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13,100 | Data on the dispersal of radioactive materials were provided to the U.S. forces by the Japanese Ministry for Science a few days after 11 March; however, the data was not shared publicly until the Americans published their map on 23 March, at which point Japan published fallout maps compiled from ground measurements and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,101 | On 19 June 2012, science minister Hirofumi Hirano stated that his "job was only to measure radiation levels on land" and that the government would study whether disclosure could have helped in the evacuation efforts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,102 | On 28 June 2012, Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency officials apologized to mayor Yuko Endo of Kawauchi Village for NISA having failed to release the American-produced radiation maps in the first days after the meltdowns. All residents of this village were evacuated after the government designated it a no-entry zone.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,103 | In June 2016, it was revealed that TEPCO officials had been instructed on 14 March 2011 not to describe the reactor damage using the word "meltdown". Officials at that time were aware that 25–55% of the fuel had been damaged, and the threshold for which the term "meltdown" became appropriate (5%) had been greatly excee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,104 | The government initially set in place a four-stage evacuation process: a prohibited access area out to , an on-alert area and an evacuation prepared area . On day one, an estimated 170,000 people were evacuated from the prohibited access and on-alert areas. Prime Minister Kan instructed people within the on-alert area ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,105 | The earthquake and tsunami damaged or destroyed more than one million buildings leading to a total of 470,000 people needing evacuation. Of the 470,000, the nuclear accident was responsible for 154,000 being evacuated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,106 | In 1967, when the plant was built, TEPCO levelled the sea coast to make it easier to bring in equipment. This put the new plant at above sea level, rather than the original . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,107 | On 27 February 2012, the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency ordered TEPCO to report its reasoning for changing the piping layout for the emergency cooling system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,108 | The original plans separated the piping systems for two reactors in the isolation condenser from each other. However, the application for approval of the construction plan showed the two piping systems connected outside the reactor. The changes were not noted, in violation of regulations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,109 | After the tsunami, the isolation condenser should have taken over the function of the cooling pumps, by condensing the steam from the pressure vessel into water to be used for cooling the reactor. However, the condenser did not function properly and TEPCO could not confirm whether a valve was opened. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,110 | On 30 October 1991, one of two backup generators of Reactor 1 failed, after flooding in the reactor's basement. Seawater used for cooling leaked into the turbine building from a corroded pipe at 20 cubic meters per hour, as reported by former employees in December 2011. An engineer was quoted as saying that he informed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,111 | The Japanese Nuclear Safety Commission stated that it would revise its safety guidelines and would require the installation of additional power sources. On 29 December 2011, TEPCO admitted all these facts: its report mentioned that the room was flooded through a door and some holes for cables, but the power supply was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,112 | An in-house TEPCO report in 2000 recommended safety measures against seawater flooding, based on the potential of a tsunami. TEPCO leadership said the study's technological validity "could not be verified." After the tsunami a TEPCO report said that the risks discussed in the 2000 report had not been announced because ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,113 | In 2007, TEPCO set up a department to supervise its nuclear facilities. Until June 2011, its chairman was Masao Yoshida, the Fukushima Daiichi chief. A 2008 in-house study identified an immediate need to better protect the facility from flooding by seawater. This study mentioned the possibility of tsunami-waves up to .... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,114 | Yukinobu Okamura of the Active Fault and Earthquake Research Center (replaced in 2014 by the Research Institute of Earthquake and Volcano Geology (IEVG)], Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ)), AIST) urged TEPCO and NISA to revise their assumptions for possible tsunami heights upwards, based on his team's findings about th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,115 | The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission warned of a risk of losing emergency power in 1991 (NUREG-1150) and NISA referred to that report in 2004, but took no action to mitigate the risk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,116 | Warnings by government committees, such as one in the Cabinet Office in 2004, that tsunamis taller than the maximum of forecast by TEPCO and government officials were possible, were also ignored. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,117 | Seismologist Katsuhiko Ishibashi wrote the 1994 book titled "A Seismologist Warns" criticizing lax building codes, which became a best seller when an earthquake in Kobe killed thousands shortly after its publication. In 1997 he coined the term "nuclear earthquake disaster", and in 1995 wrote an article for the "Interna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,118 | The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) had expressed concern about the ability of Japan's nuclear plants to withstand earthquakes. At a 2008 meeting of the G8's Nuclear Safety and Security Group in Tokyo, an IAEA expert warned that a strong earthquake with a magnitude above could pose a "serious problem" for Jap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,119 | Radioactive material was released from the containment vessels for several reasons: deliberate venting to reduce gas pressure, deliberate discharge of coolant water into the sea, and uncontrolled events. Concerns about the possibility of a large scale release led to a exclusion zone around the power plant and recommend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,120 | The accident released 100–500 petabecquerels (PBq) of iodine-131 and 6–20 PBq of caesium-137 to the atmosphere, according to an estimate by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. About 80 percent of the atmospheric releases were deposited over the ocean. In addition, 10–20 PBq of io... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,121 | The Fukushima coast has some of the world's strongest currents and these transported the contaminated waters far into the Pacific Ocean, thus causing great dispersion of the radioactive elements. The results of measurements of both the seawater and the coastal sediments led to the supposition that the consequences of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,122 | Researchers at the University of Tokyo's Underwater Technology Research Center towed detectors behind boats to map hot spots on the ocean floor off Fukushima. Blair Thornton, an associate professor the university, said in 2013 that radiation levels remained hundreds of times as high as in other areas of the sea floor, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,123 | A monitoring system operated by the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) tracked the spread of radioactivity on a global scale. Radioactive isotopes were picked up by over 40 monitoring stations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,124 | On 12 March, radioactive releases first reached a CTBTO monitoring station in Takasaki, Japan, around away. The radioactive isotopes appeared in eastern Russia on 14 March and the west coast of the United States two days later. By day 15, traces of radioactivity were detectable all across the northern hemisphere. Withi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,125 | Estimates of radioactivity released ranged from 10 to 40% of that of Chernobyl. The significantly contaminated area was 10–12% of that of Chernobyl. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,126 | In March 2011, Japanese officials announced that "radioactive iodine-131 exceeding safety limits for infants had been detected at 18 water-purification plants in Tokyo and five other prefectures". On 21 March, the first restrictions were placed on the distribution and consumption of contaminated items. , the Japanese g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,127 | In the first half of September 2011, TEPCO estimated the radioactivity release at some 200 MBq (megabecquerels, 5.4 millicuries) per hour. This was approximately one four-millionth that of March. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,128 | According to the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, the release from Fukushima represents the most important individual oceanic emissions of artificial radioactivity ever observed. The Fukushima coast has one of the world's strongest currents (Kuroshio Current). It transported the contamin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,129 | Migratory pelagic species are highly effective and rapid transporters of radioactivity throughout the ocean. Elevated levels of caesium-134 appeared in migratory species off the coast of California that were not seen pre-Fukushima. Scientists have also discovered increased traces of radioactive isotope Caesium-137 in w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,130 | As of March 2012, no cases of radiation-related ailments had been reported. Experts cautioned that data was insufficient to allow conclusions on health impacts. Michiaki Kai, professor of radiation protection at Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, stated, "If the current radiation dose estimates are correct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,131 | In August 2012, researchers found that 10,000 nearby residents had been exposed to less than 1 millisievert of radiation, significantly less than Chernobyl residents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,132 | As of October 2012, radioactivity was still leaking into the ocean. Fishing in the waters around the site was still prohibited, and the levels of radioactive Cs and Cs in the fish caught were not lower than immediately after the disaster. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,133 | On 26 October 2012, TEPCO admitted that it could not stop radioactive material entering the ocean, although emission rates had stabilized. Undetected leaks could not be ruled out, because the reactor basements remained flooded. The company was building a 2,400-foot-long steel and concrete wall between the site and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,134 | On 22 July 2013, it was revealed by TEPCO that the plant continued to leak radioactive water into the Pacific Ocean, something long suspected by local fishermen and independent investigators. TEPCO had previously denied that this was happening. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe ordered the government to step in. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,135 | On 20 August, in a further incident, it was announced that of heavily contaminated water had leaked from a storage tank, approximately the same amount of water as one eighth (1/8) of that found in an Olympic-size swimming pool. The of water was radioactive enough to be hazardous to nearby staff, and the leak was assess... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,136 | On 26 August, the government took charge of emergency measures to prevent further radioactive water leaks, reflecting their lack of confidence in TEPCO. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,137 | As of 2013, about of cooling water per day was being pumped into the reactors. Another of groundwater was seeping into the structure. Some of water per day was removed for treatment, half of which was reused for cooling and half diverted to storage tanks. Ultimately the contaminated water, after treatment to remove rad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,138 | In February 2014, NHK reported that TEPCO was reviewing its radioactivity data, after finding much higher levels of radioactivity than was reported earlier. TEPCO now says that levels of 5 MBq (0.12 millicuries) of strontium per liter () were detected in groundwater collected in July 2013 and not the 900 kBq (0.02 mill... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,139 | On 10 September 2015, floodwaters driven by Typhoon Etau prompted mass evacuations in Japan and overwhelmed the drainage pumps at the stricken Fukushima nuclear plant. A TEPCO spokesperson said that hundreds of metric tons of radioactive water entered the ocean as a result. Plastic bags filled with contaminated soil an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,140 | In March 2014, numerous news sources, including NBC, began predicting that the radioactive underwater plume traveling through the Pacific Ocean would reach the western seaboard of the continental United States. The common story was that the amount of radioactivity would be harmless and temporary once it arrived. The Na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,141 | The incident was rated 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). This scale runs from 0, indicating an abnormal situation with no safety consequences, to 7, indicating an accident causing widespread contamination with serious health and environmental effects. Prior to Fukushima, the Chernobyl disaster was the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,142 | A 2012 analysis of the intermediate and long-lived radioactivity released found about 10–20% of that released from the Chernobyl disaster. Approximately 15 PBq of caesium-137 was released, compared with approximately 85 PBq of caesium-137 at Chernobyl, indicating the release of of caesium-137. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,143 | Unlike Chernobyl, all Japanese reactors were in concrete containment vessels, which limited the release of strontium-90, americium-241, and plutonium, which were among the radioisotopes released by the earlier incident. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,144 | 500 PBq of iodine-131 was released, compared to approximately 1,760 PBq at Chernobyl. Iodine-131 has a half-life of 8.02 days, decaying into a stable nuclide. After ten half lives (80.2 days), 99.9% has decayed to xenon-131, a stable isotope. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,145 | There were no deaths from radiation exposure in the immediate aftermath of the incident, though there were a number of (around 1600 non-radiation related) deaths during the evacuation of the nearby population. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,146 | As of September 2018, one cancer fatality was the subject of a financial settlement, to the family of a former nuclear station workman. while approximately 18,500 people died due to the earthquake and tsunami. The maximum predicted eventual cancer mortality and morbidity estimate according to the linear no-threshold th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,147 | In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that the residents of the area who were evacuated were exposed to low amounts of radiation and that radiation-induced health impacts are likely to be low. In particular, the 2013 WHO report predicts that for evacuated infant girls, their 0.75% pre-accident lifetime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,148 | A screening program a year later in 2012 found that more than a third (36%) of children in Fukushima Prefecture have abnormal growths in their thyroid glands. As of August 2013, there have been more than 40 children newly diagnosed with thyroid cancer and other cancers in Fukushima prefecture as a whole. In 2015, the n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,149 | On 5 July 2012, the Japanese National Diet-appointed Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission (NAIIC) submitted its inquiry report to the Japanese Diet. The Commission found the nuclear disaster was "manmade", that the direct causes of the accident were all foreseeable prior to 11 March 2011. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,150 | TEPCO admitted for the first time on 12 October 2012 that it had failed to take stronger measures to prevent disasters for fear of inviting lawsuits or protests against its nuclear plants. There are no clear plans for decommissioning the plant, but the plant management estimate is thirty or forty years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,151 | In 2018, tours to visit the Fukushima disaster area began. In September 2020, The Great East Japan Earthquake and Nuclear Disaster Memorial Museum was opened in the town of Futaba, near the Fukushima Daiichi power plant. The museum exhibits items and videos about the earthquake and the nuclear accident. To attract visi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,152 | Discharge of radioactive water was reported as early as April 2011. A frozen soil barrier was constructed in an attempt to prevent further contamination of seeping groundwater by melted-down nuclear fuel, but in July 2016 TEPCO revealed that the ice wall had failed to stop groundwater from flowing in and mixing with hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,153 | As of October 2019, 1.17 million cubic meters of contaminated water was stored in the plant area. The water is being treated by a purification system that can remove radionuclides, except tritium, to a level that Japanese regulations allow to be discharged to the sea. As of December 2019, 28% of the water had been puri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,154 | Tanks used to store the water are expected to be filled in 2023. In July 2022, Japan's Nuclear Regulation Authority approved discharging the treated water into the sea. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,155 | Other radioactive substances created as a byproduct of the contaminated water purification process, as well as contaminated metal from the damaged plant, have drawn recent attention as the 3,373 waste storage containers for the radioactive slurry were found to be degrading faster than expected. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,156 | Although people in the incident's worst affected areas have a slightly higher risk of developing certain cancers such as leukemia, solid cancers, thyroid cancer, and breast cancer, very few cancers would be expected as a result of accumulated radiation exposures. Estimated effective doses outside Japan are considered t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,157 | In 2013, the World Health Organization reported that area residents who were evacuated were exposed to so little radiation that radiation-induced health effects were likely to be below detectable levels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,158 | The health risks were calculated by applying conservative assumptions, including the conservative linear no-threshold model of radiation exposure, a model that assumes even the smallest amount of radiation exposure will cause a negative health effect. The report indicated that for those infants in the most affected are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,159 | The World Nuclear Association reports that the radiation exposure to those living in proximity to Fukushima is expected to be below 10 mSv, over the course of a lifetime. In comparison, the dosage of background radiation received over a lifetime is 170 mSv. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,160 | According to a linear no-threshold model (LNT model), the accident would most likely cause 130 cancer deaths. However, radiation epidemiologist Roy Shore countered that estimating health effects from the LNT model "is not wise because of the uncertainties." Darshak Sanghavi noted that to obtain reliable evidence of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,161 | In April 2014, studies confirmed the presence of radioactive tuna off the coasts of the Pacific U.S. Researchers carried out tests on 26 albacore tuna caught prior to the 2011 power plant disaster and those caught after. However, the amount of radioactivity is less than that found naturally in a single banana. Caesium-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,162 | In June 2016 Tilman Ruff, co-president of the political advocacy group "International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War", argues that 174,000 people have been unable to return to their homes and ecological diversity has decreased and malformations have been found in trees, birds, and mammals. Although physio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,163 | Five years after the event, the Department of Agriculture from the University of Tokyo (which holds many experimental agricultural research fields around the affected area) has noted that "the fallout was found at the surface of anything exposed to air at the time of the accident. The main radioactive nuclides are now ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,164 | The atmosphere was not affected on a noticeable scale, as the overwhelming majority of the particulates settled either within the water system or soil surrounding the plant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,165 | In February 2018, Japan renewed the export of fish caught off Fukushima's nearshore zone. According to prefecture officials, no seafood had been found with radiation levels exceeding Japan safety standards since April 2015. In 2018, Thailand was the first country to receive a shipment of fresh fish from Japan's Fukushi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,166 | On February 2022, Japan suspended the sale of black rockfish from Fukushima after it was discovered that a catch was found to be 14 times more radioactive than the legally permitted level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,167 | The World Health Organization stated that a 2013 thyroid ultrasound screening program was, due to the screening effect, likely to lead to an increase in recorded thyroid cases due to early detection of non-symptomatic disease cases. The overwhelming majority of thyroid growths are benign growths that will never cause s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,168 | According to the Tenth Report of the Fukushima Prefecture Health Management Survey released in February 2013, more than 40% of children screened around Fukushima prefecture were diagnosed with thyroid nodules or cysts. Ultrasonographic detectable thyroid nodules and cysts are extremely common and can be found at a freq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,169 | In October 2015, 137 children from the Fukushima Prefecture were described as either being diagnosed with or showing signs of developing thyroid cancer. The study's lead author Toshihide Tsuda from Okayama University stated that the increased detection could not be accounted for by attributing it to the screening effec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,170 | However, despite his paper being widely reported by the media, an undermining error, according to teams of other epidemiologists who point out Tsuda's remarks are fatally wrong, is that Tsuda did an apples and oranges comparison by comparing the Fukushima surveys, which uses advanced ultrasound devices that detect othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,171 | In 2016 Ohira et al. conducted a study cross-comparing thyroid cancer patients from Fukushima prefecture evacuees with rates of Thyroid cancer in from those outside of the evacuation zone. Ohira et al. found that "The duration between accident and thyroid examination was not associated with thyroid cancer prevalence. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,172 | A 2018 publication by Yamashita et al. also concluded that Thyroid cancer rate differences can be attributed to the screening effect. They noted that the mean age of the patients at the time of the accident was 10–15 years, while no cases were found in children from the ages of 0–5 who would have been most susceptible.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,173 | A 2019 investigation by Yamamoto et al. evaluated the first and the second screening rounds separately as well as combined covering 184 confirmed cancer cases in 1.080 million observed person years subject to additional radiation exposure due to the nuclear accidents. The authors concluded "A significant association be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,174 | As of 2020, research into the correlation between air-dose and internal-dose and thyroid cancers remains ongoing. Ohba et al. published a new study assessing the accuracy of dose-response estimates and the accuracy of dose modelling in evacuees. In the most recent study by Ohira et al., updated models of dose rates to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,175 | Thyroid cancer is one of the most survivable cancers, with an approximate 94% survival rate after first diagnosis. That rate increases to a nearly 100% survival rate if caught early. Cancer may spread to another part of the body, however, and survivors need to take hormonal drugs for life after removing their thyroid. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,176 | There has been a statistically significant increase in the risk of leukemia observed in a study of cleanup workers of Chernobyl. Of the 110,645 Ukrainian cleanup workers included in a 20-year study, 0.1% had developed leukemia as of 2012, although not all cases resulted from the accident. It was believed, however, that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,177 | Data from Chernobyl showed that there was a steady but sharp increase in thyroid cancer rates following the disaster in 1986, but whether this data can be directly compared to Fukushima is yet to be determined. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,178 | Chernobyl thyroid cancer incidence rates did not begin to increase above the prior baseline value of about 0.7 cases per 100,000 people per year until 1989 to 1991, 3–5 years after the incident in both adolescent and child age groups. The rate reached its highest point so far, of about 11 cases per 100,000 in the decad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,179 | In the former Soviet Union, many patients with negligible radioactive exposure after the Chernobyl disaster displayed extreme anxiety about radiation exposure. They developed many psychosomatic problems, including radiophobia along with an increase in fatalistic alcoholism. As Japanese health and radiation specialist S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,180 | A survey by the Iitate local government obtained responses from approximately 1,743 evacuees within the evacuation zone. The survey showed that many residents are experiencing growing frustration, instability, and an inability to return to their earlier lives. Sixty percent of respondents stated that their health and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,181 | Summarizing all responses to questions related to evacuees' current family status, one-third of all surveyed families live apart from their children, while 50.1% live away from other family members (including elderly parents) with whom they lived before the disaster. The survey also showed that 34.7% of the evacuees ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,182 | Stress often manifests in physical ailments, including behavioral changes such as poor dietary choices, lack of exercise, and sleep deprivation. Survivors, including some who lost homes, villages, and family members, were found likely to face mental health and physical challenges. Much of the stress came from lack of i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,183 | A 2014 metareview of 48 articles indexed by PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE, highlighted several psychophysical consequences among the residents in Miyagi, Iwate, Ibaraki, Tochigi and Tokyo. The resulting outcomes included depressive symptoms, anxiety, sleep disturbance, social functioning, social isolation, admission rat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,184 | In a 2017 risk analysis, relying on the metric of potential months of life lost, it determined that unlike Chernobyl, "relocation was unjustified for the 160,000 people relocated after Fukushima", when the potential future deaths from exposure to radiation around Fukushima, would have been much less, if the alternative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,185 | In January 2015, the number of Fukushima evacuees was around 119,000, compared with a peak of around 164,000 in June 2012. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,186 | Worldwide media coverage of the incident has been described as "ten years of disinformation", with media and environmental organisations routinely conflating the casualties of the earthquake and tsunami, with casualties of the nuclear incident. The incident dominated media coverage while the victims of the natural disa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,187 | In June 2011, TEPCO stated the amount of contaminated water in the complex had increased due to substantial rainfall. On 13 February 2014, TEPCO reported 37 kBq (1.0 microcurie) of caesium-134 and 93 kBq (2.5 microcuries) of caesium-137 were detected per liter of groundwater sampled from a monitoring well. Dust particl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,188 | According to reinsurer Munich Re, the private insurance industry will not be significantly affected by the disaster. Swiss Re similarly stated, "Coverage for nuclear facilities in Japan excludes earthquake shock, fire following earthquake and tsunami, for both physical damage and liability. Swiss Re believes that the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,189 | Initial estimates of costs to Japanese taxpayers were in excess of 12 trillion yen ($100 billion). In December 2016 the government estimated decontamination, compensation, decommissioning, and radioactive waste storage costs at 21.5 trillion yen ($187 billion), nearly double the 2013 estimate. By 2021 12.1 trillion yen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,190 | In March 2017, a Japanese court ruled that negligence by the Japanese government had led to the Fukushima disaster by failing to use its regulatory powers to force TEPCO to take preventive measures. The Maebashi district court near Tokyo awarded () to 137 people who were forced to flee their homes following the acciden... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,191 | On 17 June 2022, the Supreme Court acquitted the government of any wrongdoing regarding potential compensation to over 3,700 people affected by the disaster. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,192 | On 13 July 2022, four former TEPCO executives were ordered to pay 13 trillion yen ($95 billion) in damages to the operator of Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, in the civil case brought by Tepco shareholders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,193 | By March 2012, one year after the disaster, all but two of Japan's nuclear reactors had been shut down; some had been damaged by the quake and tsunami. Authority to restart the others after scheduled maintenance throughout the year was given to local governments, which all decided against reopening them. According to "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,194 | The nuclear plant closest to the epicenter of the earthquake, the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, successfully withstood the cataclysm. Reuters said it may serve as a "trump card" for the nuclear lobby, providing evidence that it is possible for a correctly designed and operated nuclear facility to withstand such a catacl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,195 | The loss of 30% of the country's generating capacity led to much greater reliance on liquified natural gas and coal. Unusual conservation measures were undertaken. In the immediate aftermath, nine prefectures served by TEPCO experienced power rationing. The government asked major companies to reduce power consumption b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,196 | Many political activists have called for a phase-out of nuclear power in Japan, including Amory Lovins, who claimed, "Japan is poor in "fuels", but is the richest of all major industrial countries in renewable "energy" that can meet the entire long-term energy needs of an energy-efficient Japan, at lower cost and risk ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,197 | In contrast, others have said that the zero mortality rate from the Fukushima incident confirms their opinion that nuclear fission is the only viable option available to replace fossil fuels. Journalist George Monbiot wrote "Why Fukushima made me stop worrying and love nuclear power." In it he said, "As a result of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,198 | In September 2011, Mycle Schneider said that the disaster can be understood as a unique chance "to get it right" on energy policy. "Germany – with its nuclear phase-out decision based on a renewable energy program – and Japan – having suffered a painful shock but possessing unique technical capacities and societal disc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
13,199 | On the other hand, climate and energy scientists James Hansen, Ken Caldeira, Kerry Emanuel, and Tom Wigley released an open letter calling on world leaders to support development of safer nuclear power systems, stating "There is no credible path to climate stabilization that does not include a substantial role for nucl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31162817 |
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