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Year *
Season
Water Depth 97834.420 6 16305.737 2.811 .011 .040 16.868 .883
Sediment Depth 51846.078 6 8641.013 1.347 .235 .020 8.084 .528
Turbidity 100.100 6 16.683 8.654 .000 .114 51.924 1.000
Surface Temperature 421.919 6 70.320 118.589 .000 .638 711.536 1.000
Bottom Temperature 416.989 6 69.498 250.425 .000 .788 1502.551 1.000
Surface Salinity 688.847 6 114.808 19.990 .000 .229 119.938 1.000
Bottom Salinity 349.920 6 58.320 20.816 .000 .236 124.896 1.000
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Figure 12A.
Figure 12B.
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Figure 12C.
Figure 12D.
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Figure 12E.
Figures 12A-E. Annual mean environmental and physical parameters measured in the
Port of Miami basin across the 2005-2011 sampling period with 95% CI error bars: A)
surface and bottom temperature (°C), B) surface and bottom salinity (‰), C) water depth
(cm), D) sediment depth (cm), E) turbidity (NTU).
Figure 13A.
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Figure 13B.
Figure 13C.
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Figure 13D.
Figure 13E.
Figures 13A-E Seasonal mean environmental and physical parameters measured in the
Port of Miami basin across the 2005-2011 sampling period with 95% CI error bars: A)
surface and bottom temperature (°C), B) surface and bottom salinity (‰), C) water depth
(cm),D) sediment depth (cm), E) turbidity (NTU).
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Environmental and physical parameters differed between some sample sites
within the basin in relationship to their proximity to coastal regions, channels, or other
significant landmarks (see Figure 3). Spatial variation by site (1-30) among
environmental and physical parameters was determined by a one way ANOVA. There
was a significant spatial effect on water depth, sediment depth, and salinity (p < 0.01),
but not with temperature or turbidity measurements (p > 0.05) (Table 10). Generally,
measurements were consistent across the POM basin, but variation in water depth,
sediment depth, and salinity between sample sites was seen especially in areas of the
basin which were influenced by fresh and saltwater inputs (Figure 3).
There was a significant difference in average overall water depth (F29, 389 =
10.698, p < 0.001) between the sampling sites. The lowest average water depths were
recorded in the shallow Virginia Key Protected Area Grass patch and the East Coast
Grass patch, with Site 7 (no entry zone) measuring the shallowest overall (97.07 ±
24.55cm). The highest average water depth measurements were recorded in channel
sites, like Site 4 (310.21 ± 106.19cm) over the sample period. Within the basin, 48.2% of
sites measured water depths ranging from 200 to 300 cm deep. Sediment depth variation
(F29, 388 = 7.4, p < 0.001) seen between the sampling sites showed that the shallower no
entry zones exhibited the highest sediment depths, e.g., Site 7 (222.5 ± 91.42cm) and the
deeper channel sites exhibited the lowest sediment depths, e.g., Site 4 (47.21 ± 35.33cm)
(refer to Figure 3). Sediment depths at 40.7% of sites measured ranged from 100 to
200cm.
Significant differences were seen in salinity distributions in the POM basin.
Surface salinity (F1, 29 = 2.209, p < 0.001) and bottom salinity (F1, 29 = 2.001, p = 0.002)
revealed the highest concentrations at site 22 located at the mouth of Norris Cut leading
to the ocean, 35.28 ± 1.63 ‰ and 35.29 ± 1.6 ‰, respectively. The lowest surface and
bottom salinity measurements were recorded at site 28 (at the mouth of the Miami River
and the bridge leading north of the port) (30.0 ± 5.15 ‰) and site 1 (bottom southwest
corner of basin-city east coast) (31.69 ± 3.26 ‰). Sites closest to the Miami coastal
freshwater outputs displayed the lowest salinity measurements, while sites located closer
to Fisher Island and Norris cut, which leads out to the Atlantic Ocean, displayed the
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highest salt concentrations (refer to Figure 3). Surface salinity ranged between 30-40 ‰
at 85% of the sites; bottom salinity ranged between 30-40 ‰ at 91% of the sites.
There was no significant variation in water temperature or turbidity among study
sites (p > 0.05), but recorded high and low measurements reflected location within the
POM sample basin. The highest surface and bottom temperature measurements were
recorded at sites closest to the Miami City coast; i.e. site 8 (city east coast) (27.76 ± 2.65
oC) and site 28 (at the mouth of the Miami River and the bridge leading north of the port)
(27.71 ± 2.91 oC) (refer to Figure 3). The lowest surface and bottom temperature
measurements were recorded at sites near channels and cuts, for example site 19 (27.02 ±
3.25 oC) and site 27 (27.11 ± 2.75 oC). Water temperatures measured at the surface and
bottom of the basin ranged 25 to 30 oC at 60.5% and 58.5% of the sites, respectively.
Lowest turbidity measurements were recorded in the no entry zone at Site 7 (1.65 ± 0.7
NTU) while the highest measurements were recorded at Site 5, a channel site with
significant boat activity (3.78 ± 2.3 NTU) (see Figure 3). 45.2% of sites measured
turbidity levels below 2 NTU (See Appendix 6).
Table 10. Summary of One-way ANOVA results for spatial effects of Environmental and
Physical Measurements among the 30 sample sites within the POM basin. Differences
significant at p ≤ 0.05 (2-sided test). Temperature (°C), salinity (‰), turbidity (NTU),
sediment depth (cm), and water depth (cm).
Measure N Mean ± SD F p
Surface Temperature 420 29.14 ± 1.35 10.698 0.000
Bottom Temperature 420 29.12 ± 1.42 7.400 0.000
Surface Salinity 420 33.40 ± 3.71 0.961 0.526
Bottom Salinity 420 34.00 ± 3.25 0.064 1.000
Turbidity 420 1.64 ± 0.58 0.031 1.000
Sediment Depth 418 145.29 ± 84.60 2.209 0.000
Water Depth 419 202.75 ± 72.48 2.001 0.002
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3.2.1 Comparison of Environmental and Physical Measurements between FIAN and
Other Monitoring Networks
Nutrient and other environmental data collected from other monitoring agencies
within the POM basin were analyzed in order to assess other potential impacts on water
quality. Timing and methods differ among monitoring programs resulting in gaps and
uncertainties when merging data sets (RECOVER 2014); however, reasonable
correlations can be obtained for some variables. Of all the measurements available from
DBHYDRO (SFWMD), sufficient data for the study period was found for nine