question stringlengths 13 215 | ground_truth stringlengths 2 3.15k | context stringlengths 0 157k |
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What is the function of HDAC proteins? | Histone deacetylases influence diverse cellular processes and may contribute to tumor development and progression by multiple mechanisms. Histone deacetylases prevent the relaxation of chromatin, and positively or negatively regulate transcription. | Accessibility of the genome to DNA-binding transcription factors is regulated by
proteins that control the acetylation of amino-terminal lysine residues on
nucleosomal histones. Specifically, histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins repress
transcription by deacetylating histones. To date, the only known regulatory
mech... |
What is the H4S47C cleavage mapping method used for? | To identify nucleosomes with alternative structures genome-wide, we used H4S47C-anchored cleavage mapping, which revealed that 5% of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) nucleosome positions have asymmetric histone-DNA interactions. To map fission yeast centromeres, we applied H4S47C-anchored cleavage mapping and n... | Nucleosomes in active chromatin are dynamic, but whether they have distinct
structural conformations is unknown. To identify nucleosomes with alternative
structures genome-wide, we used H4S47C-anchored cleavage mapping, which revealed
that 5% of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) nucleosome positions have
asy... |
Which human gene encode for DNA polymerase θ? | DNA polymerase theta (pol θ) is an evolutionarily conserved protein encoded by the POLQ gene in mammalian genomes | DNA polymerase theta (pol θ) is encoded in the genomes of many eukaryotes,
though not in fungi. Pol θ is encoded by the POLQ gene in mammalian cells. The
C-terminal third of the protein is a family A DNA polymerase with additional
insertion elements relative to prokaryotic homologs. The N-terminal third is a
helica... |
In what percentage of skeletal muscle fibers is dystrophin expression restored after PPMO- mediated exon skipping? | PPMO-mediated exon skipping restored the dystrophin expression in nearly 100% skeletal muscle fibers in all age groups. | Antisense therapy with both chemistries of phosphorodiamidate morpholino
oligomers (PMOs) and 2'-O-methyl phosphorothioate has demonstrated the
capability to induce dystrophin expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
patients in phase II-III clinical trials with benefit in muscle functions.
However, potentia... |
Which miRNA is associated with the circular RNA ciRS-7? | circular RNA-7 (ciRS-7) acts as a sponge of miR-7 and thus inhibits its activity. | Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of newly-identified non-coding RNA
molecules. CircRNAs are conserved across different species and display specific
organization, sequence, and expression in disease. Moreover, circRNAs' closed
ring structure, insensitivity to RNase, and stability are advantages over linear
RNAs ... |
Which are the two main bacterial phyla in human gut? | Out of thousands of bacterial species-level phylotypes inhabiting the human gut, the majority belong to two dominant phyla, the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes | |
What are 7 symptoms of yellow fever? | Yellow fever is considered to be a hemorrhagic fever and illness is characterized by fever, headache, myalgia, gastrointestinal symptoms, hepatic and renal dysfunction, multi-organ failure, shock and coagulopathy. | Yellow fever (YF) is an acute viral communicable disease transmitted by an
arbovirus of the Flavivirus genus. It is primarily a zoonotic disease,
especially the monkeys. Worldwide, an estimated 200,000 cases of yellow fever
occurred each year, and the case-fatality rate is ~15%. Forty-five endemic
countries in Afri... |
Which test is used for the definition of colour-blindness? | Color-blindness problems are detected by the Ishihara Test. | The incidence of red-green colour vision defects was studied in a sample of 392
Basque students (174 males and 218 females), using the Ishihara test cards
(1987). The frequency of red-green colour blindness was 4.02 percent in the
males and 0.46 percent in the females. The colour blindness frequencies found
among m... |
Of what origin is the MCF-7 cell line? | MCF7 is an ER+ breast cancer cell line. | Exosomes from cancer cells are rich sources of biomarkers and may contain
elevated levels of lipids of diagnostic value. 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is
associated with proliferation and metastasis in estrogen receptor positive (ER+)
breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the levels of 27-OHC, and other
si... |
Is lumican a secreted protein? | Yes, Lumican is a secreted proteoglycan that regulates collagen fibril assembly. | Melanoma is a frequent and therapy-resistant human disease. Maligt
melanocytes modulate their microenvironment in order to penetrate the
dermal/epidermal junction and eventually invade the dermis. The small
leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) constitute important constituents of the
dermis extracellular matrix (ECM)... |
Cytochrome p450 CYP3A is induced by rifampicin and compounds used to treat what virus? | Etravirine is an effective and well-tolerated recently approved non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) for HIV type-1-infected patients with previous antiretroviral treatment experience. Etravirine is a weak inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A | Drug-drug interactions are a major practical concern for physicians treating
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because of the many medications that
HIV-positive patients must take. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions can occur at
different levels (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and are
difficult to... |
Which human chromosome is the product of fusion? | The evolution of African great ape subtelomeric heterochromatin and the fusion of human chromosome 2. We propose a model where an ancestral human-chimpanzee pericentric inversion and the ancestral chromosome 2 fusion both predisposed and protected the chimpanzee and human genomes, respectively, to the formation of subt... | We have identified two allelic genomic cosmids from human chromosome 2, c8.1 and
c29B, each containing two inverted arrays of the vertebrate telomeric repeat in
a head-to-head arrangement, 5'(TTAGGG)n-(CCCTAA)m3'. Sequences flanking this
telomeric repeat are characteristic of present-day human pretelomeres. BAL-31
... |
Where is the EpCam protein mainly located? | Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein | Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) (CD326) is a surface glycoprotein
expressed by invasive carcinomas and some epithelia. Herein, we report that
EpCAM regulates the composition and function of tight junctions (TJ). EpCAM
accumulated on the lateral interfaces of human colon carcinoma and normal
intestinal epi... |
What is the drug target for Eliquis (Apixaban)? | The new oral anticoagulants (NOAC) Apixaban (Eliquis) is a direct anti-Xa inhibitors | Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke
occurrence, severity, recurrence, and mortality. Anticoagulation therapy for the
prevention of thromboembolism is critical in patients with AF who are at risk of
stroke. Warfarin has been an efficacious anticoagulant for this purpose, but its... |
What in vivo tau tracers are being used? | in-vivo tau PET imaging ligands include [(18)F]THK523, [(18)F]THK5117, [(18)F]THK5105 and [(18)F]THK5351, [(18)F]AV1451(T807) [(11)C]PBB3, (18)F-THK5117, [(18)F]T808, 18F-RO6958948. | Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia among older people.
Misfolding and aggregation of proteins (amyloid-β and tau) in the brain is the
primary cause of neurodegeneration in the disease. Non-invasive detection of
amyloid-β deposition can be realized using positron emission tomography probes,
but ... |
What is the Formalin test used for? | And persistent pain produced by peripheral tissue injury and inflammation was modeled by formalin test. | Subcutaneous injection of dilute formalin induces pain in humans and behaviors
indicative of pain in animals. The formalin test, which is based on these
observations, is now widely used as a model of pain produced by tissue injury,
but the neural mechanisms of pain and analgesia in this test have not been
identifie... |
What drug treatment can cause a spinal epidural hematoma? | Spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) is a rare disease that causes cord compression and neurologic deficit. Spontaneous SEH is related to minor trauma, bleeding disorders, and anticoagulant medications. | The authors report a case of acute spinal epidural hematoma occurring in a
patient receiving antiplatelet drugs. A 76-year-old man with a history of
cerebral infarction had been taking antiplatelet agents for one year. He
suddenly developed severe back pain which woke him from sleep, and numbness of
his lower extre... |
List diseases caused by protein glutamine expanded repeats | Huntington's Disease,
dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy | The genetic defect in dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is expansion
of the CAG repeat. The mutant gene is translated into the protein which carries
the expanded glutamine repeat. Immunoblots of human brain tissues with and
without reduction show that the DRPLA protein is a disulfide-bond complex and
tha... |
What is the nucleotide composition of the Lamin Associated Domains (LADs)? | Instead, cLADs are universally characterized by long stretches of DNA of high A/T content. This suggests that the A/T rule represents a default positioning mechanism that is locally overruled during lineage commitment. | In metazoans, the nuclear lamina is thought to play an important role in the
spatial organization of interphase chromosomes, by providing anchoring sites for
large genomic segments named lamina-associated domains (LADs). Some of these
LADs are cell-type specific, while many others appear constitutively associated
w... |
What is the clathrin triskelia structure? | The clathrin triskelion, which is a three-legged pinwheel-shaped heteropolymer, is a major component in the protein coats of certain post-Golgi and endocytic vesicles. | A principal component in the protein coats of certain post-golgi and endocytic
vesicles is clathrin, which appears as a three-legged heteropolymer (known as a
triskelion) that assembles into polyhedral cages principally made up of
pentagonal and hexagonal faces. In vitro, this assembly depends upon the pH,
with cag... |
What is myelin? | Myelin is a specialized structure of the nervous system that covers the neuron and both enhances electrical conductance and insulates neurons from external risk factors. | The myelin sheath is a multilayered membrane in the nervous system, which has
unique biochemical properties. Myelin carries a set of specific high-abundance
proteins, the structure and function of which are still poorly understood. The
proteins of the myelin sheath are involved in a number of neurological diseases, ... |
Is Brucella abortus the organism that causes brucillosis known to cause spontaneous abortions in humans? | Human brucellosis symptoms and clinical signs most commonly reported are fever, fatigue, malaise, chills, sweats headaches, myalgia, arthralgia, and weight loss. Some cases have been presented with only joint pain, lower backache, and involuntary limb movement, burning feet, or ischemic heart attacks. | The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, laboratory findings and
therapeutic features of patients with brucellosis. The diagnosis was made by
clinical findings, automated blood culture, serology (Rose Bengal plate
agglutination test, standard tube agglutination (Wright) and
immunofluorerescence). The sus... |
What percentage of Homo sapiens DNA is of Neanderthal origin? | We find that the power to reject ancient admixture might be particularly low if the population size of Homo sapiens was comparable to the Neanderthal population size. Our results indicate that 3.6% of the Neanderthal genome is shared with roughly 65.4% of the average European gene pool, which clinally diminishes with d... | There is an ongoing debate in the field of human evolution about the possible
contribution of Neanderthals to the modern human gene pool. To study how the
Neanderthal private alleles may have spread over the genes of Homo sapiens, we
propose a deterministic model based on recursive equations and ordinary
differenti... |
What is Dupuytren's contracture? | Dupuytren's contracture is a progressive hand condition that affects how much you can move or straighten your fingers. It is a benign fibroproliferative disease leads to hyperplasia of the collagen fibers of the fascia of the palm, which can result in severe impairment of the functionality of the hand. | BACKGROUND: Dupuytren's disease as a benign fibroproliferative disease leads to
hyperplasia of the collagen fibers of the fascia of the palm, which can result
in severe impairment of the functionality of the hand.
OBJECTIVES: Examination of the significance of non-operative treatment of
Dupuytren's disease with inje... |
What phenotype is associated with the V60L mutation in the human MC1R gene? | The characterization of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) expressed on human melanocytes and the findings that certain mutations in the POMC gene or the MC1R gene result in red hair phenotype underscore the significance of melanocortins and MC1R in regulating human pigmentation. We describe a minisequencing protocol f... | Variants of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene are common in individuals
with red hair and fair skin, but the relative contribution to these pigmentary
traits in heterozygotes, homozygotes and compound heterozygotes for variants at
this locus from the multiple alleles present in Caucasian populations is
unclea... |
List proteins with HEAT repeats | mTOR,
TOG5,
DNA-PKcs,
HEATR1,
Rif1,
B56γ,
PR65/A,
SF3b155,
Pds5B | Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) enzyme consists of a heterodimeric core (AC core)
comprising a scaffolding subunit (A), a catalytic subunit (C), and a variable
regulatory subunit (B). Earlier studies suggest that upon DNA damage, a specific
B subunit, B56γ, bridges the PP2A AC core to p53, leading to dephosphorylation... |
What is the aim of perfoming a "cycloheximide chase assay"? | Comparison of protein stability in eukaryotic cells has been achieved by cycloheximide, which is an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis due to its prevention in translational elongation. It is broadly used in cell biology in terms of determining the half-life of a given protein and has gained much popularity in cancer re... | Krüppel-like factor 8 (KLF8) regulates critical gene transcription and cellular
events associated with cancer. However, KLF8-interacting proteins remain largely
unidentified. Using co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), mass spectrometry, and GST
pulldown assays, we identified poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) as a no... |
What is an exosome? | Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that have important roles in intercellular communication. They contain and carry bioactive molecules within their membranes which are delivered to target cells. | Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells and the only
ones capable of inducing primary cytotoxic immune responses. We found that DCs
secrete a population of membrane vesicles, called exosomes. Exosomes are 60-80
nm vesicles of endocytic origin. The protein composition of exosomes was
subje... |
Are human enhancers or promoters evolving faster? | Our data further reveal that recently evolved enhancers can be associated with genes under positive selection, demonstrating the power of this approach for annotating regulatory adaptations in genomic sequences. We report that rapid evolution of enhancers is a universal feature of mammalian genomes. | The sequences of some gene regulatory elements diverge considerably, even
between closely related species. A detailed analysis of the fast-evolving
sparkling enhancer in Drosophila now identifies key compensatory mechanisms and
'grammar' elements that are critical for maintaining functional integrity. Author infor... |
What are the 3 antidotes for anticoagulant (anti-blood clotting) drugs, including factor Xa inhibitors, as of November 2017. | two potential reversal agents for oral direct factor Xa inhibitors (andexanet alfa and ciraparantag) are at various stages of clinical development. Idarucizumab, a reversal agent for the oral direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran, was approved by FDA in October 2015. | Bleeding is the most common complication of all anticoagulants. Any bleeding
patient on an anticoagulant should be risk-stratified based on hemodynamic
instability, source of bleeding, and degree of blood loss. Although minor bleed
may be managed with discontinuation of anticoagulant, major bleed may require
transf... |
Which genes are associated with Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex? | In one family studied, inheritance of EBS is linked to the gene encoding keratin 14 | Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is an autosomal domit disorder
characterised by intraepidermal blistering of the skin. Two families with
Weber-Cockayne EBS have been analysed for linkage to keratin gene loci. In the
first family, linkage was found to chromosome 17 markers flanking the keratin 14
gene (D17S74: Z... |
What biologic process in the body is associated with Mast cells? | Mast cells (MCs) are innate immune cells that are a major source of costimulatory signals and inflammatory mediators in the intestinal mucosa. | The mast cell is the cellular basis for immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
The specificity of the immediate hypersensitivity reaction is attributable to
IgE molecules fixed to specific membrane receptors which, when stimulated by
specific antigen, initiates the process of degranulation of the mast cell. The
gran... |
What are the 3 types of ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation? | Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, an ubiquitous environmental carcinogen, is classified depending on the wavelength, into three regions; short-wave UVC (200-280 nm), mid-wave UVB (280-320 nm), and long-wave UVA (320- 400 nm) | BACKGROUND: There are considerable data to suggest that protection from solar
ultraviolet (UV) radiation will reduce the risk of acute and chronic skin damage
in humans. Whereas the sun protection factor (SPF) provides an index of
protection against erythemally effective solar UV, largely confined to the UVB
(290-3... |
Please list 10 conditions which play a role in causing atrial fibrillation. | Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Multiple conditions like hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, sleep apnoea, hyperthyroidism and obesity play a role for the initiation and perpetuation of AF. Other possible causes are alcohol ... | Heavy alcohol use has been suspected to cause acute atrial fibrillation, but an
association between these two common problems has never been demonstrated. We
retrospectively reviewed 64 cases with idiopathic acute atrial fibrillation and
64 age- and sex-matched controls, randomly selected from among general medical ... |
Is p53 a transcription factor? | Yes, p53 is a sequence-specific transcription factor. | Tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in tumor suppression. As a
transcription factor, p53 mainly exerts its tumor suppressive function through
transcriptional regulation of many target genes. To maintain the proper function
of p53, p53 protein level and activity are exquisitely controlled by a group of
positiv... |
Is Cystatin D a biomarker? | Cystatin D (CST5): An ultra-early inflammatory biomarker of traumatic brain injury | |
What causes leishmaniasis? | Leishmania spp. is a group of very successful protozoan parasites that cause a range of diseases from self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis to visceral leishmaniasis. | Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection caused by many species of the protozoa
Leishmania. It occurs in endemic foci scattered throughout Asia, Africa, the
Americas, and the Mediterranean countries. The disease is complex and may
simulate many skin and systemic diseases. With awareness and suspicion, however,
leishm... |
Please list 7 classes of drugs that interact with Warfarin. | The number of drugs reported to interact with warfarin continues to expand. There are reports of interactions with azole antibiotics, macrolides, quinolones, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, omeprazole, lipid-lowering agents,... | Drugs may interact with warfarin through pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic
mechanisms. Examples of the former include alteration of the bioavailability of
vitamin K by antibiotics, mineral oils or cholestyramine; oestrogens, diuretics
and hypolipidaemic agents such as clofibrate may influence vitamin K-dependent
c... |
What part of the body is affected by mesotheliomia? | Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that develops from the thin layer of tissue that covers many of the internal organs (known as the mesothelium). The most common area affected is the lining of the lungs and chest wall. | Maligt pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive maligt disease
affecting the mesothelium, commonly associated to asbestos exposure. Therapeutic
actions are limited due to the late stage at which most patients are diagnosed
and the intrinsic chemo-resistance of the tumor. The recommended systemic
therapy ... |
What is BORSA? | Borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is also known as (BORSA) | Eighty-eight Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates meeting criteria for
borderline oxacillin resistance (intermediate susceptibility or resistance to
oxacillin but susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid upon disk diffusion
testing) were studied to determine optimal test techniques and conditions for
differ... |
Which gene is responsible for proper speech development? | Transcription factor forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) plays an essential role in the development of language and speech. | Disruption of FOXP2, a gene encoding a forkhead-domain transcription factor,
causes a severe developmental disorder of verbal communication, involving
profound articulation deficits, accompanied by linguistic and grammatical
impairments. Investigation of the neural basis of this disorder has been limited
previously... |
What is PNPPP? | personally normalized plasma protein profiles (PNPPP) | OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of genetic and lifestyle factors on protein
biomarkers and develop personally normalized plasma protein profiles (PNPPP)
controlling for non-disease-related variance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Proximity extension assays were used to measure 145
proteins in 632 controls and 344 cases with ... |
What is Mendelian randomization? | Instrumental variable analysis is an approach for obtaining causal inferences on the effect of an exposure (risk factor) on an outcome from observational data. It has gained in popularity over the past decade with the use of genetic variants as instrumental variables, known as Mendelian randomization. | Instrumental variable analysis is an approach for obtaining causal inferences on
the effect of an exposure (risk factor) on an outcome from observational data.
It has gained in popularity over the past decade with the use of genetic
variants as instrumental variables, known as Mendelian randomization. An
instrument... |
What does the pembrolizumab companion diagnostic test assess? | Administration of pembrolizumab requires a companion diagnostic test, to assess PD-L1 status of patients. | |
What is the combined effect of Nfat and miR-25? | Increased calcineurin/Nfat signalling and decreased miR-25 expression integrate to re-express the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor dHAND (also known as Hand2) in the diseased human and mouse myocardium. | Although aberrant reactivation of embryonic gene programs is intricately linked
to pathological heart disease, the transcription factors driving these gene
programs remain ill-defined. Here we report that increased calcineurin/Nfat
signalling and decreased miR-25 expression integrate to re-express the basic
helix-l... |
In what states are GDF15 expression increased? | Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is expressed and secreted in response to inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, telomere erosion, and oncogene activation. | BACKGROUND: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is expressed and secreted
in response to inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, telomere erosion, and
oncogene activation. Cardiovascular (CV) disease is a major driver of GDF-15
production. GDF-15 has favorable preanalytic characteristics and can be measured
... |
Which genomic positions are preferentially selected for transposon insertion? | Preferential integration occurs in non-coding DNA and heterochromatin. A preference for structural features in the target DNA associated with DNA flexibility (Twist, Tilt, Rise, Roll, Shift, and Slide) was also observed. | A follow-up over 83 generations has been carried out, by the Southern blotting
technique, of a Drosophila stock which is unstable in the location of Bari 1
elements. The persistent intrastock polymorphism detected is largely amenable to
insertion/excision equilibria at 36 genomic sites that form a gradient in
occup... |
Which Lisp framework has been developed for image processing? | FunImageJ is a Lisp framework for scientific image processing built upon the ImageJ software ecosystem. The framework provides a natural functional-style for programming, while accounting for the performance requirements necessary in big data processing commonly encountered in biological image analysis. | SUMMARY: FunImageJ is a Lisp framework for scientific image processing built
upon the ImageJ software ecosystem. The framework provides a natural
functional-style for programming, while accounting for the performance
requirements necessary in big data processing commonly encountered in biological
image analysis.
AV... |
Which gene controls the consistency of cerumen (ear wax)? | A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in ABCC11 affects the cerumen VOC profiles of individuals from African, Caucasian, and Asian descent Our findings also reveal that ABCC11 genotype alone does not predict the type and relative levels of volatiles found in human cerumen, and suggest that other biochemical pathways m... | We report here the initial examination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
emanating from human earwax (cerumen). Recent studies link a single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP) in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette,
sub-family C, member 11 gene (ABCC11) to the production of different types of
axillary o... |
What is the origin of human breast milk bacteria? | It is believed that certain bacteria from the maternal gastrointestinal tract could translocate through a mechanism involving mononuclear immune cells, migrate to the mammary glands via an endogenous cellular route (the bacterial entero-mammary pathway), and subsequently colonize the gastrointestinal tract of the breas... | |
Which species is the carrier of the SFTS ( severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome) virus? | The possibility that SFTSV transmission may occur by both the transstadial and transovarial routes was suggested by the fact that viral RNA was detected in Haemaphysalis longicornis at all developmental stages. Tick-derived sequences shared over 95.6% identity with human- and animal-derived isolates. This study provide... | BACKGROUND: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a newly
identified viral zoonosis caused by a phlebovirus. Most reported SFTS cases are
farmers living in rural areas. The seroprevalence of SFTS virus in farmers has
not been investigated. The current knowledge of SFTS virus seroprevalence in
animal... |
List four features of the WHIM syndrome. | The Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, Myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is an immunodeficiency caused by mutations in chemokine receptor CXCR4. | PURPOSE OF REVIEW: WHIM syndrome (the association of warts,
hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent bacterial infections, and 'myelokathexis') is a
rare congenital form of neutropenia associated with an unusual immune disorder
involving hypogammaglonulinemia and abnormal susceptibility to warts. In this
review, we describ... |
Which algorithm has been developed for the automatic extraction of co-expressed gene clusters from gene expression data? | Clust is a method for automatic extraction of optimal co-expressed gene clusters from gene expression data. Clust is available at https://github.com/BaselAbujamous/clust. | Identifying co-expressed gene clusters can provide evidence for genetic or
physical interactions. Thus, co-expression clustering is a routine step in
large-scale analyses of gene expression data. We show that commonly used
clustering methods produce results that substantially disagree and that do not
match the biol... |
Which bacteria are enriched in the gut microbiome of infants following exposure to fury pets? | Pre- and postnatal pet exposure enriched the abundance of Oscillospira and/or Ruminococcus in infants. | BACKGROUND: Early-life exposure to household pets has the capacity to reduce
risk for overweight and allergic disease, especially following caesarean
delivery. Since there is some evidence that pets also alter the gut microbial
composition of infants, changes to the gut microbiome are putative pathways by
which pet... |
List the main PPI databases. | PPIM,
HPRD,
STRING,
DAPID,
MIPS,
INTERACT,
BioGRID | MOTIVATION: Protein-protein interactions provide vital information concerning
the function of proteins, complexes and networks. Currently there is no widely
accepted repository of this interaction information. Our aim is to provide a
single database with the necessary architecture to fully store, query and
analyse ... |
Is Baloxavir effective for influenza? | Yes. Baloxavir is approved for influenza A or B virus infections. | Baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza™; baloxavir) is an oral cap-dependent endonuclease
inhibitor that has been developed by Roche and Shionogi. The drug blocks
influenza virus proliferation by inhibiting the initiation of mRNA synthesis. In
February 2018, baloxavir received its first global approval in Japan for the
treatm... |
Which member of the human mycobiota is associated to atherosclerosis? | Mucor racemosus is negatively associated with carotid atherosclerosis | The mycobiotic component of the microbiota comprises an integral, yet
under-researched, part of the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we present a
preliminary study of the possible contribution of gut mycobiota to sub-clinical
atherosclerosis in a well-characterised group of obese and non-obese subjects in
association ... |
List intramembrane rhomboid peptidases | PARL
Pcp1
hiGlpG
ecGlpG
YqgP | Rhomboids are intramembrane serine peptidases conserved in all kingdoms of life.
Their general role is to cleave integral membrane proteins to release signalling
molecules. These signals, when disrupted, can contribute to various diseases.
Crystal structures of H. influenzae (hiGlpG) and E. coli GlpG (ecGlpG) rhombo... |
Where is the protein Bouncer located? | Bouncer is membrane bound. | BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spontaneous animal mutants affected by abnormal
formation of myelin in the central nervous system (CNS) are useful in studies on
myelinogenesis and remyelination leading to better understanding of cellular and
molecular interactions involved in myelin repair. A novel rat mutant, Bouncer
Long... |
How many genes in S. cerevisiae are the result of an ancient whole genome duplication? | The two genomes subsequently converged onto similar current sizes (5,600 protein-coding genes each) and independently retained sets of duplicated genes that are strikingly similar. Almost half of their surviving single-copy genes are not orthologs but paralogs formed by WGD, as would be expected if most gene pairs were... | Whole-genome duplication followed by massive gene loss and specialization has
long been postulated as a powerful mechanism of evolutionary innovation.
Recently, it has become possible to test this notion by searching complete
genome sequence for signs of ancient duplication. Here, we show that the yeast
Saccharomyc... |
Which intoxication is associated with Burton's line? | Burton's line is characteristic for lead poisoning. | Lead poisoning in both its acute and chronic forms has been recognised since the
second century BCE. Lead colic, anaemia, renal tubulopathies and motor
neuropathies are well recognised. This paper sketches the early history and
remembers the important contribution of Henry Burton, who described the gums to
be borde... |
Which tool has been developed for coverage calculation for genomes? | Mosdepth is a command-line tool for rapidly calculating genome-wide sequencing coverage. It measures depth from BAM or CRAM files at either each nucleotide position in a genome or for sets of genomic regions. Genomic regions may be specified as either a BED file to evaluate coverage across capture regions, or as a fixe... | |
Which type of sarcoma has been associated with members of the oral microbiome? | Alterations in the oral microbiota in the immunosuppressed population may be associated with diseases such as Kaposi's sarcoma. | The oral microbial community (microbiota) plays a critical role in human health
and disease. Alterations in the oral microbiota may be associated with disorders
such as gingivitis, periodontitis, childhood caries, alveolar osteitis, oral
candidiasis and endodontic infections. In the immunosuppressed population, the ... |
Which complex is bound by estrogen-related receptor β (Esrrb)? | Co-motif discovery identifies an Esrrb-Sox2-DNA ternary complex as a mediator of transcriptional differences between mouse embryonic and epiblast stem cells. | Self-renewal capacity and pluripotency, which are controlled by the
Oct3/4-centered transcriptional regulatory network, are major characteristics of
embryonic stem (ES) cells. Nuclear hormone receptor Dax1 is one of the crucial
factors in the network. Here, we identified an orphan nuclear receptor, Esrrb
(estrogen-... |
Which approach was used to diagnose a patient with Cutis Verticis Gyrata-Intellectual Disability (CVG-ID) syndrome? | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | |
Cemiplimab is used for treatment of which cancer? | Cemiplimab is a PD-1 inhibitor that is approved for treatment of metastatic or locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. | 1. Cemiplimab (LIBTAYO®; cemiplimab-rwlc), a human programmed death receptor-1
(PD-1) monoclonal antibody that binds to PD-1 and blocks its interaction with
programmed death ligands 1 (PD-L1) and 2 (PD-L2), is being developed by
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi Genzyme. The drug is being investigated as
a tre... |
Which cancer has the kynureninase pathway been associated to? | The kynurenine pathway has been associated with human glioma pathophysiology. | |
Which organs are mostly affected in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)? | In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), brain and kidney are the most frequently affected organs. The heart is one of the most frequently affected organs in SLE. Skin is one of the most commonly affected organs in SLE. Other affected organs in SLE-AAC included hematologic system (11, 84.6%), followed by mucocutaneous (s... | Lupus erythematosus (LE) includes a broad spectrum of diseases from a
cutaneous-limited type to a systemic type. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is
a systemic autoimmune disease which affects multiple organs. Cutaneous lupus
erythematosus (CLE) includes skin symptoms seen in SLE and cutaneous-limited LE.
Althoug... |
What is a GPI anchor? | Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring of proteins is a conserved posttranslational modification in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are lipid anchors allowing the exposure of proteins at the outer layer of the plasma membrane. | In eukaryotes, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) modification of many
glycoproteins on the cell surface is highly conserved. The lipid moieties of
GPI-anchored proteins undergo remodelling processes during their maturation. To
date, the products of the PER1, GUP1 and CWH43 genes of the yeast Saccharomyces
cere... |
In which way does DNA hydroxymethylation affect patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? | DNA hydroxymethylation contributes to the aberrant regulation of genes transcription in the pathogenesis of SLE. A combined analysis of differential DNA hydroxymethylation profile and gene expression profile in SLE CD4(+) T cells, shows 131 genes with increased 5-hmC in promoter regions and up-regulated expression in ... | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease
characterized by production of autoantibodies against a series of nuclear
antigens. Although the exact cause of SLE is still unknown, the influence of
environment, which is largely reflected by the epigenetic mechanisms, with DNA
methylation ch... |
What is the function of PAPOLA/PAP? | Poly(A)polymerase-alpha (PAPOLA) has been the most extensively investigated mammalian polyadenylating enzyme, mainly in regard to its multifaceted post-translational regulation. PolyA polymerase (PAP) adds a polyA tail onto the 3'-end of RNAs without a nucleic acid template, using adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) as a s... | Polyadenylate polymerase (PAP) catalyzes the synthesis of 3'-polyadenylate tails
onto mRNA. A comprehensive steady-state kinetic analysis of PAP was conducted
which included initial velocity studies of the forward and reverse reactions,
inhibition studies, and the use of alternative substrates. The reaction (A(n) + ... |
List 3 diseases for which saRNAs have been evaluated as a potential treatment. | saRNAs have been tested for the treatment of breast, bladder, liver cancer and more. | We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically
delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder
tumor model. The mouse model is established by urethral catheterization under
inhaled general anesthetic. Chemical burn is then introduced to the bladder
mucosa u... |
What is the mechanism of action of Brigatinib? | Brigatinib targets anaplastic lymphoma kinase. It is used for treatment of lung cancer (NSCLC). | In the treatment of echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4
(EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive (ALK+) non-small-cell lung cancer
(NSCLC), secondary mutations within the ALK kinase domain have emerged as a
major resistance mechanism to both first- and second-generation ALK inhibitors.
This report de... |
Which database associates human noncoding SNPs with their three-dimensional interacting genes? | 3DSNP is a database for linking human noncoding SNPs to their three-dimensional interacting genes. It a valuable resource for the annotation of human noncoding genome sequence and investigating the impact of noncoding variants on clinical phenotypes. | The vast noncoding portion of the human genome harbors a rich array of
functional elements and disease-causing regulatory variants. Recent
high-throughput chromosome conformation capture studies have outlined the
principles of these elements interacting and regulating the expression of distal
target genes through t... |
In which phase of clinical trials was sutezolid in 2018? | By 2018 sutezolid had been evaluated in phase II clinical trials. | The United Nations Millennium Development Goal of reversing the global spread of
tuberculosis by 2015 has been offset by the rampant re-emergence of
drug-resistant tuberculosis, in particular fluoroquinolone-resistant
multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. After decades
of quiescence in th... |
What is gingipain? | Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone periodontal pathogen that has been associated with autoimmune disorders. The cell surface proteases Lys-gingipain (Kgp) and Arg-gingipains (RgpA and RgpB) are major virulence factors, and their proteolytic activity is enhanced by small peptides such as glycylglycine (GlyGly). | Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative black pigmenting anaerobe that is
unable to synthesize heme [Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX] or hemin
[Fe(III)-protoporphyrin IX-Cl], which are important growth/virulence factors,
and must therefore derive them from the host. Porphyromonas gingivalis expresses
several proteinac... |
For which disease is sutezolid developed? | Sutezolid is being developed as a treatment against tuberculosis. | Tuberculosis is very much rampant in our society and accounts for a large number
of deaths annually. In spite of consistent efforts being made, the disease has
not been curtailed yet. The emergence of MDR and XDR strains in the society
along with an increase in the number of HIV cases and that of latent TB, have
fu... |
What does gepotidacin do to bacteria? | Gepotidacin inhibits bacterial DNA replication. | Gepotidacin is a first-in-class, novel triazaacenaphthylene antibiotic that
inhibits bacterial DNA replication and has in vitro activity against susceptible
and drug-resistant pathogens. Reference in vitro methods were used to
investigate the MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of
gepotidacin and co... |
What is the role of fucokinase? | FUK encodes fucokinase, the only enzyme capable of converting L-fucose to fucose-1-phosphate, which will ultimately be used for synthesizing GDP-fucose, the donor substrate for all fucosyltransferases. | |
Are there microbes in human breast milk? | Yes, human milk is a rich source of diverse bacteria. | Contrary to long-held dogma, human milk is not sterile. Instead, it provides
infants a rich source of diverse bacteria, particularly microbes belonging to
the Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas genera. Very little is known
about factors that influence variation in the milk microbiome among women and
pop... |
Is cariprazine effective for treatment of bipolar disorder? | Yes, cariprazine is effective for bipolar disorder. | Cariprazine is a dopamine D3-preferring D3/D2 receptor partial agonist in
late-stage clinical development for the treatment of bipolar disorder
(manic/mixed and depressive episodes), as well as for schizophrenia, and as an
adjunctive agent for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Three phase 2
or 3, 3-week, ... |
Is Bobble head doll syndrome associated with hydrocephalus? | Yes, Bobble head doll syndrome is associated with obstructive hydrocephalus. | The authors report an unusual case of a 2-year-old boy with a 3-month history of
episodic rightward anterolateral head tilt and large-amplitude positional
anteroposterior head bobbing reminiscent of bobble-head doll syndrome. This
child experienced a sudden onset of drop attacks and then, within several hours,
deep... |
Can breastfeeding confer protection from type I diabetes? | In the neonate and infant lactation confers protection from future type 1 diabetes. | |
Can pets affect infant microbiomed? | Yes, exposure to household furry pets influences the gut microbiota of infants. | BACKGROUND: Early-life exposure to household pets has the capacity to reduce
risk for overweight and allergic disease, especially following caesarean
delivery. Since there is some evidence that pets also alter the gut microbial
composition of infants, changes to the gut microbiome are putative pathways by
which pet... |
Is there any association between the human gut microbiome and depression? | Scientific findings are suggestive of the possibility that dysregulation of the enteric microbiota (i.e., dysbiosis) and associated bacterial translocation across the intestinal epithelium may be involved in the pathophysiology of stress-related psychiatric disorders, particularly depression. | At the intersection between neuroscience, microbiology, and psychiatry, the
enteric microbiome has potential to become a novel paradigm for studying the
psychobiological underpinnings of mental illness. Several studies provide
support for the view that the enteric microbiome influences behavior through the
microbio... |
Are whole-genome duplications more divergent than small-scale duplications in yeast? | Whole-genome duplicates tend to exhibit less profound phenotypic effects when deleted, are functionally less divergent, and are associated with a different set of functions than their small-scale duplicate counterparts. | BACKGROUND: Genes in populations are in constant flux, being gained through
duplication and occasionally retained or, more frequently, lost from the genome.
In this study we compare pairs of identifiable gene duplicates generated by
small-scale (predomitly single-gene) duplications with those created by a
large-sca... |
Do yeast LTR give rise to circular DNA? | A recent study on circular DNAs in yeast found that transposable element sequence residing in circular structures mostly corresponded to full-length transposable elements. Circular retrotransposition products are generated by a LINE retrotransposon. Yeast LTR elements generate circular DNAs through recombination events... | Non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons are highly abundant elements
that are present in chromosomes throughout the eukaryotic domain of life. The
long interspersed nuclear element (LINE-1) (L1) clade of non-LTR
retrotransposons has been particularly successful in mammals, accounting for
30-40% of human... |
Is cohesin linked to myeloid differentiation? | Yes. There has been a link found between cohesin and myeloid differentiation which may help explain the prevalence of cohesin mutations in human acute myeloid leukemia. | |
Is pembrolizumab effective against Ewing's sarcoma? | None of the 13 patients with Ewing's sarcoma receiving pembrolizumab had an objective response. | BACKGROUND: Patients with advanced sarcomas have a poor prognosis and few
treatment options that improve overall survival. Chemotherapy and targeted
therapies offer short-lived disease control. We assessed pembrolizumab, an
anti-PD-1 antibody, for safety and activity in patients with advanced
soft-tissue sarcoma or... |
Can gene therapy restore auditory function? | Yes, gene therapy can restore auditory function. | |
Is the PINES framework being used for the prediction of coding variants? | No. PINES (Phenotype-Informed Noncoding Element Scoring) predicts the functional impact of noncoding variants by integrating epigenetic annotations in a phenotype-dependent manner. PINES enables analyses to be customized towards genomic annotations from cell types of the highest relevance given the phenotype of interes... | Functional characterization of the noncoding genome is essential for biological
understanding of gene regulation and disease. Here, we introduce the
computational framework PINES (Phenotype-Informed Noncoding Element Scoring),
which predicts the functional impact of noncoding variants by integrating
epigenetic anno... |
Is erythropoietin effective for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? | No, erythropoietin is not effective for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | Author information:
(1)Neuromuscular Disease, IRCCS Foundation, "Carlo Besta" Neurological
Institute, Milan, Italy.
(2)NESMOS Department, Neuromuscular Disease Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital and
University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
(3)Neurologic Unit, Monserrato University Hospital, Cagliari, Italy.
(4)Neurologic ... |
Is celecoxib effective for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? | No. In clinical trial celecoxib did not have a beneficial effect on research subjects with ALS, and it was safe. A biological effect of celecoxib was not demonstrated in the cerebrospinal fluid. Further studies of celecoxib at a dosage of 800 mg/day in ALS were not recommended. | OBJECTIVE: To determine whether chronic treatment with celecoxib, a
cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor that has been shown to be beneficial in preclinical
testing, is safe and effective in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial was conducted. Three
hundred research s... |
What is hemolacria? | Hemolacria is a rare phenomenon of bloody tears caused by various ocular and systemic conditions, as well as psychological, pharmacologic, and idiopathic etiologies. | PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report recurrent hemolacria, or
"bloody tears," as a sign of scleral buckle (SB) infection.
METHODS: This is an interventional case series of three eyes of three patients
with hemolacria after SB placement.
RESULTS: Two men and one woman were treated for recurrent hemolacria ... |
Are ultraconserved enhancers important for normal development? | Yes, ultraconserved enhancers are required for normal development. | |
Is chlorotoxin a peptide? | Yes | Chlorotoxin (CTX), a disulfide-rich peptide from the scorpion Leiurus
quinquestriatus, has several promising biopharmaceutical properties, including
preferential affinity for certain cancer cells, high serum stability, and cell
penetration. These properties underpin its potential for use as a drug design
scaffold, ... |
Does vesatolimod inhibit TLR7? | No, vesatolimod is an agonist of toll-like receptor 7. | BACKGROUND & AIMS: Vesatolimod (GS-9620) is an oral agonist of toll-like
receptor 7, an activator of innate and adaptive immune responses. Herein the
safety and efficacy of vesatolimod is assessed after once-weekly treatment in
patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection suppressed on oral antiviral
treatment... |
Is selenocysteine an aminoacid? | Yes | Selenocysteine (Sec), a rare genetically encoded amino acid with unusual
chemical properties, is of great interest for protein engineering. Sec is
synthesized on its cognate tRNA (tRNASec) by the concerted action of several
enzymes. While all other aminoacyl-tRNAs are delivered to the ribosome by the
elongation fac... |
Is Tecovirimat effective for smallpox? | Yes, tecovirimat FDA approved for treatment of smallpox. | SIGA Technologies, Inc. is a small biotech company committed to developing novel
products for the prevention and treatment of serious viral diseases, with an
emphasis on products to combat outbreaks that could result from bioterrorism.
With government support, SIGA has developed the necessary infrastructure to
succ... |
Can simvastatin alleviate depressive symptoms? | Yes, simvastatin decreases depressive symptoms. | Statins have been shown to decrease depressive symptoms in certain groups of
patients, an effect that is mostly attributed to their anti-inflammatory and
neurotransmitter modulatory potentials. We aimed to investigate the
antidepressant effects of simvastatin as an adjuvant therapy in patients with
moderate to seve... |
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