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Troponin T binds the troponin components to tropomyosin; troponin I inhibits the interaction of myosin with actin; and troponin C contains the binding sites for the Ca2+ that helps to initiate contraction. Ganong 23 rd ed, pg 96
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The inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle attaches to the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone. Its superior head attaches to the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of sphenoid bone. The deep fibers of the medial pterygoid muscle attaches to the medial surface of the lateral pter...
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MTP Act 1971 Upto 12 weeks: opinion of single doctor 12-20 weeks: opinion of two doctors mandatory Consent Only consent of pregnant woman is necessary Consent from husband- not necessary Minor or insane person - consent from guardian required
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(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 467 - 474) *All the given options are seen in albinism. But, a red reflex is specific *Ocular features in albinism: Red reflex Pink or blue iris Dazzling glare Photophobia Decreased vision Nystagmus Clear retinal and choroidal vessels, separated by gli...
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Biological effects of radiation: As exposed dose increases, Threshold dose Effects Deterministic effects/ Non-stochastic effects Severity of effect increases Yes - For fetus - 0.50 Gy (50 rads) - Includes all harmful tissue reactions, excluding stochastic effects. Stochastic effects Frequency of occurrence increases No...
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Procarbazine is a type of alkylating agent which can result in "Disulfiram reaction". Other side effects include cheese reaction, serotonin syndrome, behavioral and personality changes.
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To know the pathophysiology of rickets, one should know the structure of bone. Bone consists of - Protein matrix i.e. osteoid --> also known as unmineralized bone. Mineral phase, principally composed of calcium and phosphate, mostly in the form of hydroxyapatite. In rickets osteoid (protein matrix) is formed normal...
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Mode is the commonly occurring value in the distribution of data . Advantages : easy to understand and is not affected by extreme values Disadvantages : exact location is unceain and often not clearly defined Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition - Pgno. 847
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Spalding sign
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In sudden vestibular failure, the patient is found to have first degree, second degree and third-degree nystagmus to unaffected side., a so-called paralytic nystagmus (Ref: Diseases of EAR - Harold Rudman, Tony Wright - 6th Edition)
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Acute lymphocytic leukaemia
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Ans. (a) Detection of Pericardial fluid accumulationRef: Bailey 26th edition Page 359FAST focuses on six areas1.Pericardium2. Area around the liver3. Area around the spleen4. Left pericolic gutters5. Right pericolic gutters6. Peritoneal space in the pelvis
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Phyllodes tumor is usually benign and treated by simple mastectomy.
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If a cesarean hysterectomy is planned, the best abdominal entry technique is via midline vertical incision. This allows retractor placement and optimizes exposure to nearby organs and may facilitate access to the upper abdomen. This incision is in general preferable to the Pfannenstiel or low transverse (“bikini cut”) ...
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In circulatory system, the highest velocity of blood flow is in the aoa. The velocity of blood flow is inversely propoional to vascular cross-sectional area. v=Velocity F= Blood flow through the area A= Vascular cross sectional area Aoa has the least cross sectional area (4.5 cm2) and capillaries have the maximum cross...
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B i.e. Concentration
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The erection of penis is by parasympathetic supply in which afferent is by pudendal nerve and sacral plexus while efferent is by pelvic splanchnic nerve (nervi erigentis).
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) acquired disorder characterised by: Widespread systemic activation of coagulation with formation of microthrombi in small blood vessels Bleeding diathesis secondary to depletion of coagulation factors and platelets Causes of DIC: Sepsis or severe infections Trauma especially...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Pancreatic lipaseEbner's glands on the dorsum of the tongue secrete lingual lipase and the stomach also secretes a lipase (gastric lipase).However, they are of very little significance in fat digestion.Fat digestion essentially begins in the duodenum with entry of pancreatic and biliary secretions. o ...
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Answer is A (Antithymocyte globulin followed by cyclosporine) Tor adults over age 50 years or those without HLA matched siblings, the treatment of choice for severe Aplastic anemia is immunosupression with antithymocyte globulin (A TG) plus Cvclosporine'
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Bevelled outer table
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This is a case of Huntington's chorea. It is an autosomal dominant gene (found on the short arm of chromosome 4), and male and female children are equally affected. Movement disorder, mental deterioration, and personality change are the hallmarks of the disease, but can be very subtle initially. The disease starts typi...
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Complement activity, which results from the sequential interaction of a large number of plasma and cell-membrane proteins, plays an impoant role in the inflammatory response. The classic pathway of complement activation is initiated by an antibody-antigen interaction. The first complement component (C1, a complex compo...
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Ans: C (Post dislocation of shoulder) Ref: Apley's System of Orthopaedics and Fractures. 9th ed. Explanation:Light bulb appearance - Seen due to internal rotation of humeral head in posterior dislocation of the shoulder.When the humerus dislocates posteriorly, it also internally rotates such that the head contour proje...
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Structures piercing through the Clavipectoral fascia are: Lateral pectoral nerve Thoracoacromial aery Lymphatics Cephalic vein Reference: Chaurasia; 6th edition.
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Dermatophytid reaction/I'd reaction it is a noninfective hypersensitivity reaction of the skin to the fungal antigens manifested at a site distant from the associated fungal infection criteria for I'd reaction: proven dermatophyte infection highly inflammatory.eg: kerion id eruption doesn't show any ring worm resolutio...
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Responses Obtained from Electric Pulp Testing False-Positive Responses Partial pulp necrosis Patient’s high anxiety Ineffective tooth isolation Contact with metal restorations False-Negative Responses Calcific obliterations in the root canals Recently traumatized teeth Immature apex Drugs that increase patient’s thresh...
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(D) Pityriasis rosea # PITYRIASIS ROSEA is a skin rash.> It is benign but may inflict substantial discomfort in certain cases.> Classically, it begins with a single "herald patch" lesion, followed in 1 or 2 weeks by a generalized body rash lasting up to 12 weeks, however usually around 6-8.> A single, 2- to (rarely) 10...
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. Co-dominance
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Purkinje cells are present in cerebellum while stellate, cajal and pyramidal cells are present in cerebral cortex.
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B i.e. Pustular psoriasis
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A tumor at the cerebellopontine angle, such as an acoustic schwannoma, is most likely to affect first the vestibulocochlear nerve and then the facial nerve. This excludes the vagus, hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, and trigeminal nerves from being the correct answers.
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Ans is 'a' i.e. Develops in long standing scar; 'b' i.e. sq cell Ca develops; 'c' i.e. Slow growing lesion Baghdad sore or oriental sore or Delhi boil is caused by Leishmania Tropica.
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IVAN Pavlov gave the theory of classical conditioning Theory of classical conditioning leads to phobia A child who was bullied in a playground------------- develops aversion to the playground the boy who bullied him----------------------------after sometime even without the boy who bullied him the aversion and anxiety ...
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Ans. B. Brain tumorThe common causes of hydrocephalus in neonates are intraventricular (subarachnoid) hemorrhage, infection; and congenital malformations (e.g., aqueductal stenosis, Arnold-Chiari malformation). Brain tumors rarely occur in the first year of life, and if present at this age, they are most likely to be s...
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The given ECG shows ST elevation in leads V1-V4 which suggest acute anteroseptal wall MI. Acute septal MI is associated with ST elevation, Q wave formation and T wave inversion in the leads overlying the septal region of the hea (V2 and V3).
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Abdominal Aorta Bifurcates at the Lower border of L4
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Hematuria is the presenting symptom in 85-90% of patients with bladder cancer. It may be gross or microscopic, intermittent rather than constant. Symptoms of vesical irritability are IInd most common symptoms. These are -frequency, urgency, dysuria. Pain (secondary to clot retention, tumor extension into retroperitoneu...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Centrifugal rash* Varicella zoster virus (VZU) is Herpes simplex virus type III (HSV-III) causative agent of chicken pox and herpes-zoster (shingle).* Varicella (Chicken pox) and Herpes zoster are different manifestations of the same virus infection. The virus is therefore called varicella zoster viru...
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Mismatch repair: It is one of the repair mechanisms in DNA replication. It operates when there is mismatched base paining. For eg: when A pairs with C. This repair mechanism is defective in HNPCC.
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C. i.e. Boys of 3 - 5 years
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Ans. C: Myopia of 3D
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WHO Ladder is for the rationale titration of oral analgesia used in cancer paitents to relive their pain around the clock in more effective ways . Ref image - Researchgate.net
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Larynx 4th and the 6th arch fuse to form larynx. 4th arch derivatives are (Mnemonic - CuTE) Cuneiform Thyroid Epiglottis 6th arch derivatives are (Mnemonic - CoCAine) Corniculate Cricoid Arytenoid
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aedes causes yellow fever,dengue,chickunguniya culex causes KFD,JE,filariasis anopheles -malaria
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Ans: (b) Hereditary spherocytosisRef: Wintrobe's Hematology, compiledHereditary SpherocytosisAD inheritanceMost common mutation - Ankyrin*Most severe mutation Spectrin*The spherocytes of HS have 2 defects:Reduced deformabilityReduced membrane plasticityPeripheral smearSpherocytesHowell jolly bodies - post splenectomyHe...
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Hypothermia is not a feature of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, hypehermia is seen in NMS. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a fatal side effect of antipsychotic use. It is characterized by 1. muscle rigidity, 2. Fever 3. increased CPK (creatine phosphokinase) levels. Other symptoms include diaphoresis, tremors, confus...
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Oxidation ponds: It is a cheap method of sewage treatment Aka waste stabilization pond, redox pond, sewage lagoons, etc. It is an open shallow pool 1 to 1.5 m deep with an inlet and outlet there must be the presence of algae, ceain bacterias, and sunlight. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th Edition...
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McNaughten's rule IPC sec 84: Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, by the reason of unsoundness of mind, is incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing, what is either wrong or contrary to law. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITIO...
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Lipid solubility is an impoant factor governing the absorption through skinRef: KDT 6/e , pg 15
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., M6 FAB classification divides AML into eight types Mo to M7. This scheme takes into account. (i) The degree of maturation (Mo to M.,) (ii) The lineage of leukemic blast (M4 to M7) Class Mo minimally differentiated AML M1 AML without differentiation 1 M2 AML with maturation M3 Acute promyelocytic leuke...
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Suprascapular aery, Subscapular aery, Posterior intercostal aery and Veebral Aery may all form channels for collateral ciculation in coarctation of aoa. The veebral aery is probably the least prominent pathway for collateral circulation amongst the options provided and hence may be accepted as the single best answer by...
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The variable orifice flowmeter is rotameter. The tube is vertically mounted. the bobbin is scored so that it rotates without sticking. Tube is gas specific and laminar flow occurs at the base and turbulent flow occurs at the top.
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Head injury REF: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance by Norma Metheny, Norma Milligan Metheny Page 221 Losing about 1/5 or more of the normal amount of blood in your body causes hypovolemic shock. Intracranial injuries alone do not produce circulatory inadequacy until brain stem and its reticular activating system is profoun...
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Ans. (a) IgG(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 205-206)Antibodies in Immune thrombocytopenic purpura are of IgG type directed against gp Ib/IX and IIb/IIIa.These antibodies cause Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
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Overall nearly 10% of infected persons will eventually develop active TB in their lifetime, with half of them doing so during the first year after infection. Reference: Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Page 1342
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The anal canal is the third most common site for melanoma, following skin and eye. It's a rare tumor comprising less than 1% of anorectal malignancies. It is radioresistant and prognosis is very poor. Clinical presentation average age is 50 to 60 yrs. nonspecific symptoms are seen → bleeding, pain or anal mass. usual...
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Hardness may be defined as the soap destroying power of water. Hardness in water is caused mainly by four dissolved compounds. These are (1) Calcium bicarbonate (2) Magnesium bicarbonate (3) Calcium sulphate, and (4) Magnesium sulphate. The presence of any one of these compounds produces hardness. There are others whic...
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Regulatory steps of Glycolysis are- - Hexokinase/ Glucokinase - Phosphofructokinase - Pyruvate kinase
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Ans is 'c' i.e. 0.35 Using Modified Lund-Browder cha: Area Percentage Face 8.5 Scalp 8.5 Both buttocks 2.5 + 2.5 = 5 Both thighs circumferentially 3.25 x 2 + 3.5 x 2 = 13 Total body surface area 35
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Mirror held in front of nostril (mirror test) is for cessation of respiration. Tests for cessation of respiration : (i) Mirror test, (ii) Winslow's test, (iii) Feather test. Tests for cessation of circulation : (i) Magnus ligature test, (ii)Diaphanous test (transillumination test), (iii) Icard's test, (iv) Finger nail ...
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Vibrios are curved, Gram-negative rods commonly found in saltwater. Cells may be linked end to end, forming S shapes and spirals. They are highly motile with a single polar flagellum, non-spore-forming, and oxidase-positive, and they can grow under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The cell envelope structure is similar...
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Ans. Protanopes
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B i.e. PT is increased
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Basilar membrane which support the organ of corti.
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ANSWER: (B) TuberculosisREF: Apley's system of orthopedics & fracture 8th edition page 247-248Carpal tunnel syndrome is produced by entrapment of median nerve beneath the flexor retinaculum. Associated conditions that can leads to carpal tunnel syndrome are:Idiopathic (most common)PregnancyEndocrine disordersHypothyroi...
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The first permanent teeth to erupt into oral cavity is permanent first molar.  From that phase of dentition, it is called as mixed dentition. Once the first permanent molar erupts into occlusion, it is used for the classification of malocclusion.
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Disposable plastics eg : Rubber or plastic syringes infusion sets, catheters are sterilized by Ionizing radiation.
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CATTELL-BRAASCH The right colon, duodenum, and head of the pancreas are mobilized to expose the vena cava, the iliac veins, and the right renal aery and vein. The renal aery is exposed by retracting the vein either cephalic or caudal. MATTOX MANEUVER * Mobilizes the splenic flexure of the colon inferio-medially and the...
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*In distal third shaft fracture or supracondylar femur fracture, the distal fragment is tilted backward due to strong gastrocnemius pull. This posteriorly tilted distal fragment can cause popliteal aery injury. Ref: Apley's 9th/e p. 865
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MAC is increased in chronic alcohol intoxication.
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Drugs used for Hirusitism: 1.Ovarian Suppression agents a.Oral Contraceptives b.Cyproterone acetate. c.GnRH agonist and antagonist. 2.Adrenal suppresion agents a.Glucocoicoids. 3.Androgen receptor blocking agents a.Spironolactone b.Flutamide. c.Cyproterone acetate. 5. 5 alpha reductase inhibitor a.Finasteride. Shaw's t...
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Ref: Slum 's Textbook of Gynaecology 15th Edition Pg 18.Explanation:Supports of uterus are triradiate condensation of endo pelvic fascia:Anterior spoke - Pubocervical ligamentEateral spoke - Mackenrodt ligamentPosterior spoke - Uterosacral ligamentSUPPORTS OF THE GENITAL TRACTDeLancey's three level systems of support* ...
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Ref Robbins 7/e p1344; 9/e p1235-1236; Harrison 16/e p2521 table 366-3 MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (MG) is an autoimmune disease characterized by impaired neuromuscular transmission due to circulating antiacetylcholine receptor autoantibodies (AchRAb) (1). The frequent association of MG with thymic disease, such as follicular hy...
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Ref: Harrison’s 18/e p367, 17/e p291   Ingestion of antifreeze causes high AG acidosis.  Due to ethylene glycol and its metabolites oxalic acid, glycolic acid.  Diagnosis is facilitated by presence of oxalate crystals in urine.
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(d) Nasal hemianopia is blindness in the nasal field of vision of the eye because of a perichiasmal lesion such as an aneurysm of the internal carotid artery.
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Concussio mercuralis (shaking palsy) is seen in mercury poisoning.
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Ans. C. Croup"Steeple sign" on X ray chest is indicative of subglottic narrowing of the airways. It is commonly seen in children with laryngotracheobronchitis - also commonly referred to as croup. The condition presents in children, often between 3 months - 5 years of age, and is characterized by hoarseness, inspirator...
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ascending colon 15 cm descending colon 25 cm transverse colon 50 cm sigmoid colon;40 cms The ascending colon is the first of four sections of the large intestine. It is connected to the small intestine by a section of bowel called the cecum. The ascending colon runs upwards through the abdominal cavity toward the trans...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Neck of Pancreas Whipples operation (Pancreaticoduodenectomy)o Is the most commonly performed operation for carcinoma of head of pancreas, o It includes resection of:# distal stomach# Duodenum# gall bladder# Proximal jejunum# CBD# Regional lymphatics# head ot pancreaso Restoration of gastrointestinal ...
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Amongst the given options, sevoflurane has minimum B : G partion coefficien (0.69) → fastest acting amongst the given options. Only Desflurane, cyclopropane & N2O are faster acting than sevoflurane.
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(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 253)Triple Procedure for Glaucoma:TRABECULECTOMYECCEPCIOL INSEION
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Ans: b (IgA nephropathy) Ref: Robbins, 7th ed, p. 986* IgA nephropathy is the most common cause of GN worldwide* Also called Bergers disease* IgA deposits in mesangium along with IgQ IgM, C3. properdin* C/F: Hematuria after a respiratory/urinary/GIT infection* Rx: Steroids (high dose).Remember...* Most common glomerulo...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Blood flow increases sixteen-fold Poiseuille's Law (Hagen-Poiseille's law) o The Poiseuille's equation states that: -Where Q is the rate of flow. (Pl - P2) is the pressure difference across the vessel (provided P1 > P2), n is the viscocity of blood, r is the radius and L the length of the tubeo If eve...
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Mycobacterium pseudotuberculosis
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The main aim of X-ray pelvimetry is to: To confirm the diagnosis of contracted pelvis if it cannot be confirmed clinically To rule out CPD. Severe CPD can be diagnosed clinically and trial of labour is not indicated in this case. It is managed by elective cesarean section therefore, there is no role of X-ray pelvimet...
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Bupivacaine is a widely used amide local anesthetic. It is a potent agent capable of producing prolonged anesthesia. Its long duration of action plus its tendency to provide more sensory than motor block has made it a popular drug for providing prolonged analgesia during labor or the postoperative period. By taking adv...
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A i.e. PhosphatesA protein estimation test is confused with phosphates Q- as presence of phosphate give false positive test
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Answer- D. Rhinocerebral involvementAspergillus is the most common cause of otomycosis (fungal ear infection)It has been associated with lung cavities, especially when associated with underlying conditions like TB'Aspergillosis does not present with rhinocerebral involvement
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Ans. Sympathetic ophthalmitis
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Vascular injury leading to endothelial cell loss or dysfunction stimulates smooth muscle cell growth and associated matrix synthesis. Healing of injured vessels involves the migration of smooth muscle cells or smooth muscle cell precursor cells into the intima. Here these cells proliferate, and synthesize ECM in much t...
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D i.e. None Enzymes used in recombination DNA technology are nuclease (BAL-31, S1), exonuclease (III, A), endonuclease (restriction), DNase I, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase, reverse transcriptase (RNA dependent DNA polymerase) Q, polynucleotide kinase, terminal transferase and alkaline phosphatase (not acid phosphatase)...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., B6 * Isoniazid reacts with pyridoxal to form a hydrazone, and thus inhibits gneration of pyridoxal phosphate.* Isoniazid also combines with pyridoxal phosphate to interfere with its coenzyme function. Due to formation of hydrazones, the renal excretion of pyridoxine compounds is increased.* Thus, ison...
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HPV strains for carcinoma cervix are HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56 & 58 Ref: Novak's Gynaecology, 14th Edition, Page 568
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In fibrolamellar carcinoma, AFP is within the normal range in most cases. Mild elevations of AFP may be seen in 10-15% of cases, but are usually below 200ng /ml. Fibrolamellar HCC is a disease of younger adults often teenagers and predominantly females. Patients typically have elevated neurotensin levels, normal LFTs a...
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Souvenir bullet These are the bullets which remain in the body silently. They are left in the body because surgical intervention will cause more damage. They become encapsulated by fibrous tissue. Lead poisoning may occur due to absorption of lead from the bullet. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS TH...
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Insulin increases permeability of the cell to potassium, magnesium,phosphate ions.the effect of potassium is clinically impoant, insulin activates sodium potassium pump causing influx of potassium Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number: 610,611,612
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AP
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B i.e. Superior quadrantopia
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Answer is B (Oral GTT): Oral glucose tolerance test (Oral GTT) should be performed when the diagnosis of diabetes is in doubt The patient in question has a random blood glucose of 163 mg/dl which is lower than the required level (200 mg/dl) to consider diabetes. He however has a fasting blood glucose level of 200mg/d1 ...
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