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Tumors that spread through CSF: Pinealoblastoma Germ cell tumors Medulloblastoma CNS lymphoma Some anaplastic ependymoma
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Bell's palsy is an abrupt, unilateral, peripheral facial nerve paralysis. It is characterized by drooping of the corners of the mouth, watering of the eye, inability to close or wink the eye, absence of forehead wrinkles on the affected side, mask like expression less face, inability to whistle.
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Starch and non-starch polysaccharides are substrates for bacterial fermentation in the large intestine. They produce butyrate and other sho chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are a significant source of fuel for intestinal enterocytes. There is evidence that butyrate also has antiproliferative activity, and so provid...
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Through Batson’s periprostatic plexus prostate Ca spreads to verterbra.
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Optic Neuritis is the most frequent initial presenting feature of MS amongst the options provided. The most common earliest presenting features of multiple sclerosis are transient sensory defects followed by visual disturbances due to optic neuritis REF: Harrison book of internal medicine 21ST EDITION
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PM findings of acute arsenic poisoning : 1. Gastrointestinal congestion is a feature in acute arsenic poisoning and varies from reddening of mucosa (red velvet) to frank haemorrhagic gastritis. 2. Focal haemorrhages giving rise to flea bitten appearance is said to be characteristic. 3. Intestines may be inflamed and ma...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Thymus Lymphoid system . The lymphoid system consists of all of the tissue aggregates and organs composed of lymphoid tissue which function together to produce specific resistance to immunity. . The lymphoid organs are divided into. Remember . Bone marrow acts as central as well as peripheral lymphoid...
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Ans. C: Typhoid lmmunoglobulins are used in the prevention and treatment of the following diseases: Hepatitis A, B and non-A, non-B Rubella Varicella zoster Measles Rabies Tetanus Rh isoimmunization Chickenpox
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Seizures o Whipple's disease is a rare disease caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whippeli.o It is a systemic condition that may involve any organ of the body but principally affects the# Intestine# Central nervous system# JointsClinical features-o The onset of Whipple s disease is insiduous and it is...
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Early ischemic changes are tall, peaked T waves that then develop into inverted T waves. Elevated ST segments and Q waves also occur early.
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Validity (Accuracy) The validity of a test is the extent to which it accurately measures which it purports to measure. In other words its the ability to show which individuals have the disease in question and which do not. Validity has two components - sensitivity & specificity. To be truly valid, a test should be hig...
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D-tubocurarine has maximum ganglion blockade and histamine releasing propensity → Can cause hypotension. It does not have vagolytic action (non-depolarizing blocker causing vagal block are Pancuronium, Gallamine and Rocuronium). Duration of action is around 80 minutes. d-TC is primarily excreted by kidney.
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this agent is mixed dilator and is Highly Effective agent against ergot induced vasospasm. it is also the drug of choice for most of the hypeensive emergencies Ref-Goodman and Gillman 11/e p311
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Ans. B. 45* Menopause is defined as the time of cessation of ovarian function resulting in permanent amenorrhoea.* Menopause is a retrospective diagnosis as it takes 12 months of amenorrhoea to confirm that menopause has set in.* Menopause normally occurs between the ages of 45 and 50 years, the average age being 47 ye...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pagets disease Paget's disease o Paget s disease is characterized by increased bone turnover and enlargement and thickening of the bone the internal architecture is abnormal and the bone is usually brittle, o Primary defect is in osteolastic. o It is marked by regions of furious osteolastic bone resor...
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Smooth muscle cells Lack sarcomeres. Instead, actin filaments are arranged obliquely in the cytoplasm. Some filaments have their plus ends anchored at points in the plasma membrane termed dense plaques, whereas other filaments have plus ends anchored in dense bodies in the cytosol. Option 1: Skeletal (not smooth) muscl...
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Therapeutic drug monitoring is adjustment of dose of the drug according to its plasma concentration. It is required for A Aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin) Drug Digitalis Possessing Phenytoin (anti-epileptics) Low Lithium Therapeutic Tricyclic antidepressants Index Immunomodulators (e.g. cyclosporine) Criteria for doin...
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) Early goal-directed therapy should be employed for patients with septic shock or severe sepsis. The tenets of resuscitation include intubation if hypoxic, fluid resuscitation to a central venous pressure target of 8 to 12 mm Hg if not intubated and infusion of vasopressors to maintain a mean aerial pressure of 65 mm ...
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Ceruloplasmin:- Copper-containing ferroxidase. Oxidizes toxic ferrous iron to its non-toxic ferric iron in the serum. This facilitates the transpo of iron by transferrin. This is why aceruloplasminemia leads to hemochromatosis. - Hephaestin is also a copper-dependent ferroxidase that oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric. It...
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Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy- A skin condition unique to CKD patients. It is progressive subcutaneous , especially on the arms and legs. The condition is similar to scleromyxedema and is seen very rarely in patients with CKD who have been exposed to the magnetic resonance contrast agent gadolinium. Current recommen...
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Cervical carcinoma
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The synopsis of forensic medicine & toxicology ;Dr k.s narayan reddy ;28th edition; pg.no. 138 The tympanic membrane rupture most commonly with hemorrhage in ear .
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A i.e. Internal urethral sphincter The musculature surrounding the internal urethral orifice of female bladder is not organized into an internal sphincter. In other words females lack internal urethral sphincterQ
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Positive pressure ventilation is the single most effective step in the resuscitation of neonates who fail to breathe at bih. Device used for PPV- 'Ambu bag'
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.Ans is 'b' Adenoid cystic Ca
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., CSF(Ref: Ananthanarayan, 9th/e, p. 80 and 8th/e, p. 85)* Lysozyme is present in all secretions except CSF, sweat and urine.
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A i.e. Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate cannot cross the cell membrane unless it in conveed into Glucose by the enzyme - Glucose-6-phosphatase.QVon Gerkes disease in deficiency of Glucose-6-phosphatase leads to accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate (and hence glycogen in the liver). In the absence of this enzyme, ...
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Ba. Swallow Narrowing of LES Absence of LES Relaxation ACHALASIA CARDIA Bird beak/Pencil tip/Rat tail appearance Retrosternal hea burn Dysphagia - liquids Occasional aspiration weight loss B. Swallow - Rat tail appearance ACHALASIA CARDIA Rat tail Appearance - Achalasia cardia Filling defect - Ca. Esophagus Achalasia C...
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MRI is the imaging technique of choice in diagnosing spinal TBespecially in detecting spinal cord compression or cauda equina. Spinal TB: Spine is involved in 40% cases of skeletal TB. In children the most common site of skeletal TB is upper thoracic spine and in adults lower thoracic and upper lumbar veebrae are frequ...
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Glutaraldehyde is especially effective against the tubercle bacilli, fungi, and viruses. It is less toxic and irritant to eyes and skin than formaldehyde. it has no deleterious effects on the cement or lenses of instruments such as cystoscope and bronchoscpe. It can be safely used to treat corrugated rubber, anesthetic...
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a. Posterior urethral valve(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 2562-2567, Ghai 8/e p 485-486)Voiding cystourethrogram in an infant with posterior urethral valves showing the dilation of the prostatic urethra and the transverse linear filling defect corresponding to the valves.
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Ans. C: Absence of brainstem reflexes Brainstem is responsible for the respiratory drive and mostly for the maintenance of BP. All motor outputs from the brain travel through the brainstem. Apa from smell and vision. All sensory traffic coming into the brain comes through the brainstem. The brainstem also mediates the ...
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"Crocodile tears syndrome" (lacrimation during eating) is caused by a lesion of the facial nerve proximal to the geniculate ganglion. This happens due to misdirection of regenerating parasympathetic fibers, which formerly innervated the salivary glands, to the lacrimal glands.
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In TAO(Buerger disease), there is dilatation of vasa vasorum that gives corkscrew appearance to vessels.
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Ans. c. Apt test Both Apt test and Kleihauer-Betke test can be used to detect the presence of fetal blood within a sample but test used to differentiate between maternal and fetal blood in a given sample is Apt test. Apt Test: Used to detect the presence or absence of fetal blood (qualitative) in a vaginal discharge to...
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C.i.e. Henoch Schonlein purpura
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Transduction (Ref: Ananthanarayan, 9th/e, p. 59 and 8th/e, p. 63, 67, 681)Acquiring antibiotic resistance by viral colony (bacteriophage) is by transduction.
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This patient has widespread Paget's disease of bone. Excessive resorption of bone is followed by replacement of normal marrow with dense, trabecular, disorganized bone. Hearing loss and tinnitus are due to direct involvement of the ossicles of the inner ear. Plasma alkaline phosphatase levels represent increased bone t...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., MEN 2B * MEN 2B does not predispose to colon cancer.* FAP, HNPCC, Cronkite Canada Syndrome predispose to Colon Cancer and hence screening with colonoscopy is needed.
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Calcific degeneration (Band Shape keratopathy)Band shape keratopathy (BSK) is essentially adegenerative change associated with deposition ofcalcium salts in Bowman's membrane, most superficialpa of stroma and in deeper layers of epithelium. Etiology  Ocular diseases. Band keratopathy is seen in association with: chron...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e. Nymphomania o Nymphomania is excessive sexual desire in female where she enjoys having multiple sexual partners or desires excessive sexual activity.o The male-specific term for the same condition is satyriasis.o Fetishism means the use of objects for sexual gratification leading to orgasm. For example...
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WHO classification of Mental retardation(MR) mild MR...IQ 50-70 moderate MR ...35-49 severe MR..IQ 20-34 profound MR...IQ under 20 ref; (page no;582) 23rd edition of PARK&;s textbook of Preventive and Social medicine
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In the sublingual route, the liver is bypassed and drugs with the high first-pass metabolism are absorbed directly into systemic circulation.
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NK cells may be of T-cell lineage or monocyte-macrophage lineage. They appear to play an important role in surveillance mechanisms.
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Nepafenac is the newly launched Topical NSAID for ophthalmic use. Nepafenac is an NSAID, usually sold as an eye drop(0.1% solution). It is used to treat pain and inflammation associated with cataract surgery. It is used in the management of cystoids macular edema because of its good penetration into the posterior segme...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Unequivocal response to Gluten resriction Pattern of involvement in Celiac sprue and Tropical sprue.o Celiac sprue involves the proximal portion of small intestine as this portion is maximally exposed to the gliadin protein, this is the reason for iron deficiency anemia in Celiac disease (Iron is abso...
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WHO 4 Category: Very high risk of maternal moality or severe morbidity; Pregnancy contraindicated and termination discussedPulmonary aerial hypeensionSevere systemic ventricular dysfunction Previous peripaum cardiomyopathy with any residual impairment of left ventricular functionSevere left hea obstructionMarfan syndro...
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Capacitation is a process that confers on spermatozoon the ability to feilize the oocyte.It begins when sperm enters the cervical mucus. Reference; Male infetility A clinical Guide,Anne M.Jequier 2nd edition page 25
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The cuticle completely covers the hair shaft in human hair. It only paly covers the hair shaft in animal hair. Human hair has 3 pas: Cuticle - outermost layer; Coex - middle layer; Medulla - innermost pa. Coex is thick (4 - 10 times that of medulla) such that the medullary index is <0.3 (Medullary index=diameter of med...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Methoxyflurane Inhalational agents and renal diseaseo Methoxyflurane is contraindicated. Enflurane and sevoflurane should also be avoided.o Desflurane is the inhalational agent of choice. Isoflurane is an alternative. Halothane is also safe.o Anaesthesia is maintained with desflurane (or isoflurane) i...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., LigaseAn enzyme which joins two substrates in an energy dependent process is called ligase.Ligases ligate or bind two compounds together by creating a new chemical bond. A source of energy is required, usually ATP, Example are synthatases, carboxylases.
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE) o In SLE, Nonerosive ahritis is seen.
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Ans. C: COPD Causes of type II (hypercapnic) respiratory failure: Chronic causes: COPD, sleep apnea, kyphscoliosis, myopathies/ muscular dystrophies, ankylosing spondylitis; Acute causes: Acute severe asthma (NOT acute asthma), acute exacerbation of COPD, upper airway obstruction, narcotic drugs etc. Type II respirator...
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Mechanism of action:
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Ans. (d) ValproateRef. KDT 6/e, p 408
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Histidine plays unique roles in enzymatic catalysis. The pKa of its imidazole proton permits histidine to function at neutral pH as either a base or an acid catalyst  without  the  need  for  any  environmentally  induced shift.  Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry 30 th edition page no 22
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Paralysis of serratus anterior presents with winging of scapula. Nerve to serratus anterior is also known as Long thoracic nerve.
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Crohn's disease Crohn&;s disease is a transmural, predominantly submucosal inflammation characterized by a thickened colonic wall. The affected mucosa observed by endoscopy is often described as having a cobblestone appearance. In severe disease, the bowel wall may be entirely encased by creeping fat of themesentery, a...
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(A) May present as fainting attacks and remit # Subdural Haemorrhage# 6 times commoner than extradural haemorrhage. It is caused by --> Laceration of the cortex associated with venous or arterial haemorrhage, the haematoma of which collects under the dura mater.> This type of haemorrhage is less significant and less da...
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Chediak-Higashi syndrome: Neutropenia (most common) Defective degranulation Delayed microbial killing Giant granules
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Condyloma acuminatum is a benign, recurrent squamous epithelial proliferation resulting from infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, one of many sexually transmitted diseases that can occur in sexually active individuals. Koilocytosis is particularly characteristic of HPV infection. Candidiasis can be asso...
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Hospitals, animal houses, research labs, blood banks ..etc all generate healthcare- waste and therefore, covered under Bio-medical waste rulesPark 23e pg: 789
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. Epitheloid cells.
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Ans. is `c' i.e., 1 for 100 children Anganwadi worker o Anganwadi workers are under ICDS scheme. o There is an anganwadi worker for a population of 1000 (not 1000 children). o She undergoes training in various aspects of health, nutrition and development for 4 months. o She is a pa-time worker. o She is paid an honorar...
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Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) This is the most common congenital cardiac lesion identified at bih accounting for one-quaer of all CHD. VSD is a communication between the two ventricles. 90% are located in the membranous pa of the ventricular septum with variable extension into the muscular septum. Others are located ...
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Increased alanine levels in liver  In the fasting state, there is a considerable output of alanine from skeletal muscle, far in excess of its concentration in the muscle proteins that are being catabolized. It is formed by transamination of pyruvate produced by glycolysis of muscle glycogen and is exported to the live...
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Answer is B (Antibodies in the serum) Indirect Coomb's test detects IgG antibodies in the serum (e.g. Anti-D Antibodies). Direct Coomb's test detects IgG Antibodies (or complements) attached to the surface of RBCs. Direct Antihuman Globulin Test Detects RBCs sensitized with IgG or Complements(C3B or C3d) (DAT; Coomb's;...
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The submandibular duct is found deep to the mucous membrane of the mouth, but superficial to the muscles of the tongue and the muscles on the floor of the mouth. So, genioglossus, mylohyoid, and hyoglossus are deep to the submandibular duct.
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Oculomotor nerve injury causes paralysis of levator palpebrae superioris. In ptosis lid covers more than 2mm of cornea. Ref :Ak khurana 6th edition
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Ans: C, CryptococcusLike CNS disease, pulmonary cryptococcosis can follow an indolent course, and the majority of cases probably do not come to clinical attention.Pulmonary cryptococcosis can be associated with antecedent diseases such as malignancy, diabetes, and tuberculosis.Cryptococcus Infection can be acquired by ...
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Traction epiphysis are usually present at the end if bones and develop due to traction by the attached muscle (and are therefore extracapsular), eg Greater (and lesser) tubercle in humerus and greater ( and lesser) trochanter in femur Ref: Gray's39e/p185-210
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Ans BRecurrent GIST indicates a small residual focus which can be identified by functional imaging like PET. GIST is not a neuroendocrine tumour and hence does not show uptake of MIBG.
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Ans. (d) None of the aboveRef; Microbiology by Ananthanarayan and Paniker 8th ed. / 613ASPERGILLOSIS* Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common cause of aspergillosis.* Aspergillus is a mould with septate branching hyphae. Ability of A. fumigatus to grow at 45deg C helps to distinguish it from other species.* Mode of tr...
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Two way communications is also known as Socratic method where both the communicator and the audience can take pa. Ref: Park 21st edition page: 794.
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Testicular atrophy
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Ans. A. Must be treated vigorously in the first year of lifeThumb sucking is normal in early infancy. It is a source of pleasure in children and is a sign of insecurity. It can lead to malocclusion of teeth, if it persists beyond 5 years. Best policy is to ignore thumb sucking and concentrate on positive aspects of chi...
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* Renal failure can progress from mild to severe * Uremia is the most severe, also known as End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) * The body is unable to maintain homeostasis or maintain electrolyte balance * No wastes are excreted by the kidneys * Renal function is < 5% * Many body systems are affected and the patient is sym...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e. X-ray chest and abdomen with the red rubber catheter passed per orally into esophagus This is a case of tracheo esophageal fistula.C/F of tracheo esophageal fistula -The newborn regurgitates all of its first and subsequent feeds.Saliva pours almost continuously from the mouth of the infant (This is 'th...
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(A) Cryptococcus # Approximately 90% of patients with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, including all those with a positive CSF smear, have capsular antigen detectable in CSF or serum by latex agglutination.# Certain important points about cryptococcus> Cryptococcus is the only pathogenic yeast> It is characterized by ...
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Ans: C i.e. Zileuton Drugs and mechanism of action Montelukast competitively antagonize cysLT1 receptor mediated bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability and recruitment of eosinophils. Thromboxane acts by binding to any of the thromboxane receptors, G protein coupled receptors coupled to G-protein Gq. Zile...
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Discussing options one by one: - Option 1- FALSE-Cryoprecipitate don't contain factor-IX. Hence not useful for treating hemophilia B - Option 2- TRUE - PT, aPTT, D-dimer levels are raised in DIC - Option 3- FALSE- Desmopressin is useful in the treatment of type-1 von Willebrand disease - Option 4- FALSE-Hemorrhagic dis...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Vitamin A* Vitamin A is absorbed along intestine and is stored as retinyl esters. Retinyl esters are hydrolysed in liver and is released as retinol (ol - alcohol) into circulation* Retinol is transported as retinol bound to retinol binding protein and is taken up by tissues and is converted by alcohol...
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Ans. (a) RectumRef: Sabiston 20th edition, Page 1339* Most common site of ulcerative colitis: Rectum* Most common site of Crohn's disease: Terminal ileum
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Answer- D. CD31Platelet enilothelial cell ailhesion molecule (PECAM or CD-31) is present on both enilothelium and leukocytes. It is the major adhesive molecule for diapedisis
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Bile salts (salts of cholic & chenodeoxycholic acids)form micelle which makes cholesterol soluble and prevents formation of gallstones
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Ans. Posterior
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Fibroblasts produce type I collagen fibers that are found in tendons, ligaments and joint capsules. Type I collagen is found distributed throughout the body. It is found in fascia, tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, capsule of glands, sclera, fibrocailage, bone and dentin.Type II collagen is found in hyaline and elastic ...
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ENCHONDROMA * Rarely an enchondroma may extend through the coex and demonstrate a exophytic growth pattern. This is known as an enchondroma protuberans, and may either be seen sporadically or as pa of Oilier disease. * Almost all enchondromas are located in the medullary cavity of tubular bones. D/ds: * bone infarct , ...
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CXR of this patient is suggestive of - Pneumoconiosis On examination - Rheumatoid nodules are also present. This points to diagnosis of Caplan syndrome. CAPLAN Syndrome: Coal worker pneumoconiosis + Rheumatoid nodules Felty's syndrome- Rheumatoid ahritis with splenomegaly and neutropenia
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The density of golblet cells is maximum nasally and minimum in the upper temporal fornix. The mucus produced by them is an impoant component of the tear film, deficiency of which may cause dryness of the eyes. Ref: A.K Khurana (2005), Chapter 4, "Disease of The Conjunctiva", In the book, "Opthalmology", 3rd Edition, Ne...
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Fatal dose: 50 to 60 mg of pure acid 200-300mg of NaCN and KCN Fatal period: HCN 2-10 min NaCN and KCN 30 min Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 472
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ANSWER: (A) AcetazolamideREF: Kanski 5th ed p. 227ACETAZOLAMIDE:Acetazolamide is available in the following forms:Tablets 250 mg: The dose is 250-1000 mg daily in divided doses with onset of action within 1 hour, a peak at 4 hours and duration up to 12 hours.Sustained-release capsules 250 mg used 250-500 mg daily with ...
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Ans. is a, b, c and d i.e. Cesarean section; Vaccum extraction; Keilland forcep; and Manual rotation and forcep delivery In case of occipto posterior position if paial anterior rotation occurs the head is arrested with the sagittal suture in the transverse diameter at the level of the ischial spines, after full dilatat...
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Diveiculosis refers to the presence of diveicula without inflammation. The sigmoid colon is the most common site of diveiculosis. The majority of colonic diveicula are false diveicula in which the mucosa and muscularis mucosa have herniated through the colonic wall. These diveicula occur between the taeniae coli, at po...
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Answer- A. TwoHoldswoh,s proposed two column concept of thoracolumbar spine fractureAntetior column : Consists veebral body, annulus fibrous, Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligamentsposterior column: Consists of veebral arch (pedicle, facets, laminae) and posterior ligaments (ligamentum flavum,interspinous and sup...
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Nullipara
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A i.e. Fine froth in mouth & nostril
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Darrier's disease shows benign dyskeratosis, which is characterized by typical dysplastic cells called "corps, rands and grains".
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ERYSIPELOID Caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae present on dead animal matter (swine) Transmitted by contact with animal Presents as pain, swelling and purplish erythema at the site of inoculation Causes Whale finger Penicillin - DOC
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