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Ref: Harrisons, 19th ed. pg. 1946Giardiasis* Mode of transmission: Fecal-oral* Incubation period: 7-10 days* Signs/symptom:# Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, flatus due to postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome or protein losing enteropathy; postinfection fatigue* Diagnosis: Fecal, string test, or d...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Fetal lung maturity Partographo It is a composite graphical record of key data (maternal & fetal) during labour, entered against time on single sheet of paper.Componentso Patient identificationo Time -recorded at hourly intervalo Fetal heart rate - recorded at every 30 minuteso State of membranes & co...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Knee Loose body in jointo A loose body is a free-floating piece of bone, cartilage or foreign object in a joint,o The knee is the most common joint where one would find a loose body.o Causes of loose bodies include :-OsteoarthritisOsteochondritisdessicansOsteochondral fracture(injury)Charcot's disease...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., HPV HPV can cause cancers in the back of the throat, most commonly in the base of the tongue and tonsils, in an area known as the "oropharynx." These cancers are called "oropharyngeal cancers." HPV can cause serious health problems, including genital warts and certain cancers. Association of viruses w...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., < 3/60 o WHO defines blindness as "Visual acuity of < 3/60 in better eye with best possible correction".Categories of visual impairmentCategories of visual impairmentVisual acuityMaximum less thanMinimum equal to or better thanLow vision1. 6/182. 6/606/603/60Blindness3. 3/60 (finger counting at 3 metr...
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Uraemia
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The transmembrane action potential of single cardiac muscle cells is characterized by, Rapid depolarization (phase 0) Initial rapid repolarization (phase 1) Plateau (phase 2) Slow repolarization process (phase 3) that allows return to the resting membrane potential (phase 4). The initial depolarization is due to Na+ in...
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Strontium 89(METASTRON) * Calcium analogue * Pure beta radiation emitter * Incorporated into the bone matrix directly in areas of active bone remodelling * Biological half-life of Sr89 isotope - 50.5 days. * Administered IV as strontium chloride * Main means of isotope elimination- kidneys * Used in metastatic prostate...
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The dilation, in turn, is caused by increased estrogen levels in the blood. Individuals with significant liver disease also show many spider angiomas, as their liver cannot metabolize circulating estrogens, specifically estrone, which derives from the androgen androstenedione. Ref Davidson edition23rd pg 869
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Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheets are secondary structure of protein. The two most common types of secondary structure, the alpha helix and the beta sheet. Secondary structure is produced from folding or coiling of the peptide chain (primary structure) and production of cross linkages or bonds, mainly the Hydrogen bo...
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It is coated in order to prevent contamination.
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Proptosis on bending forward is typical of intermittent proptosis. Orbital varices constitute about 90% of cases of intermittent proptosis). So, it is seen in venous malformation, i.e., orbital varixes (not AV malformation). AV malformation (carotid - cavernous fistula) and encephalocele cause pulsatile exophthalmos.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e.. All the above Fuch's heterochromic iridocyclitis (Fush'S uveitis syndrome) o It is a form of anterior and intermediate uveitis. o The condition is usually unilateral and chronic in nature and is characterized by a chronic non-granulomatous uveitis and eventually results in iris heterochromia (a change...
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Ans. Fingerprints
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Harrison's principles of internal medicine 17th edition. * The classical presentation in syringomyelia is a central cord syndrome consisting of a dissociated sensory loss and areflexic weakness in upper limbs
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Of the enzymes listed, CK-MB is the most specific for myocardial injury from the acute myocardial infarction (MI) described in this patient. The levels of this enzyme begin to increase within 2 to 4 hours of ischemic myocardial injury. ALT elevation is more specific for liver injury. AST is found in various tissues; el...
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A. Paial development of the aoicopulmonary septum due to absence of migration of neural crest cell to truncus aeriosus region will cause persistent truncus aeriosus(PTA). FIG:- PTA
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Circulatory adjustments at birth These are brought about because of a shift from placental dependance for gas exchange in the fetus to pulmonary gas exchange in the neonate. 1) Pulmonary circulation Immediately after birth lungs expand due to the first few breaths of the neonate. This causes a fall in pulmonary vas...
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Ref: Current paediatrics diagnosis and treatment 18th/722,726 Prohylactic phenobarbitone is indicated for atypical febrile seizures only.
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Erysipelas is caused by streptococcus pyogenes. Skin diseases caused by staphylococcus aureus are: Scalded skin syndrome Cellulitis Impetigo Carbuncles Furuncles Ecthyma
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Histones The ~145 bp of DNA, consisting of 1.75 superhelical turns, are in contact with the histone octamer Phosphorylation of histone H1 is associated with the condensation of chromosomes and acetylation of core histones is associated with chromosomal assembly Mitotic chromosomes contain scaffold proteins which are no...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Corynebacterium diphtheriae o The toxigenicity of the diphtheria bacilli depends on the presence in it of corynephages (tox +). Nontoxigenic strains may be rendered toxigenic by infecting them with beta phage or some other larger phage. This is known as lysogenic conversion or phage conversion.
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Side effects of inhalation anesthetics Halothane: Auto immune hepatitis Disrupts dual blood supply Respiratory depression Sevoflurane Produce Comp A (nephrotoxic) Day care surgery Inhalational induction agent of choice Pediatric population Isoflurane Coronary steel phenomenon Procaine Local anesthetic Used in cataract ...
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Small cell - Mediastinal adenopathy, - Hilar mass, - Small or invisibleftlung nodule, - High metastatic potential, - Rapid growth. - May be associated with Hypoglycemia, Cushing's syndrome, Inappropriate secretion of ADH, excessive gonadotropin secretion.
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Ans: A (Myelination) "Greater the diameter of a given nerve fibre, the greater is its speedfbecause a large fiber offers less resistance to local current"- A. K. jain 5th/l 47In myelinated fibres, the speed of conduction is approximately 6 times the fiber diameter The diameter of myelinated fibers range from 1-20 pm, t...
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Hirschsprung's disease usually presents shortly after birth but sometimes the onset can be delayed. All the other features in this patient confirms the diagnosis of Hirschspring's disease. The contrast enema in case of Hirschsprung's disease demonstrates. Aganglionic segment that appears narrow in comparison with the...
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Intramedullary nails These are suitable for long bones. A nail (or long rod) is inseed into the medullary canal to splint the fracture; rotational forces are resisted by introducing transverse interlocking screws that transfix the bone coices and the nail proximal and distal to the fracture. Nails are used with or with...
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"Choanal atresia should be suspected in any infant who develops cyanosis that occurs with feeding or rest but is relieved by crying"Choanal atresiaPathology - Persistence of bucconasal membraneU/L atresia is more common than B/L atresiaMC in females and on the right sideDiagnostic criteriaPresence of mucoid discharge i...
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Ans. Lymphocytes
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., I gm/kg/day Recommended protein allowancesGroupParticulars(g / kg / day)Man(60 kg)sedentaty workmoderate workheavy work1Woman(55 kg)sedentary workmoderate workheavy work1Infants0 to 3 months3 to 6 months6 to 9 months9 to 12 months1.161.161.691.69Children1 to 3 years4 to 6 years7 to 9 years1.31.121.18A...
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a. Third baby(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 819)Factors that define an infant as being 'high risk':Demographic social factorsPrevious pregnancyPresent pregnancyMaternal age <16 or >40 yrIntrauterine fetal demiseVaginal bleeding (abruptio, placenta previa)Illicit drug, alcohol, cigarette useNeonatal deathSexually transmitted ds ...
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If cleft is in hard palate surgery is done between 15-18 months.
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Ans. (b) 10 daysRef : K. Park 23rd ed. /121, 283* Yellow fever vaccine certificate becomes valid after 10 days of vaccination.* Duration of yellow fever vaccination coverage: 10 days- 10 years.* Quarantine period of yellow fever: 6 days (maximum I.P of YF)
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Postmortem lividity does not develop in drowning in running water (due to constantly changing position of body) and areas of contact flattening (due to collapsed capillaries).
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The clinical significance of undescended testes is not related to the abnormal position of the gonad (patients are asymptomatic) but to an increased incidence of infertility and germ cell neoplasia. All men with untreated bilateral cryptorchid testes have azoospermia and are infertile. Unilateral cryptorchidism is asso...
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Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SEAMs): Tamoxifen citrate :Though chemically related to clomiphene, it has complex actions; acts as potent estrogen antagonist in breast carcinoma cells, blood vessels and at some peripheral sites, but as paial agonist in uterus, bone, liver and pituitary. Inhibition of human bre...
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Number of permanent teeth (between 6-11 years) = (Age in years -5) x 4 So, number of permanent teeth at 9 years = (9-5) x 4 = 16
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Gray's Anatomy(40th Ed.), 2. Pg. 100;Ross Histology(5th Ed.), 3. Pg. 1283;Dorland’s Medical Dictionary(31th Ed.)Sensory epithelium (neuroepithelium) is seen in the taste buds (gustatory), hair cell of inner ear (vestibule- auditory) & Nose (olfactory) epithelium (Gray’s Anatomy). Visual epithelium (Retina) is also neur...
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Ans. is 'b' p53 Mutation is p53 tumor suppressor gene is strongly associated with breast cancer, as well as many other sarcomas and carcinomas.This syndrome of multiple sarcomas and carcinomas, associated with mutation of p53 gene is k/a Li-Fraumeni syndrome*.
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(A) Third person auditory hallucinations # First Rank Symptoms (SFRS) of Schizophrenia include:> Hallucinations:> Audible thoughts: Voices speaking out thoughts aloud or 'thought echo'> Voices heard arguing: Two or more hallucinatory voices discussing the subject in third person> Voices commencing on one's action# Thou...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Abruption placentae; 'b' i.e., Acute pro-myelocytic leukemia; 'c' i.e., Severe falciparum malaria o DIC is an incoagulable condition. The major causes are : Obstetrics complications Abruptio placenta Retained dead fetus o Septic aboion Amniotic fluid embolism o Toxemia Massive tissue injury Traumatic ...
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Serum hCG is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast and released into the fetal and maternal circulation. It is known as the hormone of pregnancy and is the basis for the pregnancy test. hCG is detected in serum at day 6-8 after implantation, and its levels peak at 60-90 days of gestation, declining thereafter. Maternal h...
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A i.e. First arch
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Mandibular nerve (trigeminal) passes through the foramen ovale (Marker B). Key: Marker A: Foramen rotundum; C: Foramen lacerum; D: Internal auditory meatus Maxillary nerve passes through marker A (Foramen rotundum) MALE structures pass through foramen ovale (Marker B) M - Mandibular nerve; A - Accessory meningeal aery;...
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Hydrocoisone 10-20mg/m2 of body surface area per day is given to supress the excess ACTH secretion. Mineralocoicoids is also given in cases with 21-hydroxylase-defeciency. Cases with salt loss must be replaced carefully.Thereafter a long term therapy with coicosteroids is essential to suppress the adrenocoical hyperfun...
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Ulcerative colitis is a disease of the rectum and colon. In ulcerative colitis colonic inflammation is diffuse, confluent and superficial, primarily affecting the mucosa and superficial mucosa. Skip lesions are seen in Crohn's disease. Reference : Bailey & Love 27th Edition, page no = 1267.
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The stability of an alpha helix arises primarily from hydrogen bonds formed between the oxygen of the peptide bond carbonyl and the hydrogen atom of the peptide bond nitrogen of the fouh residue down the polypeptide chain. The ability to form the maximum number of hydrogen bonds, supplemented by van der Waals interacti...
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Breast cyst are cavities lined by epithelium in the breast containing fluid. It arises from destruction and dilatation of breast lobule and terminal ductules. It is due to nonintegrated stromal and epithelial involution. Incidence is very high (1 in 14 females). It is common after the age of 35 years up to menopause. I...
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Carbon steels can be described simply as iron-carbon binary alloys that contain less than 2.1% of carbon by weight. Composition (percent by weight) of three types of stainless steel by crystal structure of iron
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomaCarcinosarcoma of uterusCarcinosarcomas consist of endometrial adenocarcinoma in which malignant sarcomatous (stromal) differentiation takes place.
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Toxin production is also influenced by the concentration of iron in the medium. The optimum level of iron for toxin production is 0.1mg/ l. The concentration of 0.5 mg / l inhibits the formation of the toxin. Only virulent strain produce powerful exotoxin. It inhibits protein synthesis. It is heat liable. Incubation at...
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Tracheal stenosis Management of tracheal stenosis The optimal treatment of tracheal stenosis remains undefined Traditionally tracheal stenosis has been managed by thoracic and otorhinolaryngology surgeons. Endoscopic procedures are usually performed as bridge to definitive surgical intervention. With the development of...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Langerhan cell
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Anti-Sm antigen antibodies are found in SLE. Autoantibodies found in Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis: Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) Anti-smooth muscle actin (SMA) antibodies Antibodies against soluble liver antigen/liver-pancreas antigen (SLA/LPA) Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA, more typical of primary biliary cholangi...
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Answer is D (Bilirubin in urine) Presence of bilirubin in urine is not a feature of Hemolytic Anemias. Presence of bilirubin in urine indicates the presence of conjugated bilirubin in the plasma. Hemolytic anemias are associated with unconjugated hvperbiliruhinemia not conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Hypervariable region o The aminoacid sequences of the variable regions are not uniformly variable along their length, but consist of relatively invariable and some highly variable zones. The highly variable zones are involved with the formation of antigen binding sites. The sites on the hyervariable r...
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Occlusal reduction would not affect the ability to seat a casting. However, temporary cement, heavy proximal contacts, or tooth undercuts could keep the casting from seating completely.
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Ophitoxemia is poisoning by snake venom.
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Ans: b (HRCT)Second investigation of choice (earlier): Bronchography (not Bronchoscopy)HRCT signs:Honeycomb patternTram-track patternGrape cluster patternTooth paste patternSignet ring patternVery importantSome Investigations of choice:Bronchiectasis :HRCTRenal TB (early) :IVPRenal TB (advanced) :CT>IVPRenal calculus :...
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Ans. Not conceiving after 1 year of unprotected intercourse
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Ans. Amblyopia
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Ans. A i.e. Bih
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Ghrelin is an 28 aa peptide produced from stomach. It increases food intake and promotes weight gain. It serves as a signal for initiation of feeding. It inversely corelates with BMI. In obesity ghrelin level are low. EXCEPTION is Prader willi syndrome a genetic obesity syndrome characterized by severe hyperphagia, gro...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e.,Varicose ulcers Unna Boot* It is named for the dermatologist Paul Gerson Unna.* This boot can be used to treat uninfected nonnecrotic leg and foot ulcers that result from such conditions as venous insufficiency (varicose ulcers) and stasis dermatitis.
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Retraining approach includes: Avoidance. De- emphasis and substitution. Distraction.
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Ans. is'a'i.e., By-passing upper airway (Ref: Morgan 4tu/e p. 553) Impoant effects of tracheostomy on respiratory physiologyTracheostomy decreases dead space as upper airways and nasal cavity are bypassed.Tracheostomy decreases ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio.Tracheostomy reduces the airflow resistance.
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Answer is C (5q-) `Monosomy 7 is by far the most common cytogenetic abnormality in children (pediatric MDS) whereas 5q- is observed most frequent!,' in adults' - Myelodysplastic Syndromes by John Bennett (2002)/300 Cytogenetic Abnormalities in MDS: Facts to Remember Monosomy 7 is the most frequent cytogenetic abnormali...
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Ans. C: NK cells Natural killer cells/NK cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses. They kill cells by releasing small cytoplasmic granules of proteins called perforin and gr...
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Ans. a. Splenomegaly (Ref: Harrison 19/e p819, Harrison 18/e p1055; Nelson 20/ep2266)Splenomegaly is not a part of Duke's Criteria for infective endocarditis.Criteria for the Clinical Diagnosis of Infective EndocarditisMajor CriteriaMinor Criteria1. Positive blood culture for IE2. Evidence of endocardial involvement1. ...
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Ans. C. Frankel's line* Scurvy is due to the deposition of defective collagen in the bone.* Radiological features of scurvy:- Zone of provisional calcification at the growing metaphysis is dense, giving a white line called as Frankel's line,- Sclerotic rim around the epiphysis known as Wimberger's ring sign.- Area of l...
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There are 5 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary. Those hormones are luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Ref: Molina P.E. (2013). Chapter 3. Anterior Pituitary Gland. In P.E. Molina (Ed),Endocrine Physiology, 4e...
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The parotid gland is the most common site for salivary tumors. Most commonly seen in the superficial lobe of parotid gland.
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Oxalic Acid Synonyms: Salts of Sorrel, Acid of Sugar Mechanism of Action * Local: It acts as corrosive when used in concentrated form and act as irritants when used in dilute form * Systemic: After absorption, oxalic acid combines with calcium ion and causes hypocalcemia. It also causes tubular necrosis and renal failu...
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The pineal gland is a Neuroendocrine Transducer as it forms and secretes a hormone called Melatonin in response to sympathetic nerve activity. It consists of parenchymal cells (Pinealocytes), glial cells (neuroglia), secretory cells and numerous post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres from cells in the superior cervic...
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L-forms bacteria/asL-phase bacteria Also known as L-phase variants or cell wall-deficient(CWD)bacteria Grow as spheroplasts or protoplasts. 1st isolated working on a culture of "Streptobacillus moniliformis." L forms may not initiate a disease however they can lead to bacterial persistence during antibiotic treatment =...
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Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)- =Causes- Deficiency of ADAMTS 13 Ab formation against ADAMTS 13 - | ADAMTS activity - VWF clumping - Platelet-Thrombi present =C/F - Thrombocytopenia Microangiopathic Hemolytic anaemia Fever =Rx- Plasmapheresis
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Koplik spot Measleo Caused by RN A virus.o Highly contagious droplet spread from secretion of nose and throat 4 day before and 5 days after rash,o Secondary attack rate >90% in contact.o Prodromal phase - characterized by fever, rhinorrhea, conjuctival congestion and dry hackig cough,o Koplik spots bl...
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Loop diuretics release PGs that induce intrarenal hemodynamic changes which secondarily affect salt output. Indomethacin and other NSAIDs inhibit the formation of PG. Therefore, NSAIDs blunt the action of loop diuretics.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Etomidate Etomidateo It has a briefer duration of action 4-8 minutes.o It produces little cardiovascular and respiratory depression-->> Agent of choice for cardiovascular surgeries (bypass, aneurysms, valve surgery). Etomidate is most cardiostable inducing agent.o Coronary perfusion pressure is mainta...
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Ans. (d) 2/3 of adult RBCRef: Ganong, 25th ed/p.555Life span of fetal RBCs is 60 to 90 days. It is about 2/3rd of adult RBCs life span
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follicullar carcinoma is not a common thyroid cancer,occurance is 10-15%. it spreads mainly through blood into bones,lungs ,liver FNAC is inconclusive , because capsular and angioinvasion which can&;t be detected by FNAC It is a well localised, nonmobile, soft, fluctuant and pulsatile secondaries in the skull ref ;(pag...
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Ans. (d) Chemically defined media Ref Ananthanarayan 8/e 450, 9/e, p 451 Isolation of virus Method of isolation consists of: "Inoculation into animals, eggs or tissue culture after the processed to remove bacterial contaminants." Ananthanarayan 8/e, p 450, 9/e, p 451 As many viruses (adenoviruses, enteroviruses) are fr...
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Carcinoma
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Von Gierke disease Liver glycogenoses |Hypoglycemia| | |HepatomegalyCirrhosis|||| |RenomegalyHypoglycemia unresponsive to glucagon/epinephrineNo renomegaly Hypoglycemia corrected by glucagon/epinephrineType IV(Anderson) (Abnormal glycogen structure)||| | | Von Gierke's disease (Type I) (Normal glycoge...
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Fish are less in iron. The fat of fish is Rich in vitamin A and D. REF. PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICAL 21ST EDITION. PAGE NO - 582
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A i.e. Fracture lateral epicondyle of humerus Tardy Ulnar Nerve Palsy Tardy ulnar nerve palsy as a late complication of fractures of the lateral condyle physisQ is well known, especially after the development of cubitus valgusQ from malunion or nonunion of fractures. The symptoms are usually gradual in onset and may ap...
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Differential RNA processing "The membrane and secretory forms of Ig heavy chains of all isotypes are generated by alternative RNA processing."- Lymphocyte development: cell selection events and signals during immune ontogeny By Shiv Pilla p277 "Two forms of Ig are synthesized, membrane-bound (mIg) and secretory Ig (sIg...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e. . Diplopia Meniere's disease (also k/a endolymphatic hydrops)Main pathology is distention of the endolymphatic system due to increased volume of endolymph.Cardinal symptoms:Episodic vertigoFluctuating hearing lossTinnitusSense of fullness or pressure in the involved ear.Diplacusis is seen in Meniere's ...
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Juvenile onset Respiratory Papilloma: - Most common benign neoplasm of the larynx in children. - Causative organism: HPV 6 and 11. - HPV 6 is more common, HPV 11 is more aggressive - Mostly affect supraglottic and glottic regions of larynx. - Rx Preferred Method: Excision with Microdebrider under Microscopic view. Aim ...
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Ans is 'b' i.e., Intussuception o The infant in question has: (i) Recurrent episodes of abdominal pain (ii) Passing of altered stools after episodes of pain (iii) No vomiting or bleeding per rectum. o Most common presentation of rectal polyps and Meckel's diveiculum is painless rectal bleeding (option a & c are ruled o...
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1 mm change in axial length leads to ametropia of 3D.
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Whole Blood Anticoagulant used Maximum storage ACD/CPD/CP2D 21 days CPDA-1 (citrate phosphate dextrose adenine) 35 days SAGM (Saline adenine glucose mannitol) 42 days Actions of ingredients of Anticoagulant solution Glucose - ATP generation by glycolysis Adenine -Synthesis of ATP - Increase shelf life of RBC to 42 days...
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Left atrial waveform is very similar to right atrium however a wave and v wave are larger because of lower compliance in left atrium v wave represents the passive filling of atria.
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Ans. (C) Retroperitoneal Fibrosis(Ref: KDT 8/e p 458)Adverse effects of ropinirole and pramipexole include nausea, dizzinesss, hallucinations, postural hypotension and excessive day time sleepinessTheir advantage over ergot derivatives like bromocriptine is lack of retroperitoneal fibrosis and gangrene and long duratio...
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Active Interference The indication of active treatment in placenta previa are: Bleeding is continuing Baby is dead or known to be congenitally deformed Bleeding occurs at or beyond 38 weeks of pregnancy Patients is in emarginated state on admission Patient is labour.
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., ACE inhibitors o Has been explained in previous sessions.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above o Anterior (sternocostal) surface is formed mostly by right ventricle and right auricle and partly by left ventricle and left auricle.o The heart has following borders and surfacesA) Bordersi) Right border:- Formed by right atrium.ii) Left border (obtuse margin):- Formed mainly by lef...
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oval cells - canal of herring of the liver limbus cells - canal of schlemm (stem cell for the cornea) epidermal stem cell in the skin bone marrow stromal stem cell - fat,cailage,bone ref robbins pathology 9th ed page 28
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Answer- C. Indirect LarngoscopyNerve Damage to recurrent / superior laryngeal nerve is a known complication of thyroidectomy.Hence it is impoant to document the state ofthe vocal cords before surgery to prevent litigation liability.
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Mg toxicity causes muscle weakness. Ref KD Tripati 8th edition
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