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The solubility S increases with increase in [H + ] or decrease in pH.
ุชุฒุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุฐูˆุจุงู†ูŠุฉ S ุจุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ [H + ] ุฃูˆ ู†ู‚ุตุงู† ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ.
ar
technical
moderate
Equilibrium can be established for both physical and chemical processes.
ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฅุฑุณุงุก ุงู„ุชูˆุงุฒู† ู„ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ.
ar
technical
simple
The direction of reaction can be predicted by reaction quotient Q c.
ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุชู†ุจุค ุจุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุญุงุตู„ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ Q c.
ar
technical
moderate
Catalyst does not effect the equilibrium composition of a reaction mixture.
ู„ุง ูŠุคุซุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญูุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุฎู„ูŠุท ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูˆุงุฒู†.
ar
technical
moderate
Acids, bases and salts are electrolytes.
ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ู„ุงุญ ู‡ูŠ ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู„ูŠุชุงุช.
ar
technical
simple
According to Arrhenius, acids give hydrogen ions while bases produce hydroxyl ions.
ูˆูู‚ู‹ุง ู„ุฃุฑูŠู†ูŠูˆุณุŒ ุชุนุทูŠ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุฃูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุชู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุฃูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒุณูŠู„.
ar
technical
moderate
Lewis further generalised the definition of an acid as an electron pair acceptor.
ู‚ุงู… ู„ูˆูŠุณ ุจุชุนู…ูŠู… ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุฒูˆุฌ ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ.
ar
technical
complex
The pH scale for the hydrogen ion concentration has been introduced.
ุชู… ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ุฃุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุฃูŠูˆู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†.
ar
technical
simple
The solubility equilibrium of sparingly soluble salts is discussed.
ุชู…ุช ู…ู†ุงู‚ุดุฉ ุชูˆุงุฒู† ุงู„ุฐูˆุจุงู† ู„ู„ุฃู…ู„ุงุญ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฐูˆุจุงู†.
ar
technical
moderate
The student may use pH paper in determining the pH of fresh juices.
ู‚ุฏ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุทุงู„ุจ ูˆุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ููŠ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฃุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุนุตุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุทุงุฒุฌุฉ.
ar
technical
moderate
What is the initial effect of the change on vapour pressure?
ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุถุบุท ุงู„ุจุฎุงุฑุŸ
ar
technical
moderate
Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c for each of the following reactions:
ุงูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุนู† ุซุงุจุช ุงู„ุงุชุฒุงู†ุŒ K c ู„ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ:
ar
technical
complex
Find out the value of K c for each of the following equilibria from the value of K p :
ุงูƒุชุดู ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ K c ู„ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูˆุงุฒู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ K p :
ar
technical
complex
Explain why pure liquids and solids can be ignored while writing the equilibrium constant expression?
ุงุดุฑุญ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุฌุงู‡ู„ ุงู„ุณูˆุงุฆู„ ูˆุงู„ุตู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุซุงุจุช ุงู„ุงุชุฒุงู†ุŸ
ar
technical
complex
Determine the composition of equilibrium mixture.
ุญุฏุฏ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุฎู„ูŠุท ุงู„ุงุชุฒุงู†.
ar
technical
moderate
Calculate equilibrium amount of NO and Br 2 .
ุงุญุณุจ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ NO ูˆ Br 2 ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุงุชุฒุงู†.
ar
technical
moderate
What is K c at this temperature ?
ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ K c ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉุŸ
ar
technical
simple
Is the reaction mixture at equilibrium?
ู‡ู„ ุฎู„ูŠุท ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงุชุฒุงู†ุŸ
ar
technical
simple
Write the balanced chemical equation corresponding to this expression.
ุงูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุงุฒู†ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชูˆุงูู‚ ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ.
ar
technical
moderate
Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction.
ุงุญุณุจ ุซุงุจุช ุงู„ุงุชุฒุงู† ู„ู„ุชูุงุนู„.
ar
technical
moderate
The extent of dissociation of an acid depends on the strength and polarity of the H-A bond.
ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ู…ุฏู‰ ุชููƒูƒ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูˆุฉ ูˆู‚ุทุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุทุฉ H-A.
ar
technical
moderate
As the size of A increases down the group, H-A bond strength decreases and so the acid strength increases.
ู…ุน ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุญุฌู… A ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉุŒ ุชู‚ู„ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุทุฉ H-AุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุชุฒุฏุงุฏ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ.
ar
technical
moderate
For example, Size increases HF << HCl << HBr << HI Acid strength increases.
ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ูŠุฒุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุญุฌู… HF << HCl << HBr << HI ุชุฒุฏุงุฏ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ.
ar
technical
simple
Similarly, H 2 S is stronger acid than H 2 O.
ูˆุจุงู„ู…ุซู„ุŒ H 2 S ู‡ูˆ ุญู…ุถ ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ู…ู† H 2 O.
ar
technical
simple
As the electronegativity of A increases, the strength of the acid also increases.
ู…ุน ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุณู„ุจูŠุฉ ู„ู€ AุŒ ุชุฒุฏุงุฏ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง.
ar
technical
moderate
For example, Electronegativity of A increases CH 4 < NH 3 < H 2 O < HF Acid strength increases.
ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ุชุฒุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุณู„ุจูŠุฉ ู„ู€ A CH 4 < NH 3 < H 2 O < HF ุชุฒุฏุงุฏ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ.
ar
technical
simple
Addition of acetate ions to an acetic acid solution results in decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions, [H + ].
ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฃูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุชุงุช ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุชูŠูƒ ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุฃูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ุŒ [H + ].
ar
technical
moderate
Also, if H + ions are added from an external source then the equilibrium moves in the direction of undissociated acetic acid.
ุฃูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุชู…ุช ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฃูŠูˆู†ุงุช H + ู…ู† ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุชูˆุงุฒู† ูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุชูŠูƒ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชููƒูƒ.
ar
technical
moderate
This phenomenon is an example of common ion effect.
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃูŠูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ.
ar
technical
simple
It can be defined as a shift in equilibrium on adding a substance that provides more of an ionic species already present in the dissociation equilibrium.
ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุนุฑูŠูู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ุชุญูˆู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุชูˆุงุฒู† ุนู†ุฏ ุฅุถุงูุฉ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุชูˆูุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฃูŠูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ููŠ ุชูˆุงุฒู† ุงู„ุชููƒูƒ.
ar
technical
complex
In order to evaluate the pH of the solution resulting on addition of 0.05M acetate ion to 0.05M acetic acid solution, we shall consider the acetic acid dissociation equilibrium once again.
ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ูˆุถุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ุนู† ุฅุถุงูุฉ 0.05 ู… ุฃูŠูˆู† ุฃุณูŠุชุงุช ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุชูŠูƒ 0.05 ู…ุŒ ุณู†ู†ุธุฑ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ุชูˆุงุฒู† ุชููƒูƒ ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุชูŠูƒ.
ar
technical
complex
As K a is small for a very weak acid, x<<0.05.
ู†ุธุฑู‹ุง ู„ุฃู† K a ุตุบูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุถุนูŠู ุฌุฏู‹ุงุŒ ูุฅู† x<<0.05.
ar
technical
simple
Calculate the pH of a 0.10M ammonia solution.
ุงุญุณุจ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ูˆุถุฉ ู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆู†ูŠุง 0.10 ู….
ar
technical
simple
Calculate the pH after 50.0 mL of this solution is treated with 25.0 mL of 0.10M HCl.
ุงุญุณุจ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ูˆุถุฉ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ 50.0 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุจู€ 25.0 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒู„ูˆุฑูŠูƒ 0.10 ู….
ar
technical
moderate
The dissociation constant of ammonia, K b = 1.77 ร— 10 โ€“5
ุซุงุจุช ุชููƒูƒ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆู†ูŠุงุŒ K b = 1.77 ร— 10 โ€“5
ar
technical
simple
Before neutralization, [NH 4 + ] = [OH โ€“ ] = x
ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชุนุงุฏู„ุŒ [NH 4 + ] = [OH โ€“ ] = x
ar
technical
simple
On addition of 25 mL of 0.1M HCl solution (i.e., 2.5 mmol of HCl) to 50 mL of 0.1M ammonia solution (i.e., 5 mmol of NH 3 ), 2.5 mmol of ammonia molecules are neutralized.
ุนู†ุฏ ุฅุถุงูุฉ 25 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒู„ูˆุฑูŠูƒ 0.1 ู… (ุฃูŠ 2.5 ู…ู„ูŠู…ูˆู„ ู…ู† ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒู„ูˆุฑูŠูƒ) ุฅู„ู‰ 50 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆู†ูŠุง 0.1 ู… (ุฃูŠ 5 ู…ู„ูŠู…ูˆู„ ู…ู† NH 3)ุŒ ูŠุชู… ุชุญูŠูŠุฏ 2.5 ู…ู„ูŠู…ูˆู„ ู…ู† ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆู†ูŠุง.
ar
technical
complex
The resulting 75 mL solution contains the remaining unneutralized 2.5 mmol of NH 3 molecules and 2.5 mmol of NH 4 + .
ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ 75 ู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ 2.5 ู…ู„ูŠู…ูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุชุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช NH 3 ูˆ 2.5 ู…ู„ูŠู…ูˆู„ ู…ู† NH 4 + .
ar
technical
moderate
The cations/anions formed on ionization of salts either exist as hydrated ions in aqueous solutions or interact with water to reform corresponding acids/ bases depending upon the nature of salts.
ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ูƒุงุชูŠูˆู†ุงุช/ุงู„ุฃู†ูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชูƒูˆู†ุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุชุฃูŠู† ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ุงุญ ุฅู…ุง ูƒุฃูŠูˆู†ุงุช ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุชุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุงุก ู„ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ/ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ุงุญ.
ar
technical
complex
The pH of the solution gets affected by this interaction.
ุชุชุฃุซุฑ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ูˆุถุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„.
ar
technical
simple
The enthalpy of formation for ethanol is -277.69 kJ/mol.
ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ุฅูŠุซุงู†ูˆู„ ู‡ูŠ -277.69 ูƒูŠู„ูˆ ุฌูˆู„/ู…ูˆู„.
ar
technical
moderate
Formic acid has a Gibbs energy of formation of -361.35 kJ/mol.
ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ููˆุฑู…ูŠูƒ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุบูŠุจุณ ู„ู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุชุจู„ุบ -361.35 ูƒูŠู„ูˆ ุฌูˆู„/ู…ูˆู„.
ar
technical
moderate
The standard potential for the reduction of fluorine is +2.87 V.
ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ุงุฎุชุฒุงู„ ุงู„ูู„ูˆุฑ ู‡ูˆ +2.87 ููˆู„ุช.
ar
technical
moderate
Urea has an enthalpy of formation of -333.51 kJ/mol.
ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุชุจู„ุบ -333.51 ูƒูŠู„ูˆ ุฌูˆู„/ู…ูˆู„.
ar
technical
moderate
The entropy of sucrose is 360 J K-1 mol-1.
ุฅู†ุชุฑูˆุจูŠุง ุงู„ุณูƒุฑูˆุฒ ู‡ูŠ 360 ุฌูˆู„ ูƒู„ูู†-1 ู…ูˆู„-1.
ar
technical
moderate
The reaction is spontaneous at 2000 K.
ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆูŠ ุนู†ุฏ 2000 ูƒู„ูู†.
ar
technical
moderate
The standard potential for the reduction of oxygen is +1.23 V.
ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ุงุฎุชุฒุงู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ู‡ูˆ +1.23 ููˆู„ุช.
ar
technical
moderate
The Gibbs energy of formation for glucose is -910 kJ/mol.
ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุบูŠุจุณ ู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู‡ูŠ -910 ูƒูŠู„ูˆ ุฌูˆู„/ู…ูˆู„.
ar
technical
moderate
The enthalpy of combustion for benzoic acid is -3227 kJ/mol.
ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงุญุชุฑุงู‚ ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุจู†ุฒูˆูŠูƒ ู‡ูŠ -3227 ูƒูŠู„ูˆ ุฌูˆู„/ู…ูˆู„.
ar
technical
moderate
The standard potential for the reduction of chlorine is +1.36 V.
ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ุงุฎุชุฒุงู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑ ู‡ูˆ +1.36 ููˆู„ุช.
ar
technical
moderate
The standard potential for the reduction of silver is +0.80 V.
ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ุงุฎุชุฒุงู„ ุงู„ูุถุฉ ู‡ูˆ +0.80 ููˆู„ุช.
ar
technical
moderate
The standard potential for the reduction of iron is -0.44 V.
ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ุงุฎุชุฒุงู„ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู‡ูˆ -0.44 ููˆู„ุช.
ar
technical
moderate
The standard potential for the reduction of zinc is -0.76 V.
ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ุงุฎุชุฒุงู„ ุงู„ุฒู†ูƒ ู‡ูˆ -0.76 ููˆู„ุช.
ar
technical
moderate
The standard potential for the reduction of aluminum is -1.66 V.
ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ุงุฎุชุฒุงู„ ุงู„ุฃู„ูˆู…ู†ูŠูˆู… ู‡ูˆ -1.66 ููˆู„ุช.
ar
technical
moderate
The standard potential for the reduction of lithium is -3.05 V.
ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ุงุฎุชุฒุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠุซูŠูˆู… ู‡ูˆ -3.05 ููˆู„ุช.
ar
technical
moderate
The reaction is not spontaneous.
ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ู„ูŠุณ ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆูŠู‹ุง.
ar
technical
simple
The substance is a sugar.
ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุณูƒุฑ.
ar
technical
simple
The solution is acidic.
ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุญู…ุถูŠ.
ar
technical
simple
The compound is an aldehyde.
ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฃู„ุฏู‡ูŠุฏ.
ar
technical
simple
The potential is positive.
ุงู„ุฌู‡ุฏ ู…ูˆุฌุจ.
ar
technical
simple
The chemical properties of an element determine its reactivity.
ุชุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุนู†ุตุฑ ู…ุฏู‰ ุชูุงุนู„ู‡.
ar
technical
moderate
Understanding the periodic table is crucial for studying chemistry.
ูู‡ู… ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑูŠ ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุงู„ุบ ุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก.
ar
technical
moderate
Acids and bases react to form salts and water.
ุชุชูุงุนู„ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ุงุญ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงุก.
ar
technical
simple
The concept of the mole is fundamental in stoichiometry.
ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠ.
ar
technical
moderate
This experiment requires careful measurement of reactants.
ุชุชุทู„ุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ู‚ูŠุงุณู‹ุง ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ู‹ุง ู„ู„ู…ุชูุงุนู„ุงุช.
ar
technical
moderate
The reaction rate increases with temperature.
ูŠุฒุฏุงุฏ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ.
ar
technical
simple
Catalysts speed up chemical reactions.
ุงู„ู…ุญูุฒุงุช ุชุณุฑุน ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ุงุช ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ.
ar
technical
simple
The study of organic chemistry involves carbon compounds.
ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุนุถูˆูŠุฉ ุชุดู…ู„ ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†.
ar
technical
moderate
Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures.
ู„ู„ู…ุชุตุงูˆุบุงุช ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุตูŠุบุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ูŠุงูƒู„ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
ar
technical
moderate
The properties of gases are described by the gas laws.
ูŠุชู… ูˆุตู ุฎุตุงุฆุต ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ุจู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช.
ar
technical
moderate
The news reported a major breakthrough in cancer research.
ุฃูุงุฏุช ุงู„ุฃู†ุจุงุก ุนู† ุชู‚ุฏู… ูƒุจูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ุณุฑุทุงู†.
ar
news
moderate
She decided to pursue a career in medicine.
ู‚ุฑุฑุช ุฃู† ุชู…ุชู‡ู† ู…ู‡ู†ุฉ ุงู„ุทุจ.
ar
general
simple
The company announced its quarterly earnings.
ุฃุนู„ู†ุช ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุนู† ุฃุฑุจุงุญู‡ุง ุงู„ูุตู„ูŠุฉ.
ar
news
simple
The government is implementing new environmental policies.
ุชู†ูุฐ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุณูŠุงุณุงุช ุจูŠุฆูŠุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
ar
news
moderate
He is a very talented musician.
ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ูŠ ู…ูˆู‡ูˆุจ ุฌุฏู‹ุง.
ar
general
simple
The weather forecast predicts rain for tomorrow.
ุชุชูˆู‚ุน ุชูˆู‚ุนุงุช ุงู„ุทู‚ุณ ู‡ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุทุงุฑ ุบุฏู‹ุง.
ar
general
simple
The team won the championship after a hard-fought game.
ูุงุฒ ุงู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ุจุงู„ุจุทูˆู„ุฉ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุจุงุฑุงุฉ ุตุนุจุฉ.
ar
news
moderate
The artist's work was displayed in a prestigious gallery.
ุชู… ุนุฑุถ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ูู†ุงู† ููŠ ู…ุนุฑุถ ู…ุฑู…ูˆู‚.
ar
general
moderate
The conference brought together experts from around the world.
ุฌู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ ุฎุจุฑุงุก ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
ar
general
moderate
The new technology has the potential to revolutionize the industry.
ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุญุฏุงุซ ุซูˆุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ.
ar
technical
complex
solution of pyridinium hydrochloride has pH = 3.44. Calculate the ionization constant of pyridine.
ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒู„ูˆุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุจูŠุฑูŠุฏูŠู†ูŠูˆู… ู„ู‡ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญู…ูˆุถุฉ = 3.44. ุงุญุณุจ ุซุงุจุช ุชุฃูŠู† ุงู„ุจูŠุฑูŠุฏูŠู†.
ar
technical
moderate
Predict if the solutions of the following salts are neutral, acidic or basic: NaCl, KBr, NaCN, NH 4 NO 3 , NaNO 2 and KF
ุชูˆู‚ุน ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ุงุญ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุชุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุญู…ุถูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ: ูƒู„ูˆุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุตูˆุฏูŠูˆู…ุŒ ุจุฑูˆู…ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุจูˆุชุงุณูŠูˆู…ุŒ ุณูŠุงู†ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุตูˆุฏูŠูˆู…ุŒ ู†ุชุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆู†ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ู†ูŠุชุฑูŠุช ุงู„ุตูˆุฏูŠูˆู…ุŒ ูˆูู„ูˆุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุจูˆุชุงุณูŠูˆู….
ar
technical
moderate
The ionization constant of chloroacetic acid is 1.35 ร— 10 โ€“3 . What will be the pH of 0.1M acid and its 0.1M sodium salt solution?
ุซุงุจุช ุชุฃูŠู† ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑูˆุงุณูŠุชูŠูƒ ู‡ูˆ 1.35 ร— 10 โ€“3 . ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุญู…ุถ 0.1 ู… ูˆุญู„ ู…ู„ุญู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฏูŠูˆู…ูŠ 0.1 ู…ุŸ
ar
technical
complex
Ionic product of water at 310 K is 2.7 ร— 10 โ€“14 . What is the pH of neutral water at this temperature?
ุญุงุตู„ ุงู„ุฃูŠูˆู†ุงุช ู„ู„ู…ุงุก ุนู†ุฏ 310 ูƒู„ูู† ู‡ูˆ 2.7 ร— 10 โ€“14 . ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุชุนุงุฏู„ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉุŸ
ar
technical
complex
Calculate the pH of the resultant mixtures: a) 10 mL of 0.2M Ca(OH) 2 + 25 mL of 0.1M HCl
ุงุญุณุจ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุฎู„ุงุฆุท ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌุฉ: ุฃ) 10 ู…ู„ ู…ู† 0.2 ู… Ca(OH) 2 + 25 ู…ู„ ู…ู† 0.1 ู… ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒู„ูˆุฑูŠูƒ
ar
technical
complex
Determine the solubilities of silver chromate, barium chromate, ferric hydroxide, lead chloride and mercurous iodide at 298K from their solubility product constants given in Table 6.9.
ุญุฏุฏ ุฐูˆุจุงู†ูŠุฉ ูƒุฑูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ูุถุฉุŒ ูˆูƒุฑูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุจุงุฑูŠูˆู…ุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏูŠูƒุŒ ูˆูƒู„ูˆุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฑุตุงุตุŒ ูˆูŠูˆุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฒุฆุจู‚ูˆุฒ ุนู†ุฏ 298 ูƒู„ูู† ู…ู† ุซูˆุงุจุช ุญุงุตู„ ุงู„ุฅุฐุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถุญุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ 6.9.
ar
technical
complex
The solubility product constant of Ag 2 CrO 4 and AgBr are 1.1 ร— 10 โ€“12 and 5.0 ร— 10 โ€“13 respectively. Calculate the ratio of the molarities of their saturated solutions.
ุซุงุจุช ุญุงุตู„ ุงู„ุฅุฐุงุจุฉ ู„ู€ Ag 2 CrO 4 ูˆ AgBr ู‡ู…ุง 1.1 ร— 10 โ€“12 ูˆ 5.0 ร— 10 โ€“13 ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูˆุงู„ูŠ. ุงุญุณุจ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ุงุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุดุจุนุฉ.
ar
technical
complex
Equal volumes of 0.002 M solutions of sodium iodate and cupric chlorate are mixed together. Will it lead to precipitation of copper iodate?
ุชูุฎู„ุท ุฃุญุฌุงู… ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ูŠูˆุฏุงุช ุงู„ุตูˆุฏูŠูˆู… ูˆูƒู„ูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ู†ุญุงุณูŠูƒ ุจุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ 0.002 ู… ู…ุนู‹ุง. ู‡ู„ ุณูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุฑุณูŠุจ ูŠูˆุฏุงุช ุงู„ู†ุญุงุณุŸ
ar
technical
complex
The ionization constant of benzoic acid is 6.46 ร— 10 โ€“5 and K sp for silver benzoate is 2.5 ร— 10 โ€“13 . How many times is silver benzoate more soluble in a buffer of pH 3.19 compared to its solubility in pure water?
ุซุงุจุช ุชุฃูŠู† ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุจู†ุฒูˆูŠูƒ ู‡ูˆ 6.46 ร— 10 โ€“5 ูˆ K sp ู„ุจู†ุฒูˆุงุช ุงู„ูุถุฉ ู‡ูˆ 2.5 ร— 10 โ€“13 . ูƒู… ู…ุฑุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ุจู†ุฒูˆุงุช ุงู„ูุถุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู‚ุงุจู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฐูˆุจุงู† ููŠ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ู…ู†ุธู… ุจุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญู…ูˆุถุฉ 3.19 ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจู‚ุงุจู„ูŠุชู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฐูˆุจุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠุŸ
ar
technical
complex
What is the maximum concentration of equimolar solutions of ferrous sulphate and sodium sulphide so that when mixed in equal volumes, there is no precipitation of iron sulphide?
ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ุงุฑูŠุฉ ู„ูƒุจุฑูŠุชุงุช ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏูˆุฒ ูˆูƒุจุฑูŠุชูŠุฏ ุงู„ุตูˆุฏูŠูˆู… ุจุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุชุฑุณูŠุจ ู„ูƒุจุฑูŠุชูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุนู†ุฏ ุฎู„ุทู‡ุง ุจุฃุญุฌุงู… ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุฉุŸ
ar
technical
complex
What is the minimum volume of water required to dissolve 1g of calcium sulphate at 298 K?
ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุฏู†ู‰ ู„ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู„ุงุฒู… ู„ุฅุฐุงุจุฉ 1 ุฌุฑุงู… ู…ู† ูƒุจุฑูŠุชุงุช ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู… ุนู†ุฏ 298 ูƒู„ูู†ุŸ
ar
technical
moderate
The concentration of sulphide ion in 0.1M HCl solution saturated with hydrogen sulphide is 1.0 ร— 10 โ€“19 M.
ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุฃูŠูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุจุฑูŠุชูŠุฏ ููŠ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆูƒู„ูˆุฑูŠูƒ 0.1 ู… ุงู„ู…ุดุจุน ุจูƒุจุฑูŠุชูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ู‡ูˆ 1.0 ร— 10 โ€“19 ู….
ar
technical
moderate
If 10 mL of this is added to 5 mL of 0.04 M solution of the following: FeSO 4 , MnCl 2 , ZnCl 2 and CdCl 2 . in which of these solutions precipitation will take place?
ุฅุฐุง ุฃูุถูŠู 10 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฅู„ู‰ 5 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ 0.04 ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ: FeSO 4 ูˆ MnCl 2 ูˆ ZnCl 2 ูˆ CdCl 2 . ููŠ ุฃูŠ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุณูŠุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุชุฑุณูŠุจุŸ
ar
technical
complex
The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length.
ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุŒ ุงู„ุฑู…ุฒ ู…ุŒ ู‡ูˆ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ุทูˆู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ู„ู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช.
ar
technical
simple
The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass.
ุงู„ูƒูŠู„ูˆุบุฑุงู…ุŒ ุงู„ุฑู…ุฒ ูƒุฌู…ุŒ ู‡ูˆ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ู„ู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช.
ar
technical
simple
The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time.
ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฑู…ุฒ ุซุŒ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฒู…ู† ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ู„ู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช.
ar
technical
simple
The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current.
ุงู„ุฃู…ุจูŠุฑุŒ ุงู„ุฑู…ุฒ ุฃุŒ ู‡ูˆ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ู„ู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช.
ar
technical
simple
The Kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature.
ุงู„ูƒู„ูู†ุŒ ุงู„ุฑู…ุฒ ูƒุŒ ู‡ูˆ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุงู…ูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ู„ู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช.
ar
technical
simple
One mole contains exactly 6.02214076ร—10 23 elementary entities.
ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุงู„ุถุจุท 6.02214076ร—10 23 ูƒูŠุงู†ู‹ุง ุฃูˆู„ูŠู‹ุง.
ar
technical
moderate
The candela, symbol cd is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction.
ุงู„ุดู…ุนุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฑู…ุฒ cdุŒ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุดุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฅุถุงุกุฉ ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ู…ุนูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ู„ู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช.
ar
technical
simple