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Ans. a. Fasudil
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The drug of choice for control and prevention of convulsion in eclampsia is magnesium sulphate ,usually given by Pritchard&;s regime.The mechanism of action thought to have a peripheral action at the neuromuscular junction,by competing with calcium for entry into the cells.It may also have central action. TEXT BOOK OF ...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Efferent
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Ans. Diethyltoluamide (DEET)
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Cystadenoma
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Conditions predisposing to ectopic pregnancy include chronic salpingitis (which may be caused by gonorrhea, but a culture would be positive only with acute infection), intrauterine tumors, and endometriosis. In about half of the cases, there is no identifiable cause. Gestational trophoblastic disease associated with a ...
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ANSWER: (B) HHV-8REF: Jawetzs microbiology 24th edition chapter 33 Table 33-2"The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, designated as human herpesvirus 8, is classified in the Rhadinovirus genus"Classification of Human Herpesviruses: Biologic PropertiesExamplesSubfamilyGrowth Cycle andCytopathologyLatent InfectionsO...
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(d) Tympanoplasty(Ref. Scott Brown, 8th ed., Vol 2; 997)Management of tubo-tympanic CSOM is tympanoplastyRadical and modified radical mastoidectomy are done for unsafe CSOM.Simple mastoidectomy or Schwartze operation is done for acute and coalescent mastoiditis.
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Visual Analog Scale: Used for Measurement of Pain 10 cms (0-100 mm) long plastic scale Used when pt is illiterate, in ICU, under anesthesia, pediatric pts.
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Vibration white finger (VWF) Episodic appearance of white-finger skin patches (Raynaud's phenomenon) in response to environmental cold. Is accompanied by secondary loss of sensation caused by vascular ischaemia. It can be pa of, but is not synonymous with Hand-arm vibration syndrome.
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In HMD surfactant is reduced and its measurement can be used for diagnosis e.g. in shake test. Constituent of surfactant are - dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), phosphatidylglycerol, apoproteins (surfactant proteins SPA, SPB, SPC, SPD) and cholesterol.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ultrasonography * Patient with severe pain in right upper quadrant associated with nausea and vomiting, exacerbation during inspiration and tenderness on palpation is suggestive of probable case of acute cholecystitis with positive murphys sign. Ultrasonography is the modality of choice for the diagno...
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Alzhiemer's Tacrine Donepezil Rivastigmine Gallantamine
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Normal WBC Count - 0-300 / ml of synovial fluid
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Autonomic nerves Visceral afferent fibers of pelvis travel with autonomic nerve fibers. Visceral afferent fibers conducting reflexive sensations (information that does not reach consciousness) travel with parasympathetic fibers to spinal sensory ganglia of S2- S4. The route taken by visceral afferent ...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Physostigmine o Atropine blocks cholinergic receptors. o So, for atropine overdose, we require a drug that increases cholinergic action, o Physostigmine increases the concentration of Ach. o Physostigmine counteracts central (because it crosses BBB) as well as peripheral symptoms of atropine toxicity ...
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ACKERMAN-PROFITT SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTIC 1 – ALIGNMENT Intra arch alignment and symmetry are assessed as when seen in the occlusal view. A dental arch is classified as ideal / crowded / spaced. CHARACTERISTIC 2 – PROFILE The profile can be convex / straight / concave. This also includes the assessment o...
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Ans. A i.e. Anterosuperior
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B i.e. Irregular and gasping The main component of respiratory control pattern generator responsible for automatic respiration are located in the medulla. After transection of brain stem at inferior border of pons spontaneous respiration continues, albeit somewhat irregular and gasping.Q Whereas, transection at mid (up...
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CLASS OF MAGISTRATE IMPRISONMENT FINE Chief Judicial Magistrate up to 7 years unlimited First Class Magistrate up to 3 years 10000 rupees Second Class Magistrate up to 1 year 5000 rupees Ref: K. s. Narayan Reddys Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 29 th edition, Page 4.
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Most common neuroendocrine tumor of MEN1 is Gastrinoma where there is over production of Gastrin. MEN1 associated gastrinomas are frequently multifocal whereas sporadic ones are single. Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1122 A gastrinoma is a tumor in the pancreas or duodenum that secretes excess of gastrin leading to ulc...
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Management by objective is one of the technique using behavioral science as basis. Other methods based on behavioral sciences. PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION INFORMATION SYSTEMS
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Neutrophilia On laboratory evaluation there will be : Mild neutrophilic leukocytosis (neutrophilia) Elevated hematocrit Elevated BUN and creatinine Normal sodium, potassium and chloride levels. Markedly reduced bicorbonate level Elevated anion gap Acidosis (Low pH)
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Metabolism of diazepam Pharmacological basis of zero order kinetics o At higher concentration, the kinetics of some drugs changes from linear (first order) to non-linear (zero-order). o This is because, metabolic or other elimination pathway become saturated, so the drug can not be eliminated at the s...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., All the above Markers for non-accidental injury* Repeated hospital visits for minor injuries* Late presentations and multiple visits to different hospitals* Vague or inconsistent history from the child's parent or guardian and the child* Withdrawn behaviour of the child with resistance to examination*...
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Ans. A. Pemphigus vulgarisa. Pemphigus vulgaris is autoimmuneb. Acantholysis, Nikolsky signc. More than 40 yrsd. Begin in mucosal surfacese. Severe skin painf. Blister formed in suprabasal layer of epidermisg. Autoantigens involved are ds3 and ds1 (if skin too)h. Systemic steroids main treatment
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Multiple drug resistance is transferred through plasmids, mostly by conjugation.
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Ans. is `c' i.e., Anti-retroviral treatment
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Most specific cardiac anamoly seen in baby born to Diabetic Mother is Transposition of Great arteries. Most common cardiac anamoly seen in baby born to Diabetic Mother is Ventricular septal defect.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Neonatal tetanus
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(A) Spring catarrh > Each papilla is polygonal with a flat fop and contains tufts of capillaries and dense fibrous tissue. The hyaline degeneration imparts bluish-white or milky colour to the papilla.# Vernal keratoconjunctivitis or spring catarrh is a recurrent, bilateral, interstitial self limiting allergic inflammat...
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. 30,000
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Most commonly infants with congenital hypothyroidism are asymptomatic at bih Few cases present with prolongation of physiological jaundice, feeding issues, hypotonia, enlarged tongue and umbilical hernia which are now diagnosed by biochemical screening. Permanent neurological damage may occur if it is left untreated. C...
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ref : BD CHAURASIA
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Classic and alternate pathways lead to the production of C3b, the central molecule of the complement cascade. The presence of C3b on the surface of a microbe marks it as foreign and targets it for destruction. C3b has two impoant functions: (1) It combines with other complement components to generate C5 convease, the e...
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Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma(ATLL): This neoplasm of CD4+ T cells is only observed in adults infected by human T-cell leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Common findings include skin lesions, generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, peripheral blood lymphocytosis, and hypercalcemia. Tumor cells with multilobated ...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Dantrolene sodium o I. V dantroline is the DOC, it acts by preventing the release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulumo Others are for supportive treatment - oxygen, cooling, and insulin & dextrose are given for hyperkalemia due to potassium release from contracted muscle.
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Ref Robbins 8/e p193; Harrison 17/e p2051 ;9/e p215 The HLA complex, which is located on the sho arm of human chromosome 6, contains sequences encoding about 100 genes, most involved in the regulation of the immune response. HLA genes are classically grouped into three major classes.
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This woman was exposed to a traumatic event following which she is getting flashbacks about the event and is having difficulty in sleeping. All of these symptoms indicates a diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder. Post traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by re experiencing a traumatic ev...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Total area of curve =1 Standard normal curveo It is also known as bell curve or Gaussian distribution.o The shape of the curve is like a bell - bell shaped curve.o The data are distributed symmetrically on either side of a central value.o Normal distribution curve looks symmetrical in the dispersion w...
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Pretacheal fasciaprevents upward extension of thyroid swelling. It goes antero-lateral to trachea and continues posteriorly around oesophagus and as pharynx as buccopharyngeal fascia. It encloses: Trachea and oesophagus Thyroid gland Ant. Neck muscles
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B i.e. Medial circulflex femoral proximal femur (head & neck) Mn "M is Main = M2" Femoral head & neckSupplied by Large, lateral paLateral epiphyseal aeries derived from retinacular branches ofmedial circumflex femoral aeryQ (Main blood supply)Smaller medial pa nearMedial epiphyseal aeries derived from posterior divisio...
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Ans. is 'd. i.e., Flooding In attentention deficit following can be used : Cognitive enhancement therapy (also called cognitive remeditation therapy) Cognitive behavioral therapy Clinical behavior therapy Direct contingency management Intensive, packaged behavioral treatment
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Otoconia are bio-crystals which couple mechanic forces to the sensory hair cells in the utricle and saccule, a process essential for us to sense linear acceleration and gravity for the purpose of maintaining bodily balance. In fish, structurally similar bio-crystals called otoliths mediate balance Ref : Internet source...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e. High titre anti-HLA antibodies in donor plasma Transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI)* It is a serious blood transusion complication characterized by the acute onset of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema following transfusion of blood products.* TRALI is defined as an acute lung injury that is temp...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e. T4-T5 Trachea extends from the lower border of cricoid cartilage opposite C6 to the upper border of TyLength of trachea - 10-11 cm*
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The labyrinthine aery (auditory aery, internal auditory aery), a long slender branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar aery (85%-100% cases) or basilar aery ( Ref: Moon D.A., Foreman K.B., Albeine K.H. (2011). Chapter 19. Ear. In D.A. Moon, K.B. Foreman, K.H. Albeine (Eds), The Big Picture: Gross Anatomy.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., DIP Joint Distal interphalangeal joint Proximal interphalangeal joint Metacarpophalangeal joint 1st Carpometacarpal joint Wrist Spared jointWrist and MTPDIP Impoant ahritis involving the joint Osteoahritis, Psoriatic ahritis, Reactive ahritis Osteoahritis, RA, SLE, Psoriatic ahritis RA, pseudogout, he...
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*Any infection causing illness that was not present or in its incubation period when the subject entered hospital or received treatment in outpatient clinic. *Infections are considered Nosocomial if they first appear 48 hours or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge. *"Nosocomial" comes from t...
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Meningococcemia Meningococcemia, like many other gram-negative blood infections, can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which is the inappropriate clotting of blood within the vessels. DIC can cause ischemic tissue damage when upstream thrombi obstruct blood flow and haemorrhage because clotting factor...
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Systolic murmur
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Mydriasis required without cycloplagia o Anticholinergic drugs (atropine) cause i) Mydriasis ii) Paralysis of ciliary muscles (cycloplegia) o Adrenergic drugs (phenylephrine) cause i) Mydriasis ii) Has no action on ciliary smooth muscles --> no cycloplegia For fundoscopy only mydriasis is required (no...
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Echinocytes commonly referred as Burr cells are red cells with morphological abnormalities.They are cell fragments having one or more spines.They are paicularly found in uraemia. Ref: Harsh Mohan textbook of pathology, 7th edition.Pg no.269,270
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Atherosclerosis is a intima based lesion composed of a fibrous cap and an atheromatous core: the constituents of the plaque include smooth muscle cells, ECMs, inflammatory cells, lipids and necrotic debris Robbins 9th edition page no 343
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Codex alimentarius Food standard These are :? a) CODEX ALIMENTARIUS: The Codex Alimentarius Commission, which is the principle organ of the joint FAO/WHO Food Standard Programme formulates food standards for international market. The food standard in India are based on the standard of the codex alimen...
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B i.e. MAO inhibitor
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Ans. B. The risk of stroke ii less than in atrial fibrillation due to rheumatic valve diseaseNon-rheumatic atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with a 5-fold risk of embolic stroke compared with a 15-fold risk for rheumatic AF. Excessive alcohol intake is a common causer other causes include hypertension, ischaemic h...
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History of antibiotic(staph/strep) - aminopenicillin (ampicillin / amoxycillin) After this, patients develop diarrhea and fever PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS - DOC - Oral Vancomycin Use of antidiarrheals (e.g.,loperamideis contraindicated in all cases ofpseudomembranous enterocolitisas this may exacerbate toxin-mediated dis...
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Ans. C: Discolouration as a result of capillo-venous distension in the dependent pas of the body Postmoem lividity/hypostasis/livor mois is a settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) poion of the body, causing a purplish red discoloration of the skin: when the hea is no longer agitating the blood, heavy red blood...
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Ans. a (Two times more common in men than women) (Ref. Harrison 18th/ p 2259)Mood disorder subtypesTypesCharacteristicsDysthymia# Depressed mood# Loss of interest or pleasure# Chronic (at least 2 years)Cyclothmia(nonspecific bipolar)# Alternating states# Chronic# Often not recognized by affected personSeasonal affectiv...
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Field of vision with a direct ophthalmoscope is about 10-15 degrees, whereas with an indirect ophthalmoscope it is 35 degrees. Characteristics of direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy: Direct ophthalmoscopy Indirect ophthalmoscopy Magnification About 15 x About 2.5 x Depth of field Small Large Field of vision 10 - 15 degr...
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C i.e. 1.5 01
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H. influenzae
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Ans. C: 24-28 weeks The method employed for screening for DM is by using 50 gm oral glucose tolerance test without regard to time of day or last meal, between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy. A plasma glucose value of 140mg percent or that of whole blood of 130 mg% at 1 hour is considered as cut off point for consideration of...
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Discussing options one by one: Option -1 - True : Causative agent of lymphatic filariasis - Wuchereria bancrofti Option- 2 - False : Intermediate host in lymphatic filariasis is Mosquito; Definitive host is MAN. Option- 3 - True : Main vector in India - Culex quinquefasciatus Option- 4 - True : Most common epidemiologi...
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Diagnosis of congenital syphilisIt involves Dark ground Microscopy and VDRL.As IgM does not cross the placenta, its presence in neonatal serum confirms congenital syphilis and helps to differentiate it from seropositivity due to passively transferred maternal antibodies. The tests to detect IgM are-FTA-ABS (19S IgM FTA...
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Ans. (d) Organ transplantationRef: Harpers Biochemistry 30th Ed; Page No- 459* Chimeric DNA is known as Recombinant DNA.* Chimeric DNA = DNA to be cloned + Vector DNAMote* Passenger DNA: DNA to be cloned is called Passenger DNA or Foreign DNA.* Procedure to Prepare Chimeric DNA:# Both foreign DNA and Vector DNA is trea...
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Ref: Parks 23rd edition Arrange the values in ascending order 1,2,3,4 Median= 2.5, that is Q2 Q1= middle of 1 and 2 , that is 1.5
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Ans. C: Pigmentation Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare inherited form of zinc deficiency, characterized by periorificial and acral dermatitis, alopecia, and diarrhea. Symptoms of Zinc Deficiency Poor Immune system Weight loss Intercurrent infections Hypogonadism in males Lack of sexual development in females Growt...
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Answer is D (Clostridium Difficle) Clostridium difficle is typically associated with Inflammatory' diarrhea and not 'secretory' diarrhea. Clostridium Difficle may rarely cause a secretory type of diarrhea, but it remains the single best answer of exclusion.
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the most potent anti-emetic used is hyoscine . the most commonly used anti-emetics are metochlopramide,ondensetron.
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Clozapine has been approved for, Patients with schizophrenia who have failed to respond adequately to typical neuroleptic drugs (treatment-resistant schizophrenia) Patients who are intolerant of typical neuroleptic drugs because of EPS or tardive dyskinesia Patients who are at high risk for suicide Ref: Meltzer H.Y., B...
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This is Casal's necklace shown in picture, which occurs in Vitamin B3/ Niacin deficiency. Niacin is formed from tryptophan amino acid. So, tryptophan deficiency can lead to Casal's necklace. Pellagra Etiology: Dietary deficiency of Niacin or its precursor tryptophan. C/f: Middle aged persons Pellagra: - (Dermatitis, De...
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(a) Atticoantral CSOM(Ref. Scott Brown, 8th ed. Vol 2; 989)Tympanosclerosis is hyalinisation and calcification of the fibrous layer of tympanic membrane. It is not associated with cholesteatoma. Foreign body in ear does not lead to cholesteatoma formation.Keratosis obturans is the collection of desquamated keratin debr...
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Ans: D i.e. Dexamethasone The corneal involvement in herpes simplex virus infection can be epithelial (dendritic/ geographic keratitis), stromal (necrotizing & non-necrotizing stromal keratitis) & endothelial Drugs & epithelial keratitis Epithelial keratitis responds well to topical antivirals (5% IDU/ idoxuridine drop...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., 96deg F
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Plummer Winson syndrome Classical Features: Dyspahgia Iron Deficiency Anaemia Glossitis Angular Stomatitis Koilonychia Achlorhydria Atrophy of mucous membrane of a the alimentary canal. Predominantly affects females past 40 years Predisposes to development of carcinoma in - Tongue, Buccal mucosa, Pharynx, Esophagus and...
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When congestive hea failure (CHF) is present in infancy, it is usually as a manifestation of congenital hea disease and is seen in the first year of life. The classic triad of symptoms for pediatric CHF is tachypnea, tachycardia, and hepatomegaly. There may also be a history of poor feeding, sweating or color change wi...
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While running in the mandibular canal the inferior alveolar nerve gives branches that supply the lower teeth and gums. The mental nerve emerges at the mental foramen and supplies the skin of the chin, and the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip. Its incisive branch supplies the labial aspect of gums of canine and...
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Ans. is d, i.e. Stromal invasionRef: Shaw gynae 15th/ed, p373-374Malignant tumor has 2 characteristics different from borderline tumors:(i) Stromal invasion present (it is absent in borderline tumor).(ii) Mitosis >=4/10 per high power field, (in borderline <4/10 per high power)
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Upto 11/2 years of genu varum is considered normal and persistent beyond 3 years is considered as pathological. The primary deformity in genu varum is lateral angulation of the knee and usually medial angulation of both femur and tibia. Epiphyseal dysgenesis can cause genu varum. Treatment depends upon the cause and th...
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Crigler najjar syndrome type II is also known as arias syndrome, is a hereditary disorder of bilirubin metabolism characterized by unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to reduced and inducible activity of hepatic bilirubin glucuronosyltransferase (GT). There is paial deficiency of bilirubin uridine diphosphate (UDP) glu...
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B i.e. 0.35Vd = Dead space volume & Vt = Tidal Volume, so Vd/Vt = 150 = 0.3 100Normal value of Vd/Vt in adults = 0.2 - 0.35Q
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Ans. (d) Subcortical leukoencephalopathy(Ref: International Neurology textbook pg 12)Binswanger's disease (also known as subcortical leukoencephalopathy), also called subcortical vascular dementia, is a type of dementia caused by widespread, microscopic areas of damage to the deep layers of white matter in the brain Hy...
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The eating disorder where children consume non-food items on a frequent or regular basis is called pica. A classic example of this disorder is when a child eats sand. Non-food items can include di, sand, paper, paint, chalk, hair, wood and more. Pica eating disorder in children leads to problems in the digestive system...
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type 1 reaction /reversal reaction is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction associated with a rapid increase in specific CMI activity against M.leprae. It usually occurs in borderline types of leprosy, (BB>BT >BL)characteristically associated with immunological instability. Page no.2046Reference IADVL's concise textbook ...
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Ans-Cstreptococcus > h.influnza
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Continuous murmurs begin in systole, peak near the second hea sound, and continue into all or pa of diastole. Their presence throughout the cardiac cycle implies a pressure gradient between two chambers or vessels during both systole and diastole. The continuous murmur associated with a patent ductus aeriosus is best h...
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The fibrin is initially a loose mesh of interlacing strands. It is conveed by the formation of covalent cross-linkages to a dense, tight aggregate (stabilization). This latter reaction is catalyzed by activated factor XIII ie XIIIaVIII - Antihemophilic factor (AHF), antihemophilic factor A, antihemophilic globulin (AHG...
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Thyrotoxic crisis, or thyroid storm, is rare and presents as a life-threatening exacerbation of hypehyroidism, accompanied by fever, agitation, confusion, delirium, seizures, coma, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, hypeension, tachycardia or atrial fibrillation and in the older patients, cardiac failure. Thyrotoxic crisis ...
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Ans. C. 6 monthsGENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDERThis is characterized by excessive anxiety and worry which are persistent & generalized and not restricted to any specific situation or object.Excessive anxiety worry occur for at least 6 months.
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Liver glycogen is the first main provider of energy during short term fasting. Liver glycogen serves to maintain blood glucose between the meals. Therefore, liver glycogen is the most important reservoir as it comes to play its role in routine condition (between meals). Whereas, adipose tissue fuel is involved only on ...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., The pulmonary aery on the affected side is hyperplastic Macleod syndrome o It is also known as Swyer - Janes syndrome o It is a cause of unilateral hyperlucent lung. o It may present as acute pneumonia, but most patients are discovered when a chest X-ray is obtained for an unrelated reason. o This not...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Teiary o Disability limitation and Rheabilitation are teiary level of prevention.
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These large cells are typical of Sezary syndrome, a leukemic form of cutaneus T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). This is frequently an early presentation of mycosis fungoides or CTCL. There may be a relationship to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) I and II, but it is not universal. CTCL is a malignancy of helper T cells (CD...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e. Restlessness, persistant desire to move about, and fidgety & rocking movement o Akathisia is characterized by restlessness, inability to sit/stand quietly, persistant desire to move about, and fidgety & rocking movement.o Tongue protrusion, stiffness, oculogyric crisis and abnormal posture of trunk and...
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Refer Robbins page no 1136
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Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) is associated with decreased sodium levels or hyponatremia. CCF is associated with increased right atrial mean pressure, increased serum urea and increased serum nor-epinephrine. Ref: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition, Page 1447 & 1448; 16th Edition, Page 255, 136...
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Moality estimates for ARDS range from 26 to 44%.Moality in ARDS is largely attributable to nonpulmonary causes,with sepsis and nonpulmonary organ failure accounting for >80% of deaths.Increasing age,chronic liver disease,cirrhosis,chronic alcohol abuse,chronic immunosuppression,sepsis,chronic renal disease,any nonpulmo...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., 7 ml
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