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13,000 | On October 24, the UNSC passed Resolution 339, serving as a renewed call for all parties to adhere to the ceasefire terms established in Resolution 338. Most heavy fighting on the Egyptian front ended by October 26, but clashes along the ceasefire lines and a few airstrikes on the Third Army took place. With some Israe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,001 | About noon on October 25, Kissinger appeared before the press at the State Department. He described the various stages of the crisis and the evolution of U.S. policy. He reviewed the first two weeks of the crisis and the nuclear alert, reiterated opposition to U.S. and Soviet troops in the area and more strongly oppose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,002 | Our position is that ... the conditions that produced this war were clearly intolerable to the Arab nations and that in the process of negotiations it will be necessary to make substantial concessions. The problem will be to relate the Arab concern for the sovereignty over the territories to the Israeli concern for sec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,003 | Quandt considers, "It was a brilliant performance, one of his most impressive." One hour later the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 340. This time the ceasefire held, and the fourth Arab–Israeli war was over. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,004 | Disengagement talks took place on October 28, 1973, at "Kilometre 101" between Israeli Major General Aharon Yariv and Egyptian Major General Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy. Ultimately, Kissinger took the proposal to Sadat, who agreed. United Nations checkpoints were brought in to replace Israeli ones, nonmilitary supplies were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,005 | A summit conference in Geneva followed in December 1973. All parties to the war—Israel, Syria, Jordan and Egypt—were invited to a joint effort by the Soviet Union and the United States to finally usher peace between the Arabs and Israelis. This conference was recognized by UN Security Council Resolution 344 and was bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,006 | After the failed conference Henry Kissinger started conducting shuttle diplomacy, meeting with Israel and the Arab states directly. The first concrete result of this was the initial military disengagement agreement, signed by Israel and Egypt on January 18, 1974. The agreement commonly known as Sinai I had the official... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,007 | On the Syrian front, skirmishes and artillery exchanges continued taking place. Shuttle diplomacy by Henry Kissinger eventually produced a disengagement agreement on May 31, 1974, based on exchange of prisoners-of-war, Israeli withdrawal to the Purple Line and the establishment of a UN buffer zone. The agreement ended ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,008 | The peace discussion at the end of the war was the first time that Arab and Israeli officials met for direct public discussions since the aftermath of the 1948 war. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,009 | Though the war reinforced Israel's military deterrence, it had a stunning effect on the population in Israel. Following their victory in the Six-Day War, the Israeli military had become complacent. The shock and sudden reversals that occurred at the beginning of the war inflicted a terrible psychological blow to the Is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,010 | A protest against the Israeli government started four months after the war ended. It was led by Motti Ashkenazi, commander of Budapest, the northernmost of the Bar-Lev forts and the only one during the war not to be captured by the Egyptians. Anger against the Israeli government (and Dayan in particular) was high. Shim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,011 | The Agranat Commission published its preliminary findings on April 2, 1974. Six people were held particularly responsible for Israel's failings: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,012 | Rather than quieting public discontent, the report—which "had stressed that it was judging the ministers' responsibility for security failings, not their parliamentary responsibility, which fell outside its mandate"—inflamed it. Although it had absolved Meir and Dayan of all responsibility, public calls for their resig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,013 | On April 11, 1974, Golda Meir resigned. Her cabinet followed suit, including Dayan, who had previously offered to resign twice and was turned down both times by Meir. A new government was seated in June and Yitzhak Rabin, who had spent most of the war as an advisor to Elazar in an unofficial capacity, became Prime Mini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,014 | In 1999, the issue was revisited by the Israeli political leadership to prevent similar shortcomings from being repeated. The Israeli National Security Council was created to improve coordination between the different security and intelligence bodies, and the political branch of government. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,015 | General Shazly had angered Sadat for advocating the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Sinai to meet the Israeli incursion on the West Bank of the Canal. Six weeks after the war, he was relieved of command and forced out of the army, ultimately going into political exile for years. Upon his return to Egypt, he was plac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,016 | The commanders of the Second and Third Armies, Generals Khalil and Wasel, were also dismissed from the army. The commander of the Egyptian Second Army at the start of the war, General Mamoun, suffered a heart attack, or, alternatively, a breakdown, after the Egyptian defeat during the October 14 Sinai tank battle, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,017 | In Syria, Colonel Rafik Halawi, the Druze commander of an infantry brigade that had collapsed during the Israeli breakthrough, was executed before the war even ended. He was given a quick hearing and sentenced to death; his execution was immediate. Military historian Zeev Schiff referred to him as Syria's "sacrificial ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,018 | In response to U.S. support of Israel, the Arab members of OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia, decided to reduce oil production by 5% per month on October 17. On October 19, President Nixon authorized a major allocation of arms supplies and $2.2 billion in appropriations for Israel. In response, Saudi Arabia declared an embargo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,019 | Another Egyptian–Israeli disengagement agreement, the "Sinai Interim Agreement", was signed in Geneva on September 4, 1975, and was commonly known as Sinai II. This agreement led Israel to withdraw from another 20–40 km with UN forces buffering the vacated area. After the agreement, Israel still held more than two-thir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,020 | The Yom Kippur War upset the status quo in the Middle East, and the war served as a direct antecedent of the 1978 Camp David Accords. The impetus for the talks came when United States President Jimmy Carter invited both Sadat and Begin to a summit at Camp David to negotiate a final peace. The talks took place from Sept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,021 | The Accords resulted in the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, the first ever between Israel and an Arab state. According to George Friedman, the war gave the Israelis increased respect for the Egyptian military and decreased their confidence in their own, and caused the Israelis to be uncertain whether they could defeat Egypt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,022 | U.S. military studies of the Yom Kippur War played a major role in shaping U.S. military doctrine in subsequent decades, particularly because the U.S. Army's Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) was established only three months before the onset of the war. U.S. Army Chief of Staff Gen. Creighton Abrams, TRADOC Comma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,023 | Soon after the war, U.S. Army civilian analysts and senior officers such as Gen. Donn A. Starry visited the IDF and compiled "lessons" for the Army to learn after the war. These lessons covered the improved lethality and accuracy of anti-tank and anti-air missiles, the importance of superior training for tank crews, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,024 | In May 1977, Gen. Starry (soon to succeed DePuy as TRADOC commander) returned to Israel and toured Yom Kippur War sites on the Golan Heights, guided by Raful Eitan and Moshe Peled. Starry used his observations to address problems left unaddressed by the Active Defense doctrine, such as how best to fight follow-on echel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34276 |
13,025 | Chernobyl is a 2019 historical tragedy television miniseries that revolves around the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 and the cleanup efforts that followed. The series was created and written by Craig Mazin and directed by Johan Renck. It features an ensemble cast led by Jared Harris, Stellan Skarsgård, Emily Watson and Pau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,026 | The five-part series premiered simultaneously in the United States on May 6, 2019, and in the United Kingdom on May 7. It was acclaimed by critics, who lauded the performances, cinematography, historical accuracies, atmosphere, direction, screenplay, musical score and tone. At the 71st Primetime Emmy Awards, it receive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,027 | While the series was exhaustively researched, some liberties were taken for dramatic purposes. The release of each episode was accompanied by a podcast in which Mazin and NPR host Peter Sagal discuss these changes and the reasoning behind them. While critics, experts and witnesses have noted historical and factual disc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,028 | "Chernobyl" dramatizes the story of the April 1986 nuclear plant disaster which occurred in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union, telling the stories of the people who were involved in the disaster and those who responded to it. The series depicts some of the lesser-known stories of the disaster, inclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,029 | The miniseries is based in large part on the recollections of Pripyat locals, as told by Belarusian Nobel laureate Svetlana Alexievich in her book "Voices from Chernobyl". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,030 | Writer Craig Mazin began researching for the project in 2014, by reading books and government reports from inside and outside the Soviet Union. Mazin also interviewed nuclear scientists to learn how a reactor works, and former Soviet citizens to gain a better idea of the culture in 1986. Mazin also read several first-p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,031 | Mazin's interest in creating the series originated when he decided to write something that addressed "how we're struggling with the global war on the truth right now". Another inspiration is that he knew Chernobyl exploded, but he did not know "why". He explained, "I didn't know why, and I thought there was this inexpl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,032 | In preparation for the miniseries, Mazin visited the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Mazin made the decision in the early stages not to use Russian or Ukrainian accents, and instead, have the actors use their natural accents. Mazin explained, "We had an initial thought that we didn't want to do the 'Boris and Natasha' cliché... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,033 | On July 26, 2017, it was announced that HBO and Sky had given a series order to "Chernobyl". It was HBO's first co-production with Sky UK. The five-episode miniseries was written by Craig Mazin and directed by Johan Renck. Mazin also served as an executive producer alongside Carolyn Strauss and Jane Featherstone, with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,034 | A companion podcast for the miniseries had new episodes published as each TV episode aired on HBO. The podcast featured conversations between Mazin and host Peter Sagal including discussions of where the show was as true as possible to historical events and where events were consolidated or modified as part of artistic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,035 | Simultaneously with the initial series announcement, it was confirmed that Jared Harris would star in the series. On March 19, 2018, it was announced that Stellan Skarsgård and Emily Watson had joined the main cast, marking their second collaboration after "Breaking the Waves." In May 2018, it was announced that Paul R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,036 | Principal photography began in April 2018 in Lithuania. Initial filming started on May 13, 2018, in Fabijoniškės, a residential district in Vilnius, Lithuania, which was used to portray the Ukrainian city of Pripyat, since the district maintained an authentic Soviet atmosphere. An area of densely built panel housing ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,037 | The musical score was composed by Icelandic composer Hildur Guðnadóttir. In August 2018, she began recording the score with Chris Watson at the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, where the series being preliminarily shot. She used the recordings from the power plant, deciding not to depend on instruments and pre-recorded ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,038 | The series was exhaustively researched, but some liberties were taken for dramatic purposes, such as Legasov being present at the trial. The first episode depicts Legasov timing his suicide down to the second (1:23:45) to coincide with the second anniversary of the Chernobyl explosion. In reality, Legasov committed sui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,039 | The series also discusses a potential third steam explosion, due to the risk of corium melting through to the water reservoirs below the reactor building, as being in the range of 2 to 4 megatons. This would have been physically impossible under the circumstances, as the only known means of producing such a powerful ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,040 | The series' production design, such as the choice of sets, props, and costumes, has received high praise for its accuracy. Several sources have commended the attention to even minor setting details, such as the usage of actual Kyiv-region license plate numbers, and a "New Yorker" review states that "the material cultur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,041 | The portrayal of Soviet officials, including both plant management and central government figures, received criticism. Breus, the Chernobyl engineer, argues that the characters of Viktor Bryukhanov, Nikolai Fomin, and Anatoly Dyatlov were "distorted and misrepresented, as if they were villains." Similarly, multiple rev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,042 | "Chernobyl" received widespread critical acclaim. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 95% based on 104 reviews, with an average rating of 8.9/10. The website's critics consensus reads: ""Chernobyl" rivets with a creeping dread that never dissipates, dramatizing a national tragedy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,043 | Reviewers from "The Atlantic", "The Washington Post", and BBC observed parallels to contemporary society by focusing on the power of information and how dishonest leaders can make mistakes beyond their comprehension. Sophie Gilbert of "The Atlantic" hailed the series as a "grim disquisition on the toll of devaluing the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,044 | Jennifer K. Crosby, writing for "The Objective Standard", says that the miniseries "explores the reasons for this monumental catastrophe and illustrates how it was magnified by the evasion and denial of those in charge," adding that "although the true toll of the disaster on millions of lives will never be known, "Cher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,045 | The miniseries was well-received by some critics and audiences in Russia. Vladimir Medinsky, Russian culture minister, whose father was one of the Chernobyl liquidators, called the series "masterfully made" and "filmed with great respect for ordinary people". It was reported that Russian NTV television channel has been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,046 | The Communists of Russia party called for a libel lawsuit against "Chernobyl"s writer, director and producers, describing the show as "disgusting". In a statement, party member Sergey Malinkovich spoke of the party's intentions to lobby TV regulator Roskomnadzor to request that it block local access to the series. Mari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,047 | In Ukraine, Anna Korolevska, deputy director at the Ukrainian National Chernobyl Museum in Kyiv, said "Today young people coming to power in Ukraine know nothing about that disaster in 1986. It was a necessary film to make and HBO have obviously tried their best; as for us, we are going to create a special tour about C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,048 | Belarusian Nobel laureate Svetlana Alexievich, whose book inspired the series, said "We are now witnessing a new phenomenon that Belarusians, who suffered greatly and thought they knew a lot about the tragedy, have completely changed their perception about Chernobyl and are interpreting this tragedy in a whole new way.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,049 | At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, Chinese netizens drew parallels between the Soviet response to the Chernobyl disaster and the initial handling of the coronavirus outbreak by the Chinese government. As a response, the page for "Chernobyl" on Douban, which by that point had amassed more than 200,000 ratin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55876266 |
13,050 | The was a nuclear accident in 2011 at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma, Fukushima, Japan. The proximate cause of the disaster was the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, which occurred on the afternoon of 11 March 2011 and remains the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan. The earthquake tri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,051 | The accident was triggered by the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, which occurred in the Pacific Ocean about east of the Japanese mainland at 14:46 JST on Friday, 11 March 2011. On detecting the earthquake, the active reactors automatically shut down their normal power-generating fission reactions. Because of these shutd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,052 | In the days after the accident, radiation released into the atmosphere forced the government to declare an ever-larger evacuation zone around the plant, culminating in an evacuation zone with a radius. All told, some 110,000 residents were evacuated from the communities surrounding the plant due to the rising off-site ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,053 | Large amounts of water contaminated with radioactive isotopes were released into the Pacific Ocean during and after the disaster. Michio Aoyama, a professor of radioisotope geoscience at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, has estimated that 18,000 terabecquerel (TBq) of radioactive caesium-137 were released ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,054 | While there has been ongoing controversy over the health effects of the disaster, a 2014 report by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and World Health Organization projected no increase in miscarriages, stillbirths or physical and mental disorders in babies born after t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,055 | On 5 July 2012, the National Diet of Japan Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission (NAIIC) found that the causes of the accident had been foreseeable, and that the plant operator, Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), had failed to meet basic safety requirements such as risk assessment, preparin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,056 | The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant consisted of six General Electric (GE) light water boiling water reactors (BWRs) with a combined power of 4.7 gigawatts, making it one of the world's 25 largest nuclear power stations. It was the first GE-designed nuclear plant to be constructed and run entirely by the Tokyo El... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,057 | At the time of the accident, the units and central storage facility contained the following numbers of fuel assemblies: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,058 | There was no MOX (mixed oxide) fuel in any of the cooling ponds at the time of the incident. The only MOX fuel was loaded in the Unit 3 reactor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,059 | Nuclear reactors generate electricity by using the heat of the fission reaction to produce steam, which drives turbines that generate electricity. When the reactor stops operating, the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes in the fuel continues to generate heat (decay heat) for a time, and so requires continued coolin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,060 | In the reactor core, high-pressure systems cycle water between the reactor pressure vessel and heat exchangers. These systems transfer heat to a secondary heat exchanger via the essential service water system, using water pumped out to sea or an onsite cooling tower. Units 2 and 3 had steam turbine-driven emergency cor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,061 | Unit 1 had a different, entirely passive cooling system, the Isolation Condenser (IC). It consisted of a series of pipes run from the reactor core to the inside of a large tank of water. When the valves were opened, steam flowed upward to the IC, where the cool water in the tank condenses the steam back to water that r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,062 | When a reactor is not producing electricity, its cooling pumps can be powered by other reactor units, the grid, diesel generators, or batteries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,063 | The Fukushima reactors were not designed for a large tsunami, nor had the reactors been modified when concerns were raised in Japan and by the IAEA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,064 | In accordance with GE's original specifications for the construction of the plant, each reactor's emergency diesel generators and DC batteries, crucial components in powering cooling systems after a power loss, were located in the basements of the reactor turbine buildings. Mid-level GE engineers expressed concerns, re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,065 | In the late 1990s, three additional backup diesel generators for Units 2 and 4 were placed in new buildings located higher on the hillside, to comply with new regulatory requirements. All six units were given access to these diesel generators, but the switching stations that sent power from these backup generators to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,066 | The nearby Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant was also struck by the tsunami. However, this power plant had incorporated design changes that improved its resistance to flooding, thereby reducing flood damage. The diesel generators and related electrical distribution equipment were located in the watertight reactor bui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,067 | Used fuel assemblies taken from reactors are initially stored for at least 18 months in the pools adjacent to their reactors. They can then be transferred to the central fuel storage pond. Fukushima I's storage area contains 6375 fuel assemblies. After further cooling, fuel can be transferred to dry cask storage, which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,068 | Many of the internal components and fuel assembly cladding are made from zircaloy because it does not absorb neutrons. At normal operating temperatures of approximately , zircaloy is inert. However, above , zirconium metal can react exothermically with water to form free hydrogen gas. The reaction between zirconium and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,069 | At the time of the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011, Reactors 4, 5, and 6 were shut down. However, their spent fuel pools still required cooling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,070 | The 9.0 M earthquake occurred at 14:46 on Friday, 11 March 2011, with the epicenter near Honshu, the largest island of Japan. It produced maximum ground g-forces of 0.56, 0.52, 0.56 at units 2, 3, and 5 respectively. This exceeded the seismic reactor design tolerances of 0.45, 0.45, and 0.46 g for continued operation, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,071 | When the earthquake struck, units 1, 2, and 3 were operating, but units 4, 5, and 6 had been shut down for a scheduled inspection. Immediately after the earthquake, the electricity-producing Reactors 1, 2, and 3 automatically shut down their sustained fission reactions by inserting control rods in a safety procedure re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,072 | The largest tsunami wave was 13–14 m (43–46 feet) high and hit approximately 50 minutes after the initial earthquake, overwhelming the plant's ground level, which was above the sea level. The moment of impact was recorded by a camera. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,073 | The waves flooded the basements of the power plant's turbine buildings and disabled the emergency diesel generators at approximately 15:41. TEPCO then notified authorities of a "first-level emergency". The switching stations that provided power from the three backup generators located higher on the hillside failed when... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,074 | Further batteries and mobile generators were dispatched to the site, but were delayed by poor road conditions; the first arrived at 21:00 11 March, almost six hours after the tsunami struck. Unsuccessful attempts were made to connect portable generating equipment to power water pumps. The failure was attributed to floo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,075 | As workers struggled to supply power to the reactors' coolant systems and restore power to their control rooms, three hydrogen-air chemical explosions occurred, the first in Unit 1 on 12 March, and the last in Unit 4, on 15 March. It is estimated that the oxidation of zirconium by steam in Reactors 1–3 produced of hydr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,076 | The amount of damage sustained by the reactor cores during the accident, and the location of molten nuclear fuel ("corium") within the containment buildings, is unknown; TEPCO has revised its estimates several times. On 16 March 2011, TEPCO estimated that 70% of the fuel in Unit 1 had melted and 33% in Unit 2, and that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,077 | TEPCO released further estimates of the state and location of the fuel in a November 2011 report. The report concluded that the Unit 1 RPV was damaged during the disaster and that "significant amounts" of molten fuel had fallen into the bottom of the PCV. The erosion of the concrete of the PCV by the molten fuel after ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,078 | In November 2013, Mari Yamaguchi reported for Associated Press that there are computer simulations that suggest that "the melted fuel in Unit 1, whose core damage was the most extensive, has breached the bottom of the primary containment vessel and even partially eaten into its concrete foundation, coming within about ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,079 | According to a December 2013 report, TEPCO estimated for Unit 1 that "the decay heat must have decreased enough, the molten fuel can be assumed to remain in PCV (primary containment vessel)". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,080 | In August 2014, TEPCO released a new revised estimate that Reactor 3 had a complete melt through in the initial phase of the accident. According to this new estimate within the first three days of the accident the entire core content of Reactor 3 had melted through the RPV and fallen to the bottom of the PCV. These est... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,081 | In February 2015, TEPCO started the muon scanning process for Units 1, 2, and 3. With this scanning setup it will be possible to determine the approximate amount and location of the remaining nuclear fuel within the RPV, but not the amount and resting place of the corium in the PCV. In March 2015 TEPCO released the res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,082 | In February 2017, six years after the disaster, radiation levels inside the Unit 2 containment building were crudely estimated to be about 650 Sv/h. The estimation was revised later to 80 Sv/h. These readings were the highest recorded since the disaster occurred in 2011 and the first recorded in that area of the reacto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,083 | In February 2017, TEPCO released images taken inside Reactor 2 by a remote-controlled camera that show a wide hole in the metal grating under the pressure vessel in the reactor's primary containment vessel, which could have been caused by fuel escaping the pressure vessel, indicating a meltdown/melt-through had occurre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,084 | In January 2018, a remote-controlled camera confirmed that nuclear fuel debris was at the bottom of the Unit 2 PCV, showing fuel had escaped the RPV. The handle from the top of a nuclear fuel assembly was also observed, confirming that a considerable amount of the nuclear fuel had melted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,085 | Reactor 4 was not operating when the earthquake struck. All fuel rods from Unit 4 had been transferred to the spent fuel pool on an upper floor of the reactor building prior to the tsunami. On 15 March, an explosion damaged the fourth floor rooftop area of Unit 4, creating two large holes in a wall of the outer buildin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,086 | In October 2012, the former Japanese Ambassador to Switzerland and Senegal, Mitsuhei Murata, said that the ground under Fukushima Unit 4 was sinking, and the structure may collapse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,087 | In November 2013, TEPCO began moving the 1533 fuel rods in the Unit 4 cooling pool to the central pool. This process was completed on 22 December 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,088 | Reactors 5 and 6 were also not operating when the earthquake struck. Unlike Reactor 4, their fuel rods remained in the reactor. The reactors had been closely monitored, as cooling processes were not functioning well. Both Unit 5 and Unit 6 shared a working generator and switchgear during the emergency and achieved a su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,089 | On 21 March, temperatures in the fuel pond had risen slightly, to and water was sprayed over the pool. Power was restored to cooling systems on 24 March and by 28 March, temperatures were reported down to . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,090 | One analysis, in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, stated that Government agencies and TEPCO were unprepared for the "cascading nuclear disaster" and the tsunami that "began the nuclear disaster could and should have been anticipated and that ambiguity about the roles of public and private institutions in such a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,091 | According to Naoto Kan, Japan's prime minister during the tsunami, the country was unprepared for the disaster, and nuclear power plants should not have been built so close to the ocean. Kan acknowledged flaws in authorities' handling of the crisis, including poor communication and coordination between nuclear regulato... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,092 | Physicist and environmentalist Amory Lovins said that Japan's "rigid bureaucratic structures, reluctance to send bad news upwards, need to save face, weak development of policy alternatives, eagerness to preserve nuclear power's public acceptance, and politically fragile government, along with TEPCO's very hierarchical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,093 | The Japanese government did not keep records of key meetings during the crisis. Data from the SPEEDI network were emailed to the prefectural government, but not shared with others. Emails from NISA to Fukushima, covering 12 March 11:54 PM to 16 March 9 AM and holding vital information for evacuation and health advisori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,094 | On the evening of 15 March, Prime Minister Kan called Seiki Soramoto, who used to design nuclear plants for Toshiba, to ask for his help in managing the escalating crisis. Soramoto formed an impromptu advisory group, which included his former professor at the University of Tokyo, Toshiso Kosako, a top Japanese expert o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,095 | The Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company's interim report stated that Japan's response was flawed by "poor communication and delays in releasing data on dangerous radiation leaks at the facility". The report blamed Japan's central government as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,096 | In February 2012, the Rebuild Japan Initiative Foundation described how Japan's response was hindered by a loss of trust between the major actors: Prime Minister Kan, TEPCO's Tokyo headquarters and the plant manager. The report said that these conflicts "produced confused flows of sometimes contradictory information". ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,097 | A 2012 report in "The Economist" said: "The operating company was poorly regulated and did not know what was going on. The operators made mistakes. The representatives of the safety inspectorate fled. Some of the equipment failed. The establishment repeatedly played down the risks and suppressed information about the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,098 | From 17 to 19 March 2011, US military aircraft measured radiation within a radius of the site. The data recorded 125 microsieverts per hour of radiation as far as northwest of the plant. The US provided detailed maps to the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) on 18 March and to the Ministry of Educa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,099 | The data were not forwarded to the prime minister's office or the Nuclear Safety Commission (NSC), nor were they used to direct the evacuation. Because a substantial portion of radioactive materials reached ground to the northwest, residents evacuated in this direction were unnecessarily exposed to radiation. According... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
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