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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Cell shrinkage Morphological changes in apoptosiso Features of apoptosis areCell shrinkage : It is the earliest changes. It is due to damage to cytoskeleta! proteins.Chromatin condensation (pyknosis)/nuclear compaction : It is the most characteristic feature.Formation of cytoplasmic blebs : It is the ...
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Ans. (c) BlueRef: K. Park 23rd ed. / 795-97* In a disaster management, categorization of victims are done on the basis of likelihood of survival.Triage color code and their significanceCategoryColorRemarks/stepsCategory 1RedHighest priority- patient immediate resuscitations or life-saving surgery (0 to 6 hr)Category 2Y...
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Ans. Uses EEG on lead
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Displacement
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The child in the question is suffering from Pityriasis Alba. It is characterised by the presence of hypopigmented scaly macules of variable size. It is commonly found in the cheek of children and is self limiting. Topical steroids/ tacrolimus may have a role in ceain cases, but is not usually necessary. Ref: Clinical M...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Gram - positive cocci Gram positive bacteria . There are 6 classic grain positive bacteria that cause human disease. . Of these 2 are cocci Staphylococci Streptococci (including anaerobic peptostreptococci) . Other 4 are bacilli Corynebacterium 3. Clostridium Bacillus 4. Listeria
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Phagocytosis (Ref: Ananthanarayan, 9th/e, p. 137and 8th/e, p. 131 - 132)* Monocytes and Macrophages originate from bone marrow and their main functions are phagocytosis and Ag presentation.
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DisorderOnset in PregnancyHyperemesisEarlyCholestasisLateFatty liverLatePreeclampsiaMid to lateHepatitisVariable(Ref: William's Obstetrics; 25th edition)
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Neurosensory retina and pigment epithelium o Retina has total ten layers from with out inward(i) Pigmented epithelium, (ii) Layers of Rods & cones, (iii) External limiting membrane, (iv) Outer nuclear layer, (v) Outer plexiform layers, (vi) Inner nuclear layer, (vii) Inner plexiform layer, (viii) Gang...
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For effective group discussion, the group should not be less than 6 and more than 12 members.
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Interface dermatitis includes diseases in which the primary pathology involves the dermo-epidermal junction. (hence called interface). The salient histological findings include basal cell vacuolization, apoptotic keratinocytes (colloid or Civatte bodies), and obscuring of the dermo-epidermal junction by inflammatory ce...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Presence of more than 5 WBC/hpf for girls and more than 3 WBC/hpf for boys o Pyuria is the presence of more than 5 WBCs / high power field, both for boys and girls. --CPDT o Pyuria suggests infection, but infection can occur in the absence of pyuria. --Nelson o Pyuria can present without UTI. -- Nelso...
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Spontaneous placental delivery reduces risk of operative blood loss and infection.
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ATP Formation in the Glycolysis pathway Reaction Catalyzed by Method of ATP Formation ATP per mol of Glucose Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Respiratory chain oxidation of 2 NADH 5* Phosphoglycerate kinase Substrate-level phosphorylation 2 Pyruvate kinase Substrate-level phosphorylation 2 Total 9 Consumption o...
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Preauricular appendages form due to development of accessory hillocks where as preauricular sinus/pits occur due to abnormal development of auricular tubercles/hillocks(six mesodermal thickenings) REFERENCE: TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL EMBRYOLOGY... VISHRAM SINGH SECOND EDITION..PAGE NO:312
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Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome 1 Hypoparathyroidism with muco-cutaneous candidiasis Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome 2 Hypothyroidism, hypehyroidism, vitiligo, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, pernicious anaemia and premature ovarian failure. Triple A syndrome Addison Alacrimia Achalasia Isolated autoimmune adrenalitis As...
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Penicillin G is the drug of choice for infection caused by organisms susceptible to it, unless the patient is allergic to this antibiotic. However, use has declined very much due to fear of causing anaphylaxis. 1 . Streptococcal infections Like pharyngitis otitis media, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever respond to ordinar...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Alkylatings agents Alkylating agents may contribute to sterility by the following effects : Azoospermia in males Amenorrhea and ovarian atrophy in females Specific toxicity of impoant alkylating agents. o Cyclophosphamide ---> Cystitis, alopecia, SIADH o Ifosfamide ---> Cystitis, SIADH, neurotoxicity ...
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In heparin overdose an antagonist is needed to arrest it&;s anticoagulant effects. Protamine sulphate given IV (1mg for every 100 units of heparin) neutralizes heparin. From medical pharmacology padmaja 4th edition Page no 337
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Ans. (c) Neisseria Gram negative oxidase positive bacteria can be none other than neisseria, and here in this case it is N. gonococci. Occular gonorrhea in adults Results from autoinoculation from an infected genital site Manifestations range from mild to very severe Severe signs include markedly swollen eyelid, chemos...
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It is present in tRNAPresent in the DHU OR D arm of tRNAServe as the recognition site for the enzyme which adds the amino acidRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 597
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Ans. (d) Juxtaglomerular apparatus(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.672)Juxtaglomerular cells synthesize, store and release an enzyme called renin
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(D) Assam [?]Leishmaniasis are a group of protozoal diseases caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, and transmitted to man by the bite of female phlebotomine sandfly.oResponsible for various syndromes in humans kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis (M...
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Group Recommended intake (mg/day) Man 17 Woman (non-pregnant) & lactating women 21 Pregnancy 35
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(D) VagusVena Cava (8 letters) - Passes through the diaphragm at T8.Oesophagus (10 letters) - Passes through the diaphragm at T10.Aortic Hiatus (12 letters) - Passes through the diaphragm at T12.OPENINGS THROUGH THE DIAPHRAGM & THEIR CONTENTSDescriptionVertebral levelContentsCava! opening lies in central tendon of Diap...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Preformed antibodies
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Ans. is 'c' i.e. Montelukast Montelukast (and Zafirlukast) is a Leukotriene receptor antagonist Leukotrienes mediate many of the critical elements of asthma. They are potent bronchoconstrictor. Montelukast (and Zafirlukast) are effective in blocking their action. These drugs provide protection against exercise induced ...
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Treatment of choice for rhabdomyosarcoma is Radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy.
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Ref:The essential of forensic medicine and toxicology Dr.K.S NARAYAN REDDY 32nd edition g no :320 In acute starvation, there is a feeling of hunger for the first 30 to 48 hours which is followed by the pain in the epigastrium which is relieved by pressure
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2.0 cm
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., StomachHistological features of stomacho Mucosa is thrown into temporary longitudinal folds rugae, which disappear when stomach is distended.o Lining epithelium is simple columnar epithelium with small irregular gastric pits. Several long, tubular gastric glands open in gastric pitso Gastric glands ar...
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Predisposing factors for carcinoma esophagus Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma - Alcohol - Smoking -Ingested carcinogens 1. Nitrates, nitrites, nitrosamines 2. Smoked opiates 3. Fungal toxins in pickled vegetables - Mucosal damage: 1. Chronic achalasia 2. Lye (caustic) ingestion 3. Long term ingestion of hot liqui...
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Coeliac artery is the artery of foregut and supplies foregut derivatives i.e. lower part of esophagus, stomach, proximal part of duodenum, liver, spleen and major part of pancreas. Jejunum is midgut derivative which is supplied by superior mesenteric artery.
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Ans: A (a cell) [Ref. Ganong 24th/432-33,23rd/316,328-30/The alpha cells, about 25 per cent of the total, secrete glucagonQ'The beta cells, constituting about 60 per cent of all the cells of the islets, lie mainly in the middle of each islet and secrete insulin and amylin, a hormone that is often secreted in parallel w...
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congenital or acquired hypothyroidism,brush field spots in iris,and ventricular septal defect IS seen in a case with down syndrome. Undescended testis is not a feature.
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Name Defect Remarks Familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia Increased concentrations of HDL A rare condition apparently beneficial to health and longevity Hepatic lipase deficiency Deficiency of the enzyme leads to accumulation of large triacylglycerol-rich HDL and VLDL remnants Patients have xanthomas and coronary hea dise...
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A Multicentre Growth Reference Study was undeaken between 1997 to 2003 in 6 countries including India, Ghana, Brazil, Norway, USA and Oman. Growth related data was accumulated in 9440 healthy breast fed babies. They were followed up from 0-60 months. In 2006, the WHO growth chas were published based on these data. Ref:...
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Sensation carried Posterior column (Dorsal column) Proprioception (Position of body or limb, the position of joint) Fine touch (two point discrimination, topognosis, stereognosis) Vibration Kinesthesia Anterolateral system Anterior spinothalamic tract → Crude touch Lateral spinothalamic tract  → Pain, Temperature
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Kidney REF: Lee synopsis of anesthesia 12th e p. 215 See previous question for explanation
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Ans. D: Fluoxetine The two medications proven to be most effective in the treatment of OCD are tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Serotonin is a chemical in the brain called a neurotransmitter that may be imbalanced in people with OCD. While both drugs are very effecti...
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Ref : harrisons-manual-of-medicine-16th-edition pg no: 622-624 TREATMENT Initial Therapy Initial goals are to: (1) quickly identify if patient is candidate for reperfusion therapy, (2) relieve pain, and (3) prevent/treat arrhythmias and mechanical complications. * Aspirin should be administered immediately (162-325 mg ...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Stabilization of mRNA At the 51-end, mRNA possesses a 7-methylguanosine triphosphate cap which helps in the recognition of mRNA in protein biosynthesis and it helps to stabilize the mRNA by preventing attack of 51-exonuclease. At its 31-end, there is a poly-A tail made up of several adenylate residues...
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Anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a eating disorder where the patient has decreased weight and altered body image and persistent desire to maintain thinness * Gender==== more common in females * Age=======adolescence * Comorbidity=== depression and social phobia * Duration====3 months * Criteria= * Intense fear of b...
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.
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Technetium 99m Sulphur colloid scan: Taken up by reticuloendothelial cells, Macrophages and Kupffer cells Therefore, used for Phagocytes study Evaluate splenic disease Detect occult abscess It shows hot uptake in focal nodular hyperplasia (because it has increased number of Kupffer's cells) Liver Fibrolamellar variant ...
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FeaturesRed infarctsWhite infarctsCause Aerial occlusion in loose tissues or organ having a dual blood supplyVenous occlusion Aerial occlusions in solid organs with end aerial circulation Affected organs Lung and small intestine Solid organs (hea, spleen, kidney )PropeiesIll-defined hemorrhagic margins which change in ...
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Ans. d (23 X)Secondary oocyte consist of 23 X chromosomes.The chromosomal complement of a primary oocyte is 46 XX and that of secondary oocyte is 23 X.Sequence of maturation of ovarian primordial follicle after primary follicle stage:Primordial follicle(Single layered ovarian follicle)Spermatogonium (diploid, 2N) ||Pri...
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Answer- C. Strength of antagonists remains the same as examiner uses increased force to change limb positionIt is ako called paratonia or paratonic rigidity.It is the voluntary opposition of patient to passive movement of limb.It is the movement of the limb to counteract any movement made by the examiner.The resistance...
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*Since each blood bag (usually 250 mL or 500 mL) contains a relativelysmall number of platelets, it can take as many as a dozen blood bags(usually from 5 to 10 bags, depending on the size of the bloodbags and each donor's plateletcount) to accumulate a single unit ofplatelets (enough for one patient). Apheresis platele...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., StaphylococcusImpetigoo Impetigo is a highly contagious, Gram-positive bacterial infection of superficial layer of epidermis. Impetigo occurs in Two forms : -1. Non - bullous impetigo (Impetigo contagiosa)It is the most common bacterial infection of children (occurs mainly in children in contrast to B...
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The significant observation in this question is the description of lymphangitic inflammatory streaking up the inner aspect of the patient's leg. This is highly suggestive of a streptococcal infection.
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Ref Robbins 9/e p292_293 familial case of retinoblastoma 1 defective and 1 normal gene at bih (heterozygous) second mutation causes both genes to be defective loss of heterozygosity Increased chances of cancer sporadic case of retinoblastoma both normal gene at bih _ homogeneous normal genes Both mutations occur somati...
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Ans. Spindie - A melanoma
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Maple Syrup urine diseaseMAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE In this disorder, the branched-chain keto acids derived from isoleucine, leucine, and valine appear in the urine, giving it a maple syrup-like odor.This condition results from a deficiency in the branched-chain -keto acid dehydrogenase.It is a mitocho...
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Protein losing enteropathy Presents with puffy eyes and pedal edema and low serum albumin in patients with GI diseases. If the loss of albumin exceeds the rate of synthesis, hypoalbuminemia -edema develops Intestinal lymphangiectasia , dilatation of intestinal lymphatics leads to loss of lymph fluid into gastrointestin...
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From the arcuate arteries, radial branches originate at right angles, traverse inward through myometrium, enter endometrium and branch there to become basal arteries or coiled spiral arteries, spiral arteries supply functionalis layer.
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Rhinophyma is slowly progressive condition due to hypertrophy of the sebaceous gland of the tip of nose often seen in cases of long standing acne rosacea.
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One of the possible causes of 18 year old girl with primary amenorrhea is Imperforate Hymen which leads to hematocolpos and hematometra. This hematocolpos compresses the bladder neck against the symphysis pubic causing urinary retention. Urinary tract infection and cervical fibroid may also cause urinary retention, but...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Atrophic rhinitisSurgical treatment of Atrophic rhinitisYoung's operationModified Young's operationNarrowing of the nasal cavity by (Lautenslagers operation) -Lautenslagers operation
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Kallman syndrome- Hypothalamic failure, Low FSH Klinefelters will have Testicular atrophy high FSH Undescended testes also will have high FSH Normal FSH and testosterone will be seen in obstructive azoospermia such as obstruction of vas deferens
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Anal Canal Carcinoma- - NIGRO regimen - Chemotherapy followed by radiation * 5- fluorouracil + Mitomycin-C followed by radiation
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Answer- B. 16DThe diopteric power of reduced eye is + 6OD, of which + 44D is contributed by cornea and + 16D by the crystalline lens.
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Enlargement of uterus
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HHH syndrome is due to defect in Ornithine permease of mitochondrial membrane. Hyperornithinemia: As ornithine can't enter mitochondria, it accumulates in blood. Hyperammonemia: As ornithine is not available, urea cycle can't operate i.e. NH3 can't be detoxified. Homocitrullinuria: As ornithine is not available, ornith...
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Diagnosis: Palpation of the pyloric tumor or olive in the epigastrium or right upper quadrant by a skilled examiner is pathognomonic of the diagnosis of HPSQ If the olive is palpated, no additional diagnostic testing is necessaryQ. IOC - USG ABDOMEN. Barium Meal: - String SignQ:indicating a narrowed elongated pyloric c...
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Postural hypotension is due to blockade of sympathetic system. Ganglion blockers inhibit the transmission through both sympathetic as well as parasympathetic ganglia whereas muscarinic blockers inhibit only parasympathetic activity.
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Ans. 25-30%
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman&;s capsule per unit time.Renal plasma flows (RPF) the amount of plasma that perfuses the kidneys per unit time. Approximately 90% of the total constitutes the effective renal plasma flow, the ...
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b. Craniopharyngioma(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 2453-2460, Ghai 8/e 612-613)CraniopharyngiomaIt is a solid tumor with cysts and calcification located in the suprasellar region.It presents with (short stature), visual field defects & hydrocephalus.
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Sarcomatous degeneration is extremely rare, and the incidence is not more than 0.5% Secondary Changes (Degenerations) and Complications Associated with Leiomyomas Hyaline change, cystic degeneration and atrophy Calcareous degeneration, osseous degeneration Red degeneration Sarcomatous change(Rarest) Torsion, haemorrhag...
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" The purpose of health planning is to meet the health needs and demands of the people. Health needs as seen by the people are not exactly the same as seen by the experts. some needs may not be perceived at all; others vaguely perceived, and still other awaken only on contact with new way of life. In a democratic socie...
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Ans. is 4b' i.e., Hydatid cysto Radiological signs of hydatid cyst of lungMeniscus signWater-lilly signCamalote signRising sun signSerpent signEmpty cyst sign
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Structure most often calcified - Globus pallidus.
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Clearance of a substance is the volume of plasma cleared of the substance in unit time ie in one minute. (REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 353)
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Stellate cells (Ito cells) in space of Disse get transformed by cytokines to myofibroblasts - collagen producing cells.
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Ans. is a, i.e. CuT380ARef: Shaw 15th/ed, p227; Novak 14th/ed, p263Most of the IUCDs have an average life span of 3 years.Exceptions are:* Nova T/Multiload 375/Levonova- 5 years* CuT 380 A (also known as Paragard)- 10 years - Distributed free of cost* Progestasert- 1 years* CuT200 B- 4 years, in US and 3 years in India...
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Usually big hypopyon is present even if the ulceration is small.Unlike bacterial ulcer,the hypopyon may not be sterile as the fungi can penetrate into the anterior chamber without perforation Reference:Comprehensive ophthalmology,AK Khurana,6th edition,page no.106
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during acceleration downward, force acting toward the head (negative g) increases aerial pressure at head level. But intracranial pressure also rises, so that the vessels are suppoed and do not rupture. The cerebral vessels are protected during the straining associated with defecation or delivery in the same way. If th...
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Follicular carcinoma can normally only be differentiated from follicular adenoma by the architecture of histology.Histologic diagnosis of FTC depends on the demonstration of follicular cells occupying abnormal positions, including capsular or vascular invasion. The cells may not demonstrate nuclear atypia; however, whe...
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Physiological jaundice- always unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
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Ans. D. Female genital tract. (Ref Longman's Embryology 9th/pg. 38; Ganong 22nd/427).Longman's Embryology.9th/pg. 38........"Capacitation is a period of conditioning in the female reproductive tract that in the human lasts approximately 7 hours. Much of this conditioning, which occurs in the uterine tube, entails epith...
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Ans: b. Provision of free....Elements of primary health care: 8 Essential component:Education concerning prevailing health problems & the methods of preventing & controlling themPromotion of food supply & proper nutrition,An adequate supply of safe water & basic sanitation.Maternal & child health care including family ...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Hering Breuer reflexo Hering-Breuer inflation reflex : This reflex is mediated by pulmonary stretch receptors in w hich inflation of lungs above a particular volume results in reflex inhibition of inspiration and initiation of expiration. The reflex tends to limit the tidal volume while increasing the...
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Carbamazepine It is an antiepileptic Chemically related to imipramine, it was introduced in the 1960s for trigeminal neuralgia; is now a first line antiepileptic drug. Its pharmacological actions resemble phenytoin, but impoant differences have been noted in experimental studies. Adverse effects Carbamazepine produces ...
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Investigation of choice for Bronchiectasis is HRCT.
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The route of infection of rubella virus is the respiratory tract, with spread to lymphatic tissue and then to the blood (viremia). Maternal viremia is followed by infection of the placenta, which leads to congenital rubella. Many organs of the fetus suppo the multiplication of the virus, which does not seem to destroy ...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Vitello intestinal duct
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(C) Anomia # Clinical Examination of Language should include the assessment of naming, spontaneous speech, comprehension, repetition, reading, and writing.> A deficit of naming (anomia) is the single most common finding in aphasic patients.# Anomic Aphasia:> Anomic aphasia is the single most common language disturbance...
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Pelkan spur is seen in scurvy.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., All the aboveo Hysteroscopy is the endoscopic technique of visualizing the interior of uterus directly.o It is both diagnostic and therapeutic.A hvsteroscope can visualize the interior of uterus so. it can diaenoseo Any congenital malformation of uterus and can also help in differentiating between a b...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., 1-4 hours
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Apo(a) of Lp(a) is structurally related to plasminogen and appears to be atherogenic by interfering with fibrinolysis of thrombi on the surfaces of plaques. Improant - Apo(a) shares a remarkable degree of homology with plasminogen in 3 main respects: a) multiple tandem repeats of domains similar to kringle four b) a si...
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Oesophagitis including HIV and CMV oesophagitis usually manifest as one or more large ovoid or diamond-shaped ulcers.
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pH - 7.55 (alkaline) PCO2 - 12 (low) HCO3 - 20 (low) -Respiratory alkalosis * For every 10 mm | in CO2 -HCO3 to be | by 2 meq. * So PCO2 | ~ 30 mm Hg * HCO3 to be | by 2x3=6 * So 26-6 = 20 * But pH - | * So paially compensated compensation is paial because pH is not normalized(normal pH ranges 7.35-7.45)
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CREMASTER MUSCLE:- Consists of muscle fasciculi embedded in cremasteric fascia. The fasciculi form superficial loops from middle one-third of upper surface of inguinal ligament and deep loops from pubic tubercle, pubic crest, and conjoint tendon. Fully developed in males. In females only few fibres. Muscle along with t...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Trisomy [Ref: Williams 24th/e p. 351* Abortion occurring without medical or mechanical means to empty the uterus is referred to as spontaneous.* More than 80% of abortions occur in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, and at least half result from chromosomal anomalies.* After the first trimester, both th...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Phenylpropanolamine Many repos associating phenylpropanolamine use for weight loss with haemorrhagic stroke among women, appeared in U.S.A.
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Hea
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Produce deep penetration o Dum-dum bullets produce limited penetration:o Dum-dum bullet (expanding bullet) : It is a jacketed bullet with is nose tip chiseled or cut off. It is designed to increase in diameter and expand upon striking the target, thus producing larger diameter wounds of limited penetr...
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Levofloxacin would be effective for most strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and other likely pathogens. Other commonly used drugs for community-acquired pneumonia are high-dose amoxicillin, ceftizoxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline. Theoretically, empiric therapy should be gu...
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