question stringlengths 13 215 | ground_truth stringlengths 2 3.15k | context stringlengths 0 157k |
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Is Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 a phosphaturic hormone? | Yes, fbroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphaturic hormone. | αKlotho is thought to activate the epithelial calcium channel Transient Receptor
Potential Vanilloid-5 (TRPV5) in distal renal tubules through its putative
glucuronidase/sialidase activity, thereby preventing renal calcium loss.
However, αKlotho also functions as the obligatory co-receptor for fibroblast
growth fac... |
Which type of cell death is known as anoikis? | Anoikis (Greek for Homelessness) is a programmed cell death induced upon cell detachment from extracellular matrix, behaving as a critical mechanism in preventing adherent-independent cell growth and attachment to an inappropriate matrix, thus avoiding colonizing of distant organs. Anoikis is important in the normal ph... | Anoïkis is defined as programmed cell death induced by the loss of cell/matrix
interactions. Adhesion to structural glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix
is necessary for survival of the differentiated adherent cells in the
cardiovascular system, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells,
fibroblasts, an... |
The small molecule SEA0400 is an inhibitor of which ion antiporter/exchanger? | The effects of SEA0400, a selective inhibitor of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX), on Na(+)-dependent Ca(2+) uptake and catecholamine (CA) release were examined in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells that were loaded with Na(+) by treatment with ouabain and veratridine. SEA0400 inhibited Na(+)-dependent (45)Ca(2+) uptake a... | The effect of the newly synthesized compound
2-[4-[(2,5-difluorophenyl)methoxy]phenoxy]-5-ethoxyaniline (SEA0400) on the
Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) was investigated and compared against that of
2-[2-[4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl]ethyl]isothiourea (KB-R7943). In addition, the
effects of SEA0400 on reperfusion injury in ... |
What is Piebaldism? | Piebaldism is a rare autosomal dominant disorder of melanocyte development characterized by a congenital white forelock and multiple symmetrical stable hypopigmented or depigmented macules. | Piebaldism is an autosomal domit genetic disorder of pigmentation
characterized by congenital patches of white skin and hair that lack
melanocytes. Piebaldism results from mutations of the KIT proto-oncogene, which
encodes the cell-surface receptor transmembrane tyrosine kinase for an embryonic
growth factor, Steel... |
Which SLC family is FLVCR1 a member of? | Feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor (FLVCR1) is a member of the SLC49 family. | Heme is critical for a variety of cellular processes, but excess intracellular
heme may result in oxidative stress and membrane injury. Feline leukemia virus
subgroup C receptor (FLVCR1), a member of the SLC49 family of four paralogous
genes, is a cell surface heme exporter, essential for erythropoiesis and
systemi... |
Is amoxicillin used for treatment of malnutrition in children? | Yes, amoxicillin is used for treatment of malnutrition in children. | OBJETIVO: Revisar sistemáticamente los datos que apoyan las directrices de la
Organización Mundial de la Salud que recomiendan la administración de
antibióticos de amplio espectro en niños con desnutrición grave (NDG).
MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda en los resúmenes CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE,
LILACS, POPLINE, CAB y... |
Where are the orexigenic peptides synthesized? | The orexigenic peptides are sythesized in the hypothalamus. | With advancing age most aspects of the peptidergic regulation of energy balance
are altered. The alteration involves both the peripheral peptides derived from
the adipose tissue or the gastrointestinal tract and the peptides of the central
nervous system (brainstem and hypothalamus). In general, the expression of
o... |
What is the mechanism of action of APOBEC3G cytidine deaminase to inhibit HIV-1 replication? | During reverse transcription, APOBEC3G deaminates dC to dU in nascent minus-strand viral DNA, resulting in G-to-A hypermutation in the plus strand DNA to inhibit replication of HIV-1, due to viral cDNA degradation, production of non-functional proteins, formation of undesired stop codons and decreased viral protein syn... | A host cytidine deaminase, APOBEC3G (A3G), inhibits replication of human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by incorporating into virions in the
absence of the virally encoded Vif protein (Deltavif virions), at least in part
by causing G-to-A hypermutation. To gain insight into the antiretroviral
function of A3G... |
Which inherited disorder is known to be caused by mutations in the NEMO gene? | Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare neurocutaneous disorder with a frequency of 1 in 50,000 newborn, and is associated with mutations in IKBKG gene (NEMO) in Xq28, inherited as an X-linked dominant trait | Disruption of the X-linked gene encoding NF-kappa B essential modulator (NEMO)
produces male embryonic lethality, completely blocks NF-kappa B activation by
proinflammatory cytokines, and interferes with the generation and/or persistence
of lymphocytes. Heterozygous female mice develop patchy skin lesions with
mass... |
What is ISMARA? | ISMARA (Integrated System for Motif Activity Response Analysis) is a web-based tool that models gene expression or chromatin modifications in terms of genome-wide predictions of regulatory sites. Given only gene expression or chromatin state data across a set of samples as input, ISMARA identifies the key TFs and miRNA... | Accurate reconstruction of the regulatory networks that control gene expression
is one of the key current challenges in molecular biology. Although gene
expression and chromatin state dynamics are ultimately encoded by constellations
of binding sites recognized by regulators such as transcriptions factors (TFs)
and... |
Is it possible to purify pseudopodia to be used for proteomic analysis? | Pseudopodia can be purified, using different strategies, in order to be used in proteomic studies. | Directional cell migration requires the formation of a domit pseudopodium in
the direction toward which the cell migrates. When a migratory cell is
stimulated with a chemoattractant or extracellular matrix (ECM) gradient, it
responds with localized amplification of signals on the side facing the
gradient. The signa... |
Where does TDP43 localize in ALS neurons? | In control motor neurons, TDP43 was almost exclusively nuclear, whereas in ALS spinal motor neurons, TDP43 was predominantly localized to the cytosol and not the nucleus. | The human TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP43) colocalizes with ubiquitinated
inclusions in motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). TDP43 is
both a DNA-binding protein with a nuclear export sequence that interacts with
(TG)nTm elements in DNA and an RNA-binding protein that interacts with
(UG)(6-12) motifs... |
List interaction partners for the protein GATA1. | GATA-1 interact with factor Gfi-1b, the repressive MeCP1 complex, the chromatin remodeling ACF/WCRF complex, FOG-1, TAL-1, Ldb-1 and LMO2-C. | The Ski oncoprotein dramatically affects cell growth, differentiation, and/or
survival. Recently, Ski was shown to act in distinct signaling pathways
including those involving nuclear receptors, transforming growth factor beta,
and tumor suppressors. These divergent roles of Ski are probably dependent on
Ski's capa... |
Is farnesoid X receptor (FXR) a nuclear receptor? | Yes, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor. | Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that functions as a bile acid
sensor controlling bile acid homeostasis. We investigated the role of FXR in
regulating bone metabolism. We identified the expression of FXR in calvaria and
bone marrow cells, which gradually increased during osteoblastic differentiation ... |
What histone variants play a role in the DNA damage reponse? | Mostly H2A.X, but H2A.Z and H1R have also been associated to DNA damage | The response of eukaryotic cells to the formation of a double-strand break (DSB)
in chromosomal DNA is highly conserved. One of the earliest responses to DSB
formation is phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail of H2A histones located in
nucleosomes near the break. Histone variant H2AX and core histone H2A are
phosp... |
List tele monitoring applications of miniaturised sensors | Home-polysomnography (HPSG)
Body weight
Blood pressure control
Heart failure control
Vital signs - disaster relief, dangerous outdoor sports and adventure monitoring, and antiterrorism activities.
Telemetric fetal home monitoring system for recording the trans-abdominal fetal heart signal and the uterine contractions
V... | Fall detection of the elderly is a major public health problem. Thus it has
generated a wide range of applied research and prompted the development of
telemonitoring systems to enable the early diagnosis of fall conditions. This
article is a survey of systems, algorithms and sensors, for the automatic early
detecti... |
How are ultraconserved elements called when they form clusters? | Ultraconserved non-coding elements (UCNEs) are organized as large clusters, so-called gene regulatory blocks (GRBs) around key developmental genes. Their molecular functions and the reasons for their high degree of conservation remain enigmatic. | MOTIVATION: Genomic context analysis, also known as phylogenetic profiling, is
widely used to infer functional interactions between proteins but rarely applied
to non-coding cis-regulatory DNA elements. We were wondering whether this
approach could provide insights about utlraconserved non-coding elements
(UCNEs). ... |
What is the basis of the methodology of "functional class scoring" (FCS) for the analysis of gene expression data? | The second method, "functional class scoring" (FCS), examines the statistical distribution of individual gene scores among all genes in the gene ontology class and does not involve an initial gene selection step. | BACKGROUND: It is common for the results of a microarray study to be analyzed in
the context of biologically-motivated groups of genes such as pathways or Gene
Ontology categories. The most common method for such analysis uses the
hypergeometric distribution (or a related technique) to look for
"over-representation... |
What is the Timothy syndrome? | Timothy syndrome is a multisystem disorder characterized by cardiac, hand/foot, facial, and neurodevelopmental features. The two forms are type 1 (classic) and type 2, a rare form caused by mutations in a transcript variant of the same gene. Cardiac findings include a rate-corrected QT interval of between 480 ms and 70... | BACKGROUND: Timothy syndrome is a multisystem disorder associated with QT
interval prolongation and ventricular cardiac arrhythmias. The syndrome has been
linked to mutations in Ca(V)1.2 resulting in gain of function of the L-type
calcium current (I(Ca,L)). Ranolazine is an antianginal agent shown to exert an
antia... |
Which disease has been associated to a disruptive ALX1 protein? | Disruption of ALX1 causes extreme microphthalmia and severe facial clefting: expanding the spectrum of autosomal-recessive ALX-related frontonasal dysplasia. | The paired-class homeobox-containing gene, Cart1, is expressed in forebrain
mesenchyme, branchial arches, limb buds and cartilages during embryogenesis.
Here, we show that Cart1-homozygous mutant mice are born alive with acrania and
meroanencephaly but die soon after birth-a phenotype that strikingly resembles a
co... |
How many selenoproteins are encoded in the human genome? | 25. 15kDa, DI1, DI2, DI3, GPx1, GPx2, GPx3, GPx4, GPx6, SelH, SelI, SelK, SelM, SelN, SelO, SelP, SelR, SelS, SPS2, SelT, TR1, TR2, TR3, SelV and SelW. | In the genetic code, UGA serves as a stop signal and a selenocysteine codon, but
no computational methods for identifying its coding function are available.
Consequently, most selenoprotein genes are misannotated. We identified
selenoprotein genes in sequenced mammalian genomes by methods that rely on
identificatio... |
In which process Src, Cortactin and MT1-MMP are playing an essential role? | Src was shown to be required for invadopodia formation and function, whereas Cortactin was found to regulate cofilin and N-WASp activities to control the stages of invadopodium assembly and maturation. Finally, membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) was demostrated as the key invadopodial enzyme responsible... | Metastatic tumor cells that actively migrate and invade surrounding tissues rely
on invadopodia to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) barriers. Invadopodia are
membrane protrusions that localize enzymes required for ECM degradation. Little
is known about the formation, function, and regulation of invadopodia. Here, ... |
In which yeast chromosome does the rDNA cluster reside? | Chromosome XII context is important for rDNA function in yeast | We have developed a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) method to examine
the structure of both natural chromosomes and small artificial chromosomes
during the mitotic cycle of budding yeast. Our results suggest that the pairing
of sister chromatids: (a) occurs near the centromere and at multiple places
along ... |
Which is the underlying mechanism for exon skipping used to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy? | Antisense-mediated exon skipping therapy is a promising therapeutic approach that uses short DNA-like molecules called antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) to skip over/splice out the mutated part of the gene to produce a shortened but functional dystrophin protein. Many Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients need exon skipp... | BACKGROUND: Antisense-mediated exon skipping is currently one of the most
promising therapeutic approaches for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Using
antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) targeting specific exons the DMD reading frame
is restored and partially functional dystrophins are produced. Following proof
of c... |
What is the advantage of using long nano columns in proteomics? | The longer the columns, the longer gradients are applied and finally more proteins (increased peak capacity) are identified in a complex proteomic experiment | In this study, high-efficiency LC-MS/MS separations of complex proteolytic
digests are demonstrated using 50 mm, 250 mm, and 1m long
poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) monolithic capillary columns. The
chromatographic performance of the 50 and 250 mm monoliths was compared at the
same gradient steepness for gradient d... |
During which stage of the cell cycle is cohesin deposited on the yeast genome? | In the budding yeast, cohesin is loaded onto the chromosome during the late G1 phase, establishes sister chromatid cohesion concomitant with DNA replication, and dissociates by the telophase. | Sister chromatid cohesion is crucial for chromosome segregation during mitosis.
Loss of cohesion very possibly triggers sister separation at the metaphase -->
anaphase transition. This process depends on the destruction of anaphase
inhibitory proteins like Pds1p (Cut2p), which is thought to liberate a
sister-separa... |
Which is the neurodevelopmental disorder associated to mutations in the X- linked gene mecp2? | The neurodevelopmental disorder named Rett syndrome, originally termed as cerebroatrophic hyperammonemia. Although most exclusively affects females, has also been found in male patients. | Mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein gene MECP2 at Xq28 cause Rett
syndrome (RTT), an X-linked domit neurodevelopmental disorder characterized
by a period of stagnation followed by regression in the development of young
girls. Mutations were sought in MECP2 in 48 females with classical sporadic RTT,
seven fa... |
What is the treatment of Riedel disease (thyroiditis)? | Riedel thyroiditis is a rare disorder related to a systemic extracervical fibrotic process of unknown origin. The tratment of choice is the surgical treatment: Corticosteroids may be also useful | Chronic invasive fibrous thyroiditis (Riedel's struma) is a very rare disease of
unknown aetiology mainly affecting middle-aged or old female patients. An
aggressive fibrosis partly or totally replaces normal thyroid gland tissue. The
gland becomes stony hard, is not displaceable and, characteristically, the
fibrou... |
What is the link between Dax1 and Esrrb? | Dax1 associates with Esrrb and regulates its function in embryonic stem cells | Self-renewal capacity and pluripotency, which are controlled by the
Oct3/4-centered transcriptional regulatory network, are major characteristics of
embryonic stem (ES) cells. Nuclear hormone receptor Dax1 is one of the crucial
factors in the network. Here, we identified an orphan nuclear receptor, Esrrb
(estrogen-... |
What is dovitinib? | Dovitinib (TKI258) is a tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor with potent activity against fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). | PURPOSE: There is no standard of therapy for the treatment of Waldenström
macroglobulinemia (WM), therefore there is a need for the development of new
agents. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) was shown to play a major
role in several types in cancer. Dovitinib, an inhibitor of FGFR3, was effective
in hem... |
Are DNA helicases involved in progeroid syndromes? | Yes, mutations in genes coding for DNA helicases were found to induce progeroid syndromes, such as Werner syndrome (WS) or Bloom syndrome (BS). | Single-gene mutations can produce human progeroid syndromes--phenotypes that
mimic usual or "normative" aging. These can be divided into two classes--those
that have their impacts upon multiple organs and tissues (segmental progeroid
syndromes) and those that have their major impacts upon a single organ or tissue
(... |
List the diseases for which there are point-of-care breath tests | Point of care breath tests are available for lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, respiratory distress syndrome, methanol intoxication, kidney diseases, liver diseases, Helicobacter pylori infection, asthma, sepsis, heart failure, diabetes and tuberculosis. | HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that late pulmonary dead space fraction (Fd(late))
would be a useful tool to screen for pulmonary embolism (PE) in a group of
surgical patients, including patients who required mechanical ventilation and
patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome.
DESIGN: We prospectively calculate... |
Is there association of matrix metalloproteinases with behaviour of pituitary adenomas? | Yes, there is evidence to suggest that matrix metalloproteinases are associated with more aggressive of pituitary adenomas. | Beside the digestion of the extracellular matrix during tumor invasion and
metastasis, more recently, new functions for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
have been proposed. We studied the expression and function of these enzymes in
pituitary cells. We observed the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 together with
express... |
What is the evolutionary process described by the "Muller's ratchet" model? | The vast majority of mutations are deleterious and are eliminated by purifying selection. Yet in finite populations, purifying selection cannot completely prevent the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Muller's ratchet is a paradigmatic model for the accumulation of deleterious mutations in a population of finite s... | Why sex exists remains an unsolved problem in biology. If mutations are on the
average deleterious, a high mutation rate can account for the evolution of sex.
One form of this mutational hypothesis is Muller's ratchet. If the mutation rate
is high, mutation-free individuals become rare and they can be lost by geneti... |
Which heat shock protein is found to be upregulated during Hsp90 inhibition? | HSP90 inhibition was found to be associated with induction of HSP70 expression. | OBJECTIVE: Excessive reactive oxygen species contribute to vascular dysfunction.
We have previously shown that heat shock protein (Hsp90) inhibitors potently
suppress Nox 1 to 3 and 5, and the goals of this study were to identify how
molecular chaperones regulate Nox function.
METHODS AND RESULTS: In vitro, protein ... |
Which gene is responsible for the development of Sotos syndrome? | Sotos syndrome (SoS) is a multiple anomaly, congenital disorder characterized by overgrowth, macrocephaly, distinctive facial features and variable degree of intellectual disability. Haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene at 5q35.3, arising from 5q35 microdeletions, point mutations, and partial gene deletions, accounts fo... | Recently, deletions encompassing the nuclear receptor binding SET-Domain 1
(NSD1) gene have been described as the major cause of Japanese patients with the
Sotos syndrome, whereas point mutations have been identified in the majority of
European Sotos syndrome patients. In order to investigate a possible
phenotype-g... |
What is the name for anorexia in gymnasts? | Anorexia athletica | Leptin, the product of the ob-gene, is specifically released by adipocytes. In
addition to its metabolic function it seems to affect the feedback-mechanisms of
the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-axis. We studied 13 female juvenile elite
gymnasts with anorexia athletica (AA) and 9 female patients with anorexia
nervo... |
Is Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women associated with gestational diabetes? | Yes, there are multiple studies reporting an association between low VitD in pregnancy and impaired glucose tolerance, but it is not entirely clear if this translates directly to the increased risk of Gestational diabetes or via maternal obesity and/or genetic polymorphisms. | OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine whether maternal dietary intake
of vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and omega-6 fatty acids during pregcy is
associated with the appearance of islet autoimmunity (IA) in offspring.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young
(DAISY) is rec... |
What are the indications for alteplase? | Intravenous alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) is the only approved thrombolytic agent at present indicated for acute ischaemic stoke.
Food and Drug Administration approval of alteplase for central venous catheter (CVC) occlusions.
Alteplase is now firmly established as a treatment of choice in the m... | Thirty-two patients with acute, proximal-vein thrombosis were treated with
heparin and alteplase (0.25 versus 0.5 mg/kg/24 h during 3-7 days) in a
randomized, double-blind, multicenter, European (ETTT) trial. The treatment
resulted in a decrease of the venographic Marder's score from 18 (6-25) to 13
(2-24) units (m... |
List scaffold proteins of the ERK signaling pathway. | Originally identified in yeast, scaffold proteins are now recognized to contribute to the specificity of MEK/ERK pathways in mammalian cells. These scaffolds include kinase suppressor of Ras (KSR), beta-arrestin, MEK partner-1 (MP-1), Sef and IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 1(IQGAP1). Human disc-large hom... | 14-3-3 proteins may function as adapter or scaffold proteins in signal
transduction pathways. We reported previously that several 14-3-3 isotypes bind
to protein kinase C (PKC)-zeta and facilitate coupling of PKC-zeta to Raf-1 [van
der Hoeven, van der Wal, Ruurs, van Dijk and van Blitterswijk (2000) Biochem. J.
345... |
Which are the families of mammalian DNA-(cytosine-5)-methyltransferases? | DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferases catalyze the specific transfer of a methyl group to the C5 position of cytosine residues in DNA. Three families of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferases have been identified in mammals: DNMT1, DNMT2 and DNMT3 (including DNMT3a, DNMT3b and DNMT3L isoforms). All of them share homologous... | DNA methylation plays an essential role in genomic imprinting observed in
eutherian mammals and marsupials. In mouse, one of the two de novo DNA
methyltransferases, Dnmt3a, and a related protein, Dnmt3L have been shown to be
essential for imprint establishment in the parental germline. To gain insights
into the evo... |
Which classes of endogenous retroelements are known to date? | Endogenous retroelements fall into two distinct classes: retrotransposons containing LTRs (Long Terminal Repeats), and retrostransposons lacking LTRs. | Mammalian LINE-1 (L1) elements belong to the superfamily of autonomously
replicating retrotransposable elements that lack the long terminal repeated
(LTR) sequences typical of retroviruses and retroviral-like retrotransposons.
The non-LTR superfamily is very ancient and L1-like elements are ubiquitous in
nature, ha... |
What is the association between proBNP serum concentrations and stroke outcomes? | ProBNP serum concentrations are elevated in stroke patients relative to healthy controls. Greater proBNP serum concentrations are associated with greater stroke severity and with increased risk for unfvorable functional outcomes. | BACKGROUND: The association between plasma levels of N-terminal pro-brain
natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and prognostic outcomes in patients after
ischemic stroke remains unknown. The present study tested the hypothesis that
NT-proBNP level is noticeably increased after ischemic stroke and that elevated
NT-proBNP ... |
What is the effect that EZH2 has on chromatin? | Ezh1 and Ezh2 maintain repressive chromatin through different mechanisms | Gene silencing is required to stably maintain distinct patterns of gene
expression during eukaryotic development and has been correlated with the
induction of chromatin domains that restrict gene activity. We describe the
isolation of human (EZH2) and mouse (Ezh1) homologues of the Drosophila
Polycomb-group (Pc-G) ... |
Does Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) show a bias for highly expressed loci? | Several issues in the processing and analysis of ChIP-chip data have not been resolved fully, including the effect of background (mock control) subtraction and normalization within and across arrays. We detected a chromatin-state bias: open chromatin regions yielded higher coverage, which led to false positives if not ... | We present an algorithm for predicting transcription factor binding sites based
on ChIP-chip and phylogenetic footprinting data. Our algorithm is robust against
low promoter sequence similarity and motif rearrangements, because it does not
depend on multiple sequence alignments. This, in turn, allows us to incorpora... |
Is clathrin involved in E-cadherin endocytosis? | E-cadherin is a central component of the adherens junction in epithelial cells and continuously undergoes endocytosis via clathrin-coated vesicles and/or caveolae depending on the cell type. | The endocytosis of E-cadherin has recently emerged as an important determit
of cadherin function with the potential to participate in remodeling adhesive
contacts. In this study we focused on the initial fate of E-cadherin when it
predomitly exists free on the cell surface prior to adhesive binding or
incorporation... |
What are the generic versions of Viagra | Sildenafil Citrate and Elonza in Thailand are the generic versions of Viagra | OBJECTIVES: to categorise online suppliers of Viagra based on their legal
status, and to quantify the suppliers within each category.
METHODS: Google was used to search for websites offering to sell or supply
either proprietary Viagra tablets or generic versions containing sildenafil
citrate. Relevant websites were ... |
List GATA-1 interacting partners as discovered with the help of the biotinylation tagging approach. | Our work describes, for the first time, distinct GATA-1 interactions with the essential hematopoietic factor Gfi-1b, the repressive MeCP1 complex, and the chromatin remodeling ACF/WCRF complex, in addition to the known GATA-1/FOG-1 and GATA-1/TAL-1 complexes | GATA-1 is essential for the generation of the erythroid, megakaryocytic,
eosinophilic and mast cell lineages. It acts as an activator and repressor of
different target genes, for example, in erythroid cells it represses cell
proliferation and early hematopoietic genes while activating erythroid genes,
yet it is not... |
Which diseases are associated with Alu element insertion? | Diseases associated with Alu element insertion are the following: myotonic dystrophy type 2, Friedreich ataxia, spinocerebellar ataxia type 10, autosomal dominant optic atrophy, Menkes disease, hyper-IgM with immunodeficiency syndrome (HIGM), and anterior pituitary aplasia. | Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is associated with abnormal expansions of the CTG
repeats in the 3' untranslated region of its gene. Previous studies in
individuals of European origin demonstrated strong linkage disequilibrium
between different CTG repeat length alleles and an Alu element
insertion/deletion polymorphism in... |
Approximately how many recombination hotspots have been found in the yeast genome? | In the fission yeast genome DSBs are located within 194 prominent peaks separated on average by 65-kbp intervals of DNA that are largely free of DSBs. | Double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) occur at recombination hotspots during
Saccharomyces cerevisiae meiosis and are thought to initiate exchange at these
loci. Analysis of DSB sites in three regions of the yeast genome indicated that
breaks occur at or near many potential transcription promoters and that DSBs
initiate ... |
How could iPSCs be used for the treatment of diabetes? | One of the promising approaches to cure diabetes is to use induced PCSs (iPSCs) and to differentiate them into insulin-secreting β cells. The induction of iPSC differentiation into insulin-secreting cells can be achieved in several ways, such as with the use of microRNAs, or adenoviral transfection with selected genes. | The pancreas arises from Pdx1-expressing progenitors in developing foregut
endoderm in early embryo. Expression of Ngn3 and NeuroD1 commits the cells to
form endocrine pancreas, and to differentiate into subsets of cells that
constitute islets of Langerhans. β-cells in the islets transcribe gene-encoding
insulin, a... |
What is the name of the stem loop present in the 3' end of genes encoding for selenoproteins? | SECIS (selenocysteine insertion sequence) | We investigated the requirements for selenocysteine insertion at single or
multiple UGA codons in eukaryotic selenoproteins. Two functional SECIS elements
were identified in the 3' untranslated region of the rat selenoprotein P mRNA,
with predicted stem-loops and critical nucleotides similar to those in the SECIS
e... |
Is Propofol used for short-term sedation? | Yes. Propofol is the most frequently used sedating agent for patients with expected duration of ICU admission less than 24 hours. There are numerous studies of its efficacy and comparisons with other sedatives. | Sedative-analgesic treatment of patients on long-term artificial ventilation
aims at protection from stress related to their disease or therapy. By
stabilising both the patient's vital functions and psychological state this
treatment may contribute to therapeutic success. The choice of drugs depends
primarily on th... |
Which proteins are the different members of the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors? | Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) is a dimeric transcription factor comprised of five family members RelA (p65), RelB, c-Rel, NF-kB1/p50 and NF-kB2/p52. | Previous studies showed that the binding of p50/NFkappaB1 to particular kappaB
DNA sites altered its conformation in a way that correlated with transcriptional
activation. Here, we investigated the effects of protein-protein interactions on
the transcriptional activity of p50. We show that the association of p50 wit... |
What are the symptoms of Rotor syndrome? | Rotor syndrome is characterized by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, coproporphyrinuria, and near-absent hepatic uptake of anionic diagnostics. | BACKGROUND: Rotor's syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by
functional hyperbilirubinemia. Treatment decision may be challenging in a cancer
patient with Rotor's syndrome, since the majority of the antineoplastic agents
are metabolized in the liver and excreted via the biliary system. We report the
... |
Does splicing occur co-transcriptionally? | The consensus view, based on four organisms, is that the majority of splicing events take place co-transcriptionally in most cells and tissues. RNA processing events that take place on the transcribed pre-mRNA include capping, splicing, editing, 3' processing, and polyadenylation. Most of these processes occur co-trans... | Nascent transcripts are the true substrates for many splicing events in
mammalian cells. In this review we discuss transcription, splicing, and
alternative splicing in the context of co-transcriptional processing of
pre-mRNA. The realization that splicing occurs co-transcriptionally requires two
important considera... |
List the existing methods for genetic manipulation of cells. | Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. New DNA may be inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA... | Introduction and expression of multiple transgenes is frequently required for
basic and applied studies. However, at present, multigene transformation is very
difficult due to technical limitations of existing methods. Here, we describe a
vector system for efficient multigene assembly and transformation. The system ... |
Are there clinical trials on stem cells in multiple sclerosis | Yes. Human multipotent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies are currently being tested in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis. Several small pilot clinical trials in subjects with advanced MS have demonstrated that MSC administration is safe and provided an early signal of clinical effectiveness. The current aim o... | Currently available therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) delay disease
progression via immunomodulation or immunosuppression. A persisting neurological
deficit is mostly irreversible. Thus, a reparative treatment is urgently
warranted. After positive results in animal models, clinical trials to promote
endogenous ... |
Which SWI/SNF protein complex subunit has been demonstrated to interact with the FANCA gene product? | The Fanconi anemia protein FANCA has been shown to interact with the brm-related gene 1 (BRG1) product. BRG1 is a subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, which remodels chromatin structure through a DNA-dependent ATPase activity. | Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder that predisposes to hematopoietic
failure, birth defects and cancer. We identified an interaction between the FA
protein, FANCA and brm-related gene 1 (BRG1) product. BRG1 is a subunit of the
SWI/SNF complex, which remodels chromatin structure through a DNA-dependent
ATPase... |
Are piRNAs involved in gene silencing? | Piwi induces piRNA-guided transcriptional silencing and establishment of a repressive chromatin state. piRNA-guided slicing of transposon transcripts enforces their transcriptional silencing via specifying the nuclear piRNA repertoire. Transcriptional silencing implies a piRNA-mediated formation of repressive chromatin... | Genetic studies have shown that Aubergine (Aub), one of the Piwi subfamily of
Argonautes in Drosophila, is essential for germ cell formation and maintaining
fertility. aub mutations lead to the accumulation of retrotransposons in ovaries
and testes, and Stellate transcripts in testes. Aub in ovaries associates with ... |
List representatives of the major fungal hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine transporter families. | AzgA and Fcy21p are prototypes of the two major fungal hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine transporter families. | The azgA gene of Aspergillus nidulans encodes a hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine
transporter. It has been cloned by a novel transposon methodology. The null
phenotype of azgA was defined by a number of mutations, including a large
deletion. In mycelia, the azgA gene is, like other genes of purine catabolism,
induced by... |
Which proteins have been identified as RET ligands? | RET is activated by members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands, which include GDNF, neurturin, artemin, and persephin. | Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) are two
structurally related, potent survival factors for sympathetic, sensory and
central nervous system neurons. GDNF mediates its actions through a
multicomponent receptor system composed of a ligand-binding
glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI... |
Which substances are dangerous to g6PD deficient individuals? | Antimalarial drugs (primaquine, pamaquine, chloriquine), fava beans, sulfonamides, some antibiotics( nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, isoniazid, dapsone, and furazolidone) and henna | BACKGROUND: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is important in the control
of oxidant stress in erythrocytes, the host cells for Plasmodium falciparum.
Mutations in this enzyme produce X-linked deficiency states associated with
protection against malaria, notably in Africa where the A- form of G6PD
deficiency... |
Which mutations of SCN5A gene are implicated in Brugada syndrome? | The following mutations of SCN5A gene have been linked to Brugada syndrome:I137M, p.W1095X; c.3284G>A, R27H, E901K, G1743R, V728I, N1443S, E1152X, c.664C>T; p.Arg222X, Ala2>Thr, Ala735, Ala735>Thr, Val1340>Ile, IVS18-1G>A, E1784K (14x), F861WfsX90 (11x), D356N (8x), G1408R (7x), G400A, H558R, W822X, Q55X, V95I, A1649V,... | Brugada syndrome is a hereditary cardiac disease causing abnormal ST segment
elevation in the ECG, right bundle branch block, ventricular fibrillation and
sudden death. In this study we characterized a new mutation in the SCN5A gene
(T1620M), causing the Brugada syndrome. The mutated channels were expressed in
both... |
What is Sotos syndrome? | Sotos syndrome is a well-known overgrowth syndrome characterized by excessive growth during childhood, macrocephaly, distinctive facial appearance and learning disability | Sotos' syndrome, or cerebral gigantism, is a disorder of growth regulation.
Tumours have occasionally been reported in children with Sotos' syndrome, but it
is uncertain whether this is a coincidence, or whether it is aetiologically
related to the underlying disorder of growth. We report a 15 month old child
with a... |
What is the CRAPome database? | The CRAPome is a contaminant repository for affinity purification-mass spectrometry data. | Affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry (AP-MS) is a widely used
approach for the identification of protein-protein interactions. However, for
any given protein of interest, determining which of the identified polypeptides
represent bona fide interactors versus those that are background contamits
(for ... |
List all articles on network meta-analysis for smoking cessation | Cardiovascular events associated with smoking cessation pharmacotherapies: a network meta-analysis.
Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of computer and other electronic aids for smoking cessation: a systematic review and network... | The aim of this study was to rank order the effectiveness of smoking cessation
interventions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. We
searched 10 databases to identify randomised trials of smoking cessation
counselling (SCC) with or without pharmacotherapy or nicotine replacement
therapy (NRT).... |
Can RG7112 inhibit MDM2? | Yes, RG7112 is a small molecule MDM2 antagonist. | Increasing knowledge of the relationship between p53 and MDM2 has led to
development of potential small molecule inhibitors useful for clinical studies.
Herein, we discuss the patented (2006-2010) inhibitors of p53-MDM2 interaction.
The anticancer agents discussed in this review belong to several different
chemical... |
Which clotting factor is inhibited by betrixaban? | Betrixaban is an orally administered direct clotting factor Xa inhibitor. | Systematic SAR studies of in vitro factor Xa inhibitory activity around compound
1 were performed by modifying each of the three phenyl rings. A class of highly
potent, selective, efficacious and orally bioavailable direct factor Xa
inhibitors was discovered. These compounds were screened in hERG binding assays
to ... |
Which are the most frequent syndromes associated with inherited bone marrow failure? | The inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders that share the inability of the bone marrow to produce an adequate number of blood cells. The 4 most frequent syndromes are Fanconi anemia (FA), dyskeratosis congenita (DC), Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), and Shwachman-Di... | Aplastic anemia may be inherited or acquired. The distinction between these lies
not in the age of the patient, but in the clinical and laboratory diagnoses.
Adult hematologists must consider adult presentations of the inherited
disorders, in order to avoid incorrect management of their patients. Physicians
for adu... |
How is yellow fever virus transmitted? | Yellow fever virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and is restricted to Africa, Central and South America and the Caribbean.
Yellow fever virus is a flavivirus, and there is only one antigenic type. It was taken to the Americas by the early slave traders, and nowadays reported in Africa, America, Asia and Europe. Yellow ... | After a 15-year period of low incidence, dengue has reemerged in Singapore in
the past decade. We identify potential causes of this resurgence. A combination
of lowered herd immunity, virus transmission outside the home, an increase in
the age of infection, and the adoption of a case-reactive approach to vector
con... |
Are there any specific antidotes for dabigatran? | No specific antidote currently exists for dabigatran | Dabigatran etexilate is an oral, reversible direct thrombin inhibitor that is
approved in the EU and several other countries for the prevention of venous
thromboembolism after elective hip and knee replacement, and is in advanced
clinical development for other thromboembolic disorders. Dabigatran has a
predictable ... |
What is the outcome of TAF10 interacting with the GATA1 transcription factor? | TAF10 Interacts with the GATA1 Transcription Factor and Controls Mouse Erythropoiesis. | The ordered assembly of a functional preinitiation complex (PIC), composed of
general transcription factors (GTFs), is a prerequisite for the transcription of
protein-coding genes by RNA polymerase II. TFIID, comprised of the TATA binding
protein (TBP) and 13 TBP-associated factors (TAFs), is the GTF that is thought... |
How does TNF affect thyroid hormone receptors? | TNF-alpha inhibits the T3-induced expression of thyroid hormone receptor-beta | Amphibian metamorphosis induced by T(3) involves programmed cell death and the
differentiation of various types of cells in degenerated and reconstructed
tissues. However, the signaling pathway that directs the T(3)-dependent
cell-fate determinations remains unclear. TNF-alpha is a pleiotropic cytokine
that affects... |
Which ones are the ESKAPE organisms? | The 6 ESKAPE pathogens are Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species. | BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to test in the clinic whether
antimicrobial diversity affects resistance of Enterococcus faecium,
Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella species, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species (ESKAPE) pathogens in ventilator-associated
pneumonia (VAP).
ME... |
What is the effect of dovitinib on the cell cycle? | Dovitinib triggers a G2 /M arrest. It promotes a delay in mitotic exit in a subset of cells, causing the cells to undergo mitotic slippage. Higher concentrations of Dovitinib induce a G2 arrest similar to the G2 DNA damage checkpoint. | PURPOSE: There is no standard of therapy for the treatment of Waldenström
macroglobulinemia (WM), therefore there is a need for the development of new
agents. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) was shown to play a major
role in several types in cancer. Dovitinib, an inhibitor of FGFR3, was effective
in hem... |
What is the involvement of PDGFRB in metastatic medulloblastoma? | Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor B (PDGFRB) expression was shown to correlate with metastatic medulloblastoma, while PDGFRB tyrosine kinase activity was demonstrated to be critical for migration and invasion of medulloblastoma cells possibly by transactivating EGFR. | Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor (PDGFR) expression correlates
with metastatic medulloblastoma. PDGF stimulation of medulloblastoma cells
phosphorylates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and promotes
migration. We sought to determine whether blocking PDGFR activity effectively
inhibits signa... |
What is known as Calcium Induced Calcium Release (CICR) and its role in cardiomyocyte contractility? | the cicr mechanism has been understood mainly based on binding of cytosolic ca(2+) with ryanodine receptors (ryrs) and inducing ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr). l-type ca(2+) channels activate ryrs to produce cicr in smooth muscle cells in the form of ca(2+) sparks and propagated ca(2+) waves. in he... | Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) has been observed in cardiac myocytes as
elementary calcium release events (calcium sparks) associated with the opening
of L-type Ca(2+) channels. In heart cells, a tight coupling between the gating
of single L-type Ca(2+) channels and ryanodine receptors (RYRs) underlies
calc... |
What is the action of molindone? | Molindone is a short-acting antipsychotic.
Molindone, along with other antipsychotic drugs which elicit little or no Parkinsonism, bind more loosely than dopamine to D2 receptors. Compared to the tightly bound antipsychotic drugs, the more loosely bound antipsychotics generally require higher clinical doses, require fe... | The effect of molindone on the activity of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the rat
midbrain and on DA metabolism in the striatum and olfactory tubercles was
studied using extracellular single unit recording and biochemical techniques
respectively. Molindone in low intravenous doses (0.4-0.8 mg/kg) was found to
reverse... |
What is the function of the enzymes known as dual specificity phoshpatases (DUSPs)? | DUSPs (dual-specificity phosphatases) are a heterogeneous group of protein phosphatases that can dephosphorylate both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine/phosphothreonine residues within the one substrate. DUSPs have been implicated as major modulators of critical signalling pathways that are dysregulated in various dise... | The protein tyrosine phosphatase family (PTP) contains a group of
dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) that regulate the activivity of MAP
kinases (MAPKs), which are key effectors in the control of cell growth and
survival in physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. These
phosphatases, named as ... |
How is bladder wall thickness measured? | Ultrasound | OBJECTIVE: To determine whether transvaginal ultrasound measurement of bladder
wall thickness can be used as a screening test for detrusor instability in women
with urinary symptoms.
DESIGN: A blinded prospective study.
SETTING: A London teaching hospital.
PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and eight-four symptomatic women pr... |
LY450139 is investigational name of which drug? | LY450139 is investigational name of Semagacestat. It is a γ-secretase inhibitor developed for treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Chemical name of LY450139 is hydroxylvaleryl monobenzocaprolactam. | Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most common age-related
neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by the invariant accumulation of
the beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta), which mediates synapse loss and cognitive
impairment in AD. Current therapeutic approaches concentrate on reducing Abeta
levels and amylo... |
Are there any Decision support systems for chronic pain management ? | Yes, there is a variety of decision support systems for chronic pain management. | BACKGROUND: Opioid prescribing for chronic pain is common and controversial, but
recommended clinical practices are followed inconsistently in many clinical
settings. Strategies for increasing adherence to clinical practice guideline
recommendations are needed to increase effectiveness and reduce negative
consequen... |
Which gene has been found to be mutant in Lesch-Nyhan Disease patients? | Lesch-Nyhan Disease (LND) is the result of mutations in the X-linked gene encoding the purine metabolic enzyme, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT). | De novo purine biosynthesis has been studied in lymphocyte cell lines
established from Lesch-Nyhan patients deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine
phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), in in vitro differentiating erythroleukaemic
cell lines cloned from cells charactistic of virus-induced murine leukaemia, and
in mutant ham... |
Which is the methyl donor of histone methyltransferases? | The major methyl donor of histone methyltransferases (HMTs) is S-adenosyl-L–methionine (SAM, AdoMet). | Protein methylase III (S-adenosylmethionine:proteinlysine methyltransferase; ED
2.1.1.25) and protein methylase I (S-adenosylmethionine:protein-arginine
methyltransferase; EC 2.1.1.23) activities were examined in isolated nuclei and
cytosol fraction, respectively, from various hepatomas with different growth
rates.... |
How are human accelerated regions (HAR) defined? | Human accelerated regions (HAR) are defined as previously slowly evolving regions of the genome that have evolved most quickly along the human lineage. These represent genomic regions that are conserved among vertebrates but have accumulated substitutions on the human lineage at an accelerated rate. | The developmental and evolutionary mechanisms behind the emergence of
human-specific brain features remain largely unknown. However, the recent
ability to compare our genome to that of our closest relative, the chimpanzee,
provides new avenues to link genetic and phenotypic changes in the evolution of
the human bra... |
Carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacteria is a major health concern because their resistance to antibiotics.
List the most frequent carbapenemases found in Enterobacteriaceae. | The most frequent carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae are OXA-48, KPC, VIM, NDM, IMP, SME, NMC, GES, IMI and MBL. | Emergence and dissemination of Enterobacteriaceae isolates harboring
carbapenemases in various geographic regions represents a significant threat to
the management of nosocomial infections. Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the
SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2000-2004) demonstrating decreased
susceptibil... |
How are GRBs (Genomic Regulatory Blocks) defined? | Genomic regulatory blocks (GRBs) are chromosomal regions spanned by highly conserved non-coding elements (HCNEs), most of which serve as regulatory inputs of one target gene in the region. The target genes are most often transcription factors involved in embryonic development and differentiation. GRBs often contain ext... | We report evidence for a mechanism for the maintece of long-range conserved
synteny across vertebrate genomes. We found the largest mammal-teleost conserved
chromosomal segments to be spanned by highly conserved noncoding elements
(HCNEs), their developmental regulatory target genes, and phylogenetically and
functi... |
What is the gene frequently mutated in Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN2) and Hisrchsprung disease? | The Ret gene may have gain of mutation functions in MEN2 cancer as well as loss of function mutations in Hirschprung disease. | BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) occurs both
sporadically and in the autosomal domitly inherited multiple endocrine
neoplasia (MEN) type 2 syndromes. The distinction between true sporadic MTC and
a new mutation familial case is important for future clinical management of both
the patient... |
Which are the clinical characteristics of isolated Non-compaction cardiomyopathy? | The clinical characteristics of isolated Non-compaction cardiomyopathy are excessively thickened endocardial layer with deep intertrabecular recesses (with ratio of non-compacted to compacted myocardium >2), heart failure, syncope, ventricular arrhythmias, stroke, pulmonary hypertension, complete left branch conductive... | Isolated ventricular non-compaction is a rare congenital cardiomyopathy,
manifested morphologically as prominent myocardial trabeculations and deep
inter-trabecular recesses that communicate with the ventricular cavity. Heart
failure is the most common presenting condition. Other manifestations include
arrhythmia a... |
What is STARR-seq? | STARR-seq is a method to directly and quantitatively assess enhancer activity for millions of candidates from arbitrary sources of DNA, which enables screens across entire genomes. When applied to the Drosophila genome, STARR-seq identifies thousands of cell type-specific enhancers across a broad continuum of strengths... | Steroid hormones act as important developmental switches, and their nuclear
receptors regulate many genes. However, few hormone-dependent enhancers have
been characterized, and important aspects of their sequence architecture,
cell-type-specific activating and repressing functions, or the regulatory roles
of their ... |
In which genomic positions is the histone variant macroH2A enriched? | macroH2A1 is enriched on the inactive X chromosome in female mammalian cells, where it functions to maintain gene silencing. The transcribed regions of most active genes are depleted of macroH2A, often in sharply localized domains that show depletion of 4-fold or more relative to bulk mouse liver chromatin. This repres... | One of several features acquired by chromatin of the inactive X chromosome (Xi)
is enrichment for the core histone H2A variant macroH2A within a distinct
nuclear structure referred to as a macrochromatin body (MCB). In addition to
localizing to the MCB, macroH2A accumulates at a perinuclear structure centered
at th... |
Does amiodarone affect thyroid hormone receptors in the myocardium? | Yes | Desethylamiodarone (DEA) is the major metabolite of amiodarone and has similar
electrophysiologic effects with prolongation of the repolarization that is
reversed by thyroid hormone (T3). Some of the electrophysiologic effects are
probably due to antagonism of T3 at the receptor level. Such effects of T3 are
mediat... |
From which sequence does the Alu repeat originate from? | The presence of Alu-like structural motifs supports the hypothesis of the monophyletic origin of Alu and B1 repeats, i.e., from a common 7SL RNA-derived retroposing monomeric element, The origin of Alu subfamilies in human populations may be related to evolution of chromosome Y. | We have determined sequences of PCR-amplified B1 elements from hamster and rat
(Myomorpha), chipmunk (Sciuromorpha), and guinea pig (Caviomorpha). Between
three and six B1 subfamilies were found in these species. In the phylogenetic
analysis B1 sequences of hamster, mouse, and rat clustered separately from those
of... |
Abnormality in which vertebral region is important in the Bertolotti's syndrome? | Lumbosacral vertebral region is implicated in the Bertolotti's syndrome. Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is an anatomical variation of the fifth lumbar vertebra in which an enlarged transverse process can form a joint or fusion with the sacrum or ilium. Patients often complain of intractable sciatica that arises from... | Bertolotti's syndrome refers to the association of back pain with lumbosacral
transitional vertebrae. Such vertebrae were observed in 140 of 2,000 adults with
back pain over a 4-year period of study. Each patient had radiographic
evaluation of the lumbar spine by plain films as well as a sectional imaging
modality ... |
What does iBAQ stand for in proteomic analysis? | iBAQ stands for intensity-based absolute quantification. | There is a great interest in reliable ways to obtain absolute protein abundances
at a proteome-wide scale. To this end, label-free LC-MS/MS quantification
methods have been proposed where all identified proteins are assigned an
estimated abundance. Several variants of this quantification approach have been
presente... |
Which is the main target of the anti-arrhythmic activity of flecainide? | Flecainide is a class 1c antiarrhythmic that acts by blocking sodium channels and is used mainly in the treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias. | AIMS: Ca(2+) waves are thought to be important in the aetiology of ventricular
tachyarrhythmias. There have been conflicting results regarding whether
flecainide reduces Ca(2+) waves in isolated cardiomyocytes. We sought to confirm
whether flecainide inhibits waves in the intact cardiomyocyte and to elucidate
the m... |
Does thyroid hormone affect cardiac remodeling? | TH affects cardiac remodeling | The present study investigated whether changes in thyroid hormone (TH)
signalling can occur after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with possible
physiological consequences on myocardial performance. TH may regulate several
genes encoding important structural and regulatory proteins particularly through
the TR alph... |
What is the effect of ROS on cyclin B1? | Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is able to cause growth arrest at the G2-M checkpoint of the cell cycle, partly by deregulation of Cyclin B1 expression. | This study is the first to investigate the anticancer effect of plumbagin in
human melanoma A375.S2 cells. Plumbagin exhibited effective cell growth
inhibition by inducing cancer cells to undergo S-G2/M phase arrest and
apoptosis. Further investigation revealed that plumbagin's inhibition of cell
growth was also ev... |
Are there any HCV replication inhibitors available? | Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide health problem causing serious complications, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatoma. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) have been reported to suppress gene expression significantly. HCV seems a suitable candidate for targets of siRNAs,... | Persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of chronic
hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma and the major indication for
liver transplantation in adults. Current standard of care treatment (SOC) with
pegylated-interferon-α 2 and ribavirin (RBV) has a limited efficacy and is
associa... |
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