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17,500 | The campus is home to several museums including the University of California Museum of Paleontology, the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, and the Lawrence Hall of Science. The Museum of Paleontology, found in the lobby of the Valley Life Sciences Building, showcases a variety of dinosaur fossils including ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,501 | Outside of the Bay Area, the university owns various research laboratories and research forests in both northern and southern Sierra Nevada. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,502 | What is considered the historic campus today was the result of the 1898 "International Competition for the Phoebe Hearst Architectural Plan for the University of California", funded by William Randolph Hearst's mother and initially held in the Belgian city of Antwerp; eleven finalists were judged again in San Francisco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,503 | Built in 1873 in a Victorian Second-Empire-style, South Hall, designed by David Farquharson, is the oldest university building in California. It, and the Frederick Law Olmsted-designed Piedmont Avenue east of the main campus, are two of the only surviving examples of the nineteenth-century campus. Other notable archite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,504 | Flowing into the main campus are two branches of Strawberry Creek. The south fork enters a culvert upstream of the recreational complex at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon and passes beneath California Memorial Stadium before appearing again in Faculty Glade. It then runs through the center of the campus before disappear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,505 | Trees in the area date from the founding of the university. The campus features numerous wooded areas, including: Founders' Rock, Faculty Glade, Grinnell Natural Area, and the Eucalyptus Grove, which is both the tallest stand of such trees in the world and the tallest stand of hardwood trees in North America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,506 | The official university mascot is Oski the Bear, who debuted in 1941. Previously, live bear cubs were used as mascots at Memorial Stadium until it was decided in 1940 that a costumed mascot would be a better alternative. Named after the Oski-wow-wow yell, he is cared for by the Oski Committee, whose members have exclus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,507 | The University of California Marching Band, which has served the university since 1891, performs at every home football game and at select road games as well. A smaller subset of the Cal Band, the Straw Hat Band, performs at basketball games, volleyball games, and other campus and community events. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,508 | The UC Rally Committee, formed in 1901, is the official guardian of California's Spirit and Traditions. Wearing their traditional blue and gold rugbies, Rally Committee members can be seen at all major sporting and spirit events. Committee members are charged with the maintenance of the six Cal flags, the large Califor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,509 | Overlooking the main Berkeley campus from the foothills in the east, The Big "C" is an important symbol of California school spirit. The Big "C" has its roots in an early 20th-century campus event called "Rush", which pitted the freshman and sophomore classes against each other in a race up Charter Hill that often deve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,510 | Cal students invented the college football tradition of card stunts. Then known as Bleacher Stunts, they were first performed during the 1910 Big Game and consisted of two stunts: a picture of the Stanford Axe and a large blue "C" on a white background. The tradition is continued today by the Rally Committee in the Cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,511 | The California Victory Cannon, placed on Tightwad Hill overlooking the stadium, is fired before every football home game, after every score, and after every Cal victory. First used in the 1963 Big Game, it was originally placed on the sidelines before moving to Tightwad Hill in 1971. The only time the cannon ran out of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,512 | The Cal Mic Men, a standard at home football games, has recently expanded to involve basketball and volleyball. The traditional role comes from students holding megaphones and yelling, but now includes microphones, a dedicated platform during games, and the direction of the entire student section. Both men and women ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,513 | Berkeley students are offered a variety of housing options, including university-owned or affiliated residences, private residences, fraternities and sororities, and cooperative housing (co-ops). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,514 | The university runs twelve different residence halls: seven undergraduate residence halls or complexes, both with and without themes; family student housing; re-entry student housing; and optional international student housing at the International House, built with a gift from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and the erstwhile... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,515 | In the foothills east of the central campus, there are three additional undergraduate residence halls: Foothill, Stern, and Bowles. Foothill is a co-ed, suite-style hall reminiscent of a Swiss chalet. Just south of Foothill, overlooking the Hearst Greek Theatre, is the all-women's traditional-style Stern Hall, which bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,516 | Bowles Hall, the country's oldest residential college, is located on the north side of campus between California Memorial Stadium and the Hearst Greek Theater. Gifted by Mary McNear Bowles in 1929 to honor her late husband, Regent Philip E. Bowles, the college began as a student-governed residence hall. The hall was or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,517 | The Channing-Bowditch and Ida Jackson apartments cater to re-entry students, while the 58-acre University Village, located some northwest of campus, provides housing for students with families. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,518 | Berkeley students, and those of other local schools, have the option of living in one of the twenty cooperative houses participating in the Berkeley Student Cooperative (BSC), a nonprofit housing cooperative network consisting of 20 residences and 1250 member-owners. Notable BCS alumni include Norman Mineta, Steve Wozn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,519 | About three percent of undergraduate men and nine percent of undergraduate women—or 3,400 of total undergraduates—are active in Berkeley's Greek system. University-sanctioned fraternities and sororities comprise over 60 houses affiliated with four Greek councils. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,520 | The Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC) is the official student association that controls funding for student groups and organizes on-campus student events. It is considered the most autonomous student government at any university in the U.S. due to its independent funding model, level of univers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,521 | The ASUC's Student Union Program, Entertainment, and Recreation Board (SUPERB) is a student-run, non-profit branch dedicated to providing entertainment for the campus and community. Founded in 1964, SUPERB's programming includes the Friday Film Series, free Noon Concerts on Lower Sproul Plaza, Comedy Competitions, Poke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,522 | Berkeley's student-run online television station, CalTV, was formed in 2005 and broadcasts online. It is run by students with a variety of backgrounds and majors. Since the mid-2010s, it has been a program of the ASUC. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,523 | Berkeley's independent student-run newspaper is "The Daily Californian". Founded in 1871, "The Daily Cal" became independent in 1971 after the campus administration fired three senior editors for encouraging readers to take back People's Park. The Daily Californian has both a print and online edition. Print circulation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,524 | Berkeley's FM Student radio station, KALX, broadcasts on 90.7 MHz. It is run largely by volunteers, including both students and community members. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,525 | There are some 94 political student groups on campus, including MEChXA de UC Berkeley, Berkeley ACLU, Berkeley Students for Life, Campus Greens, The Sustainability Team (STEAM), the Berkeley Student Food Collective, Students for Sensible Drug Policy, Cal Berkeley Democrats, and the Berkeley College Republicans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,526 | The Residence Hall Assembly (RHA) is the student-led umbrella organization that oversees event planning, legislation, sponsorships and other activities for over 7,2000 on-campus undergraduate residents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,527 | Berkeley students also run a number of consulting groups, including the Berkeley Group, founded in 2003 and affiliated with the Haas School. Students from various concentrations are recruited and trained to work on pro-bono consulting engagements with actual nonprofit clients. Berkeley Consulting, founded in 1996, has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,528 | ImagiCal has been the college chapter of the American Advertising Federation at Berkeley since the late 1980s. The team competes annually in the National Student Advertising Competition, with students from disparate majors working together on a marketing case underwritten by a corporate sponsor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,529 | The Berkeley Forum is a nonpartisan student organization that hosts panels, debates, and speeches across a variety of fields. Past speakers include Senator Rand Paul, entrepreneur and venture capitalist Peter Thiel, and Khan Academy founder Salman Khan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,530 | Democratic Education at Cal, or DeCal, is a program that promotes the creation of professor-sponsored, student-facilitated classes. DeCal arose out of the 1960s Free Speech movement and was officially established in 1981. The program offers around 150 courses on a vast range of subjects that appeal to the student commu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,531 | The campus is home to several a cappella groups, including Drawn to Scale, Artists in Resonance, Berkeley Dil Se, the UC Men's Octet, the California Golden Overtones, DeCadence, and Noteworthy. The University of California Men's Octet was founded in 1948 and features a repertoire of barbershop, doo-wop, contemporary po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,532 | Since 1967, students and staff jazz musicians have had an opportunity to perform and study with the University of California Jazz Ensembles. Under the direction of Dr. David W. Tucker, who was hired by the Cal Band as a composer, arranger, and associate director, but was later asked to direct the jazz ensembles as it g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,533 | Berkeley student organizations also hosts many other conferences, seminars, and musical and theatrical performances, including the annual Sociological Research Symposium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,534 | Given UC Berkeley's STEM education and its proximity to Silicon Valley, there are a variety of student-run engineering teams that focus on winning design and engineering competitions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,535 | Berkeley has two prominent amateur rocketry teams: Space Enterprise at Berkeley (SEB) and Space Technologies and Rocketry (STAR). Both have launched solid-fuel sounding rockets and are currently developing liquid propellant rockets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,536 | The university also has two Formula SAE teams: Berkeley Formula Racing and Formula Electric Berkeley. Both of these teams participate in Formula SAE–run competitions, with the former focusing on internal combustion engines and the latter on electric motors. Berkeley has a number of other vehicle teams, including CalSol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,537 | The university's athletic teams are known as the California Golden Bears (often shortened to "Cal Bears" or just "Cal") and are primarily members of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12). Cal is also a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in several sports not sponsored by the Pac-12 and the Americ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,538 | The California Golden Bears have won national titles in football, men's basketball, baseball, softball, men's and women's crew, men's gymnastics, men's tennis, men's and women's swimming, men's water polo, men's Judo, men's track, and men's rugby. In addition, Cal athletes have won individual NCAA titles in track, gymn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,539 | California finished in first place in the 2007–08 Fall U.S. Sports Academy Directors' Cup standings (Now the NACDA Directors' Cup), a competition measuring the best overall collegiate athletic programs in the country, with points awarded for national finishes in NCAA sports. Cal finished the 2007–08 competition in seve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,540 | Most recently, California finished in third place in the 2010–11 NACDA Directors' Cup with 1219.50 points, finishing behind Stanford and Ohio State. This is California's highest ever finish in the Director's Cup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,541 | The Golden Bears' traditional arch-rival is the Stanford Cardinal, and the most anticipated sporting event between the two universities is the annual football match dubbed the Big Game, celebrated with spirit events on both campuses. Since 1933, the winner of the Big Game has been awarded custody of the Stanford Axe. O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,542 | One of the most famous moments in college football history occurred during the 85th Big Game on November 20, 1982. In what has become known as "the band play" or simply The Play, Cal scored the winning touchdown in the final seconds with a kickoff return that involved a series of laterals and the Stanford marching band... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,543 | Berkeley alumni, faculty and staff have distinguished themselves in a wide range of endeavors and include 114 Nobel laureates (35 alumni), 25 Turing Award winners (11 alumni), 14 Fields Medalists, 30 Wolf Prize winners, 108 MacArthur Fellows (65 alumni) , 30 Pulitzer Prize recipients, 19 Academy Award winners, five for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,544 | Berkeley alumni have served in a range of prominent government offices, both domestic and foreign, including Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (Earl Warren, BA, JD); United States Attorney General (Edwin Meese III, JD); United States Secretary of State (Dean Rusk, LLB); United States Secretary of the Tre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,545 | Foreign alumni include the President of Colombia 1922–1926, (Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez, BA, Mining Engineering); the President of Mexico (Francisco I. Madero, attended 1892–93); the President and Prime Minister of Pakistan; the Premier of the Republic of China (Sun Fo, BA); the President of Costa Rica (Miguel Angel Rodr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,546 | Alumni have also served in many supranational posts, notable among which are President of the World Bank (Robert McNamara, BS); Deputy Prime Minister of Spain and managing director of the International Monetary Fund (Rodrigo Rato, MBA); executive director of UNICEF (Ann Veneman, MPP); member of the European Parliament ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,547 | Alumni have made important contributions to science. Some have concentrated their studies on the very small universe of atoms and molecules. Nobel laureate William F. Giauque (BS 1920, PhD 1922) investigated chemical thermodynamics, Nobel laureate Willard Libby (BS 1931, PhD 1933) pioneered radiocarbon dating, Nobel la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,548 | John N. Bahcall (BS 1956) worked on the Standard Solar Model and the Hubble Space Telescope, resulting in a National Medal of Science. Peter Smith (BS 1969) was the principal investigator and project leader for the NASA robotic explorer "Phoenix", which physically confirmed the presence of water on the planet Mars for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,549 | Undergraduate alumni have founded or cofounded such companies as Apple Computer, Intel, LSI Logic The Gap, MySpace, PowerBar, Berkeley Systems, Bolt, Beranek and Newman (which created a number of underlying technologies that govern the Internet), Chez Panisse, GrandCentral (known now as Google Voice), HTC Corporation, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,550 | Berkeley alumni have developed a number of key technologies associated with the personal computer and the Internet. Unix was created by alumnus Ken Thompson (BS 1965, MS 1966) along with colleague Dennis Ritchie. Alumni such as L. Peter Deutsch (PhD 1973), Butler Lampson (PhD 1967), and Charles P. Thacker (BS 1967) wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,551 | In 1977, a graduate student in the computer science department named Bill Joy (MS 1982) assembled the original Berkeley Software Distribution, commonly known as BSD Unix. Joy, who went on to co-found Sun Microsystems, also developed the original version of the terminal console editor vi, while Ken Arnold (BA 1985) crea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,552 | The XCF, an undergraduate research group located in Soda Hall, has been responsible for a number of notable software projects, including GTK+ (created by Peter Mattis, BS 1997), The GIMP (Spencer Kimball, BS 1996), and the initial diagnosis of the Morris worm. In 1992, Pei-Yuan Wei, an undergraduate at the XCF, created... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,553 | Alumni collectively have won at least twenty-five Pulitzer Prizes. Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Marguerite Higgins (BA 1941) was a pioneering female war correspondent who covered World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. Novelist Robert Penn Warren (MA 1927) won three Pulitzer Prizes, including one for hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,554 | Alumni have also written novels and screenplays that have attracted Oscar-caliber talent, including "The Call of the Wild" author Jack London. Irving Stone (BA 1923) wrote the novel "Lust for Life", which was later made into an Academy Award-winning film of the same name starring Kirk Douglas as Vincent van Gogh. Stone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,555 | Collectively, alumni have won at least 20 Academy Awards. Gregory Peck (BA 1939), nominated for four Oscars during his career, won an Oscar for acting in "To Kill a Mockingbird". Chris Innis (BA 1991) won the 2010 Oscar for film editing for her work on best picture winner, "The Hurt Locker". Walter Plunkett (BA 1923) w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,556 | Alumni have collectively won at least 25 Emmy Awards: Jon Else (BA 1968) for cinematography; Andrew Schneider (BA 1973) for screenwriting; Linda Schacht (BA 1966, MA 1981), two for broadcast journalism; Christine Chen (dual BA's 1990), two for broadcast journalism; Kristen Sze (BA), two for broadcast journalism; Kathy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,557 | Alumni have acted in classic television series that are still broadcast on TV today. Karen Grassle (BA 1965) played the mother Caroline Ingalls in "Little House on the Prairie", Jerry Mathers (BA 1974) starred in "Leave it to Beaver", and Roxann Dawson (BA 1980) portrayed B'Elanna Torres on "". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,558 | Former undergraduates have participated in the contemporary music industry, such as "Grateful Dead" bass guitarist Phil Lesh, "The Police" drummer Stewart Copeland, "Rolling Stone Magazine" founder Jann Wenner, "The Bangles" lead singer Susanna Hoffs (BA 1980), "Counting Crows" lead singer Adam Duritz, electronic music... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,559 | Alumni have also participated in the world of sports. Tennis athlete Helen Wills Moody (BA 1925) won 31 Grand Slam titles, including eight singles titles at Wimbledon. Tarik Glenn (BA 1999) is a Super Bowl XLI champion, and Mitchell Schwartz (2011) is an All-Pro NFL offensive tackle. Michele Tafoya (BA 1988) is a sport... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,560 | Berkeley alumni—often generous benefactors—have long been among the billionaire ranks, their largess giving rise to many of the campus' eponymous schools, pavilions, centers, institutes, and halls, and with some of the more prominent being J. Paul Getty, Ann Getty, Sanford Diller and Helen Diller, Donald Fisher, Flora ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31922 |
17,561 | Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard that establishes specifications for cables, connectors and protocols for connection, communication and power supply (interfacing) between computers, peripherals and other computers. A broad variety of USB hardware exists, including 14 different connector types, of whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,562 | First released in 1996, the USB standards are maintained by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). The four generations of USB are: USB 1."x", USB 2.0, USB 3."x", and USB4. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,563 | USB was designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to personal computers, both to communicate with and to supply electric power. It has largely replaced interfaces such as serial ports and parallel ports, and has become commonplace on a wide range of devices. Examples of peripherals that are connected via US... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,564 | The Universal Serial Bus was developed to simplify and improve the interface between personal computers and peripheral devices, such as cell phones, computer accessories, and monitors, when compared with previously existing standard or "ad hoc" proprietary interfaces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,565 | The USB standard also provides multiple benefits for hardware manufacturers and software developers, specifically in the relative ease of implementation: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,566 | For a product developer, using USB requires the implementation of a complex protocol and implies an "intelligent" controller in the peripheral device. Developers of USB devices intended for public sale generally must obtain a USB ID, which requires that they pay a fee to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). Developers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,567 | A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1995: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, and Nortel. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,568 | , about 6 billion USB ports and interfaces were in the global marketplace, and about 2 billion were being sold each year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,569 | Released in January 1996, USB 1.0 specified signaling rates of 1.5 Mbit/s ("Low Bandwidth" or "Low Speed") and 12 Mbit/s ("Full Speed"). It did not allow for extension cables, due to timing and power limitations. Few USB devices made it to the market until USB 1.1 was released in August 1998. USB 1.1 was the earliest r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,570 | Neither USB 1.0 nor 1.1 specified a design for any connector smaller than the standard type A or type B. Though many designs for a miniaturised type B connector appeared on many peripherals, conformity to the USB 1.x standard was hampered by treating peripherals that had miniature connectors as though they had a tether... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,571 | USB 2.0 was released in April 2000, adding a higher maximum signaling rate of 480 Mbit/s (maximum theoretical data throughput 53 MByte/s) named "High Speed" or "High Bandwidth", in addition to the USB 1.x "Full Speed" signaling rate of 12 Mbit/s (maximum theoretical data throughput 1.2 MByte/s). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,572 | Modifications to the USB specification have been made via engineering change notices (ECNs). The most important of these ECNs are included into the USB 2.0 specification package available from USB.org: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,573 | The USB 3.0 specification was released on 12 November 2008, with its management transferring from USB 3.0 Promoter Group to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), and announced on 17 November 2008 at the SuperSpeed USB Developers Conference. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,574 | USB 3.0 adds a "SuperSpeed" transfer mode, with associated backward compatible plugs, receptacles, and cables. SuperSpeed plugs and receptacles are identified with a distinct logo and blue inserts in standard format receptacles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,575 | The SuperSpeed bus provides for a transfer mode at a nominal rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the three existing transfer modes. Its efficiency is dependent on a number of factors including physical symbol encoding and link level overhead. At a 5 Gbit/s signaling rate with 8b/10b encoding, each byte needs 10 bits to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,576 | Low-power and high-power devices remain operational with this standard, but devices using SuperSpeed can take advantage of increased available current of between 150 mA and 900 mA, respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,577 | USB 3.1, released in July 2013 has two variants. The first one preserves USB 3.0's "SuperSpeed" transfer mode and is labeled "USB 3.1 Gen 1", and the second version introduces a new "SuperSpeed+" transfer mode under the label of "USB 3.1 Gen 2". SuperSpeed+ doubles the maximum data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s, while re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,578 | USB 3.2, released in September 2017, preserves existing USB 3.1 "SuperSpeed" and "SuperSpeed+" data modes but introduces two new "SuperSpeed+" transfer modes over the new USB-C connector with data rates of 10 and 20 Gbit/s (1.25 and 2.5 GB/s). The increase in bandwidth is a result of multi-lane operation over existing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,579 | USB 3.0 also introduced the UASP protocol, which provides generally faster transfer speeds than the BOT (Bulk-Only-Transfer) protocol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,580 | Starting with the USB 3.2 standard, USB-IF introduced a new naming scheme. To help companies with branding of the different transfer modes, USB-IF recommended branding the 5, 10, and 20 Gbit/s transfer modes as "SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps", "SuperSpeed USB 10Gbps", and "SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps", respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,581 | USB4 is based on the Thunderbolt 3 protocol. It supports 40 Gbit/s throughput, is compatible with Thunderbolt 3, and backward compatible with USB 3.2 and USB 2.0. The architecture defines a method to share a single high-speed link with multiple end device types dynamically that best serves the transfer of data by type ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,582 | During CES 2020, USB-IF and Intel stated their intention to allow USB4 products that support all the optional functionality as Thunderbolt 4 products. The first products compatible with USB4 are expected to be Intel's Tiger Lake series and AMD's Zen 3 series of CPUs. Released in 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,583 | A USB system consists of a host with one or more downstream ports, and multiple peripherals, forming a tiered-star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included, allowing up to five tiers. A USB host may have multiple controllers, each with one or more ports. Up to 127 devices may be connected to a single host controll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,584 | A USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as "device functions". A "composite device" may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). An alternative to this is a "compound device," in which the host assig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,585 | USB device communication is based on "pipes" (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity within a device, called an "endpoint". Because pipes correspond to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Each USB device can have up to 32 endpoints (16 "in" and 16 "ou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,586 | When a host starts a data transfer, it sends a TOKEN packet containing an endpoint specified with a tuple of "(device_address, endpoint_number)". If the transfer is from the host to the endpoint, the host sends an OUT packet (a specialization of a TOKEN packet) with the desired device address and endpoint number. If th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,587 | Endpoints are grouped into "interfaces" and each interface is associated with a single device function. An exception to this is endpoint zero, which is used for device configuration and is not associated with any interface. A single device function composed of independently controlled interfaces is called a "composite ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,588 | When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,589 | The host controller directs traffic flow to devices, so no USB device can transfer any data on the bus without an explicit request from the host controller. In USB 2.0, the host controller polls the bus for traffic, usually in a round-robin fashion. The throughput of each USB port is determined by the slower speed of e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,590 | High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses. There may be one translator per hub or per port. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,591 | Because there are two separate controllers in each USB 3.0 host, USB 3.0 devices transmit and receive at USB 3.0 data rates regardless of USB 2.0 or earlier devices connected to that host. Operating data rates for earlier devices are set in the legacy manner. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,592 | The functionality of a USB device is defined by a class code sent to a USB host. This allows the host to load software modules for the device and to support new devices from different manufacturers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,593 | The USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS) standardizes connections to storage devices. At first intended for magnetic and optical drives, it has been extended to support flash drives and SD card readers. The ability to boot a write-locked SD card with a USB adapter is particularly advantageous for maintaining the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,594 | Though most personal computers since early 2005 can boot from USB mass storage devices, USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer's internal storage. However, USB has the advantage of allowing hot-swapping, making it useful for mobile peripherals, including drives of various kinds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,595 | Several manufacturers offer external portable USB hard disk drives, or empty enclosures for disk drives. These offer performance comparable to internal drives, limited by the number and types of attached USB devices, and by the upper limit of the USB interface. Other competing standards for external drive connectivity ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,596 | Another use for USB mass storage devices is the portable execution of software applications (such as web browsers and VoIP clients) with no need to install them on the host computer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,597 | Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional DRM features. MTP was designed for use with portable media players, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,598 | USB mice and keyboards can usually be used with older computers that have PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter. For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support, an adaptor that contains no logic circuitry may be used: the USB hardware in the keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
17,599 | "Device Firmware Upgrade" (DFU) is a vendor- and device-independent mechanism for upgrading the firmware of USB devices with improved versions provided by their manufacturers, offering (for example) a way to deploy firmware bug fixes. During the firmware upgrade operation, USB devices change their operating mode effect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32073 |
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