question stringlengths 13 215 | ground_truth stringlengths 2 3.15k | context stringlengths 0 157k |
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Which is the binding site motif of Sp1? | Sp1 binds to a GC-rich sequence element containing the decanucleotide consensus sequence 5′-(G/T)GGGCGG(G/A)(G/A)(C/T)-3′ (GC box element) in double stranded DNA (dsDNA). Gel shift competition studies and DNase I footprinting analyses revealed that Sp1 specifically interacts with the CACCC motif. | We have previously shown that mutations in the GGAA core motif of the Ets1
binding site, EBSI, or deletion of EBSI, reduced basal and Tax1 transactivation
of the PTHrP P2 promoter. Here we demonstrate that, in addition to EBSI, a
CACCC-like motif located between -53 and -58 is required for full basal activity
of th... |
List autoimmune disorders associated with GAD65 autoantibodies. | Autoantibodies to the smaller isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) can be found in patients with type 1 diabetes and a number of neurological disorders, including stiff-person syndrome, cerebellar ataxia and limbic encephalitis. | The processes that lead to the production of islet cell autoantibodies in
insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are largely unknown. Humoral
autoimmunity may be the result of an antigen-independent polyclonal B cell
activation, or a consequence of an antigen driven B cell activation and
selection for ... |
Elaborate on the TREAT-NMD initiative for DMD patients | TREAT-NMD is a worldwide network for neuromuscular diseases that provides an infrastructure to support the delivery of promising new therapies for patients in Europe. TREAT-NMD has worked on the generation of brief standards of care for DMD. Guidelines are presented for diagnostics, neurological follow up, gastrointest... | Care for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is poorly standardised.
There are many interventions in different systems which are known to improve
outcomes in DMD but these are not uniformly applied. This leads to inequality in
access to treatment, as well as problems for planning controlled trials of
fu... |
Is muscle regeneration possible in mdx mice with the use of induced mesenchymal stem cells? | Purified induced mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) display fibroblast-like morphology, form three-dimensional spheroid structures, express characteristic mesenchymal stem cell surface markers such as CD29, CD33, CD73, CD90, and CD105, and are capable of differentiating into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineage... | Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe hereditary disease characterized
by the absence of dystrophin on the sarcolemma of muscle fiber. This absence
results in widespread muscle damage and satellite cell activation. After
depletion of the satellite cell pool, skeletal muscle is then invariably
replaced by co... |
List the different subtypes of thyroid cancer. | The different histologic subtypes of thyroid cancer include papillary, follicular, anaplastic, medullary, and Hürthle cell carcinomas. | Follicular thyroid cancer is the second most common thyroid maligcy after
PTC. There are marked geographical variations in the relative proportions of FTC
and PTC, most likely related to dietary iodine content. In iodine-deficient
areas, the relative rate of FTC tends to be increased. Other risk factors for
FTC inc... |
What are the characteristics of Christianson syndrome? | Christianson syndrome (CS) is caused by mutations in the X-linked Na(+) /H(+) exchanger 6 (NHE6). Patients present with prominent neurological, medical, and behavioral symptoms. All CS participants were nonverbal and had intellectual disability, epilepsy, and ataxia. Other neurologic symptoms included eye movement abno... | Interstitial deletions of chromosome band Xq26.3 are rare. We report on a
2-year-old boy in whom array comparative genomic hybridization analysis revealed
an interstitial 314 kb deletion in Xq26.3 affecting SLC9A6 and FHL1. Mutations
in SLC9A6 are associated with Christianson syndrome (OMIM 300243), a syndromic
for... |
Is the SDHAF2 gene encoding a protein necessary for flavination of SDHA? | Yes, SDHAF2 or hSDH5, is the gene encoding the enzyme responsible for the flavination of SDHA. | Paragangliomas have been linked to mutations affecting the succinate
dehydrogenase complex. In a recent issue of Science, Rutter and coworkers showed
that SDH5 is required for the flavination of SDHA, which is necessary for SDH
assembly and function. Moreover, they detected SDH5 mutations in a large kindred
with fa... |
What is the physiological role of LKB1 involved in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome? | LKB1 plays a physiological role in controlling the Wnt-signaling. | |
What heterotachy states about molecular evolutionary processes? | Functional constraints may account for heterogeneity in the evolutionary rates among different sites of amino acid or DNA sequences. Apart from variations of substitution rates among different sites (spatial variation), heterotachy states that there are variations of substitution rates of a given site throughout time. ... | Because of functional constraints, substitution rates vary among the positions
of a protein but are usually assumed to be constant at a given site during
evolution. The distribution of the rates across the sequence positions generally
fits a Gamma distribution. Models of sequence evolution were accordingly
designed... |
What is known about depression in caregivers of brain tumor patients? | Depression is common affecting up to 40% of caregivers of brain tumor patients. Depression is associated with poor quality of life of caregivers of brain tumor patients. Greater anxiety, patients’ emotional distress, economic hardship, lower caregivers’ age, lower income, less social support and lower patient functioni... | PURPOSE: To identify the characteristics of adult patients with newly diagnosed
primary brain tumors associated with identifiable deficits in neuropsychologic
function to target interventions to improve function and quality of life (QOL).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult patients with newly diagnosed primary brain tumors... |
What are the effects of homozygosity of EDNRB mutations in addition to Hirschsprung disease? | Three susceptibility genes have been recently identified in HSCR, namely the RET proto-oncogene, the endothelin B receptor (EDNRB) gene, and the endothelin 3 (EDN3) gene. RET gene mutations were found in significant proportions of familial (50%) and sporadic (15-20%) HSCR, while homozygosity for EDNRB or EDN3 mutations... | Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, aganglionic megacolon) is a frequent congenital
malformation regarded as a multigenic neurocristopathy. Two susceptibility genes
have been recently identified in HSCR, namely the RET proto-oncogene and the
endothelin B receptor (EDNRB) gene. Hitherto however, homozygosity for EDNRB
mutat... |
What is the prognostic role of alterred thyroid profile after cardiosurgery? | Altered thyroid profile after cardiosurgery is associated with high incidence of atrial fibrillation e delay in recovery (prolonged hospitalisation) in adults and higher score on The Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM; P < 0.042) and a longer duration of ventilation in children.Impportantly in transplanted patients alt... | The cardiovascular system is an important target for thyroid hormones. The
present study evaluates the changes affecting thyroid hormone metabolism during
and 6 days after coronary artery bypass and their relationship with the
post-operative outcome of the patients. Thirty-three patients were enrolled in
the study;... |
List Pentalogy of Fallot. | Pentalogy of Fallot consists of a pulmonic stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, an overriding aorta, a right ventricular hypertrophy and a patent foramen ovale. | Pentalogy of Fallot is a rare cyanotic congenital heart disease characterized by
biventricular origin of the aorta above a large ventricular septal defect,
obstruction of the pulmonary outflow, right ventricular hypertrophy (tetralogy
of Fallot), and an atrial septal defect. Mortality due to syncope, arrhythmia or
... |
Which is the major function of sororin? | Sororin is a positive regulator of sister chromatid cohesion that interacts with the cohesin complex. | Sister chromatid cohesion is essential for chromosome segregation and is
mediated by cohesin bound to DNA. Cohesin-DNA interactions can be reversed by
the cohesion-associated protein Wapl, whereas a stably DNA-bound form of cohesin
is thought to mediate cohesion. In vertebrates, Sororin is essential for
cohesion an... |
Which gene fusion is the result of the "philadelphia translocation" or the "philadelphia chromosome" mutation? | Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is genetically characterized by the presence of the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11), resulting in a BCR/ABL gene fusion on the derivative chromosome 22 called the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. The Philadelphia chromosome and its corresponding fusion gene, BCR-ABL, is one of the ... | In the great majority of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) the
reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, t(9;22)(q34;q11),
resulting in the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome produces fusion DNA sequences
consisting of the 5' part of the major breakpoint cluster region-1 (M-BCR-1) and
the ABL ... |
Is zolpidem an antibiotic? | No, zolpidem is a short-acting imidazopyridine hypnotic drug | The imidazopyridine zolpidem is a short-acting hypnotic chemically distinct from
benzodiazepines (BZs). According to its peculiar neuropharmacologic activity
(selectivity for the omega 1-BZ receptors), zolpidem is expected to be a pure
hypnotic, without the other effects of BZs. In particular, it has been stressed
... |
Can desvenlafaxine be used at a dose of 50mg/day? | Yes, desvenlafaxine can be at 50mg/day to treat patients with major depressive disorder. Studies suggest that 50 mg is the minimum effective dose of desvenlafaxine for the treatment of major depressive disorder. The recommended dose of DVS ranges from 50 to 100 mg. | OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of 50- and
100-mg/day doses of desvenlafaxine (administered as desvenlafaxine succinate), a
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, for the treatment of major
depressive disorder (MDD).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Patients with Diagnostic and Statisti... |
Which syndrome is associated with OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 deficiency? | Complete and simultaneous deficiency of the organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 due to mutations in their corresponding genes, has been linked to Rotor syndrome. | Bilirubin, a breakdown product of heme, is normally glucuronidated and excreted
by the liver into bile. Failure of this system can lead to a buildup of
conjugated bilirubin in the blood, resulting in jaundice. The mechanistic basis
of bilirubin excretion and hyperbilirubinemia syndromes is largely understood,
but t... |
Which type of lung cancer is afatinib used for? | Afatinib is a small molecule covalently binding and inhibiting the EGFR, HER2 and HER4 receptor tyrosine kinases. Trials showed promising efficacy in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC or enriched for clinical benefit from EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib or erlotinib. | Genetic alterations in the kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor
(EGFR) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients are associated with
sensitivity to treatment with small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Although first-generation reversible, ATP-competitive inhibitors showed
encouraging clin... |
Can ferric carboxymaltose be used to treat anemia in inflammatory bowel disease patients? | Ferric carboxymaltose can be used to treat anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and prevents recurrence of anemia in these patients, compared with placebo. Treatment with ferric carboxymaltose is efficious, safe and well tolerated in iron-deficient IBD patients. | BACKGROUND AIMS: Anemia is a common complication of inflammatory bowel diseases
(IBD) This multicenter study tested the noninferiority and safety of a new
intravenous iron preparation, ferric carboxymaltose (FeCarb), in comparison with
oral ferrous sulfate (FeSulf) in reducing iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in IBD.
ME... |
Which disease is treated with Eliglustat? | Eliglustat was developed for treatment of Gaucher's disease type 1. | Eliglustat tartrate is an investigational oral substrate reduction therapy for
Gaucher disease type 1 that is pharmacologically distinct from intravenous
enzyme replacement therapy. Eliglustat tartrate improved clinical manifestations
in patients who received 50 or 100 mg twice daily for 1 year during an
open-label... |
List algorithms suitable for predicting protein complexes | Protein-Protein interactions (PPI) play a key role in determining the outcome of most cellular processes. The correct identification and characterization of protein interactions and the networks, which they comprise, is critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms within the cell. Large-scale techniques such as ... | This paper presents a framework for predicting protein-protein interactions
(PPI) that integrates structure-based information with other functional
annotations, e.g. GO, co-expression and co-localization, etc., Given two protein
sequences, the structure-based interaction prediction technique threads these
two seque... |
What are piggyBAC transposons? | The piggyBAC transposons are a nonviral gene delivery approach, that have been developed as tools for insertional mutagenesis. It can mobilize 100-kb DNA fragments in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, making it the only known transposon with such a large cargo capacity. The integrity of the cargo is maintained during t... | DNA synthesis is considered a defining feature in the movement of transposable
elements. In determining the mechanism of piggyBac transposition, an insect
transposon that is being increasingly used for genome manipulation in a variety
of systems including mammalian cells, we have found that DNA synthesis can be
avo... |
Is there any association of the chromosomal region harboring the gene ITIH3 with schizophrenia? | Yes, genome-wide significant associations in schizophrenia has been linked to the locus harboring the ITIH3/4 genes. | Collaborators: Sklar P, Ripke S, Scott LJ, Andreassen OA, Cichon S, Craddock N,
Edenberg HJ Jr, Nurnberger JI, Rietschel M, Blackwood D, Corvin A, Flickinger M,
Guan W, Mattingsdal M, McQuillen A, Kwan P, Wienker TF, Daly M, Dudbridge F,
Holmans PA, Lin D, Burmeister M, Greenwood TA, Hamshere ML, Muglia P, Smith EN,... |
Is APOBEC3B protein predominantly cytoplasmic or nuclear? | Contrary to other APOBEC family members, APOBEC3B was found to predominantly concentrate to the cell nucleus. | The most common transposable genetic element in humans, long interspersed
element 1 (L1), constitutes about 20% of the genome. The activity of L1 and
related transposons such as Alu elements causes disease and contributes to
speciation. Little is known about the cellular mechanisms that control their
spread. We sho... |
Is the regulation of Vsr endonuclease independent of the growth phase of bacteria? | The regulation of Vsr endonuclease levels is growth phase dependent. | Using rabbit polyclonal antibodies, we have shown that the Dcm cytosine
methylase of Escherichia coli is maintained at a constant level during cell
growth, while Vsr endonuclease levels are growth phase dependent. Decreased
production of Vsr relative to Dcm during the log phase may contribute
substantially to the m... |
Are there interactomes available for POU5F1 and SOX2? | Yes. Long-range chromosomal interactions on putative enhancers of POU5F1 and SOX2 genes in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been assayed using 4C-Seq technique. Their frequent interacting regions mainly overlap with early DNA replication domains. The interactomes are associated with active histone marks and enri... | The genes POU5F1 and SOX2 are critical for pluripotency and reprogramming, yet
the chromosomal organization around these genes remains poorly understood. We
assayed long-range chromosomal interactions on putative enhancers of POU5F1 and
SOX2 genes in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) using 4C-Seq technique. We
dis... |
Which tool is used for promoterome mining using CAGE data? | Despite their high resolution and functional significance, published CAGE data are still underused in promoter analysis due to the absence of tools that enable its efficient manipulation and integration with other genome data types. CAGEr is an R implementation of novel methods for the analysis of differential TSS usag... | |
Is Rheumatoid Arthritis related to myopathy? | Vacuolar myopathy and statin-induced myopathy have been reported in rheumatoid arthritis patients, but this association may be due to the anti-malarial treatment received. An increased prevalence of neurogenic but not myogenic changes in patients with RA compared with controls has been reported. | OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
have clinical or subclinical evidence of peripheral neuropathy or myopathy.
METHODS: We studied 40 seropositive women with RA, mean age 46.6 years (SD 6.4),
and 56 healthy controls, mean age 43.0 years (SD 9.1). Patients had a mean
diseas... |
what is the role of GATA-4 in regeneration of the heart after myocardial infarction? | GATA-4 is implicated in cardiogenic differentiation of cardiac c-kit+AT2+ cells that represent approximately 0.19% of total cardiac cells in infarcted heart. GATA-4 overexpression in mesenchymal stem cells increases both survival and angiogenic potential in ischemic myocardium and may therefore represent a novel and ef... | BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that bone marrow-derived stem cells
differentiate into the phenotype of cardiomyocytes in vivo and in vitro. We
tried to regenerate infarcted myocardium by implanting ex vivo transforming
growth factor (TGF)-beta-preprogrammed CD117 (c-kit)-positive (CD117+) stem
cells intramyo... |
What is the life expectancy of professional athletes in respect to the general population? | Elite endurance (aerobic) athletes and mixed-sports (aerobic and anaerobic) athletes show higher longevity than the general population, but results about power (anaerobic) athletes are inconsistent. | Nine hundred eighty-three top Italian track and field athletes (700 males and
283 females) were examined for survival, mortality and causes of death for an
average follow-up period of 18.6 years starting from their last year of
competition as members of the national team. Overall mortality rates were
compared to th... |
Is EZH2 associated with prostate cancer? | EZH2 is an epigenetic driver of prostate cancer. EZH2 dependent H3K27me3 is involved in epigenetic silencing of ID4 in prostate cancer. EZH2 plays an active role in this process by repressing the expression of TIMP2 and TIMP3 in prostate cancer cells. EZH2 knockdown markedly reduces the proteolytic activity of MMP-9, t... | Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in males and is
second only to lung cancer. Although effective surgical and radiation treatments
exist for clinically localized prostate cancer, metastatic prostate cancer
remains essentially incurable. Here we show, through gene expression profiling,
that ... |
How does adrenergic signaling affect thyroid hormone receptors? | alpha1- adrenergic signalling increases TRalpha1 expression in nucleus and decreases TRalpha1 expression in cytosol. | Thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 (TRalpha1) is predomitly expressed in the
myocardium but its biological function under physiological or pathological
conditions remains largely unknown. The present study investigated possible
interactions between alpha1 adrenergic and thyroid hormone signaling at the
level of TRalph... |
What are the computational tools for the prediction of beta-barrel transmembrane proteins? | The computational tools for the prediction of beta-barrel transmembrane proteins (TMBs) are based mainly on the following methodologies: Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), hydrophobicity, structural data, k-nearest neighbor algorithm, Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines. The state-of-the-art computational tools for t... | Very few methods address the problem of predicting beta-barrel membrane proteins
directly from sequence. One reason is that only very few high-resolution
structures for transmembrane beta-barrel (TMB) proteins have been determined
thus far. Here we introduced the design, statistics and results of a novel
profile-ba... |
Which kinase is regulating stress granule biogenesis? | 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase alpha regulates stress granule biogenesis | Stress granule (SG) assembly represents a conserved eukaryotic defense strategy
against various insults. Although essential for the ability to cope with
deleterious conditions, the signaling pathways controlling SG formation are not
fully understood. The energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is
critical... |
What is the association between cell phone use and glioblastoma? | The association between cell phone use and incident glioblastoma remains unclear. Some studies have reported that cell phone use was associated with incident glioblastoma, and with reduced survival of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma. However, other studies have repeatedly replicated to find an association between ... | The use of cellular telephones has increased dramatically during the 1990's in
the world. In the 1980's the analogue NMT system was used whereas the digital
GSM system was introduced in early 1990's and is now the preferred system. Case
reports of brain tumours in users initiated this case-control study on brain
tu... |
Is there any cross-talk between the Wnt and the Akt pathways? | The Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways cross-talk mainly through the activity of GSK-3β, a common component of both pathways, but also through the activity of other signaling transducers, such as Cby or WISP-1. | Glucocorticoids, widely used as immune suppressors, cause osteoporosis by
inhibiting bone formation. In MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cultures, dexamethasone
(DEX) activates glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) and inhibits a
differentiation-related cell cycle that occurs at a commitment stage immediately
after con... |
Has the protein GFP been used in transgenesis for live protein imaging? | Yes, the stable transgenesis of genes encoding functional or spatially localized proteins, fused to fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) or red fluorescent protein (RFP), is an extremely important research tool in cell and developmental biology. | BACKGROUND: Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is used extensively as a reporter
for transgene expression in Drosophila and other organisms. However, GFP has not
generally been used as a reporter for circadian patterns of gene expression, and
it has not previously been possible to correlate patterns of reporter express... |
Is the Snord116 cluster associated with the Prader-Willi syndrome? | Yes, SNORD116 has a major role in Prader-Willi syndrome etiology. | Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurobehavioral disorder manifested by
infantile hypotonia and feeding difficulties in infancy, followed by morbid
obesity secondary to hyperphagia. It is caused by deficiency of paternally
expressed transcript(s) within the human chromosome region 15q11.2. PWS patients
harboring ba... |
Aleglitazar is agonist of which receptor? | Aleglitazar is a balanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α/γ agonist. | This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose
study investigated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic effects, safety, and
tolerability of aleglitazar, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
alpha/gamma (PPARalpha/gamma) dual agonist. After a 3-week washout period, 71
p... |
What are the main characteristics of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT)? | Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is an inherited arrhythmogenic cardiac disorder characterized by life-threatening arrhythmias induced by physical or emotional stress, in the absence structural heart abnormalities. The phenotype of CPVT is characterized by polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias... | BACKGROUND: Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a
severe inherited cardiac disorder caused by mutations predomitly in the
ryanodine receptor (RyR2) gene. We sought to identify mutations in genes
affecting cardiac calcium cycling in patients with CPVT and in less typical
familial exercise... |
Is poly (ADP- ribosylation) involved in transcriptional control? | Yes, poly (ADP- ribosylation) plays a role in the maintenance of transcriptional fidelity. | Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1; EC 2.4.2.30) is an abundant nuclear
protein that is involved in DNA repair, cell cycle control, programmed cell
death and transcriptional regulation. It also plays critical roles in the
pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders. Here we have performed a detailed
analysis of the i... |
Is nimodipine recommended for prevention of vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients? | Yes, nimodipine is recommended and FDA approved for prevention of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Multiple studies have demonstrated that nimodipine (administered orally or intravenously) is safe and effective for prevention of vasospasm, and reduce frequency of ischemic complications, lowered morta... | Only 53%-58% of patients with a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAB) following the
rupture of a cerebral aneurysm survive without neurological damage. Morbidity
and mortality are closely related to the delayed ischaemic neurological deficit
due to cerebral vasospasm. The following review gives an account of
pathophysiolo... |
what is the role of prostaglandins in cardiac regenaration after myocardial infarction? | Prostaglandins are involved in tissue regeneration after myocardial infarction and inhibitors of prostanoid production, such as aspirin and COX-2 inhibitors, have negative impact in this process. Furthermore, pharmacological interference with prostaglandin synthesis following myocardial infarction is associated with re... | Bradykinin and prostaglandins are established mediators of exudative and
inflammatory phases of healing. Their contribution to the fibrogenic component
of healing in the heart is less certain. We therefore undertook the present
study in rats with acute myocardial infarction (MI) following left coronary
artery ligat... |
What is the general function of H3K79 methylation? | ChIP-chip tiling arrays revealed that levels of all degrees of genic H3K79 methylation correlate with mRNA abundance and dynamically respond to changes in gene activity. | The gene expression pattern of differentiated oocytes is reprogrammed into that
of totipotent preimplantation embryos before and/or after fertilization. To
elucidate the mechanisms of genome reprogramming, we investigated histone H3
lysine 79 dimethylation (H3K79me2) and trimethylation (H3K79me3) in oocytes and
pre... |
Where can we find the protein lacritin? | The protein lacritin can be found in lacrimal and salivary glands as well as in tear fluid and in the thyroid. | Multiple extracellular factors are hypothesized to promote the differentiation
of unstimulated and/or stimulated secretory pathways in exocrine secretory
cells, but the identity of differentiation factors, particularly those
organ-specific, remain largely unknown. Here, we report on the identification of
a novel se... |
Where can we find the protein dermcidin? | Dermcidin is a secretes protein found mainly in sweat but it is also found in serum. | Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are considered to be two major
atherosclerotic risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). A stress-induced
protein identified to be dermcidin isoform 2 of Mr. 11 kDa from blood plasma of
hypertensive persons when injected (0.1 μM) in rabbits increased the systolic
pressure by... |
What is the triple screening test performed during pregnancy measuring? | Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and unconjugated estriol (uE3) | Between September 1st 1990 and Juli 31st 1993, 5071 pregt women were screened
prospectively by the "triple-test", including maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein,
human chorionic gonadotropin and unconjugated oestriol in order to detect
chromosomal anomalies and open neural tube defects. The serum samples were
collected... |
What are the generic versions of Viagra? | Generic versions of sildenafil are Elonza, Caverta, Zenegra-100, Vega Asia, Suhagra-100, Vega, Revatio. | The appearance of counterfeit medicines in supply chains is a global public
health problem that may seriously affect patients. Counterfeit drugs do not meet
quality standards and do not declare their real composition and/or source for
the purposes of fraud. They may be generic or innovative, they may contain
genuin... |
Which protein interacts with the Ragulator-RAG GTPases to control mTOR activity? | Extensive functional proteomic analysis established SLC38A9 as an integral part of the Ragulator-RAG GTPases machinery that controls the activation of mTOR. | Cell growth and proliferation are tightly linked to nutrient availability. The
mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates the presence of
growth factors, energy levels, glucose and amino acids to modulate metabolic
status and cellular responses. mTORC1 is activated at the surface of lysosomes
by ... |
Against which organisms has reverse vaccinology been used? | Reverse Vaccinology (RV) was first applied to serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis. This work induced further research of other pathogens in the same way: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Bacillus anthracis, group B streptococci, Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.... | During the last century, several approaches have been used for the development
of vaccines, going from the immunization with live-attenuated bacteria up to the
formulation of the safer subunit vaccines. This conventional approach to vaccine
development requires cultivation of the pathogen and its dissection using
b... |
Galassi classification is used for which disorder? | Galassi classification system is used to classify arachnoid cysts. | The best operative intervention for children with arachnoid cysts remains the
subject of controversy. Recent reports stress that craniotomy for cyst
fenestration is associated with a low incidence of morbidity and mortality and
may leave the child shunt-independent. Among a total of 66 intracranial
arachnoid cysts ... |
Describe Mozart effect. | The Mozart effect implies the enhancement of reasoning skills solving spatial problems in normal subjects after listening to Mozart's piano sonata K 448. | The Mozart effect is an increase in spatial reasoning scores detected
immediately after listening to the first movement of a Mozart piano sonata.
Rauscher and Shaw (1998) suggested that failure to produce a Mozart effect could
arise from carryover effects of a spatial reasoning pretest which may interfere
with the ... |
What is the purpose of the Tokuhashi scoring system? | Tokuhashi scoring system was developed to predict life expectancy of patients with spinal metastases. The revised Tokuhashi score has been widely used to evaluate indications for surgery and predict survival in patients with metastatic spinal disease. | BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Clinically, whether and how to make a surgical
interventional decision for the patients with spinal metastases is still
controversial. Life expectancy is a significant determit in the selection of
surgical procedure for spinal metastases. This study was to evaluate Tomita and
Tokuhashi scori... |
Which compounds exist that are thyroid hormone analogs? | Compoounds such as 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine, T2, GC-24, CO23, DITPA, 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid, GC-1, Tetrac, 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-thyroacetic acid, KB- 2115, KB - 141, thyronamines, T4-agarose, CGS 23425, D-T3, 3,3',5-triiodo-D-thyronine, 3,5-T2, 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine, DIT, 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine, MIT, 3-monoiodo-L-t... | It has been reported that oligodendrocytes do not contain nuclear T3 receptors,
which is in apparent contradiction with the well-known effects of thyroid
hormones on myelination. In this study we have reexamined the presence of
receptors in this cell population, using pure rat oligodendrocyte cultures. T3
binding w... |
Is lenvatinib effective for thyroid cancer? | Yes, lenvatinib is effective for thyroid cancer. | During the past two decades, several key somatic mutations associated with
development and progression of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have been
revealed. Historically, the treatment for advanced DTC is challenging after
patients become refractory to radioactive iodine. The response to doxorubicin,
the only ... |
What genes are related to breast cancer? | Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply without control or order to form a tumor. The most common form of breast cancer begins in cells lining the ducts that carry milk to the nipple (ductal cancer). Other forms of breast cancer begin in the glands that produce milk ... | INTRODUCTION: Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers are considered
prognostically more favorable than ER-negative tumors, whereas human epidermal
growth factor receptor (HER)2/neu-positive breast cancers are associated with
worse prognosis. The objective of the present study was to determine whether
ER-pos... |
To the ligand of which receptors does Denosumab (Prolia) bind? | Denosumab is a monoclonal antibody against the RANKL | Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand
(RANKL) are domit regulators of bone resorption. Many hormones, cytokines and
growth factors mediate bone resorption by altering the ratio of RANKL to OPG.
RANKL and OPG expression is also altered in numerous bone diseases, and these
chang... |
List fluorescent reporter proteins. | Fluorescent and luminescent reporter genes have become popular tools for the real-time monitoring of gene expression in living cells:
green fluorescent protein
Timer
red fluorescent protein
yellow fluorescent protein
beta-phycoerythrin
coral fluorescent reporter protein
enhanced green fluorescent reporter protein
mCher... | Regulation of gene expression involves sequence elements in nucleic acids. In
promoters, multiple sequence elements cooperate as functional modules, which in
combination determine overall promoter activity. We previously developed
computational tools based on this hierarchical structure for in silico promoter
analy... |
By which mechanism MutT proteins act against DNA lesions in bacteria? | MutT proteins belong to a class of Nudix hydrolases. The common substrate structure for the proteins of the functionally diverse Nudix superfamily is nucleotide-diphosphate-X, where X is a large variety of leaving groups. The activities of Nudix hydrolases usually result in the release of an inorganic phosphate ion or ... | 8-Oxo-dGTP (8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine triphosphate) is a potent mutagenic
substrate for DNA synthesis. The accumulation of 8-oxo-dGTP in the nucleotide
pool induces G:C-->T:A transversion as well as A:T-->C:G transversion, and
Escherichia coli cells possess mechanisms for preventing such mutations. The
mutT g... |
Was tamoxifen tested for treatment of glioma patients? | Yes, tamoxifen was tested for glioma treatment. However, clinical efficacy of tamoxifen in glioma patients remains unclear and should be tested in further studies. | Previous work has demonstrated the importance of protein kinase C in regulating
glioma cell proliferation in vitro. Tamoxifen, a protein kinase C inhibitor when
administered in high dosages, is currently being used as an adjuvant in the
treatment of patients with maligt gliomas. The patient in the present study
har... |
Which transcription factors are known as the four (4) "Yamanaka factors" that have been used to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)? | Fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by the application of Yamanaka factors (OSKM). In particular, the mechanisms how the Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) directly drive reprogramming and which additional components are involved are still not yet understood. | Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become an intriguing approach
for neurological disease modeling, because neural lineage-specific cell types
that retain the donors' complex genetics can be established in vitro. The
statistical power of these iPSC-based models, however, is dependent on accurate
diag... |
What is the role of anhedonia in coronary disease patients? | Anhedonia is associated with poor prognosis in patients with coronary disease. Namely, in patients with coronary disease, anhedonia was associated with increased mortality, greater risk for major cardiac event, impaired physical health status, more cardiac symptoms, more feelings of disability. These associations were ... | OBJECTIVE: Type D personality has been associated with impaired health status in
chronic heart failure (CHF), but other psychological factors may also be
important.
AIM: To determine whether non-Type D patients with low positive affect and Type
D patients report lower health status, compared with non-Type D patients... |
What is the clinical value of naltrexone in Parkinson's disease patients? | Naltrexone does not improve clinical features, including motor function, in Parkinson's disease patients. Naltrexone was shown to be effective for treatment of pathological gambling in Parkinson's disease patients. | Animal experiments suggest that opiate peptides might play a role in
extrapyramidal function. This hypothesis was tested by administering the opiate
antagonist, naltrexone, in doses sufficient to antagonize exogenous opiates, to
patients with parkinsonism and Huntington's disease. No improvement in the
clinical fea... |
What is the efficacy of oxaliplatin monotherapy in the management of colorectal cancer? | Oxaliplatin is a promising treatment option for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. It appears to be particularly advantageous (in terms of response rate and duration of progression-free survival) when used in combination with fluorouracil/calcium folinate as both a first- and second-line option, although preli... | PURPOSE: To evaluate the objective tumor response rate and safety profile of
oxaliplatin when administered to patients with previously untreated metastatic
colorectal adenocarcinoma.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 39 patients were entered onto this phase II
trial. One patient was excluded for having had a second c... |
Are there any animal models for Niemann-Pick C1 disease? | Yes, murine models of Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) exist. They are either homozygous or heterozygous NPC1-deficient [NPC1 (-/-)]/ [NPC1 (+/-)] mouse models. | Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease
characterized by neuronal lipid storage and progressive Purkinje cell loss in
the cerebellum. We investigated whether therapeutic approaches to bypass the
cholesterol trafficking defect in NPC1 disease might delay disease progression
in the np... |
Which type of genes are modulated by SATB1? | Lack of effector T cell (T(eff) cell) function and gain of suppressive activity by T(reg) cells are dependent on the transcriptional program induced by Foxp3. Here we report that repression of SATB1, a genome organizer that regulates chromatin structure and gene expression, was crucial for the phenotype and function of... | Chromatin modulation at various cis-acting elements is critical for V(D)J
recombination during T and B cell development. MARbeta, a matrix-associated
region (MAR) located upstream of the T cell receptor beta (TCRbeta) enhancer
(Ebeta), serves a crucial role in silencing Ebeta-mediated TCR activation. By
DNaseI hype... |
Does HER2 under-expression lead to favorable response to trastuzumab? | No, trastuzumab is effective only in cancers where Her2 is over-expessed. | HercepTestTM (DAKO A/S, Glostrup, Denmark) is an immunohistochemical assay that
detects HER2/neu gene products, and evaluates the overexpression status of the
HER2/neu protein in determining eligibility for the Trastuzumab (HerceptinR,
Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA) therapy. However, practically, interobserver
... |
Which are the most abundant human lincRNA? | MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) locus is misregulated in many human cancers and produces an abundant long nuclear-retained noncoding RNA. MALAT/NEAT2 highly abundant, its expression is strongly regulated in many tumor entities including lung adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma as... | In a previous work, we have isolated the human H19 gene and shown accumulation
of transcripts in various human tumors including breast carcinomas (Douc-Rasy et
al (1993) Int J Oncol 2, 753-758). Questions arose, after Northern blot results,
about the precise H19 mRNA location, specially in normal breast tissues and ... |
Which is the molecular function of the protein CCDC40? | The coiled-coil domain containing protein CCDC40 is essential for motile cilia function and left-right axis formation and mutations in CCDC39 and CCDC40 are the major cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia with axonemal disorganization and absent inner dynein arms. | Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal
recessive disorder characterized by recurrent infections of the respiratory
tract associated with the abnormal function of motile cilia. Approximately half
of individuals with PCD also have alterations in the left-right organization of
their ... |
Can administration of the thyrotropin releasing hormone reduce fatigue in cancer patients? | yes, in cancer patients, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) administration was associated with significant improvement in cancer related fatigue levels as measured by the Visual Analog Scale-Energy, fatigue and vigor subscales of the POMS, and the fatigue subscale of FACIT-F. TRH administration was safe and tolerable ... | BACKGROUND: Fatigue is a common and often disabling symptom for cancer patients.
To date, no pharmacological interventions have shown reliable efficacy in
treatment of cancer-related fatigue (CF). Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a
key regulator of homeostasis, exerts arousing and analeptic actions in instances ... |
What is the role of chromomethylases in plants? | Chromomethylases (CMTs), which constitute a plant-specific DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase family, are involved primarily in the maintenance of symmetrical CpNpG (N = A, T, C, or G) methylation and they also play a role in de novo methylation. CMTs are characterized by the presence of a chromatin-associated domain (... | Chromodomains are thought to mediate protein-protein interactions between
chromatin components. We have detected a chromodomain embedded within the
catalytic region of a predicted Arabidopsis DNA methyltransferase that is
diverged from other eukaryotic enzymes. The 791 residue "chromomethylase" (CMT1)
is encoded by... |
Is curcumin a phytochemical? | Yes, curcumin is a phytochemical derived from rhizome of turmeric Curcuma longa. | PURPOSE: Curcumin, a natural phytochemical, exhibits potent anticancer
activities. Here, we sought to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the
cytotoxic effects of curcumin against human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
cells.
METHODS: MTT assay and annexin-V/PI staining were used to analyze the effects o... |
What is Cerebral Cavernous Malformation? | Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a disease of the central nervous system causing hemorrhage-prone multiple lumen vascular malformations and very severe neurological consequences | BACKGROUND: Cerebral cavernous malformation is a vascular disease of the brain
causing headaches, seizures, and cerebral hemorrhage. Familial and sporadic
cases are recognized, and a gene causing familial disease has been mapped to
chromosome 7. Hispanic Americans have a higher prevalence of cavernous
malformation ... |
Is Fanconi anemia presented as a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disease entity? | Fanconi anemia (FA), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a progressive pancytopenia associated with congenital anomalies and high predisposition to malignancies, is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disease. At least eight complementation groups (FA-A to FA-H) have been identified | Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by bone
marrow failure, cancer susceptibility, and a variety of developmental defects.
The disease is clinically heterogeneous; eight different complementation groups
(FA A-H) and, thus, genetic loci have been discovered. Two genes, FAA and FAC,
h... |
Which protein pathway is regulating SGK1-mediated phosphorylation of FOXO3a to control cell proliferation? | mTORC1, in coordination with mTORC2, controls cell proliferation by regulating FoxO3a gene expression and SGK1-mediated phosphorylation of FOXO3a at Ser314. | The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) functions as a component of two large
complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which play crucial roles in regulating cell growth
and homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which mTOR controls cell
proliferation remain elusive. Here we show that the FoxO3a transcription fac... |
Which drugs have been found effective for the treatment of chordoma? | Established chordoma cell lines, and patient-derived primary cell cultures, as well as chordoma tumors in vivo were found to be sensitive to treatment with bortezomib, vincristine, doxorubicin, etoposide, cisplatin, fludarabine and SD-1029 Stat3 inhibitor. Moreover, percutaneous intratumoral injection with pingyangmyci... | A major obstacle in the effective treatment of chordoma is that there are no
identifiable biomarkers capable of predicting prognosis. Recent research has
indicated that signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat3) may be
an important prognostic marker in some cancers, but its role in chordoma tumors
h... |
Which components of the stress granules are known to be related to motor neuron degeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? | Of note, both ALS and FTD are characterized by pathological inclusions, where some well-known SG markers localize with the ALS related proteins TDP-43 and FUS. | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder consisting
of progressive loss of motor neurons. TDP-43 has been identified as a component
of ubiquitin-immunoreactive inclusions of motor neurons in ALS. We focused on
the diffuse cytoplasmic TDP-43 immunoreactivity in ALS neurons, and
quantitativ... |
Is there evidence for de novo genesis of enhancers in vertebrates? | Yes. | Evolutionary innovation relies partially on changes in gene regulation. While a
growing body of evidence demonstrates that such innovation is generated by
functional changes or translocation of regulatory elements via mobile genetic
elements, the de novo generation of enhancers from non-regulatory/non-mobile
sequen... |
Which could be some of the possible causes of hypersomnia? | Sleep-wake disturbances (SWD) with hypersomnia are common after traumatic brain injury (TBI), with decreased CSF levels of hypocretin-1, a wake-promoting neurotransmitter, in cases of sleep apnea, as well as in up to half the patients with dementia, particularly in vascular dementia, Korsakow syndrome, Parkinson's dise... | A clinically relevant sleep-wake disturbance is found in up to half the patients
with dementia, and the sundowning agitation is a common cause of
institutionalisation of demented geriatric patients. The circadian rhythm of
demented patients is levelled off with increased daytime sleep and disrupted
night sleep. Par... |
What is the function of caspases? | Caspases are intracellular proteases that propagate programmed cell death, proliferation, and inflammation. | The effect of expressing human huntingtin fragments containing polyglutamine
(polyQ) tracts of varying lengths was assessed in Caenorhabditis elegans ASH
sensory neurons in young and old animals. Expression of a huntingtin fragment
containing a polyQ tract of 150 residues (Htn-Q150) led to progressive ASH
neurodege... |
Is TNNI3K a cardiac-specific protein? | Yes, TNNI3K is highly expressed in heart but is undetectable in other tissues. | Cardiac-restricted genes play important roles in cardiovascular system. In an
effort to identify such novel genes we identified a novel cardiac-specific
kinase gene TNNI3K localized on 1p31.1 based on bioinformatics analyses.
Sequence analysis suggested that TNNI3K is a distant family member of
integrin-linked kina... |
How does Rif1 regulate DNA replication? | Rif1 (Rap1-interacting-factor-1), originally identified as a telomere-binding factor in yeast, is a critical determinant of the replication timing programme in human cells. Rif1 tightly binds to nuclear-insoluble structures at late-M-to-early-G1 and regulates chromatin-loop sizes. Furthermore, Rif1 colocalizes specific... | We report on the function of the human ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rif1
(Rap1-interacting factor 1). Yeast Rif1 associates with telomeres and regulates
their length. In contrast, human Rif1 did not accumulate at functional
telomeres, but localized to dysfunctional telomeres and to telomeric DNA
clusters in... |
Is factor XI deficient in Hemophilia C? | Factor XI deficiency is associated with a bleeding tendency called Hemophilia C. | A 39-year-old male developed severely prolonged bleeding after periodontal
surgery because of a previously undetected clotting Factor XI deficiency
(Hemophilia C). Diagnosis and treatment of this bleeding disorder are discussed. The authors report a rare case of an acute cerebral aneurysm rupture in a
patient with a... |
What is known about food intolerance and gluten ? | Celiac disease, with a prevalence around 1% of the general population, is the most common genetically-induced food intolerance in the world. Triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals.
Emerging research into a syndrome known as nonceliac gluten sensitivity suggests a heterogeneous condi... | Coeliac disease is a lifelong intolerance to the gluten found in wheat, barley
and rye, and some patients are also sensitive to oats. The disease is
genetically determined, with 10% of the first-degree relatives affected and 75%
of monozygotic twins being concordant. Of the patients with coeliac disease 95%
are hum... |
Are EDNRB mutations involved in the development of Hirschsprung disease? | Although mutations in eight different genes (EDNRB, EDN3, ECE1, SOX10, RET, GDNF, NTN, SIP1) have been identified in affected individuals, it is now clear that RET and EDNRB are the primary genes implicated in the etiology of HSCR. Mutations in genes of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase and endothelin receptor B (EDNRB)... | Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, aganglionic megacolon) is a frequent congenital
malformation regarded as a multigenic neurocristopathy. Two susceptibility genes
have been recently identified in HSCR, namely the RET proto-oncogene and the
endothelin B receptor (EDNRB) gene. Hitherto however, homozygosity for EDNRB
mutat... |
What is known about the effectiveness of electronic food diaries ? | Electronic dietary records were better than food diaries in terms of fat percentage reduction in our trials, indicating that teledietetics increases healthy-eating awareness. | BACKGROUND: Increasing healthcare costs related to lifestyle-related chronic
diseases require new solutions. Research on self-management tools is expanding
and many new tools are emerging. Recording food intake is a key functionality in
many of these tools. Nutrition monitoring is a relevant method to gain an
overv... |
Can the apoptosis regulator BAX trigger the release of cytochrome c? | Yes, altered Bax conformation trigger its redistribution from the cytosol to mitochondria. Subsequently, cytochrome c is released from mitochondria to cytosol. | Encephalitis induced by reovirus serotype 3 (T3) strains results from the
apoptotic death of infected neurons. Extrinsic apoptotic signaling is activated
in reovirus-infected neurons in vitro and in vivo, but the role of intrinsic
apoptosis signaling during encephalitis is largely unknown. Bax plays a key role
in i... |
Which biological process in known as Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein Degradation (ERAD)? | Endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) is the quality control system in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells which ensures that newly synthesized proteins that fail to fold into the correct conformation or unassembled orphan subunits of oligomeric proteins are rapidly eliminated by proteol... | Until recently, the degradation of aberrant and unassembled proteins retained in
the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was thought to involve unidentified ER-localized
proteases. We now show that the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) of two mutant
proteins that accumulate in the ER lumen is inhibited in a proteasome-defecti... |
List BRAF inhibitors that have been tested in clinical trials for treatment of melanoma patients | Vemurafenib and dabrafenib are BRAF inhibitors that have been tested in clinical trials for treatment of melanoma patients. | The discovery of activating BRAF V600E mutations in 50% of all melanoma patients
and the development of small molecule BRAF inhibitors looks set to revolutionize
the therapy of disseminated melanoma. However, in the recent clinical trial of
the BRAF inhibitor, vemurafenib (PLX4032), a significant percentage of BRAF ... |
which are the risk factors for sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? | The following risk factors for sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have been identified: 1) previous cardiac arrest; 2) sustained ventricular tachycardia; 3) family history of sudden cardiac death; 4) high-risk genetic mutations; 5) unexplained syncope; 6) non-sustained ventricular tachyca... | Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are at increased risk for sudden
death. Recent studies have improved our ability to risk-stratify such patients
and have elucidated several potential mechanisms of sudden death and syncope.
Certain noninvasive tests, such as signal-averaged electrocardiography and
measureme... |
What is known about the economic cost of urinary incontinence? | The estimated total economic cost in treating overactive bladder was 117 billion Korean Won (KRW, the currency of South Koea) in 2006 and 145 billion KRW in 2007. The estimated total cost in treating stress urinary incontinence was 122 billion KRW in 2006 and 59 billion KRW in 2007.
The estimated total economic cost of... | Urinary incontinence imposes a significant ficial burden on individuals,
their families, and healthcare organizations. For individuals 65 years of age
and older these costs are substantial, increasing from $8.2 billion (1984
dollars) to $16.4 billion (1993 dollars). Both of these cost-of-illness
estimates, however,... |
Which are the coactivators of the Yes-associated protein (yap)? | The Yap protein forms complex with Tead (TEA domain) transcription factors. | The T-box transcription factor TBX5 plays essential roles in cardiac and limb
development. Various mutations in the TBX5 gene have been identified in patients
with Holt-Oram syndrome, which is characterized by congenital defects in the
heart and upper extremities. In this study, we identified a WW-domain-containing ... |
How many genes outside of the MHC locus have been genetically associated to Rheumatoid Arthritis through GWAS? | Large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 30 loci involved in RA pathogenesis. To date, over 30 non-MHC RA-associated loci have been identified in humans, and over 100 arthritis-associated loci have been identified in rodent models of RA. The most relevant non-HLA gene single nucleotide pol... | A major goal of current human genome-wide studies is to identify the genetic
basis of complex disorders. However, the availability of an unbiased, reliable,
cost efficient and comprehensive methodology to analyze the entire genome for
complex disease association is still largely lacking or problematic. Therefore,
w... |
Are optogenetics tools used in the study and treatment of epilepsy? | Using optogenetics tools it is possible to begin to address some of the fundamental unanswered questions in epilepsy, to dissect epileptic neuronal circuits and to develop new intervention strategies. | The optogenetic approach to gain control over neuronal excitability both in
vitro and in vivo has emerged as a fascinating scientific tool to explore
neuronal networks, but it also opens possibilities for developing novel
treatment strategies for neurologic conditions. We have explored whether such an
optogenetic a... |
In which phase of cell cycle does stress-induced transcription-associated mutagenesis (TAM) occur? | Factors involved in RNA polymerase (RNAP) processivity or transcriptional derepression, such as Mfd (transcription coupling repair factor), contribute to the generation of stress-induced mutations. Under stress, transcription-associated mutagenesis is increased. Stress-induced transcription-associated mutations are acq... | Previously, using a chromosomal reversion assay system, we established that an
adaptive mutagenic process occurs in nongrowing Bacillus subtilis cells under
stress, and we demonstrated that multiple mechanisms are involved in generating
these mutations (41, 43). In an attempt to delineate how these mutations are
ge... |
Which proteins are related to the loss of cell-cell adhesion during EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition)? | Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms mediated by several inducers of EMT, in particular the ZEB and Snail factors, downregulate the expression and/or functional organization of core polarity complexes. Functional loss of the cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin is an essential event for epit... | We have previously demonstrated that, following acquisition of endocrine
resistance, breast cancer cells display an altered growth rate together with
increased aggressive behaviour in vitro. Since dysfunctional cell-cell adhesive
interactions can promote an aggressive phenotype, we investigated the integrity
of thi... |
Is micro RNA 1 (miR-1) implicated in cardiac arrhythmias? | Yes. miR-1 overexpression may contribute to the increased susceptibility of the heart to AVB, which provides us novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ischemic cardiac arrhythmias. As miR-1 has been shown in animal models and clinical studies to contribute to arrhythmogenesis by regulating pacemaker ch... | AIMS: The present study was designed to investigate whether the beneficial
effects of beta-blocker propranolol are related to regulation of microRNA miR-1.
METHODS AND RESULTS: We demonstrated that propranolol reduced the incidence of
arrhythmias in a rat model of myocardial infarction by coronary artery
occlusion. ... |
Are there Conserved Noncoding Elements (CNEs) in invertebrate genomes? | Yes. | We have identified Conserved Non-coding Elements (CNEs) in the regulatory region
of Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae mab-9, a T-box gene known
to be important for cell fate specification in the developing C. elegans
hindgut. Two adjacent CNEs (a region 78 bp in length) are both necessary and
suffi... |
Which tumor suppressor is referred to as "the guardian of the genome"? | The major tumour suppressor protein, p53, is one of the most well-studied proteins in cell biology. It plays a crucial role in regulating the transcription of numerous genes responsible for cells cycle arrest, DNA repair, angiogenesis, cell senescence, or apoptosis in response to various stress signals, and is consider... | The tumor suppressor p53 is a multifunctional protein whose main duty is to
preserve the integrity of the genome. This function of wild-type p53 as
"guardian of the genome" is achieved at different levels, as a cell cycle
checkpoint protein, halting the cell cycle upon DNA damage, and via a direct
involvement in pr... |
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