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Malignant mesothelioma is a rare tumor even in individuals with a history of asbestos exposure. The tumor may appear decades after exposure, and is not related to amount or length of exposure. Bronchogenic carcinoma is more common in individuals with asbestos exposure, particularly when there is a history of smoking. B...
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Cystic hygroma is not pulsating .So option 1 is incorrect. Cystic hygroma is sequestration of lymphatic tissue. Cyst filled with clear lymph and lined by single layer of epithelium. Mostly found in the neck. It can obstruct labour, and can also cause respiratory difficulty. Swelling is brilliantly transluminant. Manage...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., DDT
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Rate of increase in height and weight corresponds to the growth and development of a child in paicular and can&;t be attributed to assess the state of nutrition in a community. And also these factors mostly depend on familial and constitutional factors. Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 8th edition Nutrition chapte...
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Biotin is a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions, in which it serves as a carrier of activated carbon dioxide.
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Peroxisomes are associated with: Production of peroxides and degradation of peroxides
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., 2000 The millennium development Goals (MDG)o More recently in September 2000, representive for 189 countries met at the millennium summit in New York, to adopt United Nations Millennium Declaration.o The goals in the area of development and poverty eradication are now referred to as "Millennium develo...
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Tear drop sign: -On Water's view radiograph, polypoid mass can be observed hanging from the floor into the maxillary antrum - Seen in the Blowout fracture of the orbit. Blowout fracture of the orbit: -The Diplopia is due to Inferior Rectus muscle entrapment. - Forced duction test is done to differentiate.
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.* Associated with desmoid tumours seen in the scar, abdomen, intraabdominal region and mesenteric fibromatosis. * Congenital hyperophy of pigment layer of retina (seen as pigment spots)--commonly seen. * Often associated with MEN IIb syndrome. Carcinoma colon is more common in individuals with adenoma colon or with fa...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Cases occuring during 6 month period o An epidemic of polio is defined as 2 or more local cases caused by same virus type in any 4 week period. So, it has following features - i) 2 or more cases of polio ii) Caused by same virus type iii) Within 4 week period
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Approximately about 1 golgi tendon organ innervate 10 to 20 muscle fibers They are responsible for inverse stretch reflex Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number:689
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The procedure for determining and correcting refractive errors is termed as refraction. It is an a that can only be mastered by practice. The refraction comprises two complementary methods, objective and subjective. OBJECTIVE REFRACTION The objective methods of refraction include: *Retinoscopy *Refractometry and *Kerat...
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(B) Optic chiasma > Bitemporal hemianopsia - The loss of the fields closest to the temples.Bitemporal hemianopsia most commonly occurs as a result of tumors located at the mid-optic chiasm.> Since the adjacent structure is the pituitary gland, some common tumors causing compression are pituitary adenomas, and craniopha...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., HDLReverse cholesterol transpoAll nucleated cells in different tissues synthesize cholesterol, but the excretion of cholesterol is mainly by liver in the bile or by enterocytes in gut lumen.So, cholesterol must be transpoed from peripheral tissue to liver for excretion.o This is facilitated by HDL and...
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Metopic suture is occasionally present in about 3-8% individuals. It lies in the median plane and separates the two halves of the frontal bone. Normally it fuses at 6 years of age. Ref BDC volume 3,sixth edition pg 5
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The function of MHC molecules is to display peptide fragments of protein antigens to antigen-specific T cells for recognition and activation of immune response. Because MHC molecules are fundamental to the recognition of antigens by T cells and are linked to many autoimmune diseases. In humans the MHC molecules are cal...
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Ans is 'b' i.e., Angiosarcoma
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azoospermia [Ref: Katzung Pharmacology 10/e p675; Guyton 11/e p1066; KDT 5/e p2911 "Replacement therapy in men may cause acne, sleep apnea, erythrocytosis, gynecomastia, and azoospermia. Supraphysiologic doses of androgens produce azoospermia and decrease in testicular size, both of which may take months to recover aft...
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GENETIC ENGINEERINGEngineering is the application of science to social needs. Recombinant plasmids may be introduced into a bacterial host, frequently E coli, by forced transformation. Alternatively, electroporation is a procedure that introduces DNA into bacteria using an electrical gradient.Ref: Jawetz, Melnick, & Ad...
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There are three grades of severity. In type III A the fractured bone can be adequately covered by soft tissue despite the laceration. In type III B there is extensive periosteal stripping and fracture cover is not possible without use of local or distant flaps. The fracture is classified as type III C if there is an ae...
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- The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) was one of the coronary hea disease prevention trials recommended to the National Hea and Lung Institute in 1971 as an alternative to a national single-factor dietary trial, which was judged to be infeasible. - MRFIT carried out in USA was aimed at high risk adult m...
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Ans. D. Presacral region. (Ref. Nelson Paediatrics 19th/Fig. 639-2).Mongolian spots, which are blue or slate-gray macular lesions, have variably defined margins; they occur most commonly in the presacral area but may be found over the posterior thighs, legs, back, and shoulders. They may be solitary or numerous and oft...
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Injury to lung
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Middle Lobe Bronchiectasis Brock's Syndrome Right middle lobe bronchiectasis occurring as a late sequel ofprimaiy tuberculosis is known as Brock's syndrome or middle lobe syndrome. Brock's syndrome is believed to be caused by pressure of lymph nodes in primary tuberculosis on the middle lobe bronchus....
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Ans. Most common cause of hypothalamic hypogonadotropic failure in males
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Aspergillus flavus . Aflatoxins are produced primarily by filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.
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Aedes aegypti and Aedes Albopictus are the 2 most impoant vectors of dengue. Reference; Park&;s Textbook of preventive and social medicine, 24th edition.Pg no. 262
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The premature infant is experiencing respiratory distress syndrome, which is caused by a deficiency of lung surfactant. The lung cells do not begin to produce surfactant until near birth, and premature infants frequently are not producing sufficient surfactant to allow the lungs to expand and contract as needed. The su...
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Anterior perforating substance is an irregularly quadrilateral area in front of the optic tract and behind the olfactory trigone, from which it is separated by the fissure prima; medially and in front, it is continuous with the subcallosal gyrus; it is bounded laterally by Limen insulae of the olfactory tract and is co...
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Liver function tests, including serum bile acids are Evaluated. Bile acids are the specific measure of the diagnosis and monitoring. Liver USG is to be done to exclude cholelithiasis. Reference: Textbook of Duttas, 9th edition ,page 271
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Ans. b. Botulism
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Motor neurons
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Ans. Phencyclidine
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Young females have dense brest tissue,thus sensitivity of mammo is low.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Complete bacteriological cure Chemotherapy is indicated in every case of active tuberculosis. The objective of treatment is cure-that is, the elimination of both the fast and slowly multiplying bacilli from the patient's body. The effects of chemotherapy are judged not by the anatomic healing of lesio...
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A combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, so-called chemo radiation (Nigro) is the preferred initial therapy for all anal canal tumours. In such patients a combination of 5 flourouracil and mitomycin is given for approximately 1 week and chemotherapy is followed by radiotherapy, given over 3-7 weeks. Ref: Bailey ...
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Answer is D (Gefitinib is most effective for female smokers with adenocarcinoma on histology): Gefitinib is an oral 'small molecule Tyrosine kinase Inhibitor' (that inhibit signalling EGFR) approved for the treatment of patients with NSCCL. Data to suppo the use of Gefitinib in NSCCL are however diminishing and Gefitin...
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Estrogens directly regulate osteoblasts and increase the synthesis of type I collagen, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin, alkaline phosphatase, and other markers of differentiated osteoblasts. Estrogens also increase osteocyte survival by inhibiting apoptosis. However, the major effect of estrogens is to decrease t...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Complete hea-block with CHF Digitalis has depressant action on AV node -4 it delayes the conduction through AV node by increased ERP. If paial block is present, digitals may conve it into complete block. But, if complete block is already present, digitalis cannot worsen the condition (as conduction is...
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Coriolis effect – It is a specific type of angular acceleration (i.e. sensed by semicircular ducts) that causes motion sickness in space craft due to rotation of earth. Type I cells correspond to the inner hair cells of organ of Corti and Type II cells correspond to the outer hair cells.
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A i.e. Optic nerve
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Peroneous longusThe arches of the foot are well known features of the foot. There are two longitudinal arches, i.e. medial longitudinal arch and lateral longitudinal arch.In addition there are two transverse arches, i.e. posterior transverse arch and an anterior transverse arch.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Cribriform plate of ethmoid The olfactory mucosa lines the upper one-third of nasal cavity including the roof formed by cribriform plate and the medial and lateral walls up to the level of superior concha (turbinate).
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Ans. Idiosyncrasy to iodine
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Ans. B i.e. Rough endoplasmic reticulumRough ERThe surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (often abbreted RER) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name).
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Ohomyxoviridae
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(A) propagative: The agent merely multiplies in the vector but no change in the form e.g plague bacilli in rat fleas (B) cyclopropagative : The agent changes in number and form e.g malaria parasite in mosquito (C) cyclodevelopmental: The disease agent undergoes only developmental but no multiplication e.g microfilaria ...
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Interferon-gamma release assay: This test uses Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen CFP10 which reacts with T-lymphocytes of the patient to release gamma interferon. This test is not very specific for pulmonary tuberculosis, hence is not recommended any longer. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's;...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above
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Loss of vitamin B can occur due to alcoholism and due to diarrhea. It's loss is not associated with homocystinemiaREF. PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICAL 21ST EDITION. PAGE NO - 618
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At the end of DE segment which denotes slow ejection phase, ventricular systole ends and intraventricular pressure drops to less than the pressure in the aoa, at this point aoic valves close to prevent the backflow of blood into the left ventricle from aoa, this also produces S2 Ref : Ganong 25th ed/page 540
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Icatibant, New Bradykinin-Receptor Antagonist, in HAE Icatibant (Firazyr, Shire) synthetic selective decapeptide bradykinin B2 receptor competitive antagonist contains 5 non-natural amino acids to enhance resistance to peptidases Icatibant administered sc injection as single 30 mg peak concentration within 30 minutes, ...
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Ans. (A) Parvovirus(Ref: William's Obstetrics 25th Ed; Page No 309)Parvovirus B19 is the most common infectious cause of hydrops fetalis.Parvovirus B19 infects fetal erythroid progenitor cells and cause anemia.Severe anemia leads to high-output cardiac failure and hydrops fetalis.
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In hartnup's disease, mental development is normal.
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Erythrocytes:Major Pathways: Anaerobic glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathwayMain Substrates: GlucoseMajor Products Expoed: Latic acid, lactateSpecialist Enzymes: Hemoglobin, enzymes of pentose phosphate pathwayRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 150
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., It is an occupational disease of butchers, doctors Sporotrichosiso Sporotrichosis is caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus sporothrix schenckii.o Because S.schenckii naturally found in soil, hav, sphagnum moss, and plants, it usually affects farmers,gardeners, and agricultural workers.o This fungal...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Granulomatous uveitis o Mutton fat keratic precipitate and Busacca's nodule are seen in granulomatous uveitis,o KPs are proteinaceous cellular deposits occuring at the back of cornea (corneal endothelial deposits).Keratic precipitates (KPs)o KPs are proteinaceous cellular deposits occurring at the bac...
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This patient most likely would have developed aerial spasm and limb ischemia a potential complication of intra aerial cannulation. Sympathetic neuron blockage either of stellate ganglion or brachial plexus produces prolonged vasodilation to improve circulation and tissue oxygenation. Stellate ganglion block is quicker ...
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NGF can drive the expression of genes such as bcl-2by binding to the TrkA receptor, which stimulates the proliferation and survival of the target neuron. High affinity binding between proNGF, soilin, and p75NTR can result in either survival or programmed cell death. Study results indicate that superior cervical ganglia...
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Ans. b (Covering). (Ref. Medical Jurisprudence & Toxicology by Glaister, 6, Parikh, FMT 5th/558)COVERING# A Registered medical practitioner protecting a non-medical person who practices medicine is called covering.# Association with unqualified persons includes:- Employment of unqualified or unregistered assistant or m...
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The aiming cylinder is positioned about +10 degrees to project the beam parallel with the occlusal plane (occlusal dentinoenamel junction). This orientation minimises the overlapping of the opposing cusps onto the occlusal surface and thus improves the probability of detecting early occlusal lesions at the dentinoename...
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Amotivational syndrome is seen in Cannabis abuse.
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A i.e. Downing Cutis anserina or Goose skin is seen in drowningQ; but has no value as a diagnostic sign of death from drowning
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Alpha 2 receptors are present both presynaptically as well as postsynaptically. Clonidine acts as presynaptic a2 agonist and decreases the central sympathetic outflow. However, it can also act on vascular postsynaptic a2 receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure. Chances of this reaction is ...
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(B) Language function # "cerebral dominance" and a dominant and nondominant hemisphere has been replaced by a concept of complementary specialization of the hemispheres, one for sequential-analytic processes (categorical hemisphere) and one for visuospatial relations (representational hemisphere).> Categorical hemisphe...
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Ans. is 'd' All of these Actually infectious agent can be transmitted to susceptible host by all the given options.But all are then classified as source of infection to the host.Source is 'the person, animal, object or substance from which infectious agent passes to host', i.e. man acquires infection from source.Reserv...
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Mensus typically appears around the peak in height velocity -Nelson Menarche usually occurs after peak velocity has been attained and as the growth rate begins to decline. Remember: Growth acceleration begins in early adolescence, but peak growth velocities are not reached until middle adolescence.
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Pellagra symptoms are aggravated if diet contains high amount of leucine. Dietary deficiency of Tryptophan: Pellagra is seen among people whose staple diet is maize (South and Central America). In maize, niacin is present; but it is in a bound form, and is unavailable. Pellagra is also seen when staple diet is sorghum ...
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Thiazides and beta blockers should be avoided in diabetes mellitus whereas ACE inhibitor should not be given to patient with bilateral renal aery stenosis therefore, Calcium channel blockers, like verapamil are the best given for the management of hypeension Refer kDT 6/e p484
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., 6.25% Half life Drug left After 1 t'" 50% After 2 t'" 25% After 3 til2 125% After 4 t"2 6.25% After 5 ty2 3.125%
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MPGN > Membranous  > FSGS.
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The third rib aiculates with the body of the sternum, bodies of the second and third thoracic veebrae, and transverse process of the third thoracic veebra.
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.TNM Staging Tumour: 1. T1 --Tumour size < 2 cm in greatest diameter. (T1a--0.1-0.5 cm; T1b--0.5-1 cm; T1c--1-2 cm). 2. T2--Size 2-5 cm. 3. T3--Size >5 cm. 4. T4--Tumour fixed to chest wall or skin. (T4a--Fixed to chest wall; T4b--Fixed to skin; T4c--T4a + T4b; T4d--inflammatory carcinoma of breast). Node: N0-- No node...
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The radial nerve is a branch of Posterior cord of brachial plexuses {c5,c6,c7,c8,T1} REF: BBDChaurasia 7th edition Page no: 57. Figure: 13.3 , page no: 173 textbook of anatomy upper limb, vishram Singh The radial nerve is nerve to extensor compament of the forearm. REF: BDChaurasia 7th edition page no:138. The anterior...
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Ans. c (Urothelial carcinoma). (Ref. Harrison's Medicine 17th ed. 555)# Urothelial malignancy classically shows polychronotropism & multicentricity.# In urothelial or transitional carcinoma of renal pelvis or ureter, the examination of urine for malignant cells is positive and even may indicate whether tumor is well or...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., XOTrisomy 13- Patau syndromeTrisomy 18- Edward syndromeTrisomy 21- Down syndromeXO- Turner syndromeXXY- Klinefelter syndrome
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Ans. is 'a' i.e. Cerebro-vascular disorder impoant causes of depression General medical/neurological/endocrine disorders: - Cerebrovascular disorders, CNS infection, Parkinson's disease, Dementia (Alzheimer's disease), Hypehyroidism, Hypothyroidism,Cushing's disease or Addison's disease, Hypopituitarism, Acromegaly, Hy...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Bacillus cereus Wef: Harrison 18th/e p. 1088]o Food poisoning presenting within 6 hours is seen (i) Staph aureus, and (ii) B. cereus.o Cl. botulinum causes constipation (not diarrhea) and the incubation period is about 18-24 hourso V. cholerae has incubation period > 16 hours. OrganismSymptomsFood sou...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., 3 o To maintain protection, revaccination is recommended every 3 years.
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Image shows curdy white membranous layer over buccal mucosa very commonly seen in thrush i.e. oropharyngeal candiasis. It is a pseudomembrane as it can be detached. Oral candiasis 1. Acute pseudomembranous - Thrush 2. Acute atrophic - Red lesion 3. Chronic Atrophic - Denture candidiasis 4. Chronic Hyperplastic - Common...
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Schwannoma is a benign tumor arising from Schwann cells of cranial and spinal nerve roots. NF-1 is associated with an increased incidence of schwannomas of spinal nerve roots. MC schwannoma is vestibular schwannoma or acoustic neuroma arises from vestibular poion of 8th cranial nerve. Patients with NF-2 have an inciden...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e. Common bile duct stone * In Ca Head of Pancreas, GB will also be distended.
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MALE structures pass through foramen ovale M- Mandibular nerve A - Accessory meningeal aery L - Lesser petrosal nerve E - Emissary vein Middle meningeal aery passes through Foramen spinosum
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Serum sickness is a condition commonly caused by hypersensitivity to drugs. It is suggested that the drug acts as a hapten, which binds to plasma proteins. This drug-protein complex is recognized as being foreign to the body and induces the serum sickness. Common signs and symptoms of serum sickness include fever, cuta...
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Male development is completed by 12 weeks and female development by 15 weeks By 28 weeks,the testis descends to the internal inguinal ring. By 36 weeks, one testis and by 38-40 weeks both testes descend into scrotum In female, the genital tubercle becones clitoris, the genital folds become the labia minora and the geni...
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Ans. c (Tryptophan) (Ref. Harper's Biochemistry 27th ed. 498)# Niacin is synthesized from Tryptophan.# 60 mg of Tryptophan gives 1 mg equivalent of niacin.# Active forms of Niacin, are NAD* and NADP+.Educational points:AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES# Ornithine -Putrescine - Spermidine ->>Spermine (Polyamine biosynthesis - One ...
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Cardiomyopathy is disease of the hea muscle. Causes for Dilated Cardiomyopathy:- * Alcohol is the most common toxin implicated in chronic DCM. * Excess consumption may contribute to more than 10% of cases of hea failure, including exacerbation of cases with other primary etiologies such as valvular disease or previous ...
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Hypertranslucency due to hyperinflation may occur in congenital lobar emphysema.
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Subluxation of the lens is the most common complication of nuclear sclerotic hypermature cataract refer Khurana 6th edition page number 184
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Strongyloides stercoralis(Ref: Harrison, 19th/e, p.1415)* The migrating filariform larva of Strongyloides moves rapidly in a short line at the rate of 3-4 cm in an hour, hence it is termed "larva currens".
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KOH mount The patient gives classic presentation of Kerion (Tinea capitis). Tinea capitis It is an infection caused by dermatophyte fungi usually species of the genera (microsporum and Trichophyton)) of scalp hair follicles and the surrounding skin. It is predominantly a disease of preadolescent children. The main path...
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Methicillin resistance in S. aureus is mediated by a chromosomally coded gene called mec A gene, which alters penicillin-binding protein (PBP) present on S. aureus cell membranetoPBP-2a. * PBP is an essential protein needed for cell wall synthesis of bacteria. Beta lactam drugs bind and inhibit this protein, thereby in...
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It is due to the accumulation of light chain immunoglobulins, which here can be referred by nitrogen retention.
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Ans. A. InfectionInfection is one of the most common causes of delirium.
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ANSWER: (A) MalariaREF: Jawett's 24th edition Section VI. Parasitology chapter 46. Medical ParasitologyRepeat in December 2011, December 2009Man is the defenitive host in most parasitic infections except in:Echinococcus granulosusPlasmodiumTaenia Solium(man is both defenitive and intermediate host)Toxoplasma gondiiSarc...
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Ref: Ananthnarayan R. Paniker CKJ. Textbook of Microbiology. 8th Edition. Hyderabad: Universities Press: 2009. Pg. 389.Explanation:Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes primary atypical pneumoniaEaton (1944) was the first to isolate the causative agent of the disease in hamsters and cotton rats.He was able to transmit the infec...
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Ans. (c) InsulinomaRef: Sabistons Text book of Surgery 20th Ed; Page No-952Insulinoma* Insulinoma is the most common functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET).* Incidence rate is very rare: Annually 1-2 per 1 million populations.Clinical Features* Hypoglycemia including fatigue, weakness, fearfulness, hunger,...
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The lack of cooperative binding is reflected in myoglobin dissociation curve.,a rectangular hyperbola is obtained. In the case of Hb, a sigmoid curve is obtained. A leftward shift in myoglobin O2 binding curve when compared to Hb demonstrates a higher affinity for O2 and thus promotes a orable transfer of O2 from Hb in...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Activates lipoprotein lipase
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Layers of the tear film: The tear film is composed of three primary layers; The superficial lipid layer is a monomolecular film at the air-tear interface derived from meibomian glands. It is thought to retard evaporation and form a wateight seal when the lids are closed. The middle aqueous layer is elaborated by the ma...
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