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19,300 | The scientific name Octopoda was first coined and given as the order of octopuses in 1818 by English biologist William Elford Leach, who classified them as Octopoida the previous year. The Octopoda consists of around 300 known species and were historically divided into two suborders, the Incirrina and the Cirrina. More... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,301 | The Cephalopoda evolved from a mollusc resembling the Monoplacophora in the Cambrian some 530 million years ago. The Coleoidea diverged from the nautiloids in the Devonian some 416 million years ago. In turn, the coleoids (including the squids and octopods) brought their shells inside the body and some 276 million year... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,302 | The cladograms are based on Sanchez et al., 2018, who created a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA marker sequences. The position of the Eledonidae is from Ibáñez et al., 2020, with a similar methodology. Dates of divergence are from Kröger et al., 2011 and Fuchs et al, 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,303 | The molecular analysis of the octopods shows that the suborder Cirrina (Cirromorphida) and the superfamily Argonautoidea are paraphyletic and are broken up; these names are shown in quotation marks and italics on the cladogram. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,304 | Octopuses, like other coleoid cephalopods but unlike more basal cephalopods or other molluscs, are capable of greater RNA editing, changing the nucleic acid sequence of the primary transcript of RNA molecules, than any other organisms. Editing is concentrated in the nervous system, and affects proteins involved in neur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,305 | The octopus genome is unremarkably bilaterian except for large developments of two gene families: protocadherins, which regulate the development of neurons; and the C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factors. Many genes specific to cephalopods are expressed in the animals' skin, suckers, and nervous system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,306 | Ancient seafaring people were aware of the octopus, as evidenced by artworks and designs. For example, a stone carving found in the archaeological recovery from Bronze Age Minoan Crete at Knossos (1900–1100 BC) depicts a fisherman carrying an octopus. The terrifyingly powerful Gorgon of Greek mythology may have been in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,307 | A battle with an octopus plays a significant role in Victor Hugo's 1866 book "Travailleurs de la mer" ("Toilers of the Sea"). Ian Fleming's 1966 short story collection "Octopussy and The Living Daylights", and the 1983 "James Bond" film were partly inspired by Hugo's book. Japanese erotic art, "shunga", includes ukiyo-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,308 | Since it has numerous arms emanating from a common centre, the octopus is often used as a symbol for a powerful and manipulative organisation, company, or country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,309 | Octopuses generally avoid humans, but incidents have been verified. For example, a Pacific octopus, said to be nearly perfectly camouflaged, "lunged" at a diver and "wrangled" over his camera before it let go. Another diver recorded the encounter on video. All species are venomous, but only blue-ringed octopuses have v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,310 | Octopus fisheries exist around the world with total catches varying between 245,320 and 322,999 metric tons from 1986 to 1995. The world catch peaked in 2007 at 380,000 tons, and had fallen by a tenth by 2012. Methods to capture octopuses include pots, traps, trawls, snares, drift fishing, spearing, hooking and hand co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,311 | In classical Greece, Aristotle (384–322 BC) commented on the colour-changing abilities of the octopus, both for camouflage and for signalling, in his "Historia animalium": "The octopus ... seeks its prey by so changing its colour as to render it like the colour of the stones adjacent to it; it does so also when alarmed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,312 | Octopuses offer many possibilities in biological research, including their ability to regenerate limbs, change the colour of their skin, behave intelligently with a distributed nervous system, and make use of 168 kinds of protocadherins (humans have 58), the proteins that guide the connections neurons make with each ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,313 | Due to their intelligence, octopuses are listed in some countries as experimental animals on which surgery may not be performed without anesthesia, a protection usually extended only to vertebrates. In the UK from 1993 to 2012, the common octopus ("Octopus vulgaris") was the only invertebrate protected under the Animal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,314 | Some robotics research is exploring biomimicry of octopus features. Octopus arms can move and sense largely autonomously without intervention from the animal's central nervous system. In 2015 a team in Italy built soft-bodied robots able to crawl and swim, requiring only minimal computation. In 2017 a German company ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22780 |
19,315 | The Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk is a four-blade, twin-engine, medium-lift utility military helicopter manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft. Sikorsky submitted the S-70 design for the United States Army's Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS) competition in 1972. The Army designated the prototype as the "YUH-60A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,316 | Named after the Native American war leader Black Hawk, the UH-60A entered service with the U.S. Army in 1979, to replace the Bell UH-1 Iroquois as the Army's tactical transport helicopter. This was followed by the fielding of electronic warfare and special operations variants of the Black Hawk. Improved UH-60L and UH-6... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,317 | In the late 1960s, the United States Army began forming requirements for a helicopter to replace the UH-1 Iroquois, and designated the program as the Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS). The Army also initiated the development of a new, common turbine engine for its helicopters that would become the Gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,318 | The UTTAS requirements for improved reliability, survivability and lower life-cycle costs resulted in features such as dual-engines with improved hot and high altitude performance, and a modular design (reduced maintenance footprint); run-dry gearboxes; ballistically tolerant, redundant subsystems (hydraulic, electrica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,319 | Four prototypes were constructed, with the first YUH-60A flying on 17 October 1974. Prior to delivery of the prototypes to the US Army, a preliminary evaluation was conducted in November 1975 to ensure the aircraft could be operated safely during all testing. Three of the prototypes were delivered to the Army in March ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,320 | After entering service, the helicopter was modified for new missions and roles, including mine laying and medical evacuation. An EH-60 variant was developed to conduct electronic warfare and special operations aviation developed the MH-60 variant to support its missions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,321 | Due to weight increases from the addition of mission equipment and other changes, the Army ordered the improved UH-60L in 1987. The new model incorporated all of the modifications made to the UH-60A fleet as standard design features. The UH-60L also featured more power and lifting capability with upgraded T700-GE-701C ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,322 | Development of the next improved variant, the UH-60M, was approved in 2001, to extend the service life of the UH-60 design into the 2020s. The UH-60M incorporates upgraded T700-GE-701D engines, improved rotor blades, and state of the art electronic instrumentation, flight controls and aircraft navigation control. After... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,323 | Following their use in the operation to kill Osama bin Laden in May 2011, it emerged that the 160th SOAR used a secret version of the UH-60 modified with low-observable technology which enabled it to evade Pakistani radar. Analysis of the tail section, the only remaining part of the aircraft which crashed during the op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,324 | In September 2012, Sikorsky was awarded a Combat Tempered Platform Demonstration (CTPD) contract to further improve the Black Hawk's durability and survivability. The company is to develop new technologies such as a zero-vibration system, adaptive flight control laws, advanced fire management, a more durable main rotor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,325 | In December 2014, the 101st Airborne Division began testing new resupply equipment called the Enhanced Speed Bag System (ESBS). Soldiers in the field requiring quick resupply have depended on speed bags, bags filled with items airdropped from a UH-60. However, all systems were ad hoc with bags not made to keep things s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,326 | The UH-60 features four-blade main and tail rotors, and is powered by two General Electric T700 turboshaft engines. The main rotor is fully articulated and has elastomeric bearings in the rotor head. The tail rotor is canted and features a rigid crossbeam. The helicopter has a long, low profile shape to meet the Army's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,327 | The Black Hawk helicopter series can perform a wide array of missions, including the tactical transport of troops, electronic warfare, and aeromedical evacuation. A VIP version known as the VH-60N is used to transport important government officials (e.g., Congress, Executive departments) with the helicopter's call sign... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,328 | The UH-60 can be equipped with stub wings at the top of fuselage to carry fuel tanks or various armaments. The initial stub wing system is called External Stores Support System (ESSS). It has two pylons on each wing to carry two and two tanks in total. The four fuel tanks and associated lines and valves form the extern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,329 | The unit cost of the H-60 models varies due to differences in specifications, equipment and quantities. For example, the unit cost of the Army's UH-60L Black Hawk is $5.9 million while the unit cost of the Air Force HH-60G Pave Hawk is $10.2 million. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,330 | Australia ordered fourteen S-70A-9 Black Hawks in 1986 and an additional twenty-five Black Hawks in 1987. The first US produced Black Hawk was delivered in 1987 to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). de Havilland Australia produced thirty-eight Black Hawks under license from Sikorsky in Australia delivering the firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,331 | Brazil received four UH-60L helicopters in 1997, for the Brazilian Army peacekeeping forces. It received six UH-60Ls configured for special forces, and search and rescue uses in 2008. It ordered ten more UH-60Ls in 2009; deliveries began in March 2011. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,332 | In December 1983, examples of the Aerospatiale AS-332 Super Puma, Bell 214ST SuperTransport and Sikorsky S-70A-5 (N3124B) were airlifted to Lhasa for testing. These demonstrations included take-offs and landings at altitudes to and "en route" operations to . At the end of this testing, the People's Liberation Army Air ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,333 | Colombia first received UH-60s from the United States in 1987. The Colombian National Police, Colombian Air Force, and Colombian Army use UH-60s to transport troops and supplies to places which are difficult to access by land for counter-insurgency (COIN) operations against drug and guerrilla organizations, for search ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,334 | The Colombian Army became the first worldwide operator of the S-70i with Terrain Awareness and Warning Capability (HTAWS) after taking delivery of the first two units on 13 August 2013. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,335 | The Israeli Air Force (IAF) received 10 surplus UH-60A Black Hawks from the United States in August 1994. Named "Yanshuf" () by the IAF, the UH-60A began replacing Bell 212 utility helicopters. The IAF first used the UH-60s in combat during 1996 in southern Lebanon in Operation "Grapes of Wrath" against Hezbollah. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,336 | The Mexican Air Force ordered its first two UH-60Ls in 1991, to transport special forces units, and another four in 1994. In July and August 2009, the Federal Police used UH-60s in attacks on drug traffickers. In August 2011, the Mexican Navy received three upgraded and navalized UH-60M. On 21 April 2014, the U.S. Stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,337 | In March 2019, the Philippines' Department of National Defense (DND) signed a contract worth US$241.4 million with Lockheed Martin's Polish subsidiary PZL Mielec for 16 Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawks to the PAF. On 10 December 2020, the PAF commissioned their 1st batch of six S-70i Blackhawks, with the remaining 10 to be d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,338 | On 22 February 2022, DND and PZL Mielec formally signed the contract for 32 additional S-70i Black Hawks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,339 | In 2019 January, Poland ordered 4 S-70i Black Hawks with 4 delivered to the Polish Special Forces in December that same year. Another 4 S-70i helicopters are on order with 2 scheduled for delivery in 2023 and 2 in 2024. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,340 | In February 2015, the U.S. State Department approved a possible Foreign Military Sale of nine UH-60Ms with associated equipment and support to Slovakia and sent to Congress for its approval. In April 2015, Slovakia's government approved the procurement of nine UH-60Ms along with training and support. In September 2015,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,341 | Slovak Training Academy from Košice, a private company, operates four older UH-60As for new pilot training. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,342 | Sweden requested 15 UH-60M helicopters by Foreign Military Sale in September 2010. The UH-60Ms were ordered in May 2011, and deliveries began in January 2012. In March 2013, Swedish ISAF forces began using Black Hawks in Afghanistan for MEDEVAC purposes. The UH-60Ms have been fully operational since 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,343 | Taiwan (Republic of China) operated S-70C-1/1A after the Republic of China Air Force received ten S-70C-1A and four S-70C-1 Bluehawk helicopters in June 1986 for Search and Rescue. Four more S-70C-6s were received in April 1998. The ROC Navy received the first of ten S-70C(M)-1s in July 1990. 11 S-70C(M)-2s were receiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,344 | Turkey has operated the UH-60 during NATO deployments to Afghanistan and the Balkans. The UH-60 has also been used in counter-terror/internal security operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,345 | The Black Hawk competed against the AgustaWestland AW149 in the Turkish General Use Helicopter Tender, to order up to 115 helicopters and produce many of them indigenously, with Turkish Aerospace Industries responsible for final integration and assembly. On 21 April 2011, Turkey announced the selection of Sikorsky's T-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,346 | In the course of the coup d'état attempt in Turkey on 15 July 2016, eight Turkish military personnel of various ranks landed in Greece's northeastern city of Alexandroupolis on board a Black Hawk helicopter and claimed political asylum in Greece. The helicopter was returned to Turkey shortly thereafter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,347 | The UH-60 entered service with the U.S. Army's 101st Combat Aviation Brigade of the 101st Airborne Division in June 1979. The U.S. military first used the UH-60 in combat during the invasion of Grenada in 1983, and again in the invasion of Panama in 1989. During the Gulf War in 1991, the UH-60 participated in the large... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,348 | In 1993, Black Hawks featured prominently in the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia. Black Hawks also saw action in the Balkans and Haiti in the 1990s. U.S. Army UH-60s and other helicopters conducted many air assault and other support missions during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The UH-60 has continued to serve in operation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,349 | Customs and Border Protection Office of Air and Marine (OAM) uses the UH-60 in its operations specifically along the southwest border. The Black Hawk has been used by OAM to interdict illegal entry into the U.S. Additionally, OAM regularly uses the UH-60 in search and rescue operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,350 | Highly modified H-60s were employed during the U.S. Special Operations mission that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden during Operation Neptune Spear on 1 May 2011. One such MH-60 helicopter crash-landed during the operation, and was destroyed by the team before it departed in the other MH-60 and a backup MH-47 C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,351 | The United Arab Emirates requested 14 UH-60M helicopters and associated equipment in September 2008, through Foreign Military Sale. It had received 20 UH-60Ls by November 2010. Bahrain ordered nine UH-60Ms in 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,352 | In December 2011, the Royal Brunei Air Force ordered twelve S-70i helicopters, which are similar to the UH-60M; four aircraft had been received by December 2013. On 12 June 2012, the U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress that Qatar requested the purchase of twelve UH-60Ms, engines, and associated e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,353 | On 25 February 2013, the Indonesian Army announced its interest in buying UH-60 Black Hawks as part of its effort to modernize its weaponry. The army wants them for combating terrorism, transnational crime, and insurgency to secure the archipelago. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,354 | On 27 May 2014, Croatian Defence Minister Ante Kotromanović announced the beginning of negotiations for the purchase of 15 used Black Hawks. On 12 October 2018, the US via Ambassador Robert Kohorst announced donation of two UH-60M helicopters with associated equipment and crew training to Croatia's Ministry of Defence,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,355 | Tunisia requested 12 armed UH-60M helicopters in July 2014 through Foreign Military Sale. In August 2014, the U.S. ambassador stated that the U.S. "will soon make available" the UH-60Ms to Tunisia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,356 | On 23 January 2015, the Malaysian Defence Minister Hishammuddin Hussein confirmed that Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) is receiving S-70A Blackhawks from the Brunei government. These helicopters, believed to be four in total, were expected to be transferred to Malaysia by September with M134D miniguns added. The four ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,357 | In 2018, Latvia requested to buy four UH-60M Black Hawks with associated equipment for an estimated cost of $200 million. On 3 August 2018, the State Department approved the possible Foreign Military Sale. The Defense Security Cooperation Agency delivered the required certification notifying Congress of the possible sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,358 | In 2019, Lithuania announced plans to buy six UH-60M helicopters before ordering four UH-60Ms in 2020. In 2019, Poland ordered four S-70i helicopters for its special forces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,359 | In 2022, the Royal Air Force and British Army expects to select a helicopter for the New Medium Helicopter program to replace several existing helicopters. Sikorsky has indicated it expects its S-70M to meet the requirement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,360 | The UH-60 comes in many variants, and many different modifications. The U.S. Army variants can be fitted with the stub wings to carry additional fuel tanks or weapons. Variants may have different capabilities and equipment to fulfill different roles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,361 | See SH-60 Seahawk, HH-60 Pave Hawk, and HH-60 Jayhawk for operators of military H-60/S-70 variants; see Sikorsky S-70 for non-military operators of other H-60/S-70 family helicopters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37941 |
19,362 | USB-C (properly known as USB Type-C) is a 24-pin USB connector system with a rotationally symmetrical connector. The designation C refers only to the connector's physical configuration or form factor and should not be confused with the connector's specific capabilities, which are designated by its transfer specificatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,363 | The "USB Type-C Specification 1.0" was published by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) and was finalized in August 2014. It was developed at roughly the same time as the USB 3.1 specification. In July 2016, it was adopted by the IEC as "IEC 62680-1-3". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,364 | A device with a Type-C connector does not necessarily implement USB, USB Power Delivery, or any Alternate Mode: the Type-C connector is common to several technologies while mandating only a few of them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,365 | USB 3.2, released in September 2017, replaces the USB 3.1 standard. It preserves existing USB 3.1 "SuperSpeed" and "SuperSpeed+" data modes and introduces two new "SuperSpeed+" transfer modes over the USB-C connector using two-lane operation, with data rates of 10 and 20 Gbit/s (~1.2 and 2.5 GB/s). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,366 | USB4, released in 2019, is the first USB transfer protocol standard that is only available via USB-C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,367 | USB-C cables interconnect hosts and devices, replacing various other electrical cables and connectors, including USB-A and USB-B, HDMI, DisplayPort, and 3.5 mm audio jacks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,368 | The 24-pin double-sided connector is slightly larger than the micro-B connector, with a USB-C port measuring wide, high, and deep. Two genders (kinds) of connectors exist, male (plug) and female (receptacle). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,369 | USB 3.1 cables are considered full-featured USB-C cables. They are electronically marked cables that contain a chip with an ID function based on the configuration channel and vendor-defined messages (VDM) from the USB Power Delivery 2.0 specification. Cable length should be ≤2m for Gen 1 or ≤1m for Gen 2. The electroni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,370 | USB-C cables that do not have shielded SuperSpeed pairs, sideband use pins, or additional wires for power lines can have increased cable length, up to 4m. These USB-C cables only support 2.0 speeds and do not support alternate modes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,371 | All USB-C cables must be able to carry a minimum of 3 A current (at 20V, 60W) but some can also carry high-power 5 A current (at 20V, 100W). USB-C to USB-C cables supporting 5A current must contain e-marker chips (also marketed as E-Mark chips) programmed to identify the cable and its current capabilities. USB Charging... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,372 | Full-featured USB-C cables that implement USB 3.1 Gen 2 can handle up to 10Gbit/s data rate at full duplex. They are marked with a SuperSpeed+ (SuperSpeed 10Gbit/s) logo. There are also cables which can carry only USB 2.0 with up to 480Mbit/s data rate. There are USB-IF certification programs available for USB-C produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,373 | Devices may be hosts (with a downstream-facing port, DFP) or peripherals (with an upstream-facing port, UFP). Some, such as mobile phones, can take either role depending on what kind is detected on the other end. These types of ports are called Dual-Role-Data (DRD) ports, which was known as USB On-The-Go in the previou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,374 | USB-C devices may optionally provide or consume bus power currents of 1.5 A and 3.0 A (at 5 V) in addition to baseline bus power provision; power sources can either advertise increased USB current through the configuration channel, or they can implement the full USB Power Delivery specification using both BMC-coded con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,375 | Connecting an older device to a host with a USB-C receptacle requires a cable or adapter with a USB-A or USB-B plug or receptacle on one end and a USB-C plug on the other end. Legacy adapters (i.e. adapters with a USB-A or USB-B [male] plug) with a USB-C [female] receptacle are "not defined or allowed" by the specifica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,376 | A device with a USB-C port may support analog headsets through an audio adapter with a 3.5 mm jack, providing four standard analog audio connections (Left, Right, Microphone, and Ground). The audio adapter may optionally include a USB-C charge-through port to allow 500 mA device charging. The engineering specification ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,377 | Analog signals use the USB 2.0 differential pairs (Dp and Dn for Right and Left) and the two side-band use pairs for Mic and GND. The presence of the audio accessory is signalled through the configuration channel and V. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,378 | An Alternate Mode dedicates some of the physical wires in a USB-C 3.1 cable for direct device-to-host transmission of alternate data protocols. The four high-speed lanes, two side-band pins, and (for dock, detachable device and permanent cable applications only) two USB 2.0 data pins and one configuration pin can be us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,379 | The USB Type-C specification 1.0 was published by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) and was finalized in August 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,380 | The receptacle features four power and four ground pins, two differential pairs for high-speed USB data (though they are connected together on devices), four shielded differential pairs for Enhanced SuperSpeed data (two transmit and two receive pairs), two Sideband Use (SBU) pins, and two Configuration Channel (CC) pin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,381 | The male connector (plug) has only one high-speed differential pair, and one of the CC pins (CC2) is replaced by V, to power optional electronics in the cable, and the other is used to actually carry the Configuration Channel (CC) signals. These signals are used to determine the orientation of the cable, as well as to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,382 | five system-defined Alternate Mode partner specifications exist. Additionally, vendors may support proprietary modes for use in dock solutions. Alternate Modes are optional; Type-C features and devices are not required to support any specific Alternate Mode. The USB Implementers Forum is working with its Alternate Mode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,383 | Other protocols like Ethernet have been proposed, although Thunderbolt 3 and later are also capable of 10 Gigabit Ethernet networking. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,384 | All Thunderbolt 3 controllers both support "Thunderbolt Alternate Mode" and "DisplayPort Alternate Mode". Because Thunderbolt can encapsulate DisplayPort data, every Thunderbolt controller can either output DisplayPort signals directly over "DisplayPort Alternative Mode" or encapsulated within Thunderbolt in "Thunderbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,385 | DisplayPort Alt Mode 2.0: USB 4 supports DisplayPort 2.0 over its alternative mode. DisplayPort 2.0 can support 8K resolution at 60 Hz with HDR10 color and can use up to 80 Gbps, which is double the amount available to USB data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,386 | The USB SuperSpeed protocol is similar to DisplayPort and PCIe/Thunderbolt, in using packetized data transmitted over differential LVDS lanes with embedded clock using comparable bit rates, so these Alternate Modes are easier to implement in the chipset. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,387 | Alternate Mode hosts and sinks can be connected with either regular full-featured Type-C cables, or with converter cables or adapters: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,388 | Active cables/adapters contain powered ICs to amplify/equalise the signal for extended length cables, or to perform active protocol conversion. The adapters for video Alt Modes may allow conversion from native video stream to other video interface standards (e.g., DisplayPort, HDMI, VGA or DVI). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,389 | Using full-featured Type-C cables for Alternate Mode connections provides some benefits. Alternate Mode does not employ USB 2.0 lanes and the configuration channel lane, so USB 2.0 and USB Power Delivery protocols are always available. In addition, DisplayPort and MHL Alternate Modes can transmit on one, two, or four S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,390 | A simple USB 2.0/1.1 device mates using one pair of D+/D− pins. Hence, the source (host) does not require any connection management circuitry, but it lacks the same physical connector so therefore USB-C is not backward compatible. V and GND provide 5V up to 500mA of current. However, to connect a USB 2.0/1.1 device to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,391 | USB Power Delivery uses one of CC1, CC2 pins for power negotiation between source device and sink device, up to 20 V at 5 A. It is transparent to any data transmission mode, and can therefore be used together with any of them as long as the CC pins are intact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,392 | In the USB 3.0/3.1/3.2 mode, two or four high speed links are used in TX/RX pairs to provide 5 to 10, or 10 to 20 Gbit/s throughput respectively. One of the CC pins is used to negotiate the mode. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,393 | V and GND provide 5 V up to 900 mA, in accordance with the USB 3.1 specification. A specific USB-C mode may also be entered, where 5 V at either 1.5 A or 3 A is provided. A third alternative is to establish a Power Delivery contract. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,394 | In single-lane mode, only the differential pairs closest to the CC pin are used for data transmission. For dual-lane data transfers, all four differential pairs are in use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,395 | The D+/D− link for USB 2.0/1.1 is "typically" not used when USB 3.x connection is active, but devices like hubs open simultaneous 2.0 and 3.x uplinks in order to allow operation of both type devices connected to it. Other devices may have fallback mode to 2.0, in case the 3.x connection fails. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,396 | In the Alternate Mode one of up to four high speed links are used in whatever direction is needed. SBU1, SBU2 provide an additional lower speed link. If two high speed links remain unused, then a USB 3.0/3.1 link can be established concurrently to the Alternate Mode. One of the CC pins is used to perform all the negoti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,397 | In regard to power, the devices are supposed to negotiate a Power Delivery contract before an alternate mode is entered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,398 | The external device test system (DTS) signals to the target system (TS) to enter debug accessory mode via CC1 and CC2 both being pulled down with an Rn resistor value or pulled up as Rp resistor value from the test plug (Rp and Rn defined in Type-C specification). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,399 | After entering debug accessory mode, optional orientation detection via the CC1 and CC2 is done via setting CC1 as a pullup of Rd resistance and CC2 pulled to ground via Ra resistance (from the test system Type-C plug). While optional, orientation detection is required if USB Power Delivery communication is to remain f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
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