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) Pulmonary vascular sclerosis refers to the vascular changes associated with pulmonary hypeension. Elevation of the mean pulmonary aerial pressure is the result of endothelial dysfunction and vascular changes. The vascular changes vary with the size of the vessel. The main aeries have atheromas that are similar to sys...
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Most common cause of benign biliary stricture is laparoscopic cholecytectomy I.e., operative trauma Incidence of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is 0.3-0.85 % Ref:Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1502
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Medications commonly repoed to trigger a lichenoid drug eruption include:Antihypeensives - ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, nifedipine, methyldopaDiuretics - hydrochlorothiazide, frusemide, spironolactonePhenothiazine derivativesAnti-convulsants - carbamazepine, phenytoinDrugs to treat tuberculosisAntifungal drug - ketoc...
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Ans. (b) Tongue deviation to right on protrusionRef: Harrison 19th ed. / Ch 367Following a lesion of the hypoglossal nucleus or nerve* ATROPHY of the muscles of the IPSILATERAL one-half of the tongue occurs.* FASCICULATIONS (tiny, spontaneous contractions) can be seen.* Upon protrusion, the tongue will deviate TOWARD t...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., 300 rads o Lethal dose for humans exposed to a single dose of highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation delivered over a period of less than 24 hours is 250 to 400 rad.
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Ans. is a i.e. 44XY
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Pyogenic Granuloma Vascular nodule develops rapidly at the site of recent injury, composed of lobular proliferation of capillaries in loose stroma. Tumour is vascular, bright red to brownish-red. It is paially compressible, but cannot be completely blanched and does not show pulsation. Size : 5-10 mm, but may reach 50 ...
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(A) Raised ICT # ECT is treatment of choice in severe depression.# indication of ECT in depression are:> Depression with suicidal risk> Severe refractory depression> Delusional depression> Depression with significant antidepressant side effects.> The response is rapid. Usually 6-8 ECTs are given three times a week alon...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Cary-Blair medium V. choleraeTransport or holding mediaEnrichment mediaPlating mediao Venkatraman-Ramakrishnan (VR) mediumo Carv-Bfair mediumo Autoclaved sea watero Alkaline petone watero Monsur's taurocholate peptone watero Alkaline bile salt agar (BSA)o Monsur's gelatin taurocholate trvpticase tellu...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Loss of anatomic structure o According to WHO definitions,# Disease: Any abnormal condition of an individual that impairs function# Impairment'. Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function# Disability: (Because of impairment,) any restriction or inabilit...
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This question is simple if you know that tyrosinase is an enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for melanin formation from tyrosine. A lack of tyrosinase causes one form of albinism; a second form is caused by defective tyrosine uptake. Patients with albinism are vulnerable to developing cancers of the skin of all types, ...
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Numerous diseases are associated with renal and pulmonary manifestations, including lupus, Goodpasture's syndrome, and Wegener's granulomatosis. Wegener's is typically associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies.
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Ans. Prevent glycolysis
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None
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Ref: KDT 6/e p599 Enoxaparin is a LMW heparin. It does not require monitoring Both heparin as well as enoxaparin do not crose placenta and are not teratogenic.
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Glutamate is formed from histidine and not vice versa. Pg no.244.proline can be synthesized from glutamate with minor modification of catabolic pathway. Also glutamate is formed from proline. Pg no.201. Fig 15.7. ammonia pool is formed from glutamate also. Pg no.199.fig 15.3.Meister cycle. Glutamate is formed from glut...
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Ans. (d) PhenylketonuriaRef: Harrisons 20th ed. P 3015 - 16Phenylketonuria* MC metabolic disorder of amino acid* Seen due to deficiency of enzyme: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase* Increased phenylalanine in blood - metabolized to phenylketones - excreted in urine - hence the name Phenylketonuria (PKU).* MC organ damaged due ...
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The specific activity of enzyme is usually expressed as p mol of substrate transformed to product per minute per milligram of enzymes under optimal condition of measurement.1 international unit (IU) =1 micromole / minuteModern unit of enzyme activity, 1 katals (kat) =1 mole/second (i.e. conservation of 1 moles of subst...
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Transversus thoracis is not pierced duirng pleural tapping. Transversus thoracis originates from the lower third of the posterior surface of the sternum, Xiphoid process and costal cailages of lower 3-4 true ribs. It inses into the cailage of the 2nd to 6th rib. It lies anteriorly, not in the mid-axillary line and henc...
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Necrotising Enterocolitis:- * Most common life-threatening emergency of the gastrointestinal tract in the newborn period * The distal pa of the ileum and the proximal segment of colon are involved most frequently * The greatest risk factor for NEC is prematurity. NEC can occur secondary to bih asphyxia, Down syndrome, ...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Micromonospore faenia Spores of some thermophilic actinomycetes such as faenia and Saccharomonsporia species may induce allergic alveolitis leading to COPD,farmer's lung.
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The Clearance of a Substance &;X&; is equal to the concentration of substance X in urine (UX) times the urine flow per unit of time (V) divided by the aerial plasma level of X (PX), or UXV/PX.This value is called the clearance of X (CX).Coming to the above question: 100 mg/dl X 2 ml/min / 10 mg/dl = 20 ml/min.
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Noninvasive modalities are currently the preferred tests for diagnosing venous thromboembolism. Venography is still the gold standard, but it is not commonly used because it is cumbersome to perform and expensive and has serious complications. Real-time ultrasonography or color Doppler ultrasound is the procedure of ch...
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In the first 2 months of gestation yolk, sac is the main site of Erythropoiesis(mesoblastic stage) Ref: Medical Physiology Indu Khurana 2015 page No:104 In early weeks of embryonic life, primitive nucleated red cells are producedin yolk sac. During middle trimester of gestation-liver (also spleen,lymph nodes in reasona...
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(C) Hypothermia # NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME is characterized by the following conditions such as the:> Hyperthermia> Immobility Rigidity> Increased BP> Increased Heart rate
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Ans. is 'a' i.e. AR * Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder of ion transport in epithelial cells that affect fluid secretion in exocrine glands and the epithelial lining of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts.* Cystic fibrosis occurs due to mutation in the CFTR (Cystic fibrosis transm...
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Cognition refers to both the content of thought and the process involved in thinking. Cognitive distoions are errors in logic in the automatic thoughts and other cognition's of persons with emotional disorders. The cognitive distoions or errors described by Beck are arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, over gene...
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ANSWER: (A) 11 beta hydroxylase deficiencyREF: Nelson's 18th ed p. 2366See APPENDIX-58 below for details of "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia" APPENDIX - 58Congenital Adrenal HyperplasiaCAH is very frequently asked in pre PG examinations with different case scenarios. There is a simple way to remember the symptomatology ...
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Ans. C: Hereditary Spherocytosis
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Increase in glucagon/insulin ratio, increased c-AMP & increased blood sugar In diabetes little glucose is oxidized as fuel, except by the brain. The rest of tissues bum a large amount of fat, particularly the liver where the amount of acetyl CoA formed from fatty acids exceeds the capacity of the tricarboxylic acid cy...
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Real time PCR is called Quantitative PCR becasue amplification of the desired sequence can be quantified.
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Pitolisant (Tiprolisant) is a inverse agonist of H3 receptors approved for Narcolepsy. H3 receptors are presynaptic receptors and inverse agonist will lead to increased histamine release and promote wakefulness.
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The tubal tonsil is one of the four main tonsil groups comprising Waldeyer's tonsillar ring, which also includes the palatine tonsils, the lingual tonsils, and the pharyngeal tonsils.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., 12 - 13 months
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Ans: d (All of the above) Ref: Khurana, 4th ed, p. 37, 119, 177Normal depth of the AC is 2.5 mm in the centerShallow anterior chamberDeep anterior chamberPrimary narrow angle glaucomaAphakiaHypermetropiaTotal posterior synachiaePost operative shallow ACMyopiaMalignant glaucomaKeratoglobusAnterior perforationKeratoconus...
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Eales' disease: It is an idiopathic inflammation of the peripheral retinal veins. It is characterized by recurrent vitreous hemorrhage; so also referred to as primary vitreous hemorrhage. It is a bilateral disease, typically affecting young adult males. The common presenting symptoms are sudden appearance of floaters (...
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A i.e. Carbolic acid
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The correct option should be "take the control or explore proximal renal vessels before opening Gerot&;s fascia", to avoid excessive intra-operative bleeding. Excretory Urography (IVU or IVP) - Campbell 11th edition P1151 Historically, excretory urography was the most commonly used modality to evaluate genitourinary in...
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.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Propofol
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A i.e. Formed from L-arginine by NO Synthetase; B i.e. Causes vasodilation of all vessels; C i.e. Used in poal hypeension
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Verocytotoxin producing E. coliEHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. coliA/erocytotoxin producing E coli) - produces verotoxin (VT) whose major target is vascular endothelial cells - Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), Hemorrhagic colitis - .
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(Common in women, that a man is deeply in love with them): Ref: 86 - NA 5th)Clerambault's syndrome or erotomania: - Occurring most often in women, there is an erotic conviction that a person with higher status is in love with the patients* Acrophobia: - dread of high places* Agoraphobia: - dread of open places* Algopho...
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Bernad-Soulier Syndrome Inherited defect in Glycoprotein = GPIb - IX Functional platelet defect. Defective adhesion of platelets.
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GnRH analogues used for 6months reduces the tumour size by 50-80%. This treatment in premenopausal women, young women and infeility caused by cornual fibroid eliminates the need for surgery. RU 486(Mifepristone) 10-25mg daily for 3months causes amenorrhoea and shrinkage of tumour by 50%. Danazol 400-800mg daily for 3-6...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., cGMP Enzyme linked receptorsa) Intrinsic enzyme receptors (tyrosine kinase receptors)# These type of receptors have an extracellular domain for attachment of hormone and an intracellular (cytoplasmic domain) that has enzymatic activity, i.e. tyrosine kinase.# The characteristic feature of these recept...
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Ref: Harsh Mohan, 7th ed. pg. 350Type of Hodgkin's lymphomaNodular sclerosisMost common type of Hodgkin lymphomaLacunar Reed-Sternberg cell variants in a mixed inflammatory background; broad sclerotic bands of collagen usually also presentCD15+, CD30+ Reed- Sternberg cellsMost common in young adults, often arises in th...
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Ans. b. Can be withheld in asymptomatic patients (Ref: Devita 9/e p1977-1984: Harrison 19/e p701, 18/e p927-928)Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia:Treatment is not curativeTreatment not required in asymptomatic patientsTreatment is given to normalize the cell countIn patients less than 50 years, multiple drug therapy is pref...
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NPH is an intermediate acting insulin.
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CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) originates from the grooves between the pons and the medulla oblongata. CN VIII divides into the cochlear branch to the cochlea (hearing) and the vestibular branch to the semicircular canal (equilibrium). Injury to CN VIII can result in ipsilateral deafness, tinnitus (ringing in the ea...
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Visual loss in multiple sclerosis varies from slight blurring to no light perception. Other eye symptoms include diplopia and pain. The classic syndrome of optic or retrobulbar neuritis occurs commonly at some point in the disease, and it is the presenting symptom in 25% of cases.
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It is a lipid storage disease, due to deficiency of sphingomyelinase. Leads to the accumulation of sphingomyelin.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 193
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Sq. cell carcinoma o Mainly 3 types of malignant neoplasm are seen in anal canal:Squamous cell Ca (MC)Basal cell Ca (Ilnd me)MelanomaRemember# MC type of rectal & colon Ca - Adenocarcinoma.
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Nicotine is metabolized in liver, lung and brain to cotinine by CYP2A6 enzyme. A plasma cotinine levels of >14ng/ml typically indicates smoking.
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Gastric secretions dissolve the dietary iron and permit it to form soluble complexes with ascorbic acid and other substances that aid its reduction to the Fe2+ form. Almost all iron absorption occurs in the duodenum. Transpo of Fe2+ into the enterocytes occurs divalent metal transpoer 1 (DMT1). Ref: Barrett K.E., Barma...
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Transabdominal USG - 3 - 5 MHz. Trans vaginal USG - 5 - 7.5 MHz.
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Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia) is most likely an autosomal dominant inherited condition with abnormal desmosomal adhesion proteins in myocytes. Infections of the heart are accompanied by inflammation, though a late finding in Chagas disease is ventricular fi...
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Prevalence, Case finding, Incidence
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Unit volume of plasma which is cleared off drug in a unit of time The clearance of a drug is the theoretical volume of plasma from which the drug is completely removed in unit time.
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Argatroban Parentral direct thrombin inhibitors Argatroban Bivalirudin Hirudin Lepirudino Melagatran Desirudin Oral Direct thrombin inhibitors Dabigatran (recent) Ximelagatran (withdrawn)
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INTERSTITIAL KERATITISInterstitial keratitis denotes an inflammation of thecorneal stroma without primary involvement of theepithelium or endothelium.Causes. Its common causes are:  Congenital syphilis  Tuberculosis  Cogan's syndrome  Acquired syphilis  Trypanosomiasis  Malaria  Leprosy  Sarcoidosis REF:Compreh...
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- Medullary carcinoma of thyroid is a calcitonin-producing tumor of C cells of thyroid contributing to amyloid deposition within tumor. OTHER OPTIONS GIVEN: - Tumor cells with "Orphan Annie" nuclei & presence of psammoma bodies are seen in papillary carcinoma of thyroid. - Infiltrates of lymphocytes with germinal cente...
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Ans. A. Radial arteryThe arrow marked structure is anatomical snuff box and its content is radial artery
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Urea breath test is a test with high sensitivity and specificity for Helicobacter pylori. It is a non-invasive test used to diagnose and confirm elimination of H.pylori infection. Ref: Davidson's principles and practice of Medicine, 20th Edition, Chapter 22, Page 886; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Ed...
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Ans. b. Acute cholecystitis Causes of Elevated Hemidiaphragm Above the diaphragm Decreased lung volume: Atelectasis/collapse Lobectomy/pneumonectomy Pulmonary hypoplasia Diaphragm Phrenic nerve palsy Diaphragmatic eventration Contralateral CVA:usually MCA distribution Below the Diaphragm Abdominal tumour Subphrenic abs...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., 10 o In a single TCA cycle 10 molecules of ATP are produced (12 molecules according to older calculations),o One turn of the TCA cycle, starting with acetyl Co A produces 10 ATPs. When the starting molecule is pyruvate, the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruva...
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Rodent ulcer is also known as basal cell carcinoma of the skin, or tear cancer which is a slow-growing type of cancer. Types of Rodent ulcers: Nodular (90%) (MC) Pigmented Cystic Superficial The most common type being nodular which has characteristic pearly whitenodules in the periphery with centralumbilication and tel...
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Congenital pyloric stenosis now called Infantile hyperophic pyloric stenosis. - Caused by hyperophy of circular muscle layer of pylorus, -Palpable mass in epigastrium. - Hyperophy of pyloric musculature -Obstruction,non-bilious projectile vomiting. - Male infants within first several days to weeks of life. -
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., William's syndrome
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The most frequent and earliest presenting feature is a dull ache in the lumbar regions. In others, the presenting complaints are haematuria or passage of blood clots in urine, renal colic, hypeension, urinary tract infections and progressive CRF with polyuria and proteinuria. Ref: Harsh Mohan textbook of pathology 6th ...
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Ans. d. Alpha-methyldopa (Ref: Williams Obstetrics 24/e p100; Dutta 7/e p228: Goodman Giffman 12/e p773, 774: Katzung 12/e p176)Drug of choice for hypertension in pregnancy is methyldopa."Methyldopa is a centrally acting antihypertensive agent. It is a prodrug that exerts its antihypertensive action via an active metab...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., True positive/true positive + false negative
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Ans. (b) IgA, C 3Ref: Harrison 19th ed. / 2190* Henoch Schonlein purpura is a small-vessel vasculitis in which complexes of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and C3 are deposited on arterioles, capillaries, and venules.* As with IgA nephropathy, serum levels of IgA are high in HSP .* IgA nephropathy has a predilection for young a...
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Cholangitis It is characterized by charcot's triad od abdominal pain+ jaundice + fever There is leucocytosis, hyperbilirubinemia and raised ALP and transaminases Positive blood culture is more common in paial obstruction than with complete obstruction Cholangiography is mandatory as a diagnostic and potentially therape...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Acute congestive glaucoma Acute congestive glaucoma causes sudden painful loss of vision.
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Sarococcygeal joint is secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis).
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Foregut cysts are abnormal detachments of primitive foregut most often located in hilum or middle mediastinum. 3 types: Bronchogenic (most common) Esophageal Enteric.
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Assosciations can be broadly grouped under 3 headings: Spurious association Indirect association Direct association, which consists of a) one to one causal association and b) multifactorial causation Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 95
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Vitamin D is really a hormone: Vitamin D is not strictly a vitamin since it can be synthesized in the skin, and under most conditions that is the major source of the vitamin. Only when sunlight exposure is inadequate is a dietary source required. ts main function is in the regulation of calcium absorption and homeostas...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., DiphtheriaVaccines recommended in disasters -* Following vaccines are recommended1) Children < 10years:- DPT, inactivated polio (IPV), H.influenzae type b (Hib), hepatitis B, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), varicella vaccine, influenza, hepatitis A and rotavirus.2) C...
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Ans: D (Giant cell arteritis) Ref: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th ednExplanation:Giant Cell Arteritis taka Temporal Arteritis)Inflammation of large sized arteries.Commonly involves extracranial branches of external carotid artery.Most common involved artery - Temporal artery.Associated with polymyalgi...
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D i.e. Supracondylar
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Ans is 'a' ie. Pneumothorax Sabiston writes ? "Central venous cannulation is indicated for monitoring of central venous pressure, chronic intravenous therapy such as hyperalimentation, inseion of transvenous electrodes, and obtaining venous access in pts. with difficult peripheral venous access. The internal jugular an...
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In barrett's esophagus red, velvety metaplastic mucosa is seen between the smooth pale pink esophageal squamous mucosa and the lusher lightbrown gastric mucosa. It may present as patches or as a broad irregular circumferential band.
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Ans. B: Hyperkalemia Parenteral nutrition is indicated to prevent the adverse effects of malnutrition in patients who are unable to obtain adequate nutrients by oral or enteral routes. Other indications are sho gut syndrome, high-output fistula, prolonged ileus, or bowel obstruction. Sho-term TPN may be used if a perso...
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Ref Robbins 6/e 2598/e p24909/e p257 Remember beta pleated structure of amyloid is seen on X Ray crystallography where as it is seen as no branching fibrils of 7.5-10 nm diameter and infinite lenght on electron microscope
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Causes of erythema nodosum are Bacterial: streptococcus, TB, yersinia Fungi: coccidiodomycosis Viruses: IMN, HBV Others: amoebiasis, giardiasis, chlamydia Drugs: sulfonamides, bromides , OCP Miscellaneous: sarcoidosis, Behcets disease, UC, connective tissue disorders, malignancy, pregnancy From illustrated synopsis of ...
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Conversion of arginine residues to Citrulline in the histones is an essential step in the formation of neutrophill extracillular traps.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., SLE o Most people with SLE have intermittent polyarthritis, varying from mild to disabling, characterized by soft tissue swelling and tenderness in joints, most commonly in hands, wrists, and knees,o Joint deformities (hands and feet) develop in only 10% of patients.o Erosions on joint x-rays are rare...
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Barr bodies are present in Klinefelter's syndrome
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Answer is 'd' i.e. Open thoracotomy with ligation of vessel
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., 7thMalignant otitis externao Malignant otitis externa, also called necrotizing external otitis, is a misnomer as it is not a neoplastic condition, rather it is an infectious condition. Malignant otitis externa is a disorder involving inflammation and damage of the bones and cartilage at the base of sk...
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Ans. B i.e. Delusion Delusion is a disorder of thought content (NOT a formal thought disorder/disorder of thought process) Delusion Disorder of thought; False unshaken belief not amenable to reasoning Hallucination Disorder of perception; Perception in the absence of external stimuli; Not dependent of will of observer ...
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2
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Absence of fine details in cast poured with polysulfide impression materials indicates its hydrophobic property. A nonionic surfactant can be added to the impression materials in the manufacturing process to produce a degree of hydrophilicity to the surface of the material. The beneficial effect of optimal surfactant mixin...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Associated with nasal polyp Aspirin sensitive respiratory syndrome primarily affects adults and is characterized by:Perennial vasomotor rhinitis|Hyperplastic rhino-sinusitiswith Nasal Polvps|Aspirin exposure|Block cycloxygenase withoutaffecting lipoxygenase|Increased leukotriene|Progressive Asthmao On...
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Ans: dRef: Harrison, 16,hed, p. 2301
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A i.e. Thought
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After vaccination it takes about 5-7 days for the immunity to develop. So it should be carried out at least a week before the expected outbreak. This vaccination is only used for prevention and not control of outbreak. Also know: Tetracycline is the drug of choice for chemoprophylaxis against plague. Ref: Park, Edition...
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376D IPC: punishment for gang rape: each of the persons in the gang shall be deemed to commit the offence of rape d shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for 20 years which may extend to life which means the imprisonment for the remainder of that persons natural life and with fine to meet medical expenses and fo...
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