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13,900 | The earliest known revolt against technology was Luddism, a pushback against early automation in textile production. Automation had resulted in a need for fewer workers, a process known as technological unemployment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29816 |
13,901 | Between the 1970s and 1990s, American terrorist Ted Kaczynski carried out a series of bombings across America and published the Unabomber Manifesto denouncing technology's negative impacts on nature and human freedom. The essay resonated with a large part of the American public. It was partly inspired by Jacques Ellul'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29816 |
13,902 | Some subcultures, like the off-the-grid movement, advocate a withdrawal from technology and a return to nature. The ecovillage movement seeks to reestablish harmony between technology and nature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29816 |
13,903 | Engineering is the process by which technology is developed. It often requires problem-solving under strict constraints. Technological development is "action-oriented", while scientific knowledge is fundamentally explanatory. Polish philosopher Henryk Skolimowski framed it like so: "science concerns itself with what , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29816 |
13,904 | The direction of causality between scientific discovery and technological innovation has been debated by scientists, philosophers and policymakers. Because innovation is often undertaken at the edge of scientific knowledge, most technologies are not derived from scientific knowledge, but instead from engineering, tinke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29816 |
13,905 | Despite this, modern technology is increasingly reliant on deep, domain-specific scientific knowledge. In 1979, an average of one in three patents granted in the U.S. cited the scientific literature; by 1989, this increased to an average of one citation per patent. The average was skewed upwards by patents related to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29816 |
13,906 | The use of basic technology is also a feature of non-human animal species. Tool use was once considered a defining characteristic of the genus Homo. This view was supplanted after discovering evidence of tool use among chimpanzees and other primates, dolphins, and crows. For example, researchers have observed wild chim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29816 |
13,907 | Man's relationship with technology has been explored in science-fiction literature, for example in "Brave New World", "A Clockwork Orange", "Nineteen Eighty-Four", Isaac Asimov's essays, and movies like "Minority Report", "Total Recall", "Gattaca", and "Inception". It has spawned the dystopian and futuristic cyberpunk ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29816 |
13,908 | Wi-Fi () is a family of wireless network protocols, based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, which are commonly used for local area networking of devices and Internet access, allowing nearby digital devices to exchange data by radio waves. These are the most widely used computer networks in the world, used globall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,909 | "Wi-Fi" is a trademark of the non-profit Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term "Wi-Fi Certified" to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 800 companies from around the world. over 3.05 billion Wi-Fi enabled devices are shipped... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,910 | Wi-Fi uses multiple parts of the IEEE 802 protocol family and is designed to interwork seamlessly with its wired sibling, Ethernet. Compatible devices can network through wireless access points to each other as well as to wired devices and the Internet. The different versions of Wi-Fi are specified by various IEEE 802.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,911 | Wi-Fi's radio bands have relatively high absorption and work best for line-of-sight use. Many common obstructions such as walls, pillars, home appliances, etc. may greatly reduce range, but this also helps minimize interference between different networks in crowded environments. An access point range of about indoors w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,912 | A 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission released parts of the ISM bands for unlicensed use for communications. These frequency bands include the same 2.4 GHz bands used by equipment such as microwave ovens, and are thus subject to interference. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,913 | A prototype test bed for a wireless local area network (WLAN) was developed in 1992 by researchers from the Radiophysics Division of the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) in Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,914 | About the same time in The Netherlands in 1991, the NCR Corporation with AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11, intended for use in cashier systems, under the name WaveLAN. NCR's Vic Hayes, who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years, along with Bell Labs engineer Bruce Tuch, approached the Institute of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,915 | The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997, and provided up to 2 Mbit/s link speeds. This was updated in 1999 with 802.11b to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,916 | In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most IEEE 802.11 products are sold. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,917 | The major commercial breakthrough came with Apple Inc. adopting Wi-Fi for their iBook series of laptops in 1999. It was the first mass consumer product to offer Wi-Fi network connectivity, which was then branded by Apple as AirPort. This was in collaboration with the same group that helped create the standard: Vic Haye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,918 | Wi-Fi uses a large number of patents held by many different organizations. Australia claims Wi-Fi is an Australian invention. This claim is controversial. Nevertheless, in April 2009, 14 technology companies agreed to pay the Australian CSIRO $1 billion for infringements on CSIRO patents. CSIRO won a further $220 milli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,919 | The name "Wi-Fi", commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was "a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'." According to Phil Belanger, a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance, the te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,920 | The Wi-Fi Alliance used the advertising slogan "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity" for a short time after the brand name was created, and the Wi-Fi Alliance was also called the "Wireless Fidelity Alliance Inc" in some publications. The name is often written as "WiFi", "Wifi", or "wifi", but these are not approved by t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,921 | Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi logo. The yin-yang Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,922 | Other technologies intended for fixed points, including Motorola Canopy, are usually called "fixed wireless". Alternative wireless technologies include Zigbee, Z-Wave, Bluetooth and mobile phone standards, such as 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G and LTE. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,923 | To connect to a Wi-Fi LAN, a computer must be equipped with a wireless network interface controller. The combination of a computer and an interface controller is called a "station". Stations are identified by one or more MAC addresses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,924 | Wi-Fi nodes often operate in infrastructure mode in which all communications go through a base station. "Ad hoc mode" refers to devices communicating directly with each other, without communicating with an access point. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,925 | A service set is the set of all the devices associated with a particular Wi-Fi network. Devices in a service set need not be on the same wavebands or channels. A service set can be local, independent, extended, mesh, or a combination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,926 | Each service set has an associated identifier, a 32-byte service set identifier (SSID), which identifies the network. The SSID is configured within the devices that are part of the network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,927 | A basic service set (BSS) is a group of stations that share the same wireless channel, SSID, and other settings that have wirelessly connected, usually to the same access point. Each BSS is identified by a MAC address called the "BSSID". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,928 | The IEEE does not test equipment for compliance with their standards. The non-profit Wi-Fi Alliance was formed in 1999 to fill this voidto establish and enforce standards for interoperability and backward compatibility, and to promote wireless local-area-network technology. , the Wi-Fi Alliance includes more than 800 c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,929 | Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 802.11 radio standards, the WPA and WPA2 security standards, and the EAP authentication standard. Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 802.11 draft standards, interaction with cellular-phone technology in converged devices, and featu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,930 | Not every Wi-Fi device is submitted for certification. The lack of Wi-Fi certification does not necessarily imply that a device is incompatible with other Wi-Fi devices. The Wi-Fi Alliance may or may not sanction derivative terms, such as Super Wi-Fi, coined by the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to describe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,931 | Equipment frequently supports multiple versions of Wi-Fi. To communicate, devices must use a common Wi-Fi version. The versions differ between the radio wavebands they operate on, the radio bandwidth they occupy, the maximum data rates they can support and other details. Some versions permit the use of multiple antenna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,932 | Historically, the equipment has simply listed the versions of Wi-Fi using the name of the IEEE standard that it supports. In 2018, the Wi-Fi Alliance introduced simplified Wi-Fi generational numbering to indicate equipment that supports Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n), Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) and Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax). These generations hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,933 | The list of most important versions of Wi-Fi is: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4), 802.11h, 802.11i, 802.11-2007, 802.11-2012, 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5), 802.11ad, 802.11af, 802.11-2016, 802.11ah, 802.11ai, 802.11aj, 802.11aq, 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6), 802.11ay. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,934 | Wi-Fi technology may be used to provide local network and Internet access to devices that are within Wi-Fi range of one or more routers that are connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points ("hotspots") can extend from an area as small as a few rooms to as large as many square kil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,935 | Wi-Fi provides services in private homes, businesses, as well as in public spaces. Wi-Fi hotspots may be set up either free-of-charge or commercially, often using a captive portal webpage for access. Organizations, enthusiasts, authorities and businesses, such as airports, hotels, and restaurants, often provide free or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,936 | Similarly, battery-powered routers may include a cellular Internet radio modem and a Wi-Fi access point. When subscribed to a cellular data carrier, they allow nearby Wi-Fi stations to access the Internet over 2G, 3G, or 4G networks using the tethering technique. Many smartphones have a built-in capability of this sort... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,937 | Many traditional university campuses in the developed world provide at least partial Wi-Fi coverage. Carnegie Mellon University built the first campus-wide wireless Internet network, called Wireless Andrew, at its Pittsburgh campus in 1993 before Wi-Fi branding originated. By February 1997, the CMU Wi-Fi zone was fully... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,938 | In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans to construct citywide Wi-Fi networks. There are many successful examples; in 2004, Mysore (Mysuru) became India's first Wi-Fi-enabled city. A company called WiFiyNet has set up hotspots in Mysore, covering the whole city and a few nearby villages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,939 | In 2005, St. Cloud, Florida and Sunnyvale, California, became the first cities in the United States to offer citywide free Wi-Fi (from MetroFi). Minneapolis has generated $1.2 million in profit annually for its provider. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,940 | In May 2010, the then London mayor Boris Johnson pledged to have London-wide Wi-Fi by 2012. Several boroughs including Westminster and Islington already had extensive outdoor Wi-Fi coverage at that point. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,941 | New York City announced a city-wide campaign to convert old phone booths into digitized "kiosks" in 2014. The project, titled LinkNYC, has created a network of kiosks which serve as public Wi-Fi hotspots, high-definition screens and landlines. Installation of the screens began in late 2015. The city government plans to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,942 | Officials in South Korea's capital Seoul are moving to provide free Internet access at more than 10,000 locations around the city, including outdoor public spaces, major streets, and densely populated residential areas. Seoul will grant leases to KT, LG Telecom, and SK Telecom. The companies will invest $44 million in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,943 | Wi-Fi stations communicate by sending each other data packets: blocks of data individually sent and delivered over radio. As with all radio, this is done by the modulation and demodulation of carrier waves. Different versions of Wi-Fi use different techniques, 802.11b uses DSSS on a single carrier, whereas 802.11a, Wi-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,944 | As with other IEEE 802 LANs, stations come programmed with a globally unique 48-bit MAC address (often printed on the equipment) so that each Wi-Fi station has a unique address. The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source of each data packet. Wi-Fi establishes link-level connections, which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,945 | Channels are used half duplex and can be time-shared by multiple networks. When communication happens on the same channel, any information sent by one computer is locally received by all, even if that information is intended for just one destination. The network interface card interrupts the CPU only when applicable pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,946 | A scheme known as carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) governs the way stations share channels. With CSMA/CA stations attempt to avoid collisions by beginning transmission only after the channel is sensed to be "idle", but then transmit their packet data in its entirety. However, for geometr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,947 | The 802.11 standard provides several distinct radio frequency ranges for use in Wi-Fi communications: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, 5.9 GHz and 60 GHz bands. Each range is divided into a multitude of channels. In the standards, channels are numbered at 5 MHz spacing within a band (except in the 60 GHz band... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,948 | Countries apply their own regulations to the allowable channels, allowed users and maximum power levels within these frequency ranges. 802.11b/g/n can use the 2.4 GHz band, operating in the United States under FCC Part 15 Rules and Regulations. In this frequency band equipment may occasionally suffer interference from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,949 | Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide: Australia and Europe allow for an additional two channels (12, 13) beyond the 11 permitted in the United States for the 2.4 GHz band, while Japan has three more (12–14). In the US and other countries, 802.11a and 802.11g devices may be opera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,950 | 802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax can use the 5 GHz U-NII band, which, for much of the world, offers at least 23 non-overlapping 20 MHz channels rather than the 2.4 GHz frequency band, where the channels are only 5 MHz wide. In general, lower frequencies have longer range but have less capacity. The 5 GHz bands are absorbed to a gre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,951 | As 802.11 specifications evolved to support higher throughput, the protocols have become much more efficient in their use of bandwidth. Additionally, they have gained the ability to aggregate (or 'bond') channels together to gain still more throughput where the bandwidth is available. 802.11n allows for double radio sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,952 | Wi-Fi is part of the IEEE 802 protocol family. The data is organized into 802.11 frames that are very similar to Ethernet frames at the data link layer, but with extra address fields. MAC addresses are used as network addresses for routing over the LAN. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,953 | Wi-Fi's MAC and physical layer (PHY) specifications are defined by IEEE 802.11 for modulating and receiving one or more carrier waves to transmit the data in the infrared, and 2.4, 3.6, 5, 6, or 60 GHz frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802). The base version ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,954 | In addition to 802.11 the IEEE 802 protocol family has specific provisions for Wi-Fi. These are required because Ethernet's cable-based media are not usually shared, whereas with wireless all transmissions are received by all stations within the range that employ that radio channel. While Ethernet has essentially negli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,955 | For internetworking purposes, Wi-Fi is usually layered as a link layer (equivalent to the physical and data link layers of the OSI model) below the internet layer of the Internet Protocol. This means that nodes have an associated internet address and, with suitable connectivity, this allows full Internet access. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,956 | In infrastructure mode, which is the most common mode used, all communications go through a base station. For communications within the network, this introduces an extra use of the airwaves but has the advantage that any two stations that can communicate with the base station can also communicate through the base stati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,957 | Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from one computer to another without an access point intermediary. This is called "ad hoc" Wi-Fi transmission. Different types of ad hoc networks exist. In the simplest case network nodes must talk directly to each other. In more complex protocols nodes may forward packets, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,958 | Ad hoc mode was first described by Chai Keong Toh in his 1996 patent of wireless ad hoc routing, implemented on Lucent WaveLAN 802.11a wireless on IBM ThinkPads over a size nodes scenario spanning a region of over a mile. The success was recorded in "Mobile Computing" magazine (1999) and later published formally in "IE... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,959 | This wireless ad hoc network mode has proven popular with multiplayer handheld game consoles, such as the Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, digital cameras, and other consumer electronics devices. Some devices can also share their Internet connection using ad hoc, becoming hotspots or "virtual routers". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,960 | Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance promotes the specification Wi-Fi Direct for file transfers and media sharing through a new discovery- and security-methodology. Wi-Fi Direct launched in October 2010. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,961 | Another mode of direct communication over Wi-Fi is Tunneled Direct-Link Setup (TDLS), which enables two devices on the same Wi-Fi network to communicate directly, instead of via the access point. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,962 | An Extended Service Set may be formed by deploying multiple access points that are configured with the same SSID and security settings. Wi-Fi client devices typically connect to the access point that can provide the strongest signal within that service set. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,963 | Increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points for a network provides redundancy, better range, support for fast roaming, and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller cells. Except for the smallest implementations (such as home or small office networks), Wi-Fi implementations have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,964 | Wi-Fi operational range depends on factors such as the frequency band, radio power output, receiver sensitivity, antenna gain, and antenna type as well as the modulation technique. Also, the propagation characteristics of the signals can have a big impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,965 | Compared to cell phones and similar technology, Wi-Fi transmitters are low-power devices. In general, the maximum amount of power that a Wi-Fi device can transmit is limited by local regulations, such as FCC Part 15 in the US. Equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) in the European Union is limited to 20 dBm (10... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,966 | To reach requirements for wireless LAN applications, Wi-Fi has higher power consumption compared to some other standards designed to support wireless personal area network (PAN) applications. For example, Bluetooth provides a much shorter propagation range between 1 and 100 metres (1 and 100 yards) and so in general ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,967 | An access point compliant with either 802.11b or 802.11g, using the stock omnidirectional antenna might have a range of . The same radio with an external semi parabolic antenna (15 dB gain) with a similarly equipped receiver at the far end might have a range over 20 miles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,968 | Higher gain rating (dBi) indicates further deviation (generally toward the horizontal) from a theoretical, perfect isotropic radiator, and therefore the antenna can project or accept a usable signal further in particular directions, as compared to a similar output power on a more isotropic antenna. For example, an 8 dB... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,969 | On wireless routers with detachable antennas, it is possible to improve range by fitting upgraded antennas that provide a higher gain in particular directions. Outdoor ranges can be improved to many kilometres (miles) through the use of high gain directional antennas at the router and remote device(s). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,970 | Wi-Fi 4 and higher standards allow devices to have multiple antennas on transmitters and receivers. Multiple antennas enable the equipment to exploit multipath propagation on the same frequency bands giving much higher speeds and longer range. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,971 | The Wi-Fi 5 standard uses the 5 GHz band exclusively, and is capable of multi-station WLAN throughput of at least 1 gigabit per second, and a single station throughput of at least 500 Mbit/s. As of the first quarter of 2016, The Wi-Fi Alliance certifies devices compliant with the 802.11ac standard as "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,972 | With Wi-Fi signals line-of-sight usually works best, but signals can transmit, absorb, reflect, refract, diffract and up and down fade through and around structures, both man-made and natural. Wi-Fi signals are very strongly affected by metallic structures (including rebar in concrete, low-e coatings in glazing) and wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,973 | Due to the complex nature of radio propagation at typical Wi-Fi frequencies, particularly around trees and buildings, algorithms can only approximately predict Wi-Fi signal strength for any given area in relation to a transmitter. This effect does not apply equally to long-range Wi-Fi, since longer links typically oper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,974 | Mobile use of Wi-Fi over wider ranges is limited, for instance, to uses such as in an automobile moving from one hotspot to another. Other wireless technologies are more suitable for communicating with moving vehicles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,975 | Distance records (using non-standard devices) include in June 2007, held by Ermanno Pietrosemoli and EsLaRed of Venezuela, transferring about 3 MB of data between the mountain-tops of El Águila and Platillon. The Swedish Space Agency transferred data , using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an overhead stratospheric balloon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,976 | Wi-Fi connections can be blocked or the Internet speed lowered by having other devices in the same area. Wi-Fi protocols are designed to share the wavebands reasonably fairly, and this often works with little to no disruption. To minimize collisions with Wi-Fi and non-Wi-Fi devices, Wi-Fi employs Carrier-sense multiple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,977 | A standard speed Wi-Fi signal occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz band. Interference can be caused by overlapping channels. Any two channel numbers that differ by five or more, such as 2 and 7, do not overlap (no adjacent-channel interference). The oft-repeated adage that channels 1, 6, and 11 are the "only" non-over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,978 | However, many 2.4 GHz 802.11b and 802.11g access-points default to the same channel on initial startup, contributing to congestion on certain channels. Wi-Fi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, can prevent access and interfere with other devices' use of other access points as well as with de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,979 | Other devices use the 2.4 GHz band: microwave ovens, ISM band devices, security cameras, ZigBee devices, Bluetooth devices, video senders, cordless phones, baby monitors, and, in some countries, amateur radio, all of which can cause significant additional interference. It is also an issue when municipalities or other l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,980 | These bands can be used by low power transmitters without a licence, and with few restrictions. However, while unintended interference is common, users that have been found to cause deliberate interference (particularly for attempting to locally monopolize these bands for commercial purposes) have been issued large fin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,981 | Various layer-2 variants of IEEE 802.11 have different characteristics. Across all flavours of 802.11, maximum achievable throughputs are either given based on measurements under ideal conditions or in the layer-2 data rates. This, however, does not apply to typical deployments in which data are transferred between two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,982 | This means that typically data frames pass an 802.11 (WLAN) medium and are being converted to 802.3 (Ethernet) or vice versa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,983 | Due to the difference in the frame (header) lengths of these two media, the packet size of an application determines the speed of the data transfer. This means that an application that uses small packets (e.g. VoIP) creates a data flow with high overhead traffic (low goodput). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,984 | Other factors that contribute to the overall application data rate are the speed with which the application transmits the packets (i.e. the data rate) and the energy with which the wireless signal is received. The latter is determined by distance and by the configured output power of the communicating devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,985 | The same references apply to the attached throughput graphs, which show measurements of UDP throughput measurements. Each represents an average throughput of 25 measurements (the error bars are there, but barely visible due to the small variation), is with specific packet size (small or large), and with a specific data... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,986 | Wi-Fi allows wireless deployment of local area networks (LANs). Also, spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. However, building walls of certain materials, such as stone with high metal content, can block Wi-Fi signals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,987 | A Wi-Fi device is a short-range wireless device. Wi-Fi devices are fabricated on RF CMOS integrated circuit (RF circuit) chips. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,988 | Since the early 2000s, manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price of chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in ever more devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,989 | Different competitive brands of access points and client network-interfaces can inter-operate at a basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance are backward compatible. Unlike mobile phones, any standard Wi-Fi device works anywhere in the world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,990 | A wireless access point (WAP) connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired LAN. An access point resembles a network hub, relaying data between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an Ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,991 | Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI, USB, ExpressCard, Cardbus, and PC Card. As of 2010, most newer laptop computers come equipped with built-in internal adapters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,992 | Wireless routers integrate a Wireless Access Point, Ethernet switch, and internal router firmware application that provides IP routing, NAT, and DNS forwarding through an integrated WAN-interface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless Ethernet LAN devices to connect to a (usually) single WAN device such as a cabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,993 | Wireless network bridges can act to connect two networks to form a single network at the over Wi-Fi. The main standard is the wireless distribution system (WDS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,994 | Wireless bridging can connect a wired network to a wireless network. A bridge differs from an access point: an access point typically connects wireless devices to one wired network. Two wireless bridge devices may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in situations where a wired connection ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,995 | A dual-band wireless bridge can also be used to enable 5 GHz wireless network operation on a device that only supports 2.4 GHz wireless and has a wired Ethernet port. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,996 | Wireless range-extenders or wireless repeaters can extend the range of an existing wireless network. Strategically placed range-extenders can elongate a signal area or allow for the signal area to reach around barriers such as those pertaining in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices connected through repeaters suffer f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,997 | The security standard, Wi-Fi Protected Setup, allows embedded devices with a limited graphical user interface to connect to the Internet with ease. Wi-Fi Protected Setup has 2 configurations: The Push Button configuration and the PIN configuration. These embedded devices are also called The Internet of Things and are l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,998 | Increasingly in the last few years (particularly ), embedded Wi-Fi modules have become available that incorporate a real-time operating system and provide a simple means of wirelessly enabling any device that can communicate via a serial port. This allows the design of simple monitoring devices. An example is a portabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
13,999 | These Wi-Fi modules are designed by OEMs so that implementers need only minimal Wi-Fi knowledge to provide Wi-Fi connectivity for their products. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
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