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14,200 | Approximately 1.5% of Boeing employees are in the Technical Fellowship program, a program through which Boeing's top engineers and scientists set technical direction for the company. The average salary at Boeing is $76,784, reported by former employees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18933266 |
14,201 | In 2022, Rory Kennedy made a documentary film, "", streamed by Netflix. She said about the 21st-century history of Boeing "There were many decades when Boeing did extraordinary things by focusing on excellence and safety and ingenuity. Those three virtues were seen as the key to profit. It could work, and beautifully. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18933266 |
14,202 | On May 5, 2022, Boeing announced that it would be moving its headquarters from Chicago to Arlington, Virginia in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Additionally, it plans to add a research and technology center in Northern Virginia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18933266 |
14,203 | Boeing is headed by a President who also serves as the chief executive officer. The roles of chairman of the board and CEO were separated in October 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18933266 |
14,204 | Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens. It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation (in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,205 | The cause of Alzheimer's disease is poorly understood. There are many environmental and genetic risk factors associated with its development. The strongest genetic risk factor is from an allele of APOE. Other risk factors include a history of head injury, clinical depression, and high blood pressure. The disease proces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,206 | No treatments stop or reverse its progression, though some may temporarily improve symptoms. Affected people increasingly rely on others for assistance, often placing a burden on the caregiver. The pressures can include social, psychological, physical, and economic elements. Exercise programs may be beneficial with res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,207 | As of 2020, there were approximately 50 million people worldwide with Alzheimer's disease. It most often begins in people over 65 years of age, although up to 10% of cases are early-onset affecting those in their 30s to mid-60s. It affects about 6% of people 65 years and older, and women more often than men. The diseas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,208 | The course of Alzheimer's is generally described in three stages, with a progressive pattern of cognitive and functional impairment. The three stages are described as early or mild, middle or moderate, and late or severe. The disease is known to target the hippocampus which is associated with memory, and this is respon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,209 | The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to aging or stress. Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfills the clinical criteria for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. These early symptoms can affect the most complex activities of daily li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,210 | Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness, planning, flexibility, and abstract thinking, or impairments in semantic memory (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Apathy and depression can be seen at this stage, with apathy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,211 | In people with Alzheimer's disease, the increasing impairment of learning and memory eventually leads to a definitive diagnosis. In a small percentage, difficulties with language, executive functions, perception (agnosia), or execution of movements (apraxia) are more prominent than memory problems. Alzheimer's disease ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,212 | Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency, leading to a general impoverishment of oral and written language. In this stage, the person with Alzheimer's is usually capable of communicating basic ideas adequately. While performing fine motor tasks such as writing, dra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,213 | Progressive deterioration eventually hinders independence, with subjects being unable to perform most common activities of daily living. Speech difficulties become evident due to an inability to recall vocabulary, which leads to frequent incorrect word substitutions (paraphasias). Reading and writing skills are also pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,214 | Behavioral and neuropsychiatric changes become more prevalent. Common manifestations are wandering, irritability and emotional lability, leading to crying, outbursts of unpremeditated aggression, or resistance to caregiving. Sundowning can also appear. Approximately 30% of people with Alzheimer's disease develop illusi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,215 | During the final stage, known as the late-stage or severe stage, there is complete dependence on caregivers. Language is reduced to simple phrases or even single words, eventually leading to complete loss of speech. Despite the loss of verbal language abilities, people can often understand and return emotional signals.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,216 | Proteins fail to function normally. This disrupts the work of the brain cells affected and triggers a toxic cascade, ultimately leading to cell death and later brain shrinkage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,217 | Alzheimer's disease is believed to occur when abnormal amounts of amyloid beta (Aβ), accumulating extracellularly as amyloid plaques and tau proteins, or intracellularly as neurofibrillary tangles, form in the brain, affecting neuronal functioning and connectivity, resulting in a progressive loss of brain function. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,218 | Advances in brain imaging techniques allow researchers to see the development and spread of abnormal amyloid and tau proteins in the living brain, as well as changes in brain structure and function. Beta-amyloid is a fragment of a larger protein. When these fragments cluster together, a toxic effect appears on neurons ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,219 | Tau proteins are responsible in neuron's internal support and transport system to carry nutrients and other essential materials. In Alzheimer's disease, the shape of tau proteins is altered and thus organize themselves into structures called neurofibrillary tangles. The tangles disrupt the transport system and are toxi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,220 | The cause for most Alzheimer's cases is still mostly unknown, except for 1–2% of cases where deterministic genetic differences have been identified. Several competing hypotheses attempt to explain the underlying cause; the two predominant hypotheses are the amyloid beta (Aβ) hypothesis and the cholinergic hypothesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,221 | The oldest hypothesis, on which most drug therapies are based, is the cholinergic hypothesis, which proposes that Alzheimer's disease is caused by reduced synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The loss of cholinergic neurons noted in the limbic system and cerebral cortex, is a key feature in the progression ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,222 | Only 1–2% of Alzheimer's cases are inherited (autosomal dominant). These types are known as early onset familial Alzheimer's disease, can have a very early onset, and a faster rate of progression. Early onset familial Alzheimer's disease can be attributed to mutations in one of three genes: those encoding amyloid-beta ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,223 | Most cases of Alzheimer's are not inherited and are termed sporadic Alzheimer's disease, in which environmental and genetic differences may act as risk factors. Most cases of sporadic Alzheimer's disease in contrast to familial Alzheimer's disease are late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) developing after the age of 65... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,224 | Alleles in the TREM2 gene have been associated with a 3 to 5 times higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,225 | A Japanese pedigree of familial Alzheimer's disease was found to be associated with a deletion mutation of codon 693 of APP. This mutation and its association with Alzheimer's disease was first reported in 2008, and is known as the Osaka mutation. Only homozygotes with this mutation have an increased risk of developing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,226 | The tau hypothesis proposes that tau protein abnormalities initiate the disease cascade. In this model, hyperphosphorylated tau begins to pair with other threads of tau as paired helical filaments. Eventually, they form neurofibrillary tangles inside nerve cell bodies. When this occurs, the microtubules disintegrate, d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,227 | A number of studies connect the misfolded amyloid beta and tau proteins associated with the pathology of Alzheimer's disease, as bringing about oxidative stress that leads to chronic inflammation. Sustained inflammation (neuroinflammation) is also a feature of other neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's dise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,228 | Sleep disturbances are seen as a possible risk factor for inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Sleep problems have been seen as a consequence of Alzheimer's disease but studies suggest that they may instead be a causal factor. Sleep disturbances are thought to be linked to persistent inflammation. The cellular homeosta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,229 | One hypothesis posits that dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and their associated myelin during aging contributes to axon damage, which then causes amyloid production and tau hyper-phosphorylation as a side effect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,230 | Retrogenesis is a medical hypothesis that just as the fetus goes through a process of neurodevelopment beginning with neurulation and ending with myelination, the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease go through a reverse neurodegeneration process starting with demyelination and death of axons (white matter) and en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,231 | The association with celiac disease is unclear, with a 2019 study finding no increase in dementia overall in those with CD, while a 2018 review found an association with several types of dementia including Alzheimer's disease. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,232 | Alzheimer's disease is characterised by loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical regions. This loss results in gross atrophy of the affected regions, including degeneration in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe, and parts of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus. Degeneration is als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,233 | Both Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are clearly visible by microscopy in brains of those with Alzheimer's disease, especially in the hippocampus. However, Alzheimer's disease may occur without neurofibrillary tangles in the neocortex. Plaques are dense, mostly insoluble deposits of beta-amyloid peptide and cell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,234 | Alzheimer's disease has been identified as a protein misfolding disease, a proteopathy, caused by the accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta protein into amyloid plaques, and tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Plaques are made up of small peptides, 39–43 amino acids in length, called amyloid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,235 | Alzheimer's disease is also considered a tauopathy due to abnormal aggregation of the tau protein. Every neuron has a cytoskeleton, an internal support structure partly made up of structures called microtubules. These microtubules act like tracks, guiding nutrients and molecules from the body of the cell to the ends of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,236 | Exactly how disturbances of production and aggregation of the beta-amyloid peptide give rise to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease is not known. The amyloid hypothesis traditionally points to the accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides as the central event triggering neuron degeneration. Accumulation of aggregated amyl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,237 | Various inflammatory processes and cytokines may also have a role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Inflammation is a general marker of tissue damage in any disease, and may be either secondary to tissue damage in Alzheimer's disease or a marker of an immunological response. There is increasing evidence of a str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,238 | Alterations in the distribution of different neurotrophic factors and in the expression of their receptors such as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been described in Alzheimer's disease. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,239 | Alzheimer's disease can only be definitively diagnosed with autopsy findings; in the absence of autopsy, clinical diagnoses of AD are "possible" or "probable", based on other findings. Up to 23% of those clinically diagnosed with AD may be misdiagnosed and may have pathology suggestive of another condition with symptom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,240 | AD is usually clinically diagnosed based on the person's medical history, history from relatives, and behavioral observations. The presence of characteristic neurological and neuropsychological features and the absence of alternative conditions supports the diagnosis. Advanced medical imaging with computed tomography (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,241 | Assessment of intellectual functioning including memory testing can further characterise the state of the disease. Medical organizations have created diagnostic criteria to ease and standardise the diagnostic process for practising physicians. Definitive diagnosis can only be confirmed with post-mortem evaluations when... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,242 | There are three sets of criteria for the clinical diagnoses of the spectrum of Alzheimer's disease: the 2013 fifth edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-5); the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) definition as revised in 2011; and the International Working... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,243 | Eight intellectual domains are most commonly impaired in AD—memory, language, perceptual skills, attention, motor skills, orientation, problem solving and executive functional abilities, as listed in the fourth text revision of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,244 | The DSM-5 defines criteria for probable or possible Alzheimer's for both major and mild neurocognitive disorder. Major or mild neurocognitive disorder must be present along with at least one cognitive deficit for a diagnosis of either probable or possible AD. For major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,245 | The NIA-AA criteria are used mainly in research rather than in clinical assessments. They define Alzheimer's disease through three major stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's dementia. Diagnosis in the preclinical stage is complex and focuses on asymptomatic individuals; the latter two s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,246 | Neuropsychological tests including cognitive tests such as the Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Mini-Cog are widely used to aid in diagnosis of the cognitive impairments in AD. These tests may not always be accurate, as they lack sensitivity to mild cognitive impair... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,247 | Further neurological examinations are crucial in the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and other diseases. Interviews with family members are used in assessment; caregivers can supply important information on daily living abilities and on the decrease in the person's mental function. A caregiver's viewpoint... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,248 | Supplemental testing can rule out other potentially treatable diagnoses and help avoid misdiagnoses. Common supplemental tests include blood tests, thyroid function tests, as well as tests to assess vitamin B12 levels, rule out neurosyphilis and rule out metabolic problems (including tests for kidney function, electrol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,249 | Psychological tests for depression are used, since depression can either be concurrent with Alzheimer's disease (see Depression of Alzheimer disease), an early sign of cognitive impairment, or even the cause. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,250 | Due to low accuracy, the C-PIB-PET scan is not recommended as an early diagnostic tool or for predicting the development of Alzheimer's disease when people show signs of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The use of F-FDG PET scans, as a single test, to identify people who may develop Alzheimer's disease is not supported... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,251 | There are no disease-modifying treatments available to cure Alzheimer's disease and because of this, AD research has focused on interventions to prevent the onset and progression. There is no evidence that supports any particular measure in preventing Alzheimer's, and studies of measures to prevent the onset or progres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,252 | Cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking, are associated with a higher risk of onset and worsened course of AD. The use of statins to lower cholesterol may be of benefit in Alzheimer's. Antihypertensive and antidiabetic medications in individuals without overt cogn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,253 | Depression is associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease; management with antidepressants may provide a preventative measure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,254 | Historically, long-term usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were thought to be associated with a reduced likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease as it reduces inflammation; however, NSAIDs do not appear to be useful as a treatment. Additionally, because women have a higher incidence of Alzheime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,255 | Certain lifestyle activities, such as physical and cognitive exercises, higher education and occupational attainment, cigarette smoking, stress, sleep, and the management of other comorbidities, including diabetes and hypertension, may affect the risk of developing Alzheimer's. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,256 | Physical exercise is associated with a decreased rate of dementia, and is effective in reducing symptom severity in those with AD. Memory and cognitive functions can be improved with aerobic exercises including brisk walking three times weekly for forty minutes. It may also induce neuroplasticity of the brain. Particip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,257 | Higher education and occupational attainment, and participation in leisure activities, contribute to a reduced risk of developing Alzheimer's, or of delaying the onset of symptoms. This is compatible with the cognitive reserve theory, which states that some life experiences result in more efficient neural functioning p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,258 | Cessation in smoking may reduce risk of developing Alzheimer's' disease, specifically in those who carry APOE ɛ4 allele. The increased oxidative stress caused by smoking results in downstream inflammatory or neurodegenerative processes that may increase risk of developing AD. Avoidance of smoking, counseling and pharma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,259 | Alzheimer's disease is associated with sleep disorders but the precise relationship is unclear. It was once thought that as people get older, the risk of developing sleep disorders and AD independently increase, but research is examining whether sleep disorders may increase the prevalence of AD. One theory is that the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,260 | Stress is a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's. The mechanism by which stress predisposes someone to development of Alzheimer's is unclear, but it is suggested that lifetime stressors may affect a person's epigenome, leading to an overexpression or under expression of specific genes. Although the relationsh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,261 | There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease; available treatments offer relatively small symptomatic benefits but remain palliative in nature. Treatments can be divided into pharmaceutical, psychosocial, and caregiving. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,262 | Medications used to treat the cognitive problems of Alzheimer's disease include: four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (tacrine, rivastigmine, galantamine, and donepezil) and memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are intended for those with mild to severe Alzheimer's, whereas memant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,263 | Reduction in the activity of the cholinergic neurons is a well-known feature of Alzheimer's disease. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are employed to reduce the rate at which acetylcholine (ACh) is broken down, thereby increasing the concentration of ACh in the brain and combating the loss of ACh caused by the death of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,264 | Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter of the nervous system, although excessive amounts in the brain can lead to cell death through a process called excitotoxicity which consists of the overstimulation of glutamate receptors. Excitotoxicity occurs not only in Alzheimer's disease, but also in other neurological di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,265 | An extract of "Ginkgo biloba" known as "EGb 761" has been used for treating Alzheimer's and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Its use is approved throughout Europe. The World Federation of Biological Psychiatry guidelines lists EGb 761 with the same weight of evidence (level B) given to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,266 | Atypical antipsychotics are modestly useful in reducing aggression and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease, but their advantages are offset by serious adverse effects, such as stroke, movement difficulties or cognitive decline. When used in the long-term, they have been shown to associate with increased mortal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,267 | Psychosocial interventions are used as an adjunct to pharmaceutical treatment and can be classified within behavior-, emotion-, cognition- or stimulation-oriented approaches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,268 | Behavioral interventions attempt to identify and reduce the antecedents and consequences of problem behaviors. This approach has not shown success in improving overall functioning, but can help to reduce some specific problem behaviors, such as incontinence. There is a lack of high quality data on the effectiveness of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,269 | Emotion-oriented interventions include reminiscence therapy, validation therapy, supportive psychotherapy, sensory integration, also called snoezelen, and simulated presence therapy. A Cochrane review has found no evidence that this is effective. Reminiscence therapy (RT) involves the discussion of past experiences ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,270 | The aim of cognition-oriented treatments, which include reality orientation and cognitive retraining, is the reduction of cognitive deficits. Reality orientation consists of the presentation of information about time, place, or person to ease the understanding of the person about its surroundings and his or her place i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,271 | Stimulation-oriented treatments include art, music and pet therapies, exercise, and any other kind of recreational activities. Stimulation has modest support for improving behavior, mood, and, to a lesser extent, function. Nevertheless, as important as these effects are, the main support for the use of stimulation ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,272 | Since Alzheimer's has no cure and it gradually renders people incapable of tending to their own needs, caregiving is essentially the treatment and must be carefully managed over the course of the disease. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,273 | During the early and moderate stages, modifications to the living environment and lifestyle can increase safety and reduce caretaker burden. Examples of such modifications are the adherence to simplified routines, the placing of safety locks, the labeling of household items to cue the person with the disease or the use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,274 | During the final stages of the disease, treatment is centred on relieving discomfort until death, often with the help of hospice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,275 | Diet may be a modifiable risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease. The Mediterranean diet, and the DASH diet are both associated with less cognitive decline. A different approach has been to incorporate elements of both of these diets into one known as the MIND diet. Studies of individual dietary componen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,276 | The early stages of Alzheimer's disease are difficult to diagnose. A definitive diagnosis is usually made once cognitive impairment compromises daily living activities, although the person may still be living independently. The symptoms will progress from mild cognitive problems, such as memory loss through increasing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,277 | Life expectancy of people with Alzheimer's disease is reduced. The normal life expectancy for 60 to 70 years old is 23 to 15 years; for 90 years old it is 4.5 years. Following Alzheimer's disease diagnosis it ranges from 7 to 10 years for those in their 60s and early 70s (a loss of 13 to 8 years), to only about 3 years... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,278 | Fewer than 3% of people live more than fourteen years. Disease features significantly associated with reduced survival are an increased severity of cognitive impairment, decreased functional level, history of falls, and disturbances in the neurological examination. Other coincident diseases such as heart problems, diab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,279 | Pneumonia and dehydration are the most frequent immediate causes of death brought by Alzheimer's disease, while cancer is a less frequent cause of death than in the general population. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,280 | Two main measures are used in epidemiological studies: incidence and prevalence. Incidence is the number of new cases per unit of person-time at risk (usually number of new cases per thousand person-years); while prevalence is the total number of cases of the disease in the population at any given time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,281 | Regarding incidence, cohort longitudinal studies (studies where a disease-free population is followed over the years) provide rates between 10 and 15 per thousand person-years for all dementias and 5–8 for Alzheimer's disease, which means that half of new dementia cases each year are Alzheimer's disease. Advancing age ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,282 | The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in populations is dependent upon factors including incidence and survival. Since the incidence of Alzheimer's disease increases with age, prevalence depends on the mean age of the population for which prevalence is given. In the United States in 2020, Alzheimer's dementia prevalenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,283 | The ancient Greek and Roman philosophers and physicians associated old age with increasing dementia. It was not until 1901 that German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer identified the first case of what became known as Alzheimer's disease, named after him, in a fifty-year-old woman he called Auguste D. He followed her case ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,284 | For most of the 20th century, the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease was reserved for individuals between the ages of 45 and 65 who developed symptoms of dementia. The terminology changed after 1977 when a conference on Alzheimer's disease concluded that the clinical and pathological manifestations of presenile and senil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,285 | The National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS) and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (ADRDA, now known as the Alzheimer's Association) established the most commonly used NINCDS-ADRDA Alzheimer's Criteria for diagnosis in 1984, extensively updated in 2007. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,286 | Dementia, and specifically Alzheimer's disease, may be among the most costly diseases for societies worldwide. As populations age, these costs will probably increase and become an important social problem and economic burden. Costs associated with AD include direct and indirect medical costs, which vary between countri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,287 | In the United States , informal (family) care is estimated to constitute nearly three-fourths of caregiving for people with AD at a cost of US$234 billion per year and approximately 18.5 billion hours of care. The cost to society worldwide to care for individuals with AD is projected to increase nearly ten-fold, and re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,288 | Costs for those with more severe dementia or behavioral disturbances are higher and are related to the additional caregiving time to provide physical care. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,289 | The role of the main caregiver is often taken by the spouse or a close relative. Alzheimer's disease is known for placing a great burden on caregivers which includes social, psychological, physical, or economic aspects. Home care is usually preferred by people with Alzheimer's disease and their families. This option al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,290 | Dementia caregivers are subject to high rates of physical and mental disorders. Factors associated with greater psychosocial problems of the primary caregivers include having an affected person at home, the carer being a spouse, demanding behaviors of the cared person such as depression, behavioral disturbances, halluc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,291 | Cognitive behavioral therapy and the teaching of coping strategies either individually or in group have demonstrated their efficacy in improving caregivers' psychological health. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,292 | Alzheimer's disease has been portrayed in films such as: "Iris" (2001), based on John Bayley's memoir of his wife Iris Murdoch; "The Notebook" (2004), based on Nicholas Sparks' 1996 novel of the same name; "A Moment to Remember" (2004); "Thanmathra" (2005); "Memories of Tomorrow (Ashita no Kioku)" (2006), based on Hiro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,293 | Alzheimer's disease has also been portrayed in music by English musician the Caretaker in releases such as "Persistent Repetition of Phrases" (2008), "An Empty Bliss Beyond This World" (2011), and "Everywhere at the End of Time" (20162019). Paintings depicting the disorder include the late works by American artist Will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,294 | Additional research on the lifestyle effect may provide insight into neuroimaging biomarkers and better understanding of the mechanisms causing both Alzheimer's disease and early-onset AD. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,295 | Alzheimer’s disease is associated with neuroinflammation and loss of function of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Microglia become progressively dysfunctional following exposure to amyloid plaques, and exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNFα, IL-1β, IL-12) has been hypothes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,296 | Astrocytes may also contribute to AD pathology via their reactive states. Under typical conditions, astrocytes can surround amyloid beta plaques and can function to remove these species, which may be dysregulated under pathological conditions. Additionally, the activation of astrocytes following the release of APOE has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,297 | There is ongoing research examining the role of specific medications in reducing the prevalence (primary prevention) and/or progression (secondary prevention) of Alzheimer's disease. The research trials investigating medications generally impact Aβ plaques, inflammation, APOE, neurotransmitter receptors, neurogenesis, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,298 | Antibodies are being developed that may have the ability to alter the disease course by targeting amyloid beta, such as donanemab and aducanumab. Aducanumab was approved by the FDA in 2021, but its use and effectiveness remain unclear and controversial. Although it received FDA approval, aducanumab failed to show effec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18914017 |
14,299 | The DEFCON system was developed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) and unified and specified combatant commands. It prescribes five graduated levels of readiness (or states of alert) for the U.S. military. It increases in severity from DEFCON 5 (least severe) to DEFCON 1 (most severe) to match varying military situatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=287264 |
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