question stringlengths 13 291 | contexts stringlengths 2 24.7k | ground_truth stringlengths 6 6.9k ⌀ | exact_answer stringlengths 2 710 |
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Which mutations of alpha-myosin heavy chain gene are implicated in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? | ['Accordingly, pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was induced in 2-month-old, male mice with and without a FHC (R403Q) mutation in α-myosin heavy chain.', 'This model (designated TnI-203/MHC-403) was generated by crossbreeding mice with the Gly203Ser cardiac troponin I (TnI-203) and Arg403Gln alp... | ['The following mutations of alpha-myosin heavy chain gene are implicated in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: R403Q; Q1065H and Arg-249-->Gln'] | ['R403Q', 'Arg403Gln', 'Q1065H', 'Arg-249-->Gln'] |
DX-88 is investigational name of which drug? | ['Ecallantide (known as DX-88 previously), a potent and specific inhibitor of plasma kallikrein is an innovative medicinal product. ', 'Ecallantide (DX-88) for acute hereditary angioedema attacks: integrated analysis of 2 double-blind, phase 3 studies.', 'Several novel therapies have completed phase III trials in the U... | ['DX-88 is investigational name of a drug Ecallantide, a 60-amino acid recombinant protein discovered through phage display technology, that is a highly specific, potent inhibitor of human plasma kallikrein that has been used successfully in the treatment of patients experiencing acute hereditary angioedema attacks.'] | ['Ecallantide'] |
Which R/bioconductor package utilizes the Hilbert curve in order to visualize genomic data? | ["In many genomic studies, one works with genome-position-dependent data, e.g. ChIP-chip or ChIP-Seq scores. Using conventional tools, it can be difficult to get a good feel for the data, especially the distribution of features. This article argues that the so-called Hilbert curve visualization can complement genome br... | ["The so-called Hilbert curve visualization can complement genome browsers and help to get further insights into the structure of one's data. An open-source application, called HilbertVis, has been developed for R/bioconductor that allows the user to produce and interactively explore such plots."] | ['HilbertVis'] |
Is clathrin involved in E-cadherin endocytosis? | ['We demonstrated that GnT-III induced a stabilizing effect on E-cadherin at the cell membrane by inducing a delay in the turnover rate of the protein, contributing for the formation of stable and functional adherens-junctions, and further preventing clathrin-dependent E-cadherin endocytosis.', 'Conversely, GnT-V promo... | ['E-cadherin is a central component of the adherens junction in epithelial cells and continuously undergoes endocytosis via clathrin-coated vesicles and/or caveolae depending on the cell type.'] | ['yes'] |
Which myosin isozymes are located within the pericuticular necklace of the hair cell? | ['Myosin 1 beta, VI, VIIa and probably XV are all expressed within a single cell in the inner ear, the hair cell.', 'The myosin isozymes expressed in the hair cell all have unique domains of expression and in some areas, such as the pericuticular necklace, several domains overlap.', 'Substantial amounts of myosins-Ibet... | ['The hair cell is located in the inner ear, a tissue that is particularly reliant on actin-rich structures and unconventional myosin isozymes. Within the pericuticular necklace, a domain of the hair cell, certain unconventional myosin isozymes are located, namely myosins-Ibeta, myosin-VI, and myosin-VIIa.'] | ['myosins-Ibeta', 'myosin-VI', 'myosin-VIIa'] |
What is the role of neurogranin in Alzheimer's disease patients? | ['We recently showed that the dendritic protein neurogranin (Ng), including the endogenous Ng peptide 48 to 76 (Ng48-76), is markedly increased in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in AD and that Ng48-76 is the dominant peptide in human brain tissue.', 'In agreement with previous studies, we show that CSF Ng is significantly i... | ["Dendritic protein neurogranin is markedly increased in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurogranin might reflect the neurodegenerative processes within the brain, indicating a role for neurogranin as a potential novel clinical biomarker for synaptic degeneration in AD.\nNeurogranin is important ... | [] |
What is the role of edaravone in traumatic brain injury? | [' The edaravone-treated animals also exhibited higher rCBF in the contralateral hemisphere compared with that seen in -vehicle-treated animals. It is suggested that edaravone reduces neuronal damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by maintaining intact the autoregulation of the cerebral vasculature.', ... | ['Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects after traumatic brain injury. In animal models, edaravone has been shown to reduce neuronal damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), maintain intact the autoregulation of the cerebral vasculature, decrease neuronal loss, re... | [] |
Between which probes does the recurrent translocation breakpoint on chromosome 22 of neuroepithelioma lie? | ['The recurrent translocation breakpoint on chromosome 22 of neuroepithelioma has been localized between two probes, D22S1 and D22S15, by both in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrids', 'The recurrent translocation breakpoint on chromosome 22 of neuroepithelioma has been localized between two probes, D22S1 and D2... | ['The recurrent translocation breakpoint on chromosome 22 of neuroepithelioma has been localized between two probes, D22S1 and D22S15, by both in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrids', 'The recurrent translocation breakpoint on chromosome 22 of neuroepithelioma has been localized between two probes, D22S1 and D2... | ['D22S1', 'D22S15'] |
Which therapeutic interventions for sarcopenia have been applied | ['The main bulk of experimental pharmacological interventions addressing the clinical problem of frailty have been focused on the use of hormones, as replacement therapy in subjects with low or normal circulating basal levels of the hormone. Results have been disappointing, except for the case of testosterone that have... | ['The main bulk of experimental pharmacological interventions addressing the clinical problem of frailty have been focused on the use of hormones, as replacement therapy in subjects with low or normal circulating basal levels of the hormone. Results have been disappointing, except for the case of testosterone that have... | [] |
What percentage of rheumatoid arthritis patients are responsive to anti-TNF therapy? | ['Despite this, a substantial proportion of patients (approximately 30-40%) fail to respond to these potentially toxic and expensive therapies. ', 'Treatment strategies blocking tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), showing beneficial effects in approxi... | ['Despite this, a substantial proportion of patients (approximately 30-40%) fail to respond to these potentially toxic and expensive therapies. Treatment strategies blocking tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) have proven very successful in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), showing beneficial effects in approximate... | ['50-60%'] |
What are clinical features of the de Morsier syndrome? | [' SOD was formerly known as de Morsier syndrome, which associated a midline brain defect such as an absent septum pellucidum with optic nerve hypoplasia.', 'The triad consists of optic nerve hypoplasia, pituitary hormone abnormalities, and midline brain defects, although it can vary in the severity of clinical present... | ['Classic triad of the De Morsier syndrome (septooptic dysplasia) includes optic nerve hypoplasia, the absence of septum pellucidum, and pituitary hypoplasia.'] | ['optic nerve hypoplasia', 'absence of septum pellucidum', 'pituitary hypoplasia'] |
How does Ssu72 mediate gene looping? | ['Investigation of chromosome folding in mutants confirms roles for RSC, "gene looping" factor Ssu72, Mediator, H3K56 acetyltransferase Rtt109, and the N-terminal tail of H4 in folding of the yeast genome.', 'Furthermore, different regions of Pta1 interact with the CPF subunits Ssu72, Pti1, and Ysh1, supporting the ide... | ['Investigation of chromosome folding in mutants confirms roles for RSC, "gene looping" factor Ssu72, Mediator, H3K56 acetyltransferase Rtt109, and the N-terminal tail of H4 in folding of the yeast genome. The essential N terminus of the Pta1 scaffold protein is required for snoRNA transcription termination and Ssu72 f... | [] |
What is the role of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone in the treatment of comatose patients? | ["Despite the correction of these metabolic disorders, the patient became comatose, and MRI, on T2 weighted image, showed hyperintense signals in the basal ganglia consistent with extra-pontine myelinolysis. The patient's state remained unchanged for six weeks. Since S. Konno and H. Wakui published cases of myelinolysi... | ['Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone and its analogs are used for treatment of comatose patients. In animal models, Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone and its analogs have been shown to improve the disturbance of consciousness caused by head concussion and pentobarbital. This analeptic action is attributable to stimulation of ch... | [] |
Have studies shown that there is no link between DNA methylation patterns and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder? | ['Using pre-deployment SKA2 methylation levels and childhood trauma exposure, we found that the previously published suicide prediction rule significantly predicted post-deployment PTSD symptoms (AUC=0.66, 95% CI: 0.53-0.79) with an optimal sensitivity of 0.81 and specificity of 0.91. Permutation analysis using random ... | ['Studies do show a correlation of PTSD-related accelerated aging in DNA methylation patterns.'] | ['no'] |
What is the systemic nickel allergy syndrome? | ['patients with "systemic nickel allergy syndrome" (SNAS), characterized by Ni-allergic contact dermatitis and systemic reactions after eating Ni-rich food.', 'Systemic (gastrointestinal and skin) reactions to ingestion of nickel rich foods in patients with nickel allergic contact dermatitis characterize Systemic Nicke... | ['A severe form of this allergy is the Systemic nickel allergy syndrome, clinically characterized by cutaneous manifestions (contact dermatitis, pompholyx, hand dermatitis dyshydrosis, urticaria) with chronic course and systemic symptoms (headache, asthenia, itching, and gastrointestinal disorders related to histopatho... | [] |
Is Doxorubicin cardiotoxic? | ['Doxorubicin (DOXO) is widely used to treat solid tumors. However, its clinical use is limited by side effects including serious cardiotoxicity due to cardiomyocyte damage. ', 'The results provide direct evidence for the role of catalase in doxorubicin cardiotoxic responses.', 'These results do not support the possibi... | ['Doxorubicin (DOXO) is widely used to treat solid tumors. However, its clinical use is limited by side effects including serious cardiotoxicity due to cardiomyocyte damage', 'Doxorubicin (DOXO) is widely used to treat solid tumors. However, its clinical use is limited by side effects including serious cardiotoxicity d... | ['yes'] |
Is there a role for the cylindromatosis tumor suppressor (CYLD) in lung cancer? | ['Over-expressing CYLD augments antitumor activity of TRAIL by inhibiting the NF-κB survival signaling in lung cancer cells', 'increased expression of CYLD directly blocks TRAIL-induced NF-κB activation, and consequently increases TRAIL-induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells. CYLD may act as a therapeutic target of lun... | ['To explore a correlation between CYLD expression and responsiveness to TRAIL in lung cancer cell lines, we established lung cancer cell lines that stably express CYLD. Our data provided the first evidence that increased expression of CYLD directly blocks TRAIL-induced NF - B activation, and consequently increases TRA... | ['yes'] |
Which genes are regulated by TRalpha2 in the heart? | ['n FM the reduced mRNA expression of ARB1 (p<0.05, -37%) and ARB2 (p<0.05, -42%) was associated with a reduction of the messenger for TRalpha1 (p<0.05, -85%) and TRalpha2 (p<0.05, -73%).', 'hese data reveal that in human heart failure the reduction of beta-adrenergic receptors is associated with reduced expression of ... | ['ARB1, ARB2, TAK1, p38, TRalpha1'] | ['ARB1', 'ARB2', 'TAK1', 'p38', 'TRalpha1'] |
Which proteins induce inhibition of LINE-1 and Alu retrotransposition? | ['APOBEC3G oligomerization is associated with the inhibition of both Alu and LINE-1 retrotransposition', 'We have previously demonstrated that antiretroviral restriction factors, human APOBEC3 (hA3) proteins (A-H), differentially inhibit L1 retrotransposition', 'In this present study, we found that hA3 members also res... | ['It was demonstrated that antiretroviral restriction factors, human APOBEC3 proteins A to H, differentially inhibit LINE-1 and Alu retrotransposition. The same effect was shown to be induced by the Aicardi-Goutières syndrome gene product SAMHD1.'] | ['human APOBEC3 proteins A to H', 'Aicardi-Goutières syndrome gene product SAMHD1'] |
Is Kanzaki disease associated with deficiency in alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase? | ['Kanzaki disease (OMIM#104170) is attributable to a deficiency in alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (alpha-NAGA; E.C.3.2.1.49), which hydrolyzes GalNAcalpha1-O-Ser/Thr. ', ' Our findings suggest that the association of alpha-NAGA with its substrates is strongly affected by the amino acid substitution at R329 and that th... | ['Yes, Kanzaki disease is attributable to a deficiency in alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, which hydrolyzes GalNAcalpha1-O-Ser/Thr.'] | ['yes'] |
What are the main results of PRKAR1A Knockdown? | ['These results show that RIα inactivation leads to multiple, compartment-specific alterations of the cAMP/PKA pathway revealing new aspects of signaling dysregulation in tumorigenesis.', 'Suppression of protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1 alpha (PRKAR1A) has been proven to inhibit cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell growt... | ['Suppression of protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1 alpha (PRKAR1A) has been proven to inhibit cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell growth and enhance apoptosis. Also, Knockdown of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) Type Ialpha regulatory subunit in mouse oocytes disrupts meiotic arrest and results in meiotic spindle ... | [] |
Are selenium supplements recommended for prostate cancer prevention? | ['Our meta-analysis in prospective studies demonstrated a significant inverse association between selenium status and CVD risk within a narrow selenium range and a null effect of selenium supplementation on CVD was observed in RCTs. These findings indicate the importance of considering selenium status, dose and safety ... | ['No. The SELECT study failed to show any significant risk reduction for prostate cancers ascribable to selenium and vitamin E supplementations.'] | ['no'] |
Which proteins act as factors that promote transcription-coupled repair in bacteria? | ['Transcription-coupled repair (TCR) is a cellular process by which some forms of DNA damage are repaired more rapidly from transcribed strands of active genes than from nontranscribed strands or the overall genome. In humans, the TCR coupling factor, CSB, plays a critical role in restoring transcription following both... | ['Transcription coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER or TCR) is a cellular process by which UV-induced damage and other road-blocks encountered in the transcribed strand are restored. Bacterial transcription-coupled repair is initiated when RNA polymerase stalled at a DNA lesion is removed by Mfd (Mutation freque... | ['Mfd', 'NusA'] |
What is the function of the spliceosome complex? | ['The spliceosome machinery is composed of multimeric protein complexes that generate a diverse repertoire of mRNA through coordinated splicing of heteronuclear RNAs. ', 'Splicing and alternate splicing are the two key biological processes that result in the generation of diverse transcript and protein isoforms in Plas... | ['The excision of introns from nascent eukaryotic transcripts is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a highly complex and dynamic macromolecular machine composed of RNA and protein.'] | ['The excision of introns from nascent eukaryotic transcripts is catalyzed by the spliceosome.'] |
What is the clinical indication of cardiac T1 mapping magnetic resonance? | ['More diverse patterns of late enhancement including patchy, mid-wall, subepicardial, or diffuse enhancement are of interest in diagnosing nonischemic cardiomyopathies.', 'Methods for quantification of T1 and extracellular volume fraction are emerging to tackle the issue of discriminating globally diffuse fibrosis fro... | ['T1 mapping can quantitatively characterize myocardial tissue, in particular diffuse and interstitial fibrosis, edema in both overt and subclinical cardiophyopathies. However more research is required before a large-scale application for clinical decision-making can be recommended.', 'The clinical indication of cardia... | ['detection of myocardial fibrosis in nonischemic cardiomyopathies', 'T1 mapping can quantitatively characterize myocardial tissue, i.e. fibrosis and edema.'] |
What is the mechanism by which HIV-1-encoded Vif protein allows virus replication? | ['A naturally occurring Vif mutant (I107T) attenuates anti-APOBEC3G activity and HIV-1 replication', 'The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif protein counteracts the antiviral activity of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) family of proteins by targeting the prot... | ['The HIV-1 Vif protein counteracts the antiviral activity of the APOBEC3 family by targeting the proteins for degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. More specifically, Vif, serving as a substrate receptor, facilitates ubiquitination of APOBEC3 proteins by forming a Cullin5-based E3 ubiquitin ligase comp... | [] |
What is the genetic basis of the disease attributed to mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes? | ['["The genetic basis of this disease has been attributed to mutations in one of two unlinked genes, TSC1 and TSC2.", "The functions of the TSC1 and TSC2 gene products, hamartin and tuberin, respectively, have remained ill defined until recently", "Genetic, biochemical, and biologic analyses have highlighted their role... | The genetic basis of the disease is attributed to mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes. | [] |
Where in the cell does the proteins S100A4 and p53 interact ? | ['S100A4 interacts with p53 in the nucleus', 'we show that endogenous S100A4 and p53 interact in complex samples', 'using proximity ligation assay, we show that the interaction takes place in the cell nucleus.', 'Coexpression and nuclear colocalization of metastasis-promoting protein S100A4 and p53 without mutual regul... | ['S100A4 interacts with p53 in the cell nucleus.'] | ['nucleus'] |
Can life style changes reduce oxidative stress | ['The CFS group had an unfavorable lipid profile and signs of oxidative stress induced damage to lipids and proteins. These results might be indicative of early proatherogenic processes in this group of patients who are otherwise at low risk for atherosclerosis. Antioxidant treatment and life style changes are indicate... | ['Our results suggested that life style changes which related to migration might reduce DNA damage in Hasake nationalities.'] | ['yes'] |
Can adult humans be induced to produce fetal hemoglobin? | [' At the time of birth, HbF accounts for approximately 70% of the total Hb. ', ' whereas in the trace amounts of HbF that is found in the adult it reverses to 40:60 because of a gamma- to beta-globin gene switch', 'With the increased understanding and discovery of molecular regulators of haemoglobin switching, such as... | ["Fetal hemoglobin, or foetal haemoglobin, is the main oxygen transport protein in the human fetus during the last seven months of development in the uterus and in the newborn until roughly 6 months old. Functionally, fetal hemoglobin differs most from adult hemoglobin in that it is able to bind oxygen with greater af... | ['yes'] |
Is the length of the poly(A) tail involved in human disease? | ['In human mitochondria, polyadenylation of mRNA, undertaken by the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial poly(A) RNA polymerase, is essential for maintaining mitochondrial gene expression. Our molecular investigation of an autosomal-recessive spastic ataxia with optic atrophy, present among the Old Order Amish, identified a m... | ['Yes. Severely truncated poly(A) tails of mitochondrial mRNAs were found to be involved in an autosomal recessive spastic ataxia with optic atrophy.'] | ['yes'] |
Can cffDNA be used for non-invasive testing? | ['Non-invasive prenatal testing using cell-free fetal DNA in maternal circulation', 'The identification of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal circulation has made non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) possible.', 'In recent years, technical advances in the molecular analysis of fetal DNA (e.g., digital PCR and mas... | ['Yes, cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) has made non-invasive prenatal testing possible.'] | ['yes'] |
Which proteins are the different members of the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors? | ['The transcription factor NF-kappaB is composed of homodimeric and heterodimeric complexes of Rel/NF-kappaB-family polypeptides, which include Rel-A, c-Rel, Rel-B, NF-kappaB/p50 and NF-kappaB2/p52 .', 'Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) is a dimeric transcription factor comprised of five family members RelA (p65), RelB, c-... | ['Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) is a dimeric transcription factor comprised of five family members RelA (p65), RelB, c-Rel, NF-kB1/p50 and NF-kB2/p52.'] | ['RelA', 'p65', 'RelB', 'c-Rel', 'NF-kB1/p50', 'NF-kB2/p52'] |
How many Viliuisk encephalomyelitis patients were found in Yakut Republic, Russia from 1940-1999? | ['["BACKGROUND: Viliuisk encephalomyelitis (VE) is an endemic neurological disease in Northeast Siberia and generally considered to be a chronic encephalomyelitis of unknown origin actually spreading in the Sakha (Yakutian) Republic.", "Communicating hydrocephalus following eosinophilic meningitis is pathogenic for chr... | 414 patients | [] |
Is apremilast effective for psoriatic arthritis? | ['Apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in patients with psoriatic arthritis and current skin involvement: a phase III, randomised, controlled trial (PALACE 3).', 'OBJECTIVE: To evaluate apremilast treatment in patients with active psoriatic arthritis, including current skin involvement, despite prior ther... | ['Yes, apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, is effective for psoriatic arthritis.'] | ['yes'] |
Is CHEK2 involved in cell cycle control? | ['Moreover, cell-cycle progression genes [i.e. E2F transcription factor (E2F) family and histone deacetylase ( HDAC )] and DNA-repair genes [i.e. growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma ( GADD45G ) family and serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 ( CHEK2)] were also increased.', 'As CHEK2 is a cell-cycle master co... | ['CHEK2 is a key cell cycle control gene encoding a pluripotent kinase that can cause arrest or apoptosis in response to unrepaired DNA damage.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the prognostic role of thyroid hormone in patients with heart failure? | [' Cumulative survival was significantly lower among patients with free triiodothyronine < 2.12 pg/mL and among patients with brain natriuretic peptide > 686 pg/mL. In multivariate analysis, the significant independent predictors of major cardiac events were age, free triiodothyronine, and brain natriuretic peptide', '... | ['Altered thyroid profile, particularly sick euthyroid syndrome, is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with chronic heart failure, adding prognostic information to conventional clinical and functional cardiac parameters.'] | [] |
What are 'vildagliptin', 'sitagliptin', 'saxagliptin', 'alogliptin', 'linagliptin', and 'dutogliptin'? | ['The present metaanalysis was designed to assess the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on blood lipids, verifying possible differences across compounds of this class.METHODS: An extensive search of Medline and the Cochrane Library (any date up to December 31, 2010, restricted to randomized clinical trials, published in Engli... | ['"Sitagliptin," "vildagliptin," "saxagliptin," "alogliptin," "linagliptin," and "dutogliptin" are dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors.'] | ['dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors'] |
Which protein pathway is regulating SGK1-mediated phosphorylation of FOXO3a to control cell proliferation? | ['The mTOR pathway controls cell proliferation by regulating the FoxO3a transcription factor via SGK1 kinase', 'the FoxO3a transcription factor is coordinately regulated by mTORC1 and mTORC2, and plays a crucial role in controlling cell proliferation', 'mTORC1, in coordination with mTORC2, controls cell proliferation b... | ['mTORC1, in coordination with mTORC2, controls cell proliferation by regulating FoxO3a gene expression and SGK1-mediated phosphorylation of FOXO3a at Ser314.'] | ['The mTOR pathway'] |
Is Musclin a secretory peptide? | ['Musclin is a novel skeletal muscle-derived secretory factor,', 'Musclin has been described as a muscle-derived secretory peptide, responsive to insulin in vivo, and inducing insulin resistance in vitro.', 'Musclin is a type of muscle-secreted cytokine and its increased gene expression induces insulin resistance in ty... | ['Yes, musclin has been described as a muscle-derived secretory peptide.'] | ['yes'] |
Elaborate on the potential efficacy of gemcitabine for the treatment of recurrent, platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer. | ['Gemcitabine and carboplatin demonstrate moderate toxicity with similar efficacy in both platinum-sensitive and platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer, suggesting reversal of platinum resistance by gemcitabine', 'The combination of gemcitabine and carboplatin shows similar efficacy in the treatment of platinum-r... | ['Gemcitabine is a novel agent that has shown consistent activity as a single agent in the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer and a favorable toxicity profile. Because of its clinical and preclinical synergism with platinum analogs, gemcitabine has been combined with carboplatin as a convincing approach in ... | [] |
Which is the main cause of the Patau syndrome? | ['Trisomy 13, or Patau syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder characterized by a triad of cleft lip and palate, postaxial polydactyly and microcephaly.', 'Mosaic trisomy 13 is very rare, it occurs in only 5% of all patients with trisomy 13 phenotype.', 'Among full autosomal trisomies, only trisomies of chromosome 21 (... | ['Patau syndrome is caused by trisomy 13.'] | ['Trisome 13'] |
What is dovitinib? | ['This phase 2 study investigated the efficacy and safety of dovitinib (TKI258), a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potent activity against fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), in locally advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer patients', 'Disposition an... | ['Dovitinib (TKI258) is a tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor with potent activity against fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR).'] | ['tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor'] |
Is the monoclonal antibody Trastuzumab (Herceptin) of potential use in the treatment of prostate cancer? | ['Herceptin is widely used in treating Her2-overexpressing breast cancer. However, the application of Herceptin in prostate cancer is still controversial.', 'Our data demonstrate that Re-188-labeled Herceptin effectively inhibited the growth of DU145 cells compared to the Herceptin- and Re-188-treated cohorts. This imp... | ['Although is still controversial, Trastuzumab (Herceptin) can be of potential use in the treatment of prostate cancer overexpressing HER2, either alone or in combination with other drugs.'] | ['yes'] |
Is there a crystal structure of the full-length of the flaviviridae NS5(Methyltransferase - RNA depended RNA Polymerase) ? | [' flavivirus NS5 harbors a methyltransferase (MTase) in its N-terminal ≈ 265 residues and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) within the C-terminal part. One of the major interests and challenges in NS5 is to understand the interplay between RdRP and MTase as a unique natural fusion protein in viral genome replicat... | ['Yes, there is the crystal Structure of the full-length Japanese encephalitis virus (Flaviviridae) NS5 - PDB:4K6M'] | ['yes'] |
What is the lipid droplet used for in the cell? | ['Eukaryotic cells store excess fatty acids as neutral lipids, predominantly triacylglycerols and sterol esters, in organelles termed lipid droplets (LDs) that bulge out from the endoplasmic reticulum. ', 'Lipid droplets (LD) are spherical cellular inclusion devoted to lipids storage.', 'Cells store fatty acids (FAs) a... | ['Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous and physiologically active organelles regulating storage and mobilization of lipids in response to metabolic demands.'] | ['lipid storage and lipid mobilization'] |
What is the inheritance of hypophosphatemic rickets? | ['Among 35 candidate genes in this region, the dentin matrix protein 1 gene (DMP1) was sequenced to reveal a nonsense mutation 250C/T on exon 6. ', 'Previous research has shown that mutations in the DMP1 gene are responsible for autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets in humans.', 'A novel nonsense mutation in the... | ['Hypophosphatemic rickets are transmitted with:\n1) autosomal recessive\n2) autosomal dominant\n3) X-linked recessive and\n4) X-linked dominant inheritance.'] | ['autosomal recessive', 'autosomal dominant', 'X-linked recessive', 'X-linked dominant'] |
What are the different classes of orally administered drugs used to treat diabetes | [' achieved by selectively inhibiting sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2).', 'After a decade-long effort to improve the pharmacokinetics of GLP1, a number of GLP1 analogues are currently available on the market', ' short-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists exenatide and lixisenatide. ', ' Sulphonylurea... | ['There are a number of classes of medications tha are used to treat Type 2 diabetes. These include biguanides like metformin, which decreased hepatic glucose release; sulfonyureas like Glimepride, metglitinides like repaglin and d-phenylalanine derivatives, all of which stimulate pancreatic insulin release; Glitizones... | ['Biguanides', 'Sulfonylureas', 'Meglitinides', 'D-Phenylalanine Derivatives', 'glitazones', 'DPP-4 Inhibitors', 'Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors', 'bile acid sequestrants'] |
What type of cancers and inherited diseases have been associated to mutations in the Notch pathway? | ['Comparative functional genomic analysis identified a signature of Notch activation in 30% of HCC samples from patients.', 'Here, we performed whole transcriptome sequencing on a discovery cohort of 18 primary tissue MCL samples and 2 cell lines. We found recurrent mutations in NOTCH1, a finding that we confirmed in a... | ['So far, mutations in Notch and other components of its signaling pathway have been implicated in an array of human diseases (T-cell leukemia and other cancers, Multiple Sclerosis, CADASIL, Alagille Syndrome, Spondylocostal Dysostosis), but more pathologies are likely to be associated with Notch in the future due ... | ['Alagille syndrome', 'spondylocostal dysostosis', 'CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy)', 'T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia'] |
What are the treatment options for SUI after 12 months, considering cost and effectiveness? | ['["The initial treatment for SUI that persists after 12 months consists of conservative measures such as pelvic floor muscle exercises and behavioral therapy. Properly selected and informed patients can also be treated efficiently with minimally invasive procedures such as the implantation of a male suburethral sling,... | The initial treatment for SUI that persists after 12 months consists of conservative measures such as pelvic floor muscle exercises and behavioral therapy. Properly selected and informed patients can also be treated efficiently with minimally invasive procedures such as the implantation of a male suburethral sling, alt... | [] |
What does iBAQ stand for in proteomic analysis? | ['intensity-based absolute quantification (iBAQ)', 'Intensity-Based Absolute Quantification Index,'] | ['iBAQ stands for intensity-based absolute quantification.'] | ['intensity-based absolute quantification'] |
Which disease is characterized by congenital absence of intrinsic ganglion cells of the gastrointestinal tract? | ["Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), also known as aganglionic megacolon, derives from a congenital malformation of the enteric nervous system (ENS).", 'This severe congenital condition is caused by the absence of colonic neural ganglia and thus lack of intrinsic innervation of the colon due in turn to improper colonizatio... | ['Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, aganglionic megacolon) is a common congenital malformation leading to bowel obstruction, with an incidence of 1/5,000 live births. It is characterized by the absence of intrinsic ganglion cells in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses along variable lengths of the gastrointestinal tract. ... | ['Aganlionic megacolon or Hirschsprung disease'] |
Is there increased incidence of incontinence in athletes? | ['Urinary incontinence affects women of all ages, including top female athletes, but is often under-reported. The highest prevalence of urinary incontinence is reported in those participating in high impact sports.', 'The prevalence of female stress urinary incontinence is high, and young adults are also affected, incl... | ['There is a very high prevalence of urinary incontinence in women athletes.'] | ['yes'] |
List diseases associated with the Dopamine Receptor D4 (DRD4). | ['The 5-repeat allele of a common length polymorphism in the gene that encodes the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) is robustly associated with the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substantially exists in Asian populations, which have a lower ADHD prevalence.', 'The variable number of tandem repea... | ['The 5-repeat allele of a common length polymorphism in the gene that encodes the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) is robustly associated with the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).'] | ['attention deficit hyperactivity disorder', 'ADHD', 'susceptibility to neuropsychiatric diseases'] |
Which protein has been found to interact with phospholamban (PLN) and is also an anti-apoptotic protein? | ['To identify additional proteins that may interact with PLN, we used the yeast-two-hybrid system to screen an adult human cardiac cDNA library. HS-1 associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) was identified as a PLN-binding partner.', 'Analysis of the anti-apoptotic function of HAX-1 revealed that the presence of PLN enhanced the... | ['Phospholamban interacts with HAX-1, a mitochondrial protein with anti-apoptotic function.The discovery of the PLN/HAX-1 interaction therefore unveils an important new link between Ca(2+) homeostasis and cell survival, with significant therapeutic potential.', 'The HS-1 associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) is a mitochondria... | ['The HS-1 associated protein X-1', '(HAX-1)'] |
What are phycobiliproteins and what role do they play in cyanobacteria and algae? | [' "The amino acid sequences deduced from both rpeA and rpeB present strong homologies with those previously reported for phycoerythrin subunits of cyanobacteria, rhodophyta, and cryptomonads", "These transcripts are present in RNA isolated from cultures grown in red and green light, although lower levels of the 1600-b... | Phycobiliproteins are pigmented proteins found in cyanobacteria and algae that are part of the photosynthetic apparatus. They play a crucial role in light harvesting and energy transfer processes in these organisms. Phycobiliproteins include phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, and allophycocyanin, among others, and are essenti... | [] |
Is butterfly rash a symptom of Systemic lupus erythematosus? | ['Diagnosing SLE can be challenging because of the myriad of clinical features and substantial variability between patients. Cutaneous involvement is present in about 60% of cases and typically manifests as a malar or butterfly rash.', 'The prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is 28 per 100,000. ', 'We repo... | ['Yes, butterfly rash is symptom of Systemic lupus erythematosus.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the frequency of mutations induced spontaneously through Ethylnitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis? | ['The mutation frequency increased linearly with MNU or ENU concentration (0.01--2.0 mM); mean values were 2800 and 840 mutants per 10(6) clonable cells per mM, respectively', 'The mutation frequency induced by a 400 mg/kg dosage of ethylnitrosourea is 12 times the maximal mutation frequency achievable with a single ex... | ['Theoretical considerations and empirical analysis suggest that the per-base mutation frequency for a fractionated-dose treatment protocol is on the order of 1 sequence change per 10(5) bp.'] | ['1/100000'] |
Which protein complexes contain mitofilin? | [' and the mitochondrial structural proteins-components of mitochondrial inter-membrane space bridging (MIB) complex (Mitofilin, Sam50, and ChChd3), ', 'Mitofilin/MINOS protein complex ', ' APOOL physically interacts with several subunits of the MINOS complex, namely Mitofilin, MINOS1, and SAMM50. ', 'Mitofilin/MINOS p... | ['mitochondrial inter-membrane space bridging (MIB) complex \nmitochondrial inner membrane organizing system (MINOS)\nMitOS for mitochondrial organizing structure'] | ['MIB', 'mitochondrial inter-membrane space bridging complex', 'MINOS', 'mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system', 'MitOS'] |
What is the average diameter of intermediate filaments? | ['Negative staining showed that supernatants from the centrifugation assays contained protofilaments, protofibrils and short particles (less than 300 nm), but pellets contained long filaments (greater than 1 micron) with an average diameter of 10 nm.', 'Ultrastructurally, rhabdoid cells showed paranuclear aggregates an... | ['Intermediate filaments have an average diameter of 10 nanometers (nm).'] | ['10 nanometers', '10 nm'] |
What are Kupffer cells and what is their role? | ['Kupffer cells (KCs) play a role in the development of drug induced liver injury (DILI).', 'Hepatic macrophages consist of Kupffer cells, which are originated from the fetal yolk-sack, and infiltrated bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages. ', 'Kupffer cells (KCs) are the main source of MMP.', 'liver, both Kupffer ... | ['Kupffer cells (KCs)are hepatic macrophages which can secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and can contribute to decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity. KCs may play a role in the development of drug induced liver injury (DILI)', 'Kupffer cells (KCs) play a role in the development of drug induced liver injury (DIL... | [] |
Does fibronectin constitute a serum biomarker for Duchenne muscular dystrophy? | ['Fibronectin is a serum biomarker for Duchenne muscular dystrophy', 'There was a significant increase in fibronectin levels in DMD patients compared to age-matched controls. Fibronectin levels in patients with Becker muscular dystrophy, Bethlem myopathy, or myasthenia gravis were comparable to control levels. Progress... | ['Compared to age-matched controls, fibronectin levels in DMD patients were found to be significantly increased, whereas in patients with Becker muscular dystrophy, Bethlem myopathy, or myasthenia gravis were close to the control levels. Additionally, progressive elevation in fibronectin levels was observed in longitud... | ['yes'] |
How does long-range epigenetic silencing (LRES) occur? | ['Long Range Epigenetic Silencing (LRES) is a mechanism of gene inactivation that affects multiple contiguous CpG islands and has been described in different human cancer types.', 'We demonstrate that LRES also occurs in murine cancer in vivo and mimics the molecular features of the human phenomenon, namely, downregula... | ['Long Range Epigenetic Silencing (LRES) is a mechanism of gene inactivation that affects multiple contiguous CpG islands and has been described in different human cancer types.', 'Long Range Epigenetic Silencing (LRES) is a mechanism of gene inactivation that affects multiple contiguous CpG islands and has been descri... | [] |
Is GAGA associated with nucleosome-free regions (NFR)? | ['One of the three nuclease hypersensitive sites in the Fab-7 boundary, HS1, contains multiple consensus-binding sequences for the GAGA factor, a protein known to be involved in the formation and/or maintenance of nucleosome-free regions of chromatin.', 'The HS3 sequence contains consensus binding sites for the GAGA fa... | ['The GAGA factor is a protein known to be involved in the formation and/or maintenance of nucleosome-free regions of chromatin. The interactions of GAGA factor and heat shock factor with their binding sites in chromatin occurred in two modes. Their interaction with binding sites in the nucleosome-free regions did not ... | ['yes'] |
List symptoms of the IFAP syndrome. | ['The IFAP syndrome is a rare X-linked genetic disorder characterized by the triad of follicular ichthyosis, atrichia, and photophobia.', 'Mutations in MBTPS2 have been reported to cause a broad phenotypic spectrum of X-linked genodermatoses, including IFAP (ichthyosis follicularis; atrichia and photophobia) syndrome (... | ['The IFAP syndrome is a rare X-linked genetic disorder characterized by the triad of follicular ichthyosis, atrichia, and photophobia.'] | ['follicular ichthyosis', 'atrichia', 'photophobia'] |
Describe what is athelia syndrome? | ['Athelia is a very rare entity that is defined by the absence of the nipple-areola complex. ', 'Absence of the nipple, areola (athelia), or the breast tissue (amastia) is less frequent.', 'The absence of nipple-areola complex is a rare entity and is always associated with other anomalies. This paper described a case o... | ['Athelia is a very rare entity that is defined by the absence of the nipple-areola complex.'] | [] |
Was modafinil tested for schizophrenia treatment? | ['Modafinil improves antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism but not excessive daytime sleepiness, psychiatric symptoms or cognition in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.', 'CONCLUSION: The data suggest that modafinil was a safe adjunctive treatment which improv... | ['Yes. Modafinil has been shown to improve attention, memory, executive function and antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism in patients with schizophrenia. However, some authors have failed to demonstrate beneficial action of modafinil for schizophrenia.'] | ['yes'] |
Can glyburide reduce cerebral edema? | ['Preclinical studies have shown that a continuous infusion of glyburide blocks edema formation and improves outcome. We hypothesize that treatment with RP-1127 (Glyburide for Injection) reduces formation of brain edema in patients after large anterior circulation infarction.', 'CONCLUSIONS: GAMES-RP was designed to pr... | ['Yes. Glyburide, a selective inhibitor of sulfonylurea receptor 1-transient receptor potential melastatin 4, is effective in preventing and attenuating cerebral edema.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the function of Neu5Gc (N-Glycolylneuraminic acid)? | ['Humans lack a functional cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) protein and cannot synthesize the sugar Neu5Gc, an innate mammalian signal of self', 'N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is an immunogenic sugar of dietary origin that metabolically incorporates into diverse native glycoconjuga... | ['N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is an immunogenic sugar of dietary origin that metabolically incorporates into diverse native glycoconjugates in humans. Humans lack a functional cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) protein and cannot synthesize the sugar Neu5Gc, an innate mammalian si... | ['Neu5Gc is an immune message to self'] |
Is Hirschsprung disease a mendelian or a multifactorial disorder? | ['Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a multifactorial, non-mendelian disorder in which rare high-penetrance coding sequence mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase RET contribute to risk in combination with mutations at other genes', "In this study, we review the identification of genes and loci involved in the non-syndr... | ["Coding sequence mutations in RET, GDNF, EDNRB, EDN3, and SOX10 are involved in the development of Hirschsprung disease. The majority of these genes was shown to be related to Mendelian syndromic forms of Hirschsprung's disease, whereas the non-Mendelian inheritance of sporadic non-syndromic Hirschsprung disease prove... | [] |
Which is the most prevalent form of arrhythmia worldwide? | ['Atrial fibrillation remains the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia, and its incidence is increasing as the population ages. ', 'Atrial fibrillation is the most prevalent sustained arrhythmia. ', 'Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia and has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality.'... | ['Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide, and it has a significant effect on morbidity and mortality. It is a significant risk factor for stroke and peripheral embolization, and it has an effect on cardiac function. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia affecting up to... | ['atrial fibrilation', 'AF'] |
Why graphics processing units (GPU) are more suitable for biological tasks than central processing units (CPU)? | ['The global speedups of 22.11, 38.80, and 44.80 are found comparing the parallel computation of one GPU, two GPUs by exact rotational operator, and two GPU versions by an approximate rotational operator with serial computation of the CPU', 'evaluate the use of general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) to impr... | ['Traditional central processing unist (CPUs) are reaching their limit in processing power and are not designed primarily for multithreaded applications. Graphics processing units (GPUs) on the other hand are affordable, scalable computer powerhouses that, thanks to the ever increasing demand for higher quality graphic... | [] |
List representatives of the major fungal hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine transporter families. | ['Comparative kinetic analysis of AzgA and Fcy21p, prototypes of the two major fungal hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine transporter families', 'We carried out a comparative kinetic analysis of two prototypes of these transporter families. The first was Fcy21p, a herein characterized protein of Candida albicans, and the seco... | ['AzgA and Fcy21p are prototypes of the two major fungal hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine transporter families.'] | ['AzgA', 'Fcy21p'] |
Is K-63 linked protein ubiquitination related to proteasomal degradation? | ['In contrast to K48-linked polyubiquitin chains, K63-linked polyubiquitin chains function in nonproteasomal biological processes.', 'Modification of proteins by the addition of lysine (K)-63-linked polyubiquitin (polyUb) chains is suggested to play important roles in a variety of cellular events, including DNA repair,... | ['Ubiquitination is best known for its role in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome, but evidence of the nonproteolytic functions of ubiquitin is also rapidly accumulating. One example of the regulatory, rather than proteolytic, function of ubiquitin is provided by study of the tumor necrosis factor (TN... | ['no'] |
Which cell type has the protein Chromogranin A as marker? | ['Neuroendocrine differentiation (chromogranin A and/or synaptophysin positivity) ', 'All paragangliomas were universally positive for chromogranin A ', 'chromogranin A (CGA) is a useful marker for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET)', 'Together with Chromogranin B and Secretogranins, Chromogranin A (CGA) is stored... | ['Chromogranin A is a marker for neuroendocrine cells'] | ['neuroendocrine cells'] |
What is ATAC-seq? | ["We describe an assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), based on direct in vitro transposition of sequencing adaptors into native chromatin, as a rapid and sensitive method for integrative epigenomic analysis. ATAC-seq captures open chromatin sites using a simple two-step protocol with ... | ['ATAC-seq captures open chromatin sites using a simple two-step protocol with 500-50,000 cells and reveals the interplay between genomic locations of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins, individual nucleosomes and chromatin compaction at nucleotide resolution. ', 'An assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using s... | [] |
Is the protein FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) phosphorylated? | ['Overexpression of NEDD9 led to tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and SRC oncoproteins, ', 'yrosine phosphorylated FAK', 'TNFα contributes for attenuating both Y397FAK and Y416Src phosphorylations in osteoblasts.', ' It was possible to show that TNFα provokes attenuation at Y-phosphorylation of both FAK (at Y397 )', 'ow... | ['yes, the protein FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) is phosphorylated.'] | ['yes'] |
What do mepolizumab and reslizumab have in common? | ['The most promising agents are targeted against cytokines of Th2 pattern and related receptors, such as IL-2 (daclizumab) and IL-13 (lebrikizumab) or IL-5 in patients with hypereosinophilia (mepolizumab, reslizumab and benralizumab).', 'Patients with severe asthma or COPD have often a suboptimal symptom control due to... | ['Mepolizumab and reslizumab are monoclonal antibodies that target and neutralize interleukin 5. They have been shown to reduce eosinophil counts and they are used for the treatment of refractory asthma (associated with eosiniphilia) and other eosinophilic diseases.'] | ['monoclonal antibodies', 'treatment for refractory asthma', 'treatment for eosinophilic disease', 'neutralize interleukin 5', 'reduce eosinophil counts'] |
Describe a diet that reduces the chance of kidney stones. | ['calcium oxalate remains the dominant type accounting for 64% of stones in our dataset,', 'Uric acid stones contributed 16% of contemporary stone compositions,', 'Struvite stones showed a decreasing trend from 14% in the 1970s, to 12% in the 1980s and 7% in the current data.', '. Given recent concerns that calcium sup... | ['People can help prevent kidney stones by making changes in fluid intake and, depending on the type of kidney stone, changes in consumption of sodium, animal protein, calcium, and oxalate.\nDrinking enough fluids each day is the best way to help prevent most types of kidney stones. Health care providers recommend that... | ['reducing sodium'] |
How long, in kb (kilobases), is a "Long interspersed nuclear element"? | [' A combination of molecular hybridization studies and long-range polymerase chain reaction was used to isolate a 6-kb full-length long interspersed nuclear element (LINE or L1)', 'LINE (7kb long interspersed nuclear element),', 'The retrotransposon known as long interspersed nuclear element-1 (L1) is 6 kb long, altho... | ['The retrotransposon known as long interspersed nuclear element-1 (L1) is 6-7 kb long,'] | ['6-7 kb'] |
Which protein is the main inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)? | ["The type 1 protein phosphatase (PP1) is a critical negative regulator of Ca(2+) cycling and contractility in the cardiomyocyte. In particular, it mediates restoration of cardiac function to basal levels, after beta-adrenergic stimulation, by dephosphorylating key phospho-proteins. PP1 is a holoenzyme comprised of its... | ['Inhibitor 1 (I-1) is a protein inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), a major eukaryotic Ser/Thr phosphatase. Nonphosphorylated I-1 is inactive, whereas phosphorylated I-1 is a potent PP1 inhibitor. ', 'Protein Phosphatase-1 is restrained by its endogenous inhibitor, protein phosphatase inhibitor-1 (PPI-1). Inhi... | ['protein phosphatase inhibitor 1', 'inhibitor 1', 'PPI-1', 'I1'] |
Which heat shock protein is found to be upregulated during Hsp90 inhibition? | ['HSP90 inhibition was associated with decreased neuroendocrine ErbB and IGF-I receptor expression, decreased Erk and Akt phospho-rylation and the induction of HSP70 expression.', 'Inhibition of Hsp90 upregulated the expression of Hsp70 and Hsp70-bound Nox2, 5 and promoted degradation.', 'Conversely, inhibition of HSP9... | ['HSP90 inhibition was found to be associated with induction of HSP70 expression.'] | ['HSP70'] |
What is known about maternal smoking and brain tumor risk? | ['BACKGROUND: A recent meta-analysis suggested an association between exposure to paternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood brain tumor risk, but no studies have evaluated whether this association differs by polymorphisms in genes that metabolize tobacco-smoke chemicals.', 'OBJECTIVE: Studies of the effect of mat... | ['Findings regarding association of maternal smoking and brain tumor risk are mixed. It was shown that children of women who smoked during pregnancy had an increased incidence of brain tumors (hazard ratio = 1.24; 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.53). The increase in risk was similar for benign and malignant tumors, and... | [] |
Is autism one of the characteristics of Moebius syndrome? | ['The diagnosis of Moebius syndrome, a rare congenital disorder, is primarily based on congenital facial and abducent nerve palsy. Involvement of other cranial nerves is also common. Occasionally the V, X, XI, and XII cranial nerves are involved, resulting in a difficulty to chew, swallow, and cough, which often leads ... | ['Moebius syndrome is a rare congenital disorder usually defined as a combination of facial weakness with impairment of ocular abduction. A strong association of Moebius syndrome with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has been suggested in early studies with heterogenous age groups.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the number of protein coding genes in the human genome? | ['Here, seven membrane protein topology prediction methods based on different underlying algorithms, such as hidden Markov models, neural networks and support vector machines, have been used for analysis of the protein sequences from the 21,416 annotated genes in the human genome.', 'he GENCODE 7 release contains 20,68... | ['The number of protein coding genes in the human genome is currently estimated between 20,000 and 25,000'] | ['Between 20,000 and 25,000'] |
What is known about food intolerance and gluten ? | ['At present, there is no specific bio-marker of gluten sensitivity.', 'Emerging research into a syndrome known as nonceliac gluten sensitivity suggests a heterogeneous condition with some features of celiac disease but often categorized as FGIDs, including IBS.', 'Celiac disease, with a prevalence around 1% of the gen... | ['Celiac disease, with a prevalence around 1% of the general population, is the most common genetically-induced food intolerance in the world. Triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals.\nEmerging research into a syndrome known as nonceliac gluten sensitivity suggests a heterogeneous co... | [] |
Is protein CXCR4 used as a prognostic marker of cancer? | ['Aberrant overexpression of CXCR4 is associated with worse overall survival, adenocarcinoma histology, distant metastasis, lymph node involvement in NSCLC.', 'CXCR4 belongs to a family of G protein-coupled cell surface receptors and has been proved to a prognostic marker in a various tumors, including esophageal squam... | ['Yes, the chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been found to be a prognostic marker in various types of cancer.'] | ['yes'] |
Are chromomethylases present in animal genomes? | ['Many plant, animal, and fungal genomes contain cytosine DNA methylation in asymmetric sequence contexts (CpHpH, H = A, T, C).', 'However, at the SUPERMAN locus, asymmetric methylation was only completely abolished in drm1 drm2 chromomethylase 3 (cmt3) triple mutant plants.', 'Although neither the drm1 drm2 double mut... | ['No. Multiple lines of experimental evidence suggest that chromomethylases (CMTs) have been hitherto identified in plant genomes(Arabidopsis, maize, tomato). CMTs maintain CpNpG (N = A, T, C, or G) methylation and they are unique to the plant kingdom. The lack of CMT homologs in animal genomes could be explained based... | ['no'] |
What is the role of Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 in the sumoylation pathway? | ['["Among the proteins involved in the sumoylation pathway, Ubc9 is the sole E2-conjugating enzyme required for sumoylation and plays a central role by interacting with almost all of the partners required for sumoylation. ", "We also found a marked rise in levels of Ubc9, the only SUMO conjugation enzyme identified so ... | Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9) is the sole E2-conjugating enzyme required for sumoylation and plays a central role by interacting with almost all of the partners required for sumoylation. | [] |
Which is the molecular weight of the protein angiogenin? | ['Angiogenin is a potent blood-vessel-inducing polypeptide with a molecular weight of 14,000 that has a unique ribonucleolytic activity.', ' Bovine angiogenin is a single-chain protein of 125 amino acids; it contains six cysteines and has a calculated molecular weight of 14,595.', 'The amino acid composition of this ba... | ['The molecular weight of angiogenin is 14,120 Da. The bovine angiogenin is 14,595 Da'] | ['14,120 Da'] |
How does thyroid hormone regulate SR-Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) protein in the heart? | ['Furthermore, using specific inhibitors of the TH-activated kinases, we show that the long-term effects of TH on the expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA), alpha- and beta-myosin heavy chain (MHC) and cell growth are reverted, implying that what is initiated as a non-genomic action of the hormone ... | ['The thyroid hormone (TH) induced regulation of SERCA is mediated both by non-genomic and genomic actions.\nGenomic actions are mediated by the binding of T(3) receptors (TRs) to the thyroid response elements in the SERCA promotor and result in increased gene expression. \nThyroid hormone increases the transcription... | [] |
Do thyroid hormone receptors change after brain injury? | ['For example, the T3 receptor alpha was predominantly expressed in stroke-tissue, indicating that regeneration of nerves in stroke tissue may be facilitated by increased T3 receptor alpha expression.', 'TRα expression was also increased in human infants with IVH. ', 'Thus, in infants with IVH the combined elevation in... | ['thyroid hormone receptors increase after brain injury'] | ['yes'] |
What is membrane scission? | ['To promote membrane scission, dynamin proteins polymerize, wrap around, and constrict the membrane; however, the mechanism underlying their role in membrane fusion remains unclear.', ' Its role in endocytosis may be mediated by its reported interaction with dynamin 2, a 100 kDa GTPase that polymerizes around the neck... | ['Membrane scission is the final step in order to complete the budding process, pinching off of the vesicle. To promote membrane scission, dynamin proteins polymerize, wrap around, and constrict the membrane. The scission of biological membranes is facilitated by a variety of protein complexes that bind and manipulate ... | [] |
Can you define iatrogenic disease? | ['Iatrogenic neurologic deficits after lumbar spine surgery are rare complications, but important to recognize and manage.', 'However, we analyze its etiology in order to determine if it is from iatrogenic causes. This syndrome can be categorized as follows: mistaken diagnoses, transoperative error, technique error, po... | ['An iatrogenic disease is one that arises from treatment of another illness, such as an arrythmia that results from surgery or and hospital aquired infection in an immunocompromised patient.'] | ['illness caused by treatment'] |
Which is the enzyme that degrades decapped mRNAs? | ["The removal of the 5'-cap structure by the decapping enzyme DCP2 and its coactivator DCP1 shuts down translation and exposes the mRNA to 5'-to-3' exonucleolytic degradation by XRN1", "DCP2 activation by DCP1 occurs preferentially on the EDC4 scaffold, which may serve to couple DCP2 activation by DCP1 with 5'-to-3' mR... | ["The removal of the 5'-cap structure by the decapping enzyme DCP2 and its coactivator DCP1 shuts down translation and exposes the mRNA to 5'-to-3' exonucleolytic degradation by XRN1", "The removal of the 5'-cap structure by the decapping enzyme DCP2 and its coactivator DCP1 shuts down translation and exposes the mRNA ... | ['XRN1'] |
Which diseases that can be treated using the focused ultrasound thalamotomy. | ['Besides DBS and standard thalamotomy, novel surgical approaches for ET are on the horizon. The development of MRI-guided focused ultrasound technique has been the new frontier of deep brain lesional therapies.', '132\u2003A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Transcranial Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound... | ['Focused ultrasound thalamotomy is used for treatment of Parkinson disease, essential tremor, obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic neuropathic pain.'] | ['Parkinson disease', 'essential tremor', 'obsessive-compulsive disorder', 'chronic neuropathic pain'] |
How can DUF families be deciphered? | [' These families include proteins with domain of unknown function (DUF) DUF23, DUF246, and DUF266. The evidence for these proteins being GTs and their possible roles in cell wall biosynthesis is discussed.', 'The genome projects have unearthed an enormous diversity of genes of unknown function that are still awaiting ... | ['The genome projects have unearthed an enormous diversity of genes of unknown function that are still awaiting biological and biochemical characterization. These genes, as most others, can be grouped into families based on sequence similarity. The PFAM database currently contains over 2,200 such families, referred to ... | [] |
Is the long non- coding RNA malat-1 up or downregulated in cancer? | ['lncRNA MALAT-1 expression is upregulated in some tumors.', 'Metastasis-Associated-in-Lung-Adenocarcinoma-Transcript-1 (MALAT-1) is an ncRNA that is highly expressed in several tumor types', 'metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript (MALAT)-1 is known to be consistently upregulated in several epithelial ma... | ['Malat-1 expression is upregulated in several tumor types'] | ['upregulated'] |
What is Uhl's anomaly? | ["Uhl's anomaly is an extremely rare cardiac defect characterized by absence of the myocardium of the right ventricle.", "Uhl's anomaly is an evolutive disease leading to terminal right ventricular failure", 'Uhl anomaly is a rare form of congenital hypoplasia of the right ventricular myocardium.', "Uhl's anomaly was f... | ["uhl's anomaly is an extremely rare cardiac defect characterized by absence of the myocardium of the right ventricle.", "Uhl's anomaly is an evolutive disease leading to terminal right ventricular failure. Uhl's anomaly is an extremely rare cardiac defect characterized by absence of the myocardium of the right ventric... | [] |
What histone variants play a role in the DNA damage reponse? | ['H2A.Z is an evolutionarily ancient and highly conserved H2A variant that regulates processes ranging from gene expression to the DNA damage response', 'activation of DNA damage checkpoints (ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and H2A histone family, member X (H2AFX (H2AFX)))', 'the specialization imparted by histone ... | ['Mostly H2A.X, but H2A.Z and H1R have also been associated to DNA damage'] | ['H2A.X', 'H2A.Z', 'H1R'] |
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