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Refer Katzung 11/e p863 Unlike other protease inhibitors atazanvir6 does not appear to be associated with dyslipidemia ,fat redistribution or metabolic syndrome
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ANSWER: (B) Mastoid air cellsREF: Dhingra 4th ed p. 383Laws viewIt is the lateral oblique view of the mastoid.The patient lies in such a way that the sagittal plane of the skull is parallel to the film and X-ray beam is projected 15deg cephalocaudal Structures seen are:External auditory canal superimposed on the intern...
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Ans. a (Bicalutamide). (Ref. Bailey and Love 25th/108)BICALUTAMIDE# is an anti-androgenic drug used in prostatic cancer therapy for medical castration.# The addition of actual antagonists of androgens acting at the androgen receptor, including flutamide or bicalutamide, is of uncertain additional benefit in extending o...
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Rapid progression of disease with full-blown manifestation in AIDS occurs when CD4 T cell count falls below 200/µL.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Multipolar * All skeletal muscles are supplied by motor neurons which are multipolar neurons.* There are following types of neurons1) Unipolor neurons These neurons have one process, with different segments (of that one process) serving as dendrite (receptive surfaces) as well as axons (releasing term...
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Cytochrome oxidase is a hemoprotein widely distributed in many tissues, having the typical heme prosthetic group present in myoglobin, hemoglobin, and other cytochromes.Ref: Harper Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 12; Biologic Oxidation
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Refer kDT 6/e p 484 ACE inhibitors of the first choice drugs with diabetic patient with hypeension. These are however contraindicated in pregnancy and other conditions mentioned in the questions
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Persistent mood disorders are characterised by persistent mood symptoms which last for more than 2 years but are not severe enough to be labelled as even hypomania or mild depressive episode. If the symptom consists of persistent inability of mood between mild depression and mild elation, the disorder is called as cycl...
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The red nucleus is diagnostic of midbrain division at the level of the superior colliculus; it lies between the occulomotor nucleus (CN III) and the substantia nigra. fig:- crossection at the level of Superior colliculus Midbrain
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Clostridium tetani is a Gram-positive, slender bacillus. Spores are spherical and bulging, giving the bacillus characteristic drumstick appearance. It is non-capsulated and motile by peritrichate flagella. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 264
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RLE in Haem Synthesis is - ALA Synthase ALA Synthase I : Expressed throughout the body. (Rate limiting step in liver) ALA Synthase II: Expressed in erythroid tissues
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Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an autoimmune disease. Prominent examples include celiac disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), S...
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B i.e. Pelvis
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Antibodies appear in sho time Primary response Secondary response . Slow . Fast . Sluggish . Powerful . Sho lived . Prolonged (antibody persists for long) . Long lag phase . Sho or negligible lag phase (Antibody appears in sho time) . Predominant IgM . Predominant IgG * Antibody is more specific . Ant...
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Ans. (d) More common in males between 30-40 years of ageDiabetes mellitus and Gall stones:* Diabetes though not a direct risk factor for gall stones- the following factors in diabetes may increase the chance of getting Gall stones:# Increased Bile Cholesterol# Poor GB motility# Decreased Bile Acids
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Ans; B (Hallucination) Table 79-2 (Harrison 18th/638): Diagnostic Features of Anorexia NervosaRefusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. (This includes a failure to achieve weight gain expected during a period of growth leading to an abnormally low body weight.)Intense fea...
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c. Promyelocytic leukemia(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 2442-2443, Ghai 8/e p 605-607)This patient has complaints of bleeding along with thrombocytopenia, decreased fibrinogen & increased PT & APTT. This is consistent with DIC; DIC is most commonly seen with M3 AML
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* Initial Investigation in a patient with abdominal trauma is USG to detect hemoperitoneum * Investigation of choice to know the source of hemoperitoneum in a stable patient is CECT-Abdomen. Radiological evaluation of abdominal trauma in emergency:
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D i.e. Topical permethrin
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Gonococcal Ophthalmia neonatorum:o Ophthalmia neonatorum, also called neonatal conjunctivitis, is the conjunctivitis in the first month of life. Infection may be acquired during birth from infected birth canal (most common) or after birtho The causative agents are: -i) Common organisms are:- Gonococcu...
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- for children between 4-8 years, the dose of chloroquine per day is 300 mg. - 2 tablets of chloroquine 150mg base is provided. Reference : Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition pg no:264 <\p>
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Topiramate o Use of topiramate is limited by its unwanted side effects paicularly weight loss, sedation and naming difficulties. Note - Other drug causing weight loss is Felbamate.
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In cocaine test - normal pupil dilates whereas Horner's pupil doesnot.
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Atropine is used for all the given four objectives (has been explained in previous explanations). However, the primary objective of atropine is to relieve ciliary spasm and give rest to ciliary muscles.
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Ans. Dextrodepression
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Esophageal perforation Iatrogenic Spontaneous Most common type Caused by endoscopy MC site is cervical esophagus (cricopharyngeal area) Esophageal rupture after vomiting MC site: left posterolateral side of the distal esophagus
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Ans. c. Rat
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Ans. (a) Bladder cancer* The IVP cystogram shows a filling defect in left side of bladder.* It looks like a mass like filling defect in TCC bladder
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D i.e. Oblique view
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Danazol Isoxazole derivative of 17 - alpha ethinyl testosterone propeies Causes atrophy of endometrium It is strictly antigonadotropin but acts as an androgen agonist Mode of action Acting on the hypothalamo - pituitary - gonadal axis - depression of frequency of GnRh pulses - suppression of pituitary FSH and LH surge....
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α - 1 Antitrypsin deficiency - Autosomal recessive.
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Ans. 5.4 to 7.9
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Femur Splints Any material which is used to suppo a fracture is called splint. Splints are used for immobilizing fractures; either temporarily during transpoation or for definitive treatment. The most commonly employed splints is plaster of paris (POP) splint. Various POP splints are:- 1) Casts : - He...
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A i.e. Aldosterone
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Ans. B i.e. TSH dependent The rate of growth of papillary carcinoma thyroid may be stimulated by TSH Thyroid medullary Ca/ MTC 80% cases are sporadic, 20% are familial (MEN-Ha or MEN-Hb), MTC is the first abnormality expressed in MEN-Ha/ Ilb, Stroma of MTC shows material with staining propeies of amyloid, MTC can be di...
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Cancrum Oris (also k/a Noma and Gangrenous stomatitis) : Cancrum Oris is now rarely seen in developed countries but is still not uncommon in many developing countries. It is a gangrenous process of the mouth, which starts suddenly, rapidly involve the adjacent tissues of the face, quickly becomes well demarcated, and ...
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Ans. 1% burns
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Lesions of psoriasis are non-pruritic or only mildly pruritic
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<p>. Developmental milestones:- GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: 2 months: Holds head in plane of rest of the body when held in ventral suspension. In prone position in bed, the chin lifts momentarily. 3 months:lift head above the plane of the body. Head control stas by 3 months and fully developed by 5 months. 4 months:Remain...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Cerebral edema o Two ty pes of neurological disturbance are unique to patients on chronic dialysis.A) Dialysis dementiaQB) Dialysis disequilibriumQDialysis dementia -o It may occur in patients who have heen on dialysis for many years0 and is characterized by dyspraxia, myoclonus, dementia and eventual...
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- Since Infants are initially obligate nasal breathers- Bilateral choanal atresia can cause significant airway distress in newborn - With complete nasal airway obstruction in the newborn, cyanotic episodes are frequent and may be alleted during crying, a phenomenon known as cyclical cyanosis.
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Ans. C: Pernicious anemia Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is a test how much alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is inside white blood cells. A. Higher-than-normal results may be due to: Leukemoid (leukemia-like) reaction Myelofibrosis Polycythemia vera. B. Lower-than-normal results may be due to: Aplastic anemia Chronic granulo...
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A seems to be better answer though even the liver cells can produce a small amount of von willibrand factor.(ref Robbins 8th/670-671,9/e661)
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Fistula- normal anion gap is seen CAUSES OF NON ANION GAP METABOLIC ACIDOSIS(NAGMA)
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Ans. (a) CNS(Ref: Harrison 18th/pg Chapter 189)Lymphoma in HIV90% of lymphomas in HIV are B cell in phenotype; more than half contain EBV DNA.Immunoblastic lymphomas account for 60% of the cases of lymphoma in patients with AIDS.Primary CNS lymphoma accounts for 20% of the cases of lymphoma in patients with HIV infecti...
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Answer is B (vitamin Bp is Deficiency) Presence of anemia (Hb= 6gm%) Macrocytosis (MCV=104) and decreased vitamin B12 levels (B12=60 pg/ml) suggests a diagnosis of megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency. Reference values from Harrison's Appendix A Parameter Normal Values Patient value Inference Hb 13-18 g/d...
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B i.e. Seraline
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In any cell or tissue other than muscle, glycogen give rise to glucose which is phosphorylated by hexokinase to glucose-6-phosphate using ATP and then undergo fuher glycolysis. However, Muscle lacks glucose-6-phosphatase which conves glucose-6-P produced for glycogen to glucose in other cells. So, the glucose-6-phospha...
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Ans. (a) Inhibits plasminogenRef Lippincott's Pharmacology 4/e, p 265
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Dopamine o Dopamine acts on dopamine (D1 & D2) and adrenergic (a1 + a2 + b1) receptors, with no action on b2 receptorso Dobutamine is a relatively selective b1 agonist. Though it acts on both a and b receptors, the only prominent action of clinically employed doses is its b1 action, i.e. an increase i...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., M. Marinum * 'Fish tank granuloma', also called 'swimming pool granuloma', is caused by M. marinum.
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The markers for myeloid series are CD13, CD33, CD 11b, CD15, CD117 and cMPO. c MPO is the most lineage specific marker amongst these. Regarding other options, CD 34 - Myeloid and lymphoid blasts, stem cells, CD 45 - Leukocyte common antigen (nonerythroid hematopoietic cells), CD 99 - Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroecto...
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Naproxen: The anti-inflammatory activity is stronger and it is particularly potent in inhibiting leucocyte migration - may be more valuable in acute gout: dose 750 mg stat followed by 250 mg 8 hourly till attack subsides. It is also recommended for rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Because of longer t ½ ...
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Adrenal glands
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Ans: c (Perisinus abscess) Ref: Dhingra, 3rd ed, 109; 4th ed, p. 77All the given abscess are extracranial location except perisinus abscess, which is located in relation to lateral sinus, an intracranial structure.Perisinus abscess: Abscess formed in relation to outer dural wall (sigmoid sinus/lateral sinus). Bony dura...
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Cause of Hashimoto thyroiditis,is autoimmune-mediated destruction of thyrocytes. A complex immunologic phenomenon results in the formation of immunecomplexes and complement in the basement membrane of follicular cells. These cellular reactions ultimately result in the infiltration of lymphocytes and resultant fibrosis,...
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SPORE PRODUCING BACTERIA • B. anthrax and subtilis • Sporosarcina • Clostridia • Coxiella burnetti Mnemonic = BSc Chemistry
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Ans. D: Gentamycin
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EXPOSURE TIME (s): Changing the exposure time—typically measured in fractions of a second (s)—modifies the duration of the exposure and thus the number of photons generated. When the exposure time is doubled, the number of photons generated at all energies in the X-ray emission spectrum is doubled. The range of photon ...
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Ans. D. Female preponderance of 9:1Scleroderma or Systemic Sclerosis is an autoimmune rheumatic disease in which there is a 4:1 female predominance. A wide spectrum of clinical features are seen in Scleroderma:* Severe pruritus* Initially, scleroderma patients experience puffiness and non-pitting edema of fingers.* The...
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Ans. is `c i.e., Liver Malignant melanoma mostly arise in uvea and uveal malignant melanoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor. The most common site for distant metastasis of uveal melanoma is liver. The liver is the most common site of metastasis of uveal melanoma" -- Clinical oncology The liver is the most ...
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Ans. Ophthalmic nerve
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The inheritance of a number of birth defects is multifactorial. Most normal human traits are inherited neither as dominant nor as recessive mendelian attributes, but rather in a more complex manner. For example, multifactorial inheritance determines intelligence, height, skin color, body habitus, and even emotional dis...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., Proctodaeum * 'The lower third of the anal canal is an ectodermal derivative and is derived from the proctodaeum.'* Part of anal canal above pectinate line develops from dorsal part of endodermal cloaca (primitive rectum) and part of anal canal below pectinate line develops from ectodermal proctodeum.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., > 95% o WHO's measles elimination strategy comprises a three part vaccination strategy, i.e.:-i) Catch-up - One-time, nationwide vaccination campaign targeting usually all children aged 9 months to 14 years regardless of history of measles disease or vaccination status.ii) Keep-up - Routine services a...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Louis Pasteure Louis Pasteur is associated with : Development of live vaccine (first was anthrax). Development of vaccine for rabies (hydrophobia). Introduction of technique of sterilization. Disprove the theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis). Established the different growth need of differen...
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Ans. is 'c' i.e., Manganese Major causes of dilated cardiomyopathy (with common examples)Inflammatory myocarditisMatabolicInfectiveViral (Coxsackie. adenovirus, HIV, hepatitis C)Parasitic (T. cruzi- Chagas1 disease, toxoplasmosis)Bacterial (diphtheria)Spirochetal (Borellia burgdorferi-Lyme disease)Rickettsial- (Q fever...
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a. Intussusception(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 1812-1814, Ghai 8/e p 287)Discussing about the options one by one,Option a.Recurrent intussusception is noted in 5-8%Advancing intestine can prolapse through the anus in intussusception and is distinguished from rectal prolapse by separation between the protruding intestine and t...
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Severe hepatotoxicity associated with steatohepatitis, most likely a result of mitochondrial toxicity, is being recognized with increasing frequency with antiretroviral therapy with reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., zidovudine, didanosine) or protease inhibitors (e.g., indinavir, ritonavir. Reference: Harrisons P...
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Baby friendly hospitals initiatives It was launched in USA by combined effos of WHO & UNICEF Since 1993 WHO's effos to improve infant and young child nutrition have focused on promoting breast feeding. It has been calculated that breast feeding could prevent deaths of at least one million children a year. A new "baby-f...
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The rate of systemic absorption is propoionate to the vascularity of the site of injection: intravenous > tracheal > intercostal > caudal > paracervical > epidural > brachial plexus > sciatic > subcutaneous. Ref: Morgan, Jr. G.E., Mikhail M.S., Murray M.J. (2006). Chapter 14. Local Anesthetics. In G.E. Morgan, Jr., M.S...
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HEREDITARY FRUCTOSE INTOLERANCE Aldolase B deficiency Symptoms appear on intake of fructose Aversion to sweet food C/F: Hypoglycemia Hepatomegaly Jaundice Vomiting Reducing substance in urine: POSITIVE - BENEDICT'S TEST T/t- Avoid fructose
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Transvaginal sonography (TVS) is the investigation of choice and is superior to Transabdominal sonography(TAS) for detecting placental abnormalities. Approach to placenta pre after confirmation by TVS at anomaly scan. Bleeding present: Individual management. No Bleeding/Minor Pre: Repeat USG at 36 weeks No bleeding/Maj...
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Asymmetrical inflammatory oligoahritis - seen in psoriatic ahritis. - Occurs mostly in hands and feet. Synovitis of the finger or toe along with tenosynovitis, enthesitis and inflammation of the intervening tissue causes sausage digits.
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Disturbed sleeps as a result of depression is associated with increased REM sleep and decreased REM latency. Although hypersomnia can occur in depressive illness, insomnia is more common. Therefore it is hard to identify whether disturbances in sleep due to depression increase or decrease total sleep time. More vivid d...
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Ans. is 'b' i.e., NREM stage 3, 4 Slow wave sleep (stage 3 & 4 of NREM sleep) disorders :- Sleep walking (somnambulism), night terror (sleep terror or pavornocturnus), Nocturnal enuresis, Bruxism (teeth grinding), and sleep talking (somniloquy). REM sleep events/disorder :- Nightmares, nocturnal penile tumescence, Narc...
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Ans. Fomepizole competitively inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Epigastric veins o Venous drainage of breast is through axillary, internal mammary and intercostal veins providing three major routes of hematogenous metastasis.
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Verumontanum is midline elevation on the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra. It acts as a surgical landmark. It lies immediately proximal to the external urethral sphincter. It thus serves as a distal landmark for prostatic resection in TURP to prevent injury to the external urethral sphincter. "The verumontanum s...
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Setting time of Fast-setting alginate = 1.5 to 3 min Setting time of Normal-setting alginate = 3 to 4.5 min
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C i.e. Psychosis For a patient to meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, the symptoms must have been present for at least 6 monthsQ. With same symptoms if - Duration of episode of disturbance is > 1 day but < 1 month, then the diagnosis is Brief psychotic disorder. - Duration episode of disorder is > 1 month b...
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Bulb of posterior horn is present on medial wall of posterior horn of lateral ventricle and is formed by fibers of forceps major.
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Cytogenetic abnormalities in the tumor cells of Burkitt&;s lymphoma is t (8;14) ,and t (8;22) involving MYC gene on chromosome 8 witho overexpression of MYC protein having transforming activity. Reference textbook of Pathology 6th edition Author Harsha Mohan page number 378
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Triptans like sumatriptan, frovatriptan etc are 5HT1B/1D agonists. These are drug of choice for acute severe migraine. Ergot alkaloids like ergotamine can also be used for acute attack of migraine. These also stimulate 5HT1B/1D receptors. Two primary hypotheses has been proposed for their action- 1. Activation of 5HT1D...
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Shower of golden rain is due to cholestrol crytals in vitreous cavity.
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Answer- A. Posteromedial soft tissue releaseIf treatment by manipulation and retention fails, operation should usually be undeaken before 9 months of age, mostly at 4- 6 months.The idea behind early operation is to set the tarsal bones in normal relationship to one another and to remove deforming forces, thus allowing ...
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Calcium gluconate (Also see AIIMS May 2010) . Calcium gluconate is the fastest acting agent used in t/t of hyperkalemia. . In acts within nzinutes but an impoant point to note is that it does not cause transcellular movement of potassium, instead it acts on cell membrane. - It stabilizes the cardiac cell membrane and r...
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Dietary sources of vitamin D: DISINFECTANT Mg/100 g Egg 1.25-1.5 butterl 10.5-1.5 Milk 0.1 Cod liver oil 200-750 Halibut liver oil 500-10,000 Ref: Park 22nd edition, page 572
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The most commonly used fluid worldwide is the University of Wisconsin solution. It contains lactobionate, raffinose, and hydroxyethyl starch. Lactobionate is impermeable and prevents intracellular swelling; it also lowers the concentration of intracellular calcineurin and free iron, which may be beneficial in reducing ...
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Centre of Reflex is superior delivary complex in brainstem.
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P.falciparum Forms in peripheral blood-ring forms and gametocytes (crescent shaped) A) Most pathogenic B). No relapses in P.falciparum-exo-erythrocytic schizogony is absent C). Complications-pernicious malaria,black water fever D)pernicious malaria-1). Cerebral malaria-hyperpyrexia, coma,paralysis.Brain is congested.Ca...
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Testicular feminising syndrome karyotype is 46 XY normal breast development primary amenorrhea inherited as autosomal dominant/X linked recessive gene sex chromatin is negative D.C.DUTTA'S TEXTBOOK OF GYNAECOLOGY,Pg no:443,6th edition
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Fontana masson  stains  mainly used to detect melanin granules in cytoplasm of tumour cells  of melanoma.
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Ans. is 'd' i.e., Diagnosis can be made with available techniques o The hidden pa of iceberg (i.e. submerged poion) constitutes latent, inapparent, presymptomatic and undiagnosed cases and carriers in the community. o Its detection and control is a challange to modern techniques in preventive medicine.
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Giardiasis Pulmonary diseases associated with tissue or blood eosinophilia are a heterogenous group of disorders. They are classified as : Loeffler's syndrome It is a benign acute eosinophilic pneumonia of unknown cause characterized by migrating pulmonary infiltrates and minimal clinical manifestations. These are usua...
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- The given image is showing a sac of meninges with some neural component inside it. So it is a meningomyelocele. - Most common location of a meningomyelocele is lumbo-sacral region.
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Types of Drug Resistance In defining criteria for resistance to the aminoquinolineantimalarial drugs, the WHO has described three grades of resistance following treatment (Low grade) R1 : Recrudescence of infection between 7 and 28 days of completing treatment following initial resolution of symptoms and parasite clear...
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Ans-A Condyloma accuminata (Ref Shows, 13/e, p 112 (12/e, p. 80-81)).The diagnosis of condyloma should be considered in a patients with history of sexual exposure and growths on vulva. The findings of the patient are consistence with that of condyloma accuminata.Condyloma accuminata -It is a sexually transmitted diseas...
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Ans. is 'a' i.e., Decreased gluconeogenesisExcess intake of alcohol leads to excessive production of NADH with a concomitant decrease in NAD+.This causes following metabolic alterations :-i) The increase availability of NADH ours the reduction of pyruvate to lactate and oxaloacetate to malate and decreasing its availab...
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IgE is to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria, parasite, and viruses Ref: Ananthanarayan & Parkers textbook of microbiology 9th edition pg:98
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