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19,400 | In this mode, all digital circuits are disconnected from the connector, and the 14 bold pins can be used to expose debug related signals (e.g. JTAG interface). USB IF requires for certification that security and privacy consideration and precaution has been taken and that the user has actually requested that debug test... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,401 | If a reversible Type-C cable is required but Power Delivery support is not, the test plug will need to be arranged as below, with CC1 and CC2 both being pulled down with an Rn resistor value or pulled up as Rp resistor value from the test plug: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,402 | This mirroring of test signals will only provide 7 test signals for debug usage instead of 14, but with the benefit of minimising extra parts count for orientation detection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,403 | In this mode, all digital circuits are disconnected from the connector, and certain pins become reassigned for analog outputs or inputs. The mode, if supported, is entered when both CC pins are shorted to GND. D− and D+ become audio output left L and right R, respectively. The SBU pins become a microphone pin MIC, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,404 | This mode also allows concurrent charging of a device exposing the analog audio interface (through V and GND), however only at 5 V and 500 mA, as CC pins are unavailable for any negotiation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,405 | Plug insertions detection is performed by the TRRS plug's physical plug detection switch. On plug insertions, this will pull down both CC and VCONN in the plug (CC1 and CC2 in the receptacle). This resistance must be less than 800 ohms which is the minimum "Ra" resistance specified in the USB Type-C specification). Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,406 | An increasing number of motherboards, notebooks, tablet computers, smartphones, hard disk drives, USB hubs and other devices released from 2014 onwards include the USB-C sockets. However, the initial adoption of USB-C was limited by high cost of USB-C cables and wide use of the Micro-USB chargers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,407 | Currently, DisplayPort is the most widely implemented alternate mode, and is used to provide video output on devices that do not have standard-size DisplayPort or HDMI ports, such as smartphones and laptops. All Chromebooks with a USB-C port are required to support DisplayPort alternate mode in Google's hardware requir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,408 | It is also used on USB-C docks designed to connect a device to a power source, external display, USB hub, and optional extra (such as a network port) with a single cable. These functions are sometimes implemented directly into the display instead of a separate dock, meaning a user connects their device to the display v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,409 | Many cables claiming to support USB-C are actually not compliant to the standard. Using these cables would have a potential consequence of damaging devices that they are connected to. There are reported cases of laptops being destroyed due to the use of non-compliant cables. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,410 | Some non-compliant cables with a USB-C connector on one end and a legacy USB-A plug or Micro-B receptacle on the other end incorrectly terminate the Configuration Channel (CC) with a 10 kΩ pullup to V instead of the specification mandated 56 kΩ pullup, causing a device connected to the cable to incorrectly determine th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,411 | When a defective USB-C cable or power source is used, the voltage seen by a USB-C device can be different from the voltage expected by the device. This may result in an overvoltage on the VBUS pin. Also due to the fine pitch of the USB-C receptacle, the VBUS pin from the cable may contact with the CC pin of the USB-C r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,412 | On devices that have omitted the 3.5 mm audio jack, the USB-C port can be used to connect wired accessories such as headphones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,413 | There are primarily two types of USB-C adapters (active adapters with DACs, passive adapters without DACs) and two modes of audio output from devices (phones without onboard DACs that send out digital audio, phones with onboard DACs that send out analog audio). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,414 | When an active set of USB-C headphones or adapter is used, digital audio is sent through the USB-C port. The conversion by the DAC and amplifier is done inside of the headphones or adapter, instead of on the phone. The sound quality is dependent on the headphones/adapter's DAC. Active adapters with a built-in DAC have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,415 | Examples of such active adapters include external USB sound cards and DACs that do not require special drivers, and USB-C to 3.5 mm headphone jack adapters by Apple, Google, Essential, Razer, HTC. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,416 | On the other hand, when a passive set of USB-C headphones or adapter is used, analog audio is sent through the USB-C port. The conversion by the DAC and amplifier is done on the phone; the headphones or adapter simply passthrough the signal. The sound quality is dependent on the phone's onboard DAC. Passive adapters wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,417 | In 2016, Benson Leung, an engineer at Google, pointed out that Quick Charge 2.0 and 3.0 technologies developed by Qualcomm are not compatible with the USB-C standard. Qualcomm responded that it is possible to make fast charge solutions fit the voltage demands of USB-C and that there are no reports of problems; however,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,418 | In 2021, the European Commission, after commissioning two impact assessment studies and a technology analysis study, proposed the implementation of a standardization for iterations of USB-C of phone charger products which may increase device-interoperability and compatibility, convergence and convenience for consumers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41512342 |
19,419 | René Descartes ( or ; ; Renatus Cartesius; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science. Mathematics was central to his method of inquiry, and he connected the previously separate fields of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,420 | Many elements of Descartes' philosophy have precedents in late Aristotelianism, the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in earlier philosophers like Augustine. In his natural philosophy, he differed from the schools on two major points: first, he rejected the splitting of corporeal substance into matter and form; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,421 | Descartes has often been called the father of modern philosophy, and is largely seen as responsible for the increased attention given to epistemology in the 17th century. He laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Spinoza and Leibniz, and was later opposed by the empiricist scho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,422 | Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy" (1641) continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytic geometry—used in the discovery of infinite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,423 | René Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, Province of Touraine (now Descartes, Indre-et-Loire), France, on 31 March 1596. René Descartes was conceived about halfway through August 1595. His mother, Jeanne Brochard, died a few days after giving birth to a still-born child in May 1597. Descartes' father, Joachim, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,424 | I entirely abandoned the study of letters. Resolving to seek no knowledge other than that of which could be found in myself or else in the great book of the world, I spent the rest of my youth traveling, visiting courts and armies, mixing with people of diverse temperaments and ranks, gathering various experiences, tes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,425 | In accordance with his ambition to become a professional military officer in 1618, Descartes joined, as a mercenary, the Protestant Dutch States Army in Breda under the command of Maurice of Nassau, and undertook a formal study of military engineering, as established by Simon Stevin. Descartes, therefore, received much... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,426 | While in the service of the Catholic Duke Maximilian of Bavaria from 1619, Descartes was present at the Battle of the White Mountain near Prague, in November 1620. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,427 | According to Adrien Baillet, on the night of 10–11 November 1619 (St. Martin's Day), while stationed in Neuburg an der Donau, Descartes shut himself in a room with an "oven" (probably a cocklestove) to escape the cold. While within, he had three dreams, and believed that a divine spirit revealed to him a new philosophy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,428 | In 1620, Descartes left the army. He visited Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto, then visited various countries before returning to France, and during the next few years, he spent time in Paris. It was there that he composed his first essay on method: "Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii" ("Rules for the Direction of the M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,429 | Descartes returned to the Dutch Republic in 1628. In April 1629, he joined the University of Franeker, studying under Adriaan Metius, either living with a Catholic family or renting the Sjaerdemaslot. The next year, under the name "Poitevin", he enrolled at Leiden University, which at the time was a Protestant Universi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,430 | Unlike many moralists of the time, Descartes did not deprecate the passions but rather defended them; he wept upon Francine's death in 1640. According to a recent biography by Jason Porterfield, "Descartes said that he did not believe that one must refrain from tears to prove oneself a man." Russell Shorto speculates t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,431 | Despite frequent moves, he wrote all of his major work during his 20-plus years in the Netherlands, initiating a revolution in mathematics and philosophy. In 1633, Galileo was condemned by the Italian Inquisition, and Descartes abandoned plans to publish "Treatise on the World", his work of the previous four years. Nev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,432 | In "La Géométrie", Descartes exploited the discoveries he made with Pierre de Fermat, having been able to do so because his paper, "Introduction to Loci", was published posthumously in 1679. This later became known as Cartesian Geometry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,433 | Descartes continued to publish works concerning both mathematics and philosophy for the rest of his life. In 1641, he published a metaphysics treatise, "Meditationes de Prima Philosophia" ("Meditations on First Philosophy"), written in Latin and thus addressed to the learned. It was followed in 1644 by "Principia Philo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,434 | Between 1643 and 1649 Descartes lived with his girlfriend at Egmond-Binnen in an inn. Descartes became friendly with Anthony Studler van Zurck, lord of Bergen and participated in the design of his mansion and estate. He also met Dirck Rembrantsz van Nierop, a mathematician and surveyor. He was so impressed by Van Niero... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,435 | Christia Mercer suggested that Descartes may have been influenced by Spanish author and Roman Catholic nun Teresa of Ávila, who, fifty years earlier, published "The Interior Castle", concerning the role of philosophical reflection in intellectual growth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,436 | Descartes began (through Alfonso Polloti, an Italian general in Dutch service) a six-year correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, devoted mainly to moral and psychological subjects. Connected with this correspondence, in 1649 he published "Les Passions de l'âme" ("The Passions of the Soul"), which he dedicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,437 | By 1649, Descartes had become one of Europe's most famous philosophers and scientists. That year, Queen Christina of Sweden invited him to her court to organize a new scientific academy and tutor her in his ideas about love. Descartes accepted, and moved to Sweden in the middle of winter. She was interested in and stim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,438 | He was a guest at the house of Pierre Chanut, living on Västerlånggatan, less than 500 meters from Tre Kronor in Stockholm. There, Chanut and Descartes made observations with a Torricellian mercury barometer. Challenging Blaise Pascal, Descartes took the first set of barometric readings in Stockholm to see if atmospher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,439 | Descartes arranged to give lessons to Queen Christina after her birthday, three times a week at 5 am, in her cold and draughty castle. It soon became clear they did not like each other; she did not care for his mechanical philosophy, nor did he share her interest in Ancient Greek. By 15 January 1650, Descartes had seen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,440 | The cause of death was pneumonia according to Chanut, but peripneumonia according to Christina's physician Johann van Wullen who was not allowed to bleed him. (The winter seems to have been mild, except for the second half of January which was harsh as described by Descartes himself; however, "this remark was probably ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,441 | As a Catholic in a Protestant nation, he was interred in a graveyard used mainly for orphans in Adolf Fredriks kyrka in Stockholm. His manuscripts came into the possession of Claude Clerselier, Chanut's brother-in-law, and "a devout Catholic who has begun the process of turning Descartes into a saint by cutting, adding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,442 | In his "Discourse on the Method", he attempts to arrive at a fundamental set of principles that one can know as true without any doubt. To achieve this, he employs a method called hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt, also sometimes referred to as methodological skepticism or Cartesian doubt: he rejects any ideas that can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,443 | Initially, Descartes arrives at only a single first principle that he thinks. This is expressed in the Latin phrase in "the Discourse on Method" "Cogito, ergo sum" (English: "I think, therefore I am"). Descartes concluded, if he doubted, then something or someone must be doing the doubting; therefore, the very fact tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,444 | Descartes concludes that he can be certain that he exists because he thinks. But in what form? He perceives his body through the use of the senses; however, these have previously been unreliable. So Descartes determines that the only indubitable knowledge is that he is a "thinking thing". Thinking is what he does, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,445 | In this manner, Descartes proceeds to construct a system of knowledge, discarding perception as unreliable and, instead, admitting only deduction as a method. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,446 | Descartes, influenced by the automatons on display throughout the city of Paris, began to investigate the connection between the mind and body, and how the two interact. His main influences for dualism were theology and physics. The theory on the dualism of mind and body is Descartes' signature doctrine and permeates o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,447 | The intellectual abstraction consists in my turning my thought away from one part of the contents of this richer idea the better to apply it to the other part with greater attention. Thus, when I consider a shape without thinking of the substance or the extension whose shape it is, I make a mental abstraction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,448 | According to Descartes, two substances are really distinct when each of them can exist apart from the other. Thus, Descartes reasoned that God is distinct from humans, and the body and mind of a human are also distinct from one another. He argued that the great differences between body (an extended thing) and mind (an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,449 | Moreover, in The "Meditations", Descartes discusses a piece of wax and exposes the single most characteristic doctrine of Cartesian dualism: that the universe contained two radically different kinds of substances—the mind or soul defined as thinking, and the body defined as matter and unthinking. The Aristotelian philo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,450 | Descartes' dualism of mind and matter implied a concept of human beings. A human was, according to Descartes, a composite entity of mind and body. Descartes gave priority to the mind and argued that the mind could exist without the body, but the body could not exist without the mind. In The "Meditations", Descartes eve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,451 | Nature also teaches me, by the sensations of pain, hunger, thirst and so on, that I am not merely present in my body as a pilot in his ship, but that I am very closely joined and, as it were, intermingled with it, so that I and the body form a unit. If this were not so, I, who am nothing but a thinking thing, would not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,452 | Descartes' discussion on embodiment raised one of the most perplexing problems of his dualism philosophy: What exactly is the relationship of union between the mind and the body of a person? Therefore, Cartesian dualism set the agenda for philosophical discussion of the mind–body problem for many years after Descartes'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,453 | In "The Passions of the Soul", published in 1649, Descartes discussed the common contemporary belief that the human body contained animal spirits. These animal spirits were believed to be light and roaming fluids circulating rapidly around the nervous system between the brain and the muscles. These animal spirits were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,454 | Descartes advanced a theory on automatic bodily reactions to external events, which influenced 19th-century reflex theory. He argued that external motions, such as touch and sound, reach the endings of the nerves and affect the animal spirits. For example, heat from fire affects a spot on the skin and sets in motion a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,455 | Above all, he was among the first scientists who believed that the soul should be subject to scientific investigation. He challenged the views of his contemporaries that the soul was divine, thus religious authorities regarded his books as dangerous. Descartes' writings went on to form the basis for theories on emotion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,456 | For Descartes, ethics was a science, the highest and most perfect of them. Like the rest of the sciences, ethics had its roots in metaphysics. In this way, he argues for the existence of God, investigates the place of man in nature, formulates the theory of mind–body dualism, and defends free will. However, as he was a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,457 | Humans should seek the sovereign good that Descartes, following Zeno, identifies with virtue, as this produces blessedness. For Epicurus, the sovereign good was pleasure, and Descartes says that, in fact, this is not in contradiction with Zeno's teaching, because virtue produces a spiritual pleasure, that is better tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,458 | In the third and fifth "Meditation", Descartes offers proofs of a benevolent God (the trademark argument and the ontological argument respectively). Because God is benevolent, Descartes has faith in the account of reality his senses provide him, for God has provided him with a working mind and sensory system and does n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,459 | Descartes invokes his causal adequacy principle to support his trademark argument for the existence of God, quoting Lucretius in defence: ""Ex nihilo nihil fit"", meaning "Nothing comes from nothing" (Lucretius). "Oxford Reference" summarises the argument, as follows, "that our idea of perfection is related to its perf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,460 | Descartes considered himself to be a devout Catholic, and one of the purposes of the "Meditations" was to defend the Catholic faith. His attempt to ground theological beliefs on reason encountered intense opposition in his time. Pascal regarded Descartes' views as a rationalist and mechanist, and accused him of deism: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,461 | Descartes also wrote a response to external world skepticism. Through this method of skepticism, he does not doubt for the sake of doubting but to achieve concrete and reliable information. In other words, certainty. He argues that sensory perceptions come to him involuntarily, and are not willed by him. They are exter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,462 | Descartes steered clear of theological questions, restricting his attention to showing that there is no incompatibility between his metaphysics and theological orthodoxy. He avoided trying to demonstrate theological dogmas metaphysically. When challenged that he had not established the immortality of the soul merely in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,463 | Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the natural sciences. For him, philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge, as he related in a letter to a French translator: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,464 | Descartes denied that animals had reason or intelligence. He argued that animals did not lack sensations or perceptions, but these could be explained mechanistically. Whereas humans had a soul, or mind, and were able to feel pain and anxiety, animals by virtue of not having a soul could not feel pain or anxiety. If ani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,465 | Descartes has often been dubbed the father of modern Western philosophy, the thinker whose approach has profoundly changed the course of Western philosophy and set the basis for modernity. The first two of his "Meditations on First Philosophy", those that formulate the famous methodic doubt, represent the portion of De... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,466 | In an anthropocentric revolution, the human being is now raised to the level of a subject, an agent, an emancipated being equipped with autonomous reason. This was a revolutionary step that established the basis of modernity, the repercussions of which are still being felt: the emancipation of humanity from Christian r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,467 | This anthropocentric perspective of Descartes's work, establishing human reason as autonomous, provided the basis for the Enlightenment's emancipation from God and the Church. According to Martin Heidegger, the perspective of Descartes's work also provided the basis for all subsequent anthropology. Descartes's philosop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,468 | One of Descartes's most enduring legacies was his development of Cartesian or analytic geometry, which uses algebra to describe geometry. Descartes "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by "x", "y", and "z", and knowns by "a", "b", and "c"". He also "pioneered the standard notation" that uses s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,469 | Descartes's work provided the basis for the calculus developed by Newton and Leibniz, who applied the infinitesimal calculus to the tangent line problem, thus permitting the evolution of that branch of modern mathematics. His rule of signs is also a commonly used method to determine the number of positive and negative ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,470 | The beginning to Descartes's interest in physics is accredited to the amateur scientist and mathematician Isaac Beeckman, who was at the forefront of a new school of thought known as mechanical philosophy. With this foundation of reasoning, Descartes formulated many of his theories on mechanical and geometric physics. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,471 | Descartes also made contributions to the field of optics. He showed by using geometric construction and the law of refraction (also known as Descartes's law, or more commonly Snell's law outside France) that the angular radius of a rainbow is 42 degrees (i.e., the angle subtended at the eye by the edge of the rainbow a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,472 | Current popular opinion holds that Descartes had the most influence of anyone on the young Isaac Newton, and this is arguably one of his most important contributions. Decartes' influence extended not directly from his original French edition of "La Géométrie", however, but rather from Frans van Schooten's expanded seco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,473 | In commercial terms, The "Discourse" appeared during Descartes's lifetime in a single edition of 500 copies, 200 of which were set aside for the author. Sharing a similar fate was the only French edition of The "Meditations", which had not managed to sell out by the time of Descartes's death. A concomitant Latin editio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,474 | Although Descartes was well known in academic circles towards the end of his life, the teaching of his works in schools was controversial. Henri de Roy (Henricus Regius, 1598–1679), Professor of Medicine at the University of Utrecht, was condemned by the Rector of the university, Gijsbert Voet (Voetius), for teaching D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,475 | The initials of his name have been linked to the R.C. acronym widely used by Rosicrucians. Furthermore, in 1619 Descartes moved to Ulm which was a well renowned international center of the Rosicrucian movement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,476 | During his journey in Germany, Descartes met Johannes Faulhaber who had previously expressed his personal commitment to join the brotherhood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,477 | Descartes dedicated the work titled "The Mathematical Treasure Trove of Polybius, Citizen of the World" to "learned men throughout the world | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,478 | and especially to the distinguished B.R.C. (Brothers of the Rosy Cross) in Germany". The work wasn't completed and its publication is uncertain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,479 | In January 2010, a previously unknown letter from Descartes, dated 27 May 1641, was found by the Dutch philosopher Erik-Jan Bos when browsing through Google. Bos found the letter mentioned in a summary of autographs kept by Haverford College in Haverford, Pennsylvania. The college was unaware that the letter had never ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25525 |
19,480 | Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system. Typically, both sides of the body are involved, and the initial symptoms are changes in sensation or pain often in the back along with muscle weakness, beginning in the feet and hands, ofte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,481 | Although the cause is unknown, the underlying mechanism involves an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves and damages their myelin insulation. Sometimes this immune dysfunction is triggered by an infection or, less commonly, by surgery, and rarely, by vaccination... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,482 | In those with severe weakness, prompt treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins or plasmapheresis, together with supportive care, will lead to good recovery in the majority of cases. Recovery may take weeks to years, with about a third having some permanent weakness. Globally, death occurs in approximately 7.5% of tho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,483 | The syndrome is named after the French neurologists Georges Guillain and Jean Alexandre Barré, who, together with French physician André Strohl, described the condition in 1916. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,484 | The first symptoms of Guillain–Barré syndrome are numbness, tingling, and pain, alone or in combination. This is followed by weakness of the legs and arms that affects both sides equally and worsens over time. The weakness can take half a day to over two weeks to reach maximum severity, and then becomes steady. In one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,485 | Many people with Guillain–Barré syndrome have experienced the signs and symptoms of an infection in the 3–6 weeks before the onset of the neurological symptoms. This may consist of upper respiratory tract infection (rhinitis, sore throat), or diarrhea. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,486 | In children, particularly those younger than six years old, the diagnosis can be difficult and the condition is often initially mistaken (sometimes for up to two weeks) for other causes of pains and difficulty walking, such as viral infections, or bone and joint problems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,487 | On neurological examination, characteristic features are the reduced strength of muscles and reduced or absent tendon reflexes (hypo- or areflexia, respectively). However, a small proportion have normal reflexes in affected limbs before developing areflexia, and some may have exaggerated reflexes. In the Miller Fisher ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,488 | A quarter of all people with Guillain–Barré syndrome develop weakness of the breathing muscles leading to respiratory failure, the inability to breathe adequately to maintain healthy levels of oxygen, and/or carbon dioxide in the blood. This life-threatening scenario is complicated by other medical problems such as pne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,489 | The autonomic or involuntary nervous system, which is involved in the control of body functions such as heart rate and blood pressure, is affected in two-thirds of people with Guillain–Barré syndrome, but the impact is variable. Twenty percent may experience severe blood-pressure fluctuations and irregularities in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,490 | Two-thirds of people with Guillain–Barré syndrome have experienced an infection before the onset of the condition. Most commonly, these are episodes of gastroenteritis or a respiratory tract infection. In many cases, the exact nature of the infection can be confirmed. Approximately 30% of cases are provoked by "Campylo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,491 | Links between other infections and GBS are less certain. Two other herpes viruses (Epstein–Barr virus/HHV-4 and varicella zoster virus/HHV-3) and the bacterium "Mycoplasma pneumoniae" have been associated with GBS. GBS is known to occur after influenza, and influenza vaccination has been demonstrated to be associated w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,492 | An increased incidence of Guillain–Barré syndrome followed influenza immunization that followed the 1976 swine flu outbreak (H1N1 A/NJ/76); 8.8 cases per million (0.0088 per 1000) recipients developed it as a complication. GBS cases occurred in 362 patients during the 6 weeks after influenza vaccination of 45 million p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,493 | In the United States, GBS after seasonal influenza vaccination is listed on the federal government's vaccine injury table. On March 24, 2021, after reviewing several post-marketing observational studies, where an increased risk of Guillain–Barré syndrome was observed after 42 days following vaccination with the Zoster ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,494 | GBS has been reported in association with COVID-19, and may be a potential neurological complication of the disease. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,495 | GBS has been reported as a very rare side effect of the Janssen and the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for COVID-19 and European Medicines Agency (EMA) had issued warning to the patients and healthcare providers. The incidence of GBS following the vaccination with the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was originally repo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,496 | COVID-19 has been reported as causing peripheral neuropathy and more recently some evidence of aggravation of autoimmune disorders including GBS. Some studies are now finding Parkinson's Disease is more common in infection survivors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,497 | Zimelidine, an antidepressant, had a very favorable safety profile but as a result of rare case reports of Guillain–Barré syndrome was withdrawn from the market. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,498 | The nerve dysfunction in Guillain–Barré syndrome is caused by an immune attack on the nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system and their support structures. The nerve cells have their body (the soma) in the spinal cord and a long projection (the axon) that carries electrical nerve impulses to the neuromuscular junc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,499 | Various antibodies directed at nerve cells have been reported in Guillain–Barré syndrome. In the axonal subtype, these antibodies have been shown to bind to gangliosides, a group of substances found in peripheral nerves. A ganglioside is a molecule consisting of ceramide bound to a small group of hexose-type sugars and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
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