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1,900 | Java software runs on everything from laptops to data centers, game consoles to scientific supercomputers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,901 | Oracle (and others) highly recommend uninstalling outdated and unsupported versions of Java, due to unresolved security issues in older versions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,902 | Oracle released the last zero-cost public update for the legacy version Java 8 LTS in January 2019 for commercial use, although it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely. Other vendors have begun to offer zero-cost builds of OpenJDK 18 and 8, 11 and 17 that are still recei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,903 | Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting different application environments and segmented many of its APIs so that they belong to one of the platforms. The platforms are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,904 | The classes in the Java APIs are organized into separate groups called packages. Each package contains a set of related interfaces, classes, subpackages and exceptions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,905 | Sun also provided an edition called Personal Java that has been superseded by later, standards-based Java ME configuration-profile pairings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,906 | One design goal of Java is portability, which means that programs written for the Java platform must run similarly on any combination of hardware and operating system with adequate run time support. This is achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode, instead of d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,907 | Standard libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as graphics, threading, and networking. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,908 | The use of universal bytecode makes porting simple. However, the overhead of interpreting bytecode into machine instructions made interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than native executables. Just-in-time (JIT) compilers that compile byte-codes to machine code during runtime were introduced from an early ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,909 | Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written in C++. However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly with the introduction of just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1, the addition of language features supporting better code analysis (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,910 | Some platforms offer direct hardware support for Java; there are micro controllers that can run Java bytecode in hardware instead of a software Java virtual machine, and some ARM-based processors could have hardware support for executing Java bytecode through their Jazelle option, though support has mostly been dropped... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,911 | Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the object lifecycle. The programmer determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once objects are no longer in use. Once no references to an object remain, the unreachable memory becomes eligible to be fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,912 | One of the ideas behind Java's automatic memory management model is that programmers can be spared the burden of having to perform manual memory management. In some languages, memory for the creation of objects is implicitly allocated on the stack or explicitly allocated and deallocated from the heap. In the latter cas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,913 | Garbage collection may happen at any time. Ideally, it will occur when a program is idle. It is guaranteed to be triggered if there is insufficient free memory on the heap to allocate a new object; this can cause a program to stall momentarily. Explicit memory management is not possible in Java. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,914 | Java does not support C/C++ style pointer arithmetic, where object addresses can be arithmetically manipulated (e.g. by adding or subtracting an offset). This allows the garbage collector to relocate referenced objects and ensures type safety and security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,915 | As in C++ and some other object-oriented languages, variables of Java's primitive data types are either stored directly in fields (for objects) or on the stack (for methods) rather than on the heap, as is commonly true for non-primitive data types (but see escape analysis). This was a conscious decision by Java's desig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,916 | Java contains multiple types of garbage collectors. Since Java 9, HotSpot uses the Garbage First Garbage Collector (G1GC) as the default. However, there are also several other garbage collectors that can be used to manage the heap. For most applications in Java, G1GC is sufficient. Previously, the Parallel Garbage Coll... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,917 | Having solved the memory management problem does not relieve the programmer of the burden of handling properly other kinds of resources, like network or database connections, file handles, etc., especially in the presence of exceptions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,918 | The syntax of Java is largely influenced by C++ and C. Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language. All code is written inside classes, and every data item is an object, with the exception of the primiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,919 | Unlike C++, Java does not support operator overloading or multiple inheritance for classes, though multiple inheritance is supported for interfaces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,920 | Java uses comments similar to those of C++. There are three different styles of comments: a single line style marked with two slashes (codice_1), a multiple line style opened with codice_2 and closed with codice_3, and the Javadoc commenting style opened with codice_4 and closed with codice_3. The Javadoc style of comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,921 | All source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix codice_6, for example, codice_7. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file with the codice_8 suffix (codice_9, in this case). Only then can it be executed or launched. The Java source file may... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,922 | A class that is not declared public may be stored in any codice_6 file. The compiler will generate a class file for each class defined in the source file. The name of the class file is the name of the class, with ".class" appended. For class file generation, anonymous classes are treated as if their name were the conca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,923 | The keyword codice_11 denotes that a method can be called from code in other classes, or that a class may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is located. This is called an access level modifier. Other access level modifiers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,924 | The keyword codice_17 in front of a method indicates a static method, which is associated only with the class and not with any specific instance of that class. Only static methods can be invoked without a reference to an object. Static methods cannot access any class members that are not also static. Methods that are n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,925 | The keyword codice_18 indicates that the main method does not return any value to the caller. If a Java program is to exit with an error code, it must call codice_19 explicitly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,926 | The method name codice_20 is not a keyword in the Java language. It is simply the name of the method the Java launcher calls to pass control to the program. Java classes that run in managed environments such as applets and Enterprise JavaBeans do not use or need a codice_21 method. A Java program may contain multiple c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,927 | The main method must accept an array of objects. By convention, it is referenced as codice_23 although any other legal identifier name can be used. Since Java 5, the main method can also use variable arguments, in the form of codice_24, allowing the main method to be invoked with an arbitrary number of codice_25 argume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,928 | The Java launcher launches Java by loading a given class (specified on the command line or as an attribute in a JAR) and starting its codice_28 method. Stand-alone programs must declare this method explicitly. The codice_29 parameter is an array of codice_25 objects containing any arguments passed to the class. The par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,929 | Printing is part of a Java standard library: The ' class defines a public static field called '. The codice_32 object is an instance of the class and provides many methods for printing data to standard out, including which also appends a new line to the passed string. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,930 | Java applets were programs that were embedded in other applications, typically in a Web page displayed in a web browser. The Java applet API is now deprecated since Java 9 in 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,931 | Java servlet technology provides Web developers with a simple, consistent mechanism for extending the functionality of a Web server and for accessing existing business systems. Servlets are server-side Java EE components that generate responses to requests from clients. Most of the time, this means generating HTML page... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,932 | The Java servlet API has to some extent been superseded (but still used under the hood) by two standard Java technologies for web services: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,933 | Typical implementations of these APIs on Application Servers or Servlet Containers use a standard servlet for handling all interactions with the HTTP requests and responses that delegate to the web service methods for the actual business logic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,934 | JavaServer Pages (JSP) are server-side Java EE components that generate responses, typically HTML pages, to HTTP requests from clients. JSPs embed Java code in an HTML page by using the special delimiters codice_34 and codice_35. A JSP is compiled to a Java "servlet", a Java application in its own right, the first time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,935 | Swing is a graphical user interface library for the Java SE platform. It is possible to specify a different look and feel through the pluggable look and feel system of Swing. Clones of Windows, GTK+, and Motif are supplied by Sun. Apple also provides an Aqua look and feel for macOS. Where prior implementations of these... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,936 | JavaFX is a software platform for creating and delivering desktop applications, as well as rich web applications that can run across a wide variety of devices. JavaFX is intended to replace Swing as the standard GUI library for Java SE, but since JDK 11 JavaFX has not been in the core JDK and instead in a separate modu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,937 | In 2004, generics were added to the Java language, as part of J2SE 5.0. Prior to the introduction of generics, each variable declaration had to be of a specific type. For container classes, for example, this is a problem because there is no easy way to create a container that accepts only specific types of objects. Eit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,938 | In 2016, the type system of Java was proven unsound in that it is possible to use generics to construct classes and methods that allow assignment of an instance one class to a variable of another unrelated class. Such code is accepted by the compiler, but fails at run time with a class cast exception. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,939 | Criticisms directed at Java include the implementation of generics, speed, the handling of unsigned numbers, the implementation of floating-point arithmetic, and a history of security vulnerabilities in the primary Java VM implementation HotSpot. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,940 | The Java Class Library is the standard library, developed to support application development in Java. It is controlled by Oracle in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program. Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the APIs. This proces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,941 | Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by Sun Microsystems. It provides developers with an organized system for documenting their code. Javadoc comments have an extra asterisk at the beginning, i.e. the delimiters are codice_4 and codice_3, whereas the normal multi-line comments in Java are delimited ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,942 | Oracle Corporation is the current owner of the official implementation of the Java SE platform, following their acquisition of Sun Microsystems on January 27, 2010. This implementation is based on the original implementation of Java by Sun. The Oracle implementation is available for Microsoft Windows (still works for X... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,943 | The Oracle implementation is packaged into two different distributions: The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) which contains the parts of the Java SE platform required to run Java programs and is intended for end users, and the Java Development Kit (JDK), which is intended for software developers and includes development ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,944 | OpenJDK is another notable Java SE implementation that is licensed under the GNU GPL. The implementation started when Sun began releasing the Java source code under the GPL. As of Java SE 7, OpenJDK is the official Java reference implementation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,945 | The goal of Java is to make all implementations of Java compatible. Historically, Sun's trademark license for usage of the Java brand insists that all implementations be "compatible". This resulted in a legal dispute with Microsoft after Sun claimed that the Microsoft implementation did not support RMI or JNI and had a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,946 | Platform-independent Java is essential to Java EE, and an even more rigorous validation is required to certify an implementation. This environment enables portable server-side applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,947 | The Java programming language requires the presence of a software platform in order for compiled programs to be executed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,948 | Oracle supplies the Java platform for use with Java. The Android SDK is an alternative software platform, used primarily for developing Android applications with its own GUI system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,949 | The Java language is a key pillar in Android, an open source mobile operating system. Although Android, built on the Linux kernel, is written largely in C, the Android SDK uses the Java language as the basis for Android applications but does not use any of its standard GUI, SE, ME or other established Java standards. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,950 | Android does not provide the full Java SE standard library, although the Android SDK does include an independent implementation of a large subset of it. It supports Java 6 and some Java 7 features, offering an implementation compatible with the standard library (Apache Harmony). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,951 | The use of Java-related technology in Android led to a legal dispute between Oracle and Google. On May 7, 2012, a San Francisco jury found that if APIs could be copyrighted, then Google had infringed Oracle's copyrights by the use of Java in Android devices. District Judge William Alsup ruled on May 31, 2012, that APIs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,952 | Google filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court of the United States in January 2019 to challenge the two rulings that were made by the Appeals Court in Oracle's favor. On April 5, 2021, the Court ruled 6-2 in Google's favor, that its use of Java APIs should be considered fair use. However, the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 |
1,953 | Linux ( or ) is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged as a Linux distribution, which includes the kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,954 | Popular Linux distributions include Debian, Fedora Linux, and Ubuntu, the latter of which itself consists of many different distributions and modifications, including Lubuntu and Xubuntu. Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise. Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,955 | Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system. Because of the dominance of the Linux-based Android on smartphones, Linux, including Android, has the largest installed base of all general-purpose oper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,956 | Linux also runs on embedded systems, i.e. devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes routers, automation controls, smart home devices, video game consoles, televisions (Samsung and LG Smart TVs), automobiles (Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyunda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,957 | Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. The source code may be used, modified and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License (GPL). The Linux kernel, for example, is license... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,958 | The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at AT&T's Bell Labs, in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. In 1973, in a key pioneering approach,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,959 | Due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, AT&T licensed the operating system's source code as a trade secret to anyone who asked. As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of its regional oper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,960 | Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. Later, Sun Microsystems, founded as a spin-off of a student project at Stanford University, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in 1982. While Sun workstations didn't utilize commodity PC hardware like Linux was later develop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,961 | With Unix increasingly "locked in" as a proprietary product, the GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of free software. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GNU... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,962 | MINIX was created by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, a computer science professor, and released in 1987 as a minimal Unix-like operating system targeted at students and others who wanted to learn operating system principles. Although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from bei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,963 | Although not released until 1992, due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,964 | Linus Torvalds has stated on separate occasions that if the GNU kernel or 386BSD had been available at the time (1991), he probably would not have created Linux. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,965 | While attending the University of Helsinki in the fall of 1990, Torvalds enrolled in a Unix course. The course utilized a MicroVAX minicomputer running Ultrix, and one of the required texts was "" by Andrew S. Tanenbaum. This textbook included a copy of Tanenbaum's MINIX operating system. It was with this course that T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,966 | Torvalds began the development of the Linux kernel on MINIX and applications written for MINIX were also used on Linux. Later, Linux matured and further Linux kernel development took place on Linux systems. GNU applications also replaced all MINIX components, because it was advantageous to use the freely available code... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,967 | Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention "Freax", a portmanteau of "free", "freak", and "x" (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work on the system, some of the project's makefiles included the name "Freax" for about half a year. Initially, Torvalds considered the name "Linux" but dismissed it as to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,968 | To facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the FTP server (codice_1) of FUNET in September 1991. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker at the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good name, so he named th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,969 | According to a newsgroup post by Torvalds, the word "Linux" should be pronounced ( ) with a short 'i' as in 'print' and 'u' as in 'put'. To further demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced, he included an audio guide () with the kernel source code. However, in this recording, he pronounces 'Linux' ( ) with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,970 | Adoption of Linux in production environments, rather than being used only by hobbyists, started to take off first in the mid-1990s in the supercomputing community, where organizations such as NASA started to replace their increasingly expensive machines with clusters of inexpensive commodity computers running Linux. Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,971 | Today, Linux systems are used throughout computing, from embedded systems to virtually all supercomputers, and have secured a place in server installations such as the popular LAMP application stack. Use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been growing. Linux distributions have also become popula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,972 | Linux's greatest success in the consumer market is perhaps the mobile device market, with Android being the dominant operating system on smartphones and very popular on tablets and, more recently, on wearables. Linux gaming is also on the rise with Valve showing its support for Linux and rolling out SteamOS, its own ga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,973 | Greg Kroah-Hartman is the lead maintainer for the Linux kernel and guides its development. William John Sullivan is the executive director of the Free Software Foundation, which in turn supports the GNU components. Finally, individuals and corporations develop third-party non-GNU components. These third-party component... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,974 | Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components, and non-GNU components, with additional package management software in the form of Linux distributions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,975 | Many open source developers agree that the Linux kernel was not designed but rather evolved through natural selection. Torvalds considers that although the design of Unix served as a scaffolding, "Linux grew with a lot of mutations – and because the mutations were less than random, they were faster and more directed th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,976 | A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system, deriving much of its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Such a system uses a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel, which handles process control, networking, access to the peripherals, and file systems. Device drivers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,977 | The GNU userland is a key part of most systems based on the Linux kernel, with Android being the notable exception. The Project's implementation of the C library works as a wrapper for the system calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace interface, the toolchain is a broad collection of programming to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,978 | The user interface, also known as the shell, is either a command-line interface (CLI), a graphical user interface (GUI), or controls attached to the associated hardware, which is common for embedded systems. For desktop systems, the default user interface is usually graphical, although the CLI is commonly available thr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,979 | CLI shells are text-based user interfaces, which use text for both input and output. The dominant shell used in Linux is the Bourne-Again Shell (bash), originally developed for the GNU project. Most low-level Linux components, including various parts of the userland, use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly sui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,980 | On desktop systems, the most popular user interfaces are the GUI shells, packaged together with extensive desktop environments, such as KDE Plasma, GNOME, MATE, Cinnamon, LXDE, Pantheon and Xfce, though a variety of additional user interfaces exist. Most popular user interfaces are based on the X Window System, often s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,981 | Server distributions might provide a command-line interface for developers and administrators, but provide a custom interface towards end-users, designed for the use-case of the system. This custom interface is accessed through a client that resides on another system, not necessarily Linux based. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,982 | Several types of window managers exist for X11, including tiling, dynamic, stacking and compositing. Window managers provide means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interact with the X Window System. Simpler X window managers such as dwm, ratpoison, i3wm, or herbstluftwm pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,983 | Wayland is a display server protocol intended as a replacement for the X11 protocol; , it has received relatively wide adoption. Unlike X11, Wayland does not need an external window manager and compositing manager. Therefore, a Wayland compositor takes the role of the display server, window manager and compositing mana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,984 | Linux currently has two modern kernel-userspace APIs for handling video input devices: V4L2 API for video streams and radio, and DVB API for digital TV reception. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,985 | Due to the complexity and diversity of different devices, and due to the large number of formats and standards handled by those APIs, this infrastructure needs to evolve to better fit other devices. Also, a good userspace device library is the key of the success for having userspace applications to be able to work with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,986 | The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open-source software. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used. Some free and open-source software licenses are based on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,987 | Linux-based distributions are intended by developers for interoperability with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere to POSIX, SUS, LSB, ISO, and ANSI standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,988 | Free software projects, although developed through collaboration, are often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger-scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,989 | Many Linux distributions manage a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection. This allows users to adapt the operating system to their specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,990 | A distribution is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer basis, Debian being a well-known example. Others maintain a community version of their commercial distributions, as Red Hat does with Fedora, and SUSE does with openSUSE. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,991 | In many cities and regions, local associations known as Linux User Groups (LUGs) seek to promote their preferred distribution and by extension free software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support, and operating system installation to new users. Many Internet communities also pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,992 | There are several technology websites with a Linux focus. Print magazines on Linux often bundle cover disks that carry software or even complete Linux distributions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,993 | Although Linux distributions are generally available without charge, several large corporations sell, support, and contribute to the development of the components of the system and of free software. An analysis of the Linux kernel in 2017 showed that well over 85% of the code developed by programmers who are being paid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,994 | The free software licenses, on which the various software packages of a distribution built on the Linux kernel are based, explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization; the relationship between a Linux distribution as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as symbiotic. One common business model of commerc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,995 | Another business model is to give away the software to sell hardware. This used to be the norm in the computer industry, with operating systems such as CP/M, Apple DOS and versions of Mac OS prior to 7.6 freely copyable (but not modifiable). As computer hardware standardized throughout the 1980s, it became more difficu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,996 | Most programming languages support Linux either directly or through third-party community based ports. The original development tools used for building both Linux applications and operating system programs are found within the GNU toolchain, which includes the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and the GNU Build System. Amo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,997 | A common feature of Unix-like systems, Linux includes traditional specific-purpose programming languages targeted at scripting, text processing and system configuration and management in general. Linux distributions support shell scripts, awk, sed and make. Many programs also have an embedded programming language to su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,998 | Most distributions also include support for PHP, Perl, Ruby, Python and other dynamic languages. While not as common, Linux also supports C# (via Mono), Vala, and Scheme. Guile Scheme acts as an extension language targeting the GNU system utilities, seeking to make the conventionally small, static, compiled C programs ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
1,999 | GNOME and KDE are popular desktop environments and provide a framework for developing applications. These projects are based on the GTK and Qt widget toolkits, respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger framework. Both support a wide variety of languages. There are a number of Integrated developme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 |
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