoriasis.', 'CONCLUSIONS: Apremilast demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements in psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis at week 16; sustained improvements were seen with continued treatment through 52\u2005weeks.', 'Apremilast: A Novel Drug for Treatment of... | ['Yes, apremilast is effective for treatment of psoriasis.'] | ['yes'] |
How many tissue kallikrein genes are present in the human genome? | ['Tissue kallikreins are a group of closely related serine proteinases that are represented by multigene families in mice and rats.', 'Our map specifies the distance between genes to one base pair accuracy, the relative location, and the direction of transcription of all 15 genes.', 'The human tissue Kallikrein family ... | ['Tissue kallikreins (KLKs) are a group of closely related serine proteinases that are represented by multigene families in the human genome. The human tissue kallikrein gene family consists of 15 genes, denoted KLK1–KLK15, tandemly arranged on chromosomal locus 19q13.4.'] | ['15'] |
Which are currently available software tools for detecting rare codon clusters in coding sequences? | ['Our program Sherlocc, detects statistically relevant conserved rare codon clusters and produces a user-friendly HTML output.', 'LaTcOm: a web server for visualizing rare codon clusters in coding sequences', "We present LaTcOm, a new web tool, which offers several alternative methods for 'rare codon cluster' (RCC) ide... | ['Rare codon clusters (RCCs) correspond to regions along mRNA sequences where among the possible choices of synonymous codons those with lower usage are observed. Due to the fact that relative codon frequencies have been shown to correlate with their cognate tRNA frequencies, RCCs indicate possible translational atten... | ['LaTcOm', '%MinMax', 'PAUSE', 'Sherlocc', 'Sliding Window', 'RiboTempo'] |
Is cytisine superior to nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation? | ['The effectiveness of cytisine for continuous abstinence was superior to that of nicotine-replacement therapy at 1 week, 2 months, and 6 months. In a prespecified subgroup analysis of the primary outcome, cytisine was superior to nicotine-replacement therapy among women and noninferior among men.', 'CONCLUSIONS: When ... | ['Yes, one clinical trial that directly compared smoking cessation rates with cytisine versus nicotine replacement therapy reported that cytisine was superior to nicotine-replacement therapy in helping smokers quit smoking, but it was associated with a higher frequency of self-reported adverse events.'] | ['yes'] |
What is situs inversus? | ['Situs inversus totalis is a relatively rare condition and is an autosomal recessive congenital defect in which an abdominal and/or thoracic organ is positioned as a "mirror image" of the normal position in the sagittal plane.', 'Situs inversus totalis (SIT) represents a total vertical transposition of the thoracic an... | ['Situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital anomaly with a complete mirror image of the thoracic and abdominal organs.'] | ['Situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital anomaly with a complete mirror image of the thoracic and abdominal organs.'] |
Which clotting factor is inhibited by betrixaban? | ['Evaluation of the oral direct factor Xa inhibitor - betrixaban.', 'Betrixaban , an orally administered direct factor Xa inhibitor, is entering a Phase III trial and undergoing investigation for similar indications as apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban. ', 'Following the success of the direct thrombin and FXa inhibi... | ['Betrixaban is an orally administered direct clotting factor Xa inhibitor.'] | ['Xa'] |
What do hamartin and tuberin gene products do and how are they connected to the mTOR pathway? | ['["The genetic basis of this disease has been attributed to mutations in one of two unlinked genes, TSC1 and TSC2.", "The functions of the TSC1 and TSC2 gene products, hamartin and tuberin, respectively, have remained ill defined until recently", "Genetic, biochemical, and biologic analyses have highlighted their role... | The functions of the TSC1 and TSC2 gene products, hamartin and tuberin, respectively, have remained ill defined until recently. Genetic, biochemical, and biologic analyses have highlighted their role as negative regulators of the mTOR signaling pathway. Tuberin, serving as a substrate of AKT and AMPK, mediates mTOR act... | [] |
What is the typical outer diameter of microtubules (tubulin heterodimers)? | ['microtubules are highly anisotropic structures built from tubulin heterodimers. They are hollow cylindrical shells with a ∼ 25\xa0nm outer diameter', 'single microtubules (diameter 25 nm', 'The individual microtubules measured about 24 nm in outer diameter', 'Microtubules are hollow tubes some 25 nm in diameter parti... | ['Microtubules are highly anisotropic structures built from tubulin heterodimers. They are hollow cylindrical shells with a ∼ 25 nm (24nm - 25nm) outer diameter.'] | ['24nm - 25 nm'] |
Which metabolite activates AtxA? | ['Here we report that bioinformatic analyses suggested the presence in AtxA of two PTS (phosphenolpyruvate : sugar phosphotransferase system) regulation domains (PRD) generally regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation at conserved histidine residues.', 'Our results link virulence factor production in B. anthracis... | ['Upon infection of a mammalian host, Bacillus anthracis responds to host cues, and particularly to elevated temperature (37°C) and bicarbonate/CO2 concentrations, with increased expression of virulence factors that include the anthrax toxins and extracellular capsular layer. Cultures grown with elevated CO(2) /bicarbo... | ['CO2', 'bicarbonate'] |
What is the main role of Ctf4 in dna replication? | ['In this report, interactions between human Ctf4 (hCtf4) and the replicative helicase containing the cell division cycle 45 (Cdc45)/minichromosome maintenance 2-7 (Mcm2-7)/Go, Ichi, Nii, and San (GINS) (CMG) proteins [human CMG (hCMG) complex] were examined', 'We demonstrate that the hCtf4-CMG complex contains a homod... | ['coupling MCM2-7 to replicative polymerases is an important feature of the regulation of chromosome replication in eukaryotes, and highlight a key role for Ctf4 in this processAnd-1/Ctf4 is therefore a new replication initiation factor that brings together the MCM2-7 helicase and the DNA pol alpha-primase complex, ana... | ['Coordination of the progression of helicase and DNA polymerase alpha at the eukaryotic replication fork.'] |
What role does the SHH-Gli pathway play in brain growth and medulloblastoma, in relation to WNT signaling and potential therapy with cyclopamine? | ['148a having potential tumor/metastasis suppressive activity were found to be overexpressed in the WNT signaling associated medulloblastomas", "The requirement for SHH-Gli signaling in the growth of the mouse brain, together with the ability of inappropriate pathway activation in the cerebellum to cause medulloblastom... | The SHH-Gli pathway plays a critical role in brain growth and tumor formation, particularly in medulloblastomas associated with WNT signaling. Inappropriate pathway activation in the cerebellum can lead to medulloblastomas, and the growth of brain tumors can be inhibited with cyclopamine, a SHH signaling inhibitor. | [] |
Which NGS alignment software implement the Burrows-Wheeler Transform? | ['For the human genome, Burrows-Wheeler indexing allows Bowtie to align more than 25 million reads per CPU hour with a memory footprint of approximately 1.3 gigabytes. Bowtie extends previous Burrows-Wheeler techniques with a novel quality-aware backtracking algorithm that permits mismatches.', 'We implemented Burrows-... | ['The most widely used software belong to the family of the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA) and its variants for local alignment BWASW, map reduce BWASW-PMR and multi-threaded implementation BWA-MT. Other approaches include Bowtie, SOAP2, BWBBLE, SOAP2 and FANSe2.'] | ['Bowtie', 'Burrows-Wheeler Alignment Tool', 'BWA', 'SOAP2', "Burrows-Wheeler Aligner's Smith-Waterman Alignment", 'BWA-SW', 'TotalReCaller', 'BWBBLE', 'FANSe2', "Burrows-Wheeler Aligner's Smith-Waterman Alignment Map Reduce", 'BWASW-PMR', 'Burrows-Wheeler Aligner Multi-Thread', 'BWA-MT'] |
What is the most likely age of diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD)? | ['Eighteen, 17, and 12 patients were diagnosed at ages<40, 40-59, and ≥60 years, respectively', "Crohn's disease (CD) diagnosed in pediatric patients has been reported to have a more aggressive phenotype and course, with a greater prevalence of upper gastrointestinal involvement, than in adults.", 'There was a signific... | ["Crohn's disease has a bimodal age distribution of disease onset diagnosis. The peaks (20 and 50 years) may represent different phenotypes or different genetic and/or environmental influences between younger- and older-onset individuals. When the age-related incidence of Crohn's disease was plotted for all countries f... | ["Crohn's disease has a bimodal age distribution of disease onset diagnosis. The peaks (20 and 50 years) may represent different phenotypes or different genetic and/or environmental influences between younger- and older-onset individuals."] |
Which is the neurodevelopmental disorder associated to mutations in the X- linked gene mecp2? | ['Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in the gene coding for methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2).', 'Rett syndrome is one of the most common causes of complex disability in girls. It is characterized by early neurological regression that severely affects motor, cognitive and communication skills, by autonomic dysfunc... | ['The neurodevelopmental disorder named Rett syndrome, originally termed as cerebroatrophic hyperammonemia. Although most exclusively affects females, has also been found in male patients.'] | ['Rett syndrome'] |
Can RNAPolII function as an RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase? | ['RNA polymerase II acts as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to extend and destabilize a non-coding RNA', 'RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a well-characterized DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which has also been reported to have RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity.', ". Our studies provide compelling evidence that ... | ['RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a well-characterized DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which has also been reported to have RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity. Pol II can use a homopolymeric RNA template, can extend RNA by several nucleotides in the absence of DNA, and has been implicated in the replication of th... | ['yes'] |
What is the target of tanezumab? | ['Nerve growth factor inhibition with tanezumab influences weight-bearing and subsequent cartilage damage in the rat medial meniscal tear model.', 'OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) inhibition with tanezumab on rats with medial meniscal tear (MMT) effectively model rapidly progr... | ['Tanezumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against nerve growth factor.'] | ['nerve growth factor', 'NGF'] |
What is the effect of amitriptyline in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy? | ['Amitriptyline is efficacious in ameliorating muscle inflammation and depressive symptoms in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy', 'Amitriptyline treatment had anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in mdx mice associated with elevations in serotonin levels in the amygdala and hippocampus', ' Inflammatio... | ['Amitriptyline is efficacious in ameliorating muscle inflammation and depressive symptoms in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy', 'Amitriptyline treatment had anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in mdx mice associated with elevations in serotonin levels in the amygdala and hippocampus. On the other h... | [] |
Which currently known mitochondrial diseases have been attributed to POLG mutations? | ['Mutations in the POLG gene have emerged as one of the most common causes of inherited mitochondrial disease in children and adults. They are responsible for a heterogeneous group of at least 6 major phenotypes of neurodegenerative disease that include: 1) childhood Myocerebrohepatopathy Spectrum disorders (MCHS), 2) ... | ['Mutations in the POLG gene have emerged as one of the most common causes of inherited mitochondrial disease in children and adults. They are responsible for a heterogeneous group of at least 6 major phenotypes of neurodegenerative disease that include: 1) childhood Myocerebrohepatopathy Spectrum disorders (MCHS), 2) ... | ['childhood Myocerebrohepatopathy Spectrum disorders (MCHS)', 'Alpers syndrome', 'Ataxia Neuropathy Spectrum (ANS) disorders', 'Myoclonus Epilepsy Myopathy Sensory Ataxia (MEMSA)', 'autosomal recessive Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (arPEO)', 'autosomal dominant Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (adPEO)'] |
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