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14,000 | In June 2014, Texas Instruments introduced the first ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller with an onboard dedicated Wi-Fi MCU, the SimpleLink CC3200. It makes embedded systems with Wi-Fi connectivity possible to build as single-chip devices, which reduces their cost and minimum size, making it more practical to build wireless-networked controllers into inexpensive ordinary objects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,001 | The main issue with wireless network security is its simplified access to the network compared to traditional wired networks such as Ethernet. With wired networking, one must either gain access to a building (physically connecting into the internal network), or break through an external firewall. To access Wi-Fi, one must merely be within the range of the Wi-Fi network. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to disallow external access. Enabling wireless connectivity reduces security if the network uses inadequate or no encryption. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,002 | An attacker who has gained access to a Wi-Fi network router can initiate a DNS spoofing attack against any other user of the network by forging a response before the queried DNS server has a chance to reply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,003 | A common measure to deter unauthorized users involves hiding the access point's name by disabling the SSID broadcast. While effective against the casual user, it is ineffective as a security method because the SSID is broadcast in the clear in response to a client SSID query. Another method is to only allow computers with known MAC addresses to join the network, but determined eavesdroppers may be able to join the network by spoofing an authorized address. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,004 | Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption was designed to protect against casual snooping but it is no longer considered secure. Tools such as AirSnort or Aircrack-ng can quickly recover WEP encryption keys. Because of WEP's weakness the Wi-Fi Alliance approved Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) which uses TKIP. WPA was specifically designed to work with older equipment usually through a firmware upgrade. Though more secure than WEP, WPA has known vulnerabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,005 | The more secure WPA2 using Advanced Encryption Standard was introduced in 2004 and is supported by most new Wi-Fi devices. WPA2 is fully compatible with WPA. In 2017, a flaw in the WPA2 protocol was discovered, allowing a key replay attack, known as KRACK. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,006 | A flaw in a feature added to Wi-Fi in 2007, called Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), let WPA and WPA2 security be bypassed, and effectively broken in many situations. The only remedy as of late 2011 was to turn off Wi-Fi Protected Setup, which is not always possible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,007 | Virtual Private Networks can be used to improve the confidentiality of data carried through Wi-Fi networks, especially public Wi-Fi networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,008 | A URI using the WIFI scheme can specify the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, so users can follow links from QR codes, for instance, to join networks without having to manually enter the data. A MECARD-like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,009 | The older wireless encryption-standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), has been shown easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2) encryption, which became available in devices in 2003, aimed to solve this problem. Wi-Fi access points typically default to an encryption-free ("open") mode. Novice users benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out-of-the-box, but this default does not enable any wireless security, providing open wireless access to a LAN. To turn security on requires the user to configure the device, usually via a software graphical user interface (GUI). On unencrypted Wi-Fi networks connecting devices can monitor and record data (including personal information). Such networks can only be secured by using other means of protection, such as a VPN or secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Transport Layer Security (HTTPS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,010 | Wi-Fi Protected Access encryption (WPA2) is considered secure, provided a strong passphrase is used. In 2018, WPA3 was announced as a replacement for WPA2, increasing security; it rolled out on June 26. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,011 | Piggybacking refers to access to a wireless Internet connection by bringing one's computer within the range of another's wireless connection, and using that service without the subscriber's explicit permission or knowledge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,012 | During the early popular adoption of 802.11, providing open access points for anyone within range to use was encouraged to cultivate wireless community networks, particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their downstream bandwidth at any given time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,013 | Recreational logging and mapping of other people's access points have become known as wardriving. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so that they can be used as a free service. Providing access to one's Internet connection in this fashion may breach the Terms of Service or contract with the ISP. These activities do not result in sanctions in most jurisdictions; however, legislation and case law differ considerably across the world. A proposal to leave graffiti describing available services was called warchalking. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,014 | Piggybacking often occurs unintentionally – a technically unfamiliar user might not change the default "unsecured" settings to their access point and operating systems can be configured to connect automatically to any available wireless network. A user who happens to start up a laptop in the vicinity of an access point may find the computer has joined the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a user intending to join one network may instead end up on another one if the latter has a stronger signal. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see DHCP and Zeroconf) this could lead wireless users to send sensitive data to the wrong middle-man when seeking a destination (see man-in-the-middle attack). For example, a user could inadvertently use an unsecured network to log into a website, thereby making the login credentials available to anyone listening, if the website uses an insecure protocol such as plain HTTP without TLS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,015 | On an unsecured access point, an unauthorized user can obtain security information (factory preset passphrase and/or Wi-Fi Protected Setup PIN) from a label on a wireless access point and use this information (or connect by the Wi-Fi Protected Setup pushbutton method) to commit unauthorized and/or unlawful activities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,016 | Wireless internet access has become much more embedded in society. It has thus changed how the society functions in many ways. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,017 | Over half the world does not have access to the internet, prominently rural areas in developing nations. Technology that has been implemented in more developed nations is often costly and low energy efficient. This has led to developing nations using more low-tech networks, frequently implementing renewable power sources that can solely be maintained through solar power, creating a network that is resistant to disruptions such as power outages. For instance, in 2007 a 450 km (280 mile) network between Cabo Pantoja and Iquitos in Peru was erected in which all equipment is powered only by solar panels. These long-range Wi-Fi networks have two main uses: offer internet access to populations in isolated villages, and to provide healthcare to isolated communities. In the case of the aforementioned example, it connects the central hospital in Iquitos to 15 medical outposts which are intended for remote diagnosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,018 | Access to Wi-Fi in public spaces such as cafes or parks allows people, in particular freelancers, to work remotely. While the accessibility of Wi-Fi is the strongest factor when choosing a place to work (75% of people would choose a place that provides Wi-Fi over one that does not), other factors influence the choice of specific hotspots. These vary from the accessibility of other resources, like books, the location of the workplace, and the social aspect of meeting other people in the same place. Moreover, the increase of people working from public places results in more customers for local businesses thus providing an economic stimulus to the area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,019 | Additionally, in the same study it has been noted that wireless connection provides more freedom of movement while working. Both when working at home or from the office it allows the displacement between different rooms or areas. In some offices (notably Cisco offices in New York) the employees do not have assigned desks but can work from any office connecting their laptop to Wi-Fi hotspot. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,020 | The internet has become an integral part of living. 81.9% of American households have internet access. Additionally, 89% of American households with broadband connect via wireless technologies. 72.9% of American households have Wi-Fi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,021 | Wi-Fi networks have also affected how the interior of homes and hotels are arranged. For instance, architects have described that their clients no longer wanted only one room as their home office, but would like to work near the fireplace or have the possibility to work in different rooms. This contradicts architect's pre-existing ideas of the use of rooms that they designed. Additionally, some hotels have noted that guests prefer to stay in certain rooms since they receive a stronger Wi-Fi signal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,022 | The World Health Organization (WHO) says, "no health effects are expected from exposure to RF fields from base stations and wireless networks", but notes that they promote research into effects from other RF sources. (a category used when "a causal association is considered credible, but when chance, bias or confounding cannot be ruled out with reasonable confidence"), this classification was based on risks associated with wireless phone use rather than Wi-Fi networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,023 | The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency reported in 2007 that exposure to Wi-Fi for a year results in the "same amount of radiation from a 20-minute mobile phone call". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,024 | A review of studies involving 725 people who claimed electromagnetic hypersensitivity, "...suggests that 'electromagnetic hypersensitivity' is unrelated to the presence of an EMF, although more research into this phenomenon is required." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973 |
14,025 | The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles. It is one of the world's largest industries by revenue (from 16 % such as in France up to 40 % to countries like Slovakia). It is also the industry with the highest spending on research & development per firm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,026 | The word "automotive" comes from the Greek "autos" (self), and Latin "motivus" (of motion), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle. This term, as proposed by Elmer Sperry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,027 | The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the U.S. automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After 1945, the U.S. produced about 75 percent of world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and then became a world leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U.S. production of 10.3 million units, while Japan was in third place with 9.9 million units. From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,028 | Early car manufacturing involved manual assembly by a human worker. The process evolved from engineers working on a stationary car, to a conveyor belt system where the car passed through multiple stations of more specialized engineers. Starting in the 1960s, robotic equipment was introduced to the process, and today most cars are produced largely with automated machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,029 | Safety is a state that implies being protected from any risk, danger, damage, or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators, or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves implies that there is no risk of damage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,030 | Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard ISO 26262, is considered one of the best practice frameworks for achieving automotive functional safety. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,031 | In case of safety issues, danger, product defect, or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from raw materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,032 | Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,033 | In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, consuming over of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicted that, by 2014, one-third of world demand would be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Meanwhile, in developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed. It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car anymore, and prefer other modes of transport. Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,034 | According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate. However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries. In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,035 | In July 2021, the European Commission released its "Fit for 55" legislation package, which contains important guidelines for the future of the automotive industry; all new cars on the European market must be zero-emission vehicles from 2035. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,036 | The governments of 24 developed countries and a group of major car manufacturers including GM, Ford, Volvo, BYD Auto, Jaguar Land Rover and Mercedes-Benz committed to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets". Major car manufacturing nations like the US, Germany, China, Japan and South Korea, as well as Volkswagen, Toyota, Peugeot, Honda, Nissan and Hyundai, did not pledge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,037 | The global automotive industry is a major consumer of water. Some estimates surpass of water per car manufactured, depending on whether tyre production is included. Production processes that use a significant volume of water include surface treatment, painting, coating, washing, cooling, air-conditioning, and boilers, not counting component manufacturing. Paintshop operations consume especially large amounts of water because equipment running on water-based products must also be cleaned with water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,038 | In 2022, Tesla's Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg ran into legal challenges due to droughts and falling groundwater levels in the region. Brandenburg's Economy Minister Joerg Steinbach said that while water supply was sufficient during the first stage, more would be needed once Tesla expands the site. The factory would nearly double the water consumption in the Gruenheide area, with 1.4 million cubic meters being contracted from local authorities per year — enough for a city of around 40,000 people. Steinbach said that the authorities would like to drill for more water there and outsource any additional supply if necessary. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,039 | The OICA counts over 50 countries that assemble, manufacture, or disseminate automobiles. Of those, only 14 countries (boldfaced in the list below) currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,040 | It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,041 | These figures were before the merger of both Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and Groupe PSA; the latter of which has merged into Stellantis as of January 2021. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=163778 |
14,042 | Neil deGrasse Tyson ( or ; born October 5, 1958) is an American astrophysicist, author, and science communicator. Tyson studied at Harvard University, the University of Texas at Austin, and Columbia University. From 1991 to 1994, he was a postdoctoral research associate at Princeton University. In 1994, he joined the Hayden Planetarium as a staff scientist and the Princeton faculty as a visiting research scientist and lecturer. In 1996, he became director of the planetarium and oversaw its $210 million reconstruction project, which was completed in 2000. Since 1996, he has been the director of the Hayden Planetarium at the Rose Center for Earth and Space in New York City. The center is part of the American Museum of Natural History, where Tyson founded the Department of Astrophysics in 1997 and has been a research associate in the department since 2003. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,043 | From 1995 to 2005, Tyson wrote monthly essays in the "Universe" column for "Natural History" magazine, some of which were later published in his books "Death by Black Hole" (2007) and "Astrophysics for People in a Hurry" (2017). During the same period, he wrote a monthly column in "StarDate" magazine, answering questions about the universe under the pen name "Merlin". Material from the column appeared in his books "Merlin's Tour of the Universe" (1998) and "Just Visiting This Planet" (1998). Tyson served on a 2001 government commission on the future of the U.S. aerospace industry and on the 2004 Moon, Mars and Beyond commission. He was awarded the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal in the same year. From 2006 to 2011, he hosted the television show "NOVA ScienceNow" on PBS. Since 2009, Tyson has hosted the weekly podcast "StarTalk". A spin-off, also called "StarTalk", began airing on National Geographic in 2015. In 2014, he hosted the television series "", a successor to Carl Sagan's 1980 series "". The U.S. National Academy of Sciences awarded Tyson the Public Welfare Medal in 2015 for his "extraordinary role in exciting the public about the wonders of science". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,044 | Tyson was born in Manhattan as the second of three children, into a family living in the Bronx. His African-American father, Cyril deGrasse Tyson (1927–2016), was a sociologist, human resource commissioner for New York City mayor John Lindsay, and the first Director of Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited. His mother, Sunchita Maria Tyson (née Feliciano; born 1928), was a gerontologist for the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and is of Puerto Rican descent. Tyson has two siblings: Stephen Joseph Tyson and Lynn Antipas Tyson. Tyson's middle name, deGrasse, is from the maiden name of his paternal grandmother, who was born as Altima de Grasse in the British West Indies island of Nevis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,045 | Tyson grew up in the Castle Hill neighborhood of the Bronx, and later in Riverdale. From kindergarten throughout high school, Tyson attended public schools in the Bronx: PS 36 Unionport, PS 81 Robert J. Christen, the Riverdale Kingsbridge Academy (MS 141), and The Bronx High School of Science (Class of 1976) where he was captain of the wrestling team, editor-in-chief of the "Physical Science Journal", and graduated in 1976. His interest in astronomy began at the age of nine after visiting the sky theater of the Hayden Planetarium. He recalled that "so strong was that imprint [of the night sky] that I'm certain that I had no choice in the matter, that in fact, the universe called me." During high school, Tyson attended astronomy courses offered by the Hayden Planetarium, which he called "the most formative period" of his life. He credited Mark Chartrand III, director of the planetarium at the time, as his "first intellectual role model" and his enthusiastic teaching style mixed with humor inspired Tyson to communicate the universe to others the way he did. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,046 | Tyson obsessively studied astronomy in his teen years, and eventually even gained some fame in the astronomy community by giving lectures on the subject at the age of fifteen. Astronomer Carl Sagan, who was a faculty member at Cornell University, tried to recruit Tyson to Cornell for undergraduate studies. In his book, "The Sky Is Not the Limit", Tyson wrote: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,047 | Tyson revisited this moment on his first episode of "". Pulling out a 1975 calendar belonging to the famous astronomer, he found the day Sagan invited the 17-year-old to spend a day in Ithaca. Sagan had offered to put him up for the night if his bus back to the Bronx did not come. Tyson said, "I already knew I wanted to become a scientist. But that afternoon, I learned from Carl the kind of "person" I wanted to become." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,048 | Tyson chose to attend Harvard where he majored in physics and lived in Currier House. He was a member of the crew team during his freshman year, but returned to wrestling, lettering in his senior year. He was also active in dance, in styles including jazz, ballet, Afro-Caribbean, and Latin Ballroom. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,049 | Tyson earned a BA degree in physics at Harvard College in 1980 and then began his graduate work at the University of Texas at Austin, from which he received an MA degree in astronomy in 1983. By his own account, he did not spend as much time in the research lab as he should have. His professors encouraged him to consider alternative careers and the committee for his doctoral dissertation was dissolved, ending his pursuit of a doctorate from the University of Texas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,050 | Tyson was a lecturer in astronomy at the University of Maryland from 1986 to 1987 and in 1988, he was accepted into the astronomy graduate program at Columbia University, where he earned an MPhil degree in astrophysics in 1989, and a PhD degree in astrophysics in 1991 under the supervision of Professor R. Michael Rich. Rich obtained funding to support Tyson's doctoral research from NASA and the ARCS Foundation, enabling Tyson to attend international meetings in Italy, Switzerland, Chile, and South Africa and to hire students to help him with data reduction. In the course of his thesis work, he observed using the 0.91 m telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile, where he obtained images for the Calán/Tololo Supernova Survey helping to further their work in establishing Type Ia supernovae as standard candles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,051 | During his thesis research at Columbia University, Tyson became acquainted with Professor David Spergel at Princeton University, who visited Columbia University in the course of collaborating with his thesis advisor on the Galactic bulge typically found in spiral galaxies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,052 | Tyson's research has focused on observations in cosmology, stellar evolution, galactic astronomy, bulges, and stellar formation. He has held numerous positions at institutions including the University of Maryland, Princeton University, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Hayden Planetarium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,053 | In 1994, Tyson joined the Hayden Planetarium as a staff scientist while he was a research affiliate in Princeton University. He became acting director of the planetarium in June 1995 and was appointed director in 1996. As director, he oversaw the planetarium's $210 million reconstruction project, which was completed in 2000. Upon being asked for his thoughts on becoming director, Tyson said "when I was a kid... there were scientists and educators on the staff at the Hayden Planetarium... who invested their time and energy in my enlightenment... and I've never forgotten that. And to end up back there as its director, I feel this deep sense of duty, that I serve in the same capacity for people who come through the facility today, that others served for me". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,054 | Tyson has written a number of popular books on astrophysics. In 1995, he began to write the "Universe" column for "Natural History" magazine. In a column he authored for a special edition of the magazine, called "City of Stars", in 2002, Tyson popularized the term "Manhattanhenge" to describe the two days annually on which the evening sun aligns with the street grid in Manhattan, making the sunset visible along unobstructed side streets. He had coined the term in 1996, inspired by how the phenomenon recalls the sun's solstice alignment with the Stonehenge monument in England. Tyson's column also influenced his work as a professor with The Great Courses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,055 | In 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush appointed Tyson to serve on the Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry and in 2004 to serve on the President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy, the latter better known as the "Moon, Mars, and Beyond" commission. Soon afterward, he was awarded the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, the highest civilian honor bestowed by NASA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,056 | In 2004, Tyson hosted the four-part "Origins" miniseries of the PBS "Nova" series, and, with Donald Goldsmith, co-authored the companion volume for this series, "Origins: Fourteen Billion Years Of Cosmic Evolution". He again collaborated with Goldsmith as the narrator on the documentary "400 Years of the Telescope", which premiered on PBS in April 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,057 | As director of the Hayden Planetarium, Tyson bucked traditional thinking in order to keep Pluto from being referred to as the ninth planet in exhibits at the center. Tyson has explained that he wanted to look at commonalities between objects, grouping the terrestrial planets together, the gas giants together, and Pluto with like objects, and to get away from simply counting the planets. He has stated on "The Colbert Report", "The Daily Show", and "BBC Horizon" that this decision has resulted in large amounts of hate mail, much of it from children. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) confirmed this assessment by changing Pluto to the dwarf planet classification. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,058 | Tyson recounted the heated online debate on the Cambridge Conference Network (CCNet), a "widely read, UK-based Internet chat group", following Benny Peiser's renewed call for reclassification of Pluto's status. Peiser's entry, in which he posted articles from the AP and "The Boston Globe", spawned from "The New York Times"s article entitled "Pluto's Not a Planet? Only in New York". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,059 | Tyson has been vice-president, president, and chairman of the board of the Planetary Society. He was also the host of the PBS program "Nova ScienceNow" until 2011. He attended and was a speaker at the symposium in November 2006. In 2007, Tyson was chosen to be a regular on The History Channel's popular series "The Universe". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,060 | In May 2009, Tyson launched a one-hour radio talk show called "StarTalk", which he co-hosted with comedian Lynne Koplitz. The show was syndicated on Sunday afternoons on KTLK AM in Los Angeles and WHFS in Washington DC. The show lasted for thirteen weeks, but was resurrected in December 2010 and then, co-hosted with comedians Chuck Nice and Leighann Lord instead of Koplitz. Guests range from colleagues in science to celebrities such as GZA, Wil Wheaton, Sarah Silverman, and Bill Maher. The show is available via the Internet through a live stream or in the form of a podcast. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,061 | In April 2011, Tyson was the keynote speaker at the 93rd International Convention of the Phi Theta Kappa International Honor Society of the Two-year School. He and James Randi delivered a lecture entitled "Skepticism", which related directly with the convention's theme of "The Democratization of Information: Power, Peril, and Promise". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,062 | In 2012, Tyson announced that he would appear in a YouTube series based on his radio show "StarTalk". A premiere date for the show has not been announced, but it will be distributed on the Nerdist YouTube Channel. On February 28, 2014, Tyson was a celebrity guest at the White House Student Film Festival. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,063 | In 2014, Tyson helped revive Carl Sagan's "" television series, presenting "" on both FOX and the National Geographic Channel. Thirteen episodes were aired in the first season, and Tyson has stated that if a second season were produced, he would pass the role of host to someone else in the science world. In early January 2018, it was announced that a second season of "Cosmos" was in production, and that Tyson would once again act as host. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,064 | On April 20, 2015, Tyson began hosting a late-night talk show entitled "StarTalk" on the National Geographic Channel, where Tyson interviews pop culture celebrities and asks them about their life experiences with science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,065 | Tyson is co-developing a sandbox video game with Whatnot Entertainment, "", which aims to help provide players with a realistic simulation of developing a space-faring culture, incorporating educational materials about space and technology. The project got no new development updates since April 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,066 | Tyson has written and broadcast extensively about his views of science, spirituality, and the spirituality of science, including the essays "The Perimeter of Ignorance" and "Holy Wars", both appearing in "Natural History" magazine and the 2006 "Beyond Belief" workshop. In an interview with comedian Paul Mecurio, Tyson offered his definition of spirituality: "For me, when I say spiritual, I’m referring to a feeling you would have that connects you to the universe in a way that it may defy simple vocabulary. We think about the universe as an intellectual playground, which it surely is, but the moment you learn something that touches an emotion rather than just something intellectual, I would call that a spiritual encounter with the universe." Tyson has argued that many great historical scientists' belief in intelligent design limited their scientific inquiries, to the detriment of the advance of scientific knowledge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,067 | When asked during a question session at the University at Buffalo if he believed in a higher power, Tyson responded: "Every account of a higher power that I've seen described, of all religions that I've seen, include many statements with regard to the benevolence of that power. When I look at the universe and all the ways the universe wants to kill us, I find it hard to reconcile that with statements of beneficence." In an interview with "Big Think", Tyson said, "So, what people are really after is what is my stance on religion or spirituality or God, and I would say if I find a word that came closest, it would be 'agnostic' ... at the end of the day I'd rather not be any category at all." Additionally, in the same interview with "Big Think", Tyson mentioned that he edited Wikipedia's entry on him to include the fact that he is an agnostic: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,068 | I'm constantly "claimed" by atheists. I find this intriguing. In fact, on my Wiki page – I didn't create the Wiki page. Others did, and I'm flattered that people cared enough about my life to assemble it – and it said, "Neil deGrasse Tyson is an atheist." I said, “Well, that's not really true." I said, "Neil deGrasse Tyson is an agnostic." I went back a week later. It said, "Neil deGrasse Tyson is an atheist" again – within a week! – and I said, "What's up with that?" and I said, “All right, I have to word it a little differently." So I said, “Okay, Neil deGrasse Tyson, widely claimed by atheists, is actually an agnostic." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,069 | During the interview "Called by the Universe: A Conversation with Neil deGrasse Tyson" in 2009, Tyson said: "I can't agree to the claims by atheists that I'm one of that community. I don't have the time, energy, interest of conducting myself that way... I'm not trying to convert people. I don't care." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,070 | In March 2014, philosopher and secularism proponent Massimo Pigliucci asked Tyson: "What is it you think about God?" Tyson replied: "I remain unconvinced by any claims anyone has ever made about the existence or the power of a divine force operating in the universe." Pigliucci then asked him why he expressed discomfort with the label "atheist" in his Big Think video. Tyson replied by reiterating his dislike for one-word labels, saying: "That's what adjectives are for. What kind of atheist are you? Are you an ardent atheist? Are you a passive atheist? An apathetic atheist? Do you rally, or do you just not even care? So I'd be on the 'I really don't care' side of that, if you had to find adjectives to put in front of the word 'atheist'." Pigliucci contrasted Tyson with scientist Richard Dawkins: "[Dawkins] really does consider, at this point, himself to be an atheist activist. You very clearly made the point that you are not." Tyson replied: "I completely respect that activity. He's fulfilling a really important role out there." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,071 | Tyson has spoken about philosophy on numerous occasions. In March 2014, during an episode of "The Nerdist Podcast", he stated that philosophy is "useless" and that a philosophy major "can really mess you up", which was met with disapproval. The philosopher Massimo Pigliucci later criticized him for "dismiss[ing] philosophy as a useless enterprise". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,072 | In an undated interview at Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Tyson talked about being black and one of the most visible and well-known scientists in the world. He told a story about being interviewed about a plasma burst from the sun on a local Fox affiliate in 1989. "I'd never before in my life seen an interview with a black person on television for expertise that had nothing to do with being black. And at that point, I realized that one of the last stereotypes that prevailed among people who carry stereotypes is that, sort of, black people are somehow dumb. I wondered, maybe ... that's a way to undermine this sort of, this stereotype that prevailed about who's smart and who's dumb. I said to myself, 'I just have to be visible, or others like me, in that situation.' That would have a greater force on society than anything else I could imagine." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,073 | In 2005, at a conference at the National Academy of Sciences, Tyson responded to a question about whether genetic differences might keep women from working as scientists. He said that his goal to become an astrophysicist was "...hands down the path of most resistance through the forces ... of society". He continued: "My life experience tells me, when you don’t find blacks in the sciences, when you don’t find women in the sciences, I know these forces are real and I had to survive them in order to get where I am today. So before we start talking about genetic differences, you gotta come up with a system where there’s equal opportunity. Then we can start having that conversation." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,074 | In a 2014 interview with "Grantland", Tyson said that he related his experience on that 2005 panel in an effort to make the point that the scientific question about genetic differences can't be answered until the social barriers are dismantled. "I'm saying before you even have that conversation, you have to be really sure that access to opportunity has been level." In that same interview, Tyson said that race is not a part of the point he is trying to make in his career or with his life. According to Tyson, "[T]hat then becomes the point of people's understanding of me, rather than the astrophysics. So it's a failed educational step for that to be the case. If you end up being distracted by that and not [getting] the message." He purposefully no longer speaks publicly about race. "I don't give talks on it. I don't even give Black History Month talks. I decline every single one of them. In fact, since 1993, I've declined every interview that has my being black as a premise of the interview." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,075 | Tyson is an advocate for expanding the operations of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Arguing that "the most powerful agency on the dreams of a nation is currently underfunded to do what it needs to be doing". Tyson has suggested that the general public has a tendency to overestimate how much revenue is allocated to the space agency. At a March 2010 address, referencing the proportion of tax revenue spent on NASA, he stated, "By the way, how much does NASA cost? It's a half a penny on the dollar. Did you know that? The people are saying, 'Why are we spending money up there...' I ask them, 'How much do you think we're spending?' They say 'five cents, ten cents on a dollar.' It's a half a penny." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,076 | Right now, NASA's annual budget is half a penny on your tax dollar. For twice that—a penny on a dollar—we can transform the country from a sullen, dispirited nation, weary of economic struggle, to one where it has reclaimed its 20th century birthright to dream of tomorrow. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,077 | Inspired by Tyson's advocacy and remarks, Penny4NASA, a campaign of the Space Advocates nonprofit, was founded in 2012 by John Zeller and advocates the doubling of NASA's budget to one percent of the federal budget. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,078 | In his book "Space Chronicles: Facing the Ultimate Frontier" Tyson argues that large and ambitious space exploration projects, like getting humans to Mars, will probably require some sort of military or economic driver in order to get the appropriate funding from the United States federal government. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,079 | As a science communicator, Tyson regularly appears on television, radio, and various other media outlets. He has been a regular guest on "The Colbert Report", and host Stephen Colbert refers to him in his comedic book "I Am America (And So Can You!)", noting in his chapter on scientists that most scientists are "decent, well-intentioned people", but, presumably tongue-in-cheek, that "Neil DeGrasse Tyson is an absolute monster." He has appeared numerous times on "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart". He has made appearances on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon", and "The Rachel Maddow Show". He served as one of the central interviewees on the various episodes of the History Channel science program, "The Universe". Tyson participated on the NPR radio quiz program "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!" in 2007 and 2015. He has appeared several times on "Real Time with Bill Maher", and he was also featured on an episode of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" as the ask-the-expert lifeline. He has spoken numerous times on the Philadelphia morning show, "Preston and Steve", on 93.3 WMMR, as well as on SiriusXM's "Ron and Fez" and "The Opie and Anthony Show". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,080 | Tyson has been featured as a guest interviewee on "The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe", "Radiolab", "Skepticality", and "The Joe Rogan Experience" podcasts and has been in several of the Symphony of Science videos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,081 | Tyson lived near the World Trade Center and was an eyewitness to the September 11, 2001, attacks. He wrote a widely circulated letter on what he saw. Footage he filmed on the day was included in the 2008 documentary film "102 Minutes That Changed America". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,082 | In 2007, Tyson was the keynote speaker during the dedication ceremony of Deerfield Academy's new science center, the Koch Center in Massachusetts, named for David H. Koch '59. He emphasized the impact science will have on the twenty-first century, as well as explaining that investments into science may be costly, but their returns in the form of knowledge gained and piquing interest is invaluable. Tyson has also appeared as the keynote speaker at The Amazing Meeting, a science and skepticism conference hosted by the James Randi Educational Foundation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,083 | Tyson made a guest appearance as a version of himself in the episode "Brain Storm" of "Stargate Atlantis" alongside Bill Nye and in the episode "The Apology Insufficiency" of "The Big Bang Theory". Archive footage of him is used in the film "Europa Report". Tyson also made an appearance in an episode of "Martha Speaks" as himself. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,084 | In a May 2011 "StarTalk Radio" show, "The Political Science of the Daily Show", Tyson said he donates all income earned as a guest speaker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,085 | Tyson is a frequent participant in the website Reddit's AMAs (Ask Me Anythings) where he is responsible for three of the top ten most popular AMAs of all time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,086 | In "Action Comics" #14 (January 2013), which was published November 7, 2012, Tyson appears in the story, in which he determines that Superman's home planet, Krypton, orbited the red dwarf LHS 2520 in the constellation Corvus 27.1 lightyears from Earth. Tyson assisted DC Comics in selecting a real-life star that would be an appropriate parent star to Krypton, and picked Corvus, which is Latin for "Crow", and which is the mascot of Superman's high school, the Smallville Crows. Tyson also had a minor appearance as himself in the 2016 film "". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,087 | In May 2013, the Science Laureates of the United States Act of 2013 (H.R. 1891; 113th Congress) was introduced into Congress. Neil deGrasse Tyson was listed by at least two commentators as a possible nominee for the position of Science Laureate, if the act were to pass. On March 8, 2014, Tyson made a SXSW Interactive keynote presentation at the Austin Convention Center. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,088 | On June 3, 2014, Tyson co-reviewed "Gravity" in a CinemaSins episode. He made two more appearances with CinemaSins, co-reviewing "Interstellar" on September 29, 2015, and "The Martian" on March 31, 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,089 | In 2016, Tyson narrated and was a script supervisor for the science documentary, Food Evolution, directed by Academy Award nominated director Scott Hamilton Kennedy. In the same year, Tyson made a guest appearance on the Avenged Sevenfold album "The Stage", where he delivered a monolog on the track "Exist". In 2017, Tyson appeared on Logic's album "Everybody" as God, uncredited on various tracks, and credited on the song "AfricAryaN" as well as on "The Moon" on Musiq Soulchild's album "Feel the Real". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,090 | In 2018, Tyson made a second guest appearance on "The Big Bang Theory" as himself, together with fellow television personality Bill Nye, in the first episode of the show's final season ("The Conjugal Configuration"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,091 | He also had guest appearances in "Gravity Falls, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Zoolander 2, , Family Guy, BoJack Horseman, The Simpsons, Salvation" and "Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,092 | Tyson lives in the Tribeca neighborhood of Lower Manhattan with his wife, Alice Young. They have two children: Miranda and Travis. Tyson met his wife in a physics class at the University of Texas at Austin. They married in 1988 and named their first child Miranda, after the smallest of Uranus' five major moons. Tyson is a wine enthusiast whose collection was featured in the May 2000 issue of the "Wine Spectator" and the Spring 2005 issue of "The World of Fine Wine". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,093 | During November and December 2018, accusations of sexual misconduct were made against Tyson by four women. Thchiya Amet El Maat accused Tyson of drugging and raping her while both were graduate students at UT Austin in 1984. Katelyn Allers, a professor at Bucknell University, alleged Tyson touched her inappropriately at a 2009 American Astronomical Society gathering. Ashley Watson, Tyson's assistant on "Cosmos", alleged Tyson made inappropriate sexual advances to her in 2018 which led her to resign from the position days later. In what Tyson described as a Native American handshake, he held her hand and looked her in the eye for ten seconds. When she left, he told her he wanted to hug her but would rather not in case he wanted more. A fourth anonymous woman alleged Tyson made inappropriate comments to her during a 2010 holiday party at the American Museum of Natural History. Tyson denied El Maat's rape accusation, while corroborating the basic facts around the situation of Allers and Watson's assertions, but claimed his actions were misinterpreted and apologized for any misunderstanding or offense. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,094 | Fox, National Geographic, the Museum of Natural History, and the producers of "Cosmos" announced investigations, which Tyson stated that he welcomed. The National Geographic Channel announced on January 3, 2019, that they were putting further episodes of "StarTalk" on hiatus so as "to allow the investigation to occur unimpeded". The premiere of "Cosmos: Possible Worlds", initially scheduled for March 3, 2019, was also delayed while the investigation continued. On March 15, 2019, both National Geographic and Fox announced that: "The investigation is complete, and we are moving forward with both "StarTalk" and "Cosmos"," and that: "There will be no further comment." The networks affirmed that both "StarTalk" and "Cosmos" would resume, but that no date had been set. In July, the American Museum of Natural History stated Neil deGrasse Tyson would keep his job as director of the Hayden Planetarium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1972777 |
14,095 | Richard Phillips Feynman (; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as his work in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25523 |
14,096 | Feynman developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions describing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal "Physics World", he was ranked the seventh-greatest physicist of all time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25523 |
14,097 | He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and became known to a wide public in the 1980s as a member of the Rogers Commission, the panel that investigated the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster. Along with his work in theoretical physics, Feynman has been credited with pioneering the field of quantum computing and introducing the concept of nanotechnology. He held the Richard C. Tolman professorship in theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25523 |
14,098 | Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, "The Feynman Lectures on Physics". Feynman also became known through his autobiographical books "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!" and "What Do You Care What Other People Think?", and books written about him such as "Tuva or Bust!" by Ralph Leighton and the biography "Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman" by James Gleick. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25523 |
14,099 | Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City, to Lucille (; 1895-1981), a homemaker, and Melville Arthur Feynman (1890-1946), a sales manager. Feynman's father was born into a Jewish family in Minsk, Belarus (then part of the Russian Empire) and emigrated with his parents to the United States at the age of five. Feynman's mother was born in the United States into a Jewish family. Lucille's father had emigrated from Poland, and her mother also came from a family of Polish immigrants. She trained as a primary school teacher but married Melville in 1917, before taking up a profession. Feynman was a late talker and did not speak until after his third birthday. As an adult, he spoke with a New York accent strong enough to be perceived as an affectation or exaggeration, so much so that his friends Wolfgang Pauli and Hans Bethe once commented that Feynman spoke like a "bum". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25523 |
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