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19,500 | It has been suggested that a poor injection technique may also cause a direct injury to the axillary nerves adjacent to the injection site in deltoid muscle that may lead to peripheral neuropathy. The consequent vaccine transfection and translation in the nerves may spur an immune response against nerve cells potential... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,501 | The diagnosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome depends on findings such as rapid development of muscle paralysis, absent reflexes, absence of fever, and absence of a likely cause. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis (through a lumbar spinal puncture) and nerve conduction studies are supportive investigations commonly performed in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,502 | In many cases, magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord is performed to distinguish between Guillain–Barré syndrome and other conditions causing limb weakness, such as spinal cord compression. If an MRI scan shows enhancement of the nerve roots, this may be indicative of GBS. In children, this feature is present i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,503 | Cerebrospinal fluid envelops the brain and the spine, and lumbar puncture or spinal tap is the removal of a small amount of fluid using a needle inserted between the lumbar vertebrae. Characteristic findings in Guillain–Barré syndrome are an elevated protein level, usually greater than 0.55 g/L, and fewer than 10 white... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,504 | Repeating the lumbar puncture during the disease course is not recommended. The protein levels may rise after treatment has been administered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,505 | Directly assessing nerve conduction of electrical impulses can exclude other causes of acute muscle weakness, as well as distinguish the different types of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Needle electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies may be performed. In the first two weeks, these investigations may not show any ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,506 | Formal criteria exist for each of the main subtypes of Guillain–Barré syndrome (AIDP and AMAN/AMSAN, see below), but these may misclassify some cases (particularly where there is reversible conduction failure) and therefore changes to these criteria have been proposed. Sometimes, repeated testing may be helpful. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,507 | A number of subtypes of Guillain–Barré syndrome are recognized. Despite this, many people have overlapping symptoms that can make the classification difficult in individual cases. All types have partial forms. For instance, some people experience only isolated eye-movement or coordination problems; these are thought to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,508 | Other diagnostic entities are often included in the spectrum of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (BBE), for instance, is part of the group of conditions now regarded as forms of Miller Fisher syndrome (anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome), as well as a related condition labelled "acute ataxic hyper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,509 | Whether isolated acute sensory loss can be regarded as a form of Guillain–Barré syndrome is a matter of dispute; this is a rare occurrence compared to GBS with muscle weakness but no sensory symptoms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,510 | Plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) are the two main immunotherapy treatments for GBS. Plasmapheresis attempts to reduce the body's attack on the nervous system by filtering antibodies out of the bloodstream. Similarly, administration of IVIG neutralizes harmful antibodies and inflammation. These two ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,511 | Respiratory failure may require intubation of the trachea and breathing support through mechanical ventilation, generally on an intensive care unit. The need for ventilatory support can be anticipated by measurement of two spirometry-based breathing tests: the forced vital capacity (FVC) and the negative inspiratory fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,512 | While pain is common in people with Guillain–Barré syndrome, studies comparing different types of pain medication are insufficient to make a recommendation as to which should be used. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,513 | Following the acute phase, around 40% of people require intensive rehabilitation with the help of a multidisciplinary team to focus on improving activities of daily living (ADLs). Studies into the subject have been limited, but it is likely that intensive rehabilitation improves long-term symptoms. Teams may include ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,514 | Physiotherapy interventions include strength, endurance, and gait training with graduated increases in mobility, maintenance of posture and alignment as well as joint function. Occupational therapy aims to improve everyday function with domestic and community tasks as well as driving and work. Home modifications, gait ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,515 | Guillain–Barré syndrome can lead to death as a result of many complications: severe infections, blood clots, and cardiac arrest likely due to autonomic neuropathy. Despite optimum care, this occurs in about 5% of cases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,516 | There is a variation in the rate and extent of recovery. The prognosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome is determined mainly by age (those over 40 may have a poorer outcome), and by the severity of symptoms after two weeks. Furthermore, those who experienced diarrhea before the onset of the disease have a worse prognosis. On... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,517 | In research studies, the outcome from an episode of Guillain–Barré syndrome is recorded on a scale from 0 to 6, where 0 denotes completely healthy; 1 very minor symptoms but able to run; 2 able to walk but not to run; 3 requiring a stick or other support; 4 confined to bed or chair; 5 requiring long-term respiratory su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,518 | The health-related quality of life (HRQL) after an attack of Guillain–Barré syndrome can be significantly impaired. About a fifth are unable to walk unaided after six months, and many experience chronic pain, fatigue and difficulty with work, education, hobbies and social activities. HRQL improves significantly in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,519 | In Western countries, the number of new episodes per year has been estimated to be between 0.89 and 1.89 cases per 100,000 people. Children and young adults are less likely to be affected than the elderly: the relative risk increases by 20% for every decade of life. Men are more likely to develop Guillain–Barré syndrom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,520 | The distribution of subtypes varies between countries. In Europe and the United States, 60–80% of people with Guillain–Barré syndrome have the demyelinating subtype (AIDP), and AMAN affects only a small number (6–7%). In Asia and Central and South America, that proportion is significantly higher (30–65%). This may be r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,521 | Jean-Baptiste Octave Landry first described the disorder in 1859. In 1916, Georges Guillain, Jean Alexandre Barré, and André Strohl diagnosed two soldiers with the illness and described the key diagnostic abnormality—albuminocytological dissociation—of increased spinal fluid protein concentration but a normal cell coun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,522 | C. Miller Fisher described the variant that bears his name in 1956. British neurologist Edwin Bickerstaff described the encephalitis type in 1951 and made further contributions with another paper in 1957. Guillain had reported on some of these features before their full description in 1938. Further subtypes have been d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,523 | Diagnostic criteria were developed in the late 1970s after the series of cases associated with swine flu vaccination. These were refined in 1990. The case definition was revised by the Brighton Collaboration for vaccine safety in 2009, but is mainly intended for research. Plasma exchange was first used in 1978, and its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,524 | The understanding of the disease mechanism of Guillain–Barré syndrome has evolved in recent years. Development of new treatments has been limited since immunotherapy was introduced in the 1980s and 1990s. Current research is aimed at demonstrating whether some people who have received IVIg might benefit from a second c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,525 | An animal model (experimental autoimmune neuritis in rats) is often used for studies, and some agents have shown promise: glatiramer acetate, quinpramine, fasudil (an inhibitor of the Rho-kinase enzyme), and the heart drug flecainide. An antibody targeted against the anti-GD3 antiganglioside antibody has shown benefit ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,526 | In animals it is called acute polyradiculoneuritis or "coonhound paralysis", and may onset in the coonhound 7 to 10 days after transmission from raccoons. If the coonhound has not been around raccoons, the disease is called acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12800708 |
19,527 | Tor, short for The Onion Router, is free and open-source software for enabling anonymous communication. It directs Internet traffic through a free, worldwide, volunteer overlay network, consisting of more than seven thousand relays, to conceal a user's location and usage from anyone performing network surveillance or t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,528 | The core principle of Tor, onion routing, was developed in the mid-1990s by United States Naval Research Laboratory employees, mathematician Paul Syverson, and computer scientists Michael G. Reed and David Goldschlag, to protect American intelligence communications online. Onion routing is implemented by means of encry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,529 | In 2004, the Naval Research Laboratory released the code for Tor under a free license, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) began funding Dingledine and Mathewson to continue its development. In 2006, Dingledine, Mathewson, and five others founded The Tor Project, a Massachusetts-based 501(c)(3) research-educat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,530 | Over the course of its existence, various Tor weaknesses have been discovered and occasionally exploited. Attacks against Tor are an active area of academic research that is welcomed by The Tor Project itself. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,531 | Tor enables its users to surf the Internet, chat and send instant messages anonymously, and is used by a wide variety of people for both licit and illicit purposes. Tor has, for example, been used by criminal enterprises, hacktivism groups, and law enforcement agencies at cross purposes, sometimes simultaneously; likew... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,532 | Tor is not meant to completely solve the issue of anonymity on the web. Tor is not designed to completely erase tracking but instead to reduce the likelihood for sites to trace actions and data back to the user. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,533 | Tor is also used for illegal activities. These can include privacy protection or censorship circumvention, as well as distribution of child abuse content, drug sales, or malware distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,534 | Tor has been described by "The Economist", in relation to Bitcoin and Silk Road, as being "a dark corner of the web". It has been targeted by the American National Security Agency and the British GCHQ signals intelligence agencies, albeit with marginal success, and more successfully by the British National Crime Agency... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,535 | In its complaint against Ross William Ulbricht of Silk Road, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation acknowledged that Tor has "known legitimate uses". According to CNET, Tor's anonymity function is "endorsed by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and other civil liberties groups as a method for whistleblowers and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,536 | In 2014, the EFF's Eva Galperin told "Businessweek" that "Tor's biggest problem is press. No one hears about that time someone wasn't stalked by their abuser. They hear how somebody got away with downloading child porn." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,537 | The Tor Project states that Tor users include "normal people" who wish to keep their Internet activities private from websites and advertisers, people concerned about cyber-spying, and users who are evading censorship such as activists, journalists, and military professionals. In November 2013, Tor had about four milli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,538 | In March 2015, the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology released a briefing which stated that "There is widespread agreement that banning online anonymity systems altogether is not seen as an acceptable policy option in the U.K." and that "Even if it were, there would be technical challenges." The report furt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,539 | Tor's executive director, Andrew Lewman, also said in August 2014 that agents of the NSA and the GCHQ have anonymously provided Tor with bug reports. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,540 | Tor aims to conceal its users' identities and their online activity from surveillance and traffic analysis by separating identification and routing. It is an implementation of onion routing, which encrypts and then randomly bounces communications through a network of relays run by volunteers around the globe. These oni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,541 | Because the IP address of the sender and the recipient are not "both" in cleartext at any hop along the way, anyone eavesdropping at any point along the communication channel cannot directly identify both ends. Furthermore, to the recipient, it appears that the last Tor node (called the exit node), rather than the send... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,542 | A Tor user's SOCKS-aware applications can be configured to direct their network traffic through a Tor instance's SOCKS interface, which is listening on TCP port 9050 (for standalone Tor) or 9150 (for Tor Browser bundle) at localhost. Tor periodically creates virtual circuits through the Tor network through which it can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,543 | Tor's application independence sets it apart from most other anonymity networks: it works at the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) stream level. Applications whose traffic is commonly anonymized using Tor include Internet Relay Chat (IRC), instant messaging, and World Wide Web browsing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,544 | Tor can also provide anonymity to websites and other servers. Servers configured to receive inbound connections only through Tor are called onion services (formerly, hidden services). Rather than revealing a server's IP address (and thus its network location), an onion service is accessed through its onion address, usu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,545 | Onion services were first specified in 2003 and have been deployed on the Tor network since 2004. Other than the database that stores the onion service descriptors, Tor is decentralized by design; there is no direct readable list of all onion services, although a number of onion services catalog publicly known onion ad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,546 | Because onion services route their traffic entirely through the Tor network, connection to an onion service is encrypted end-to-end and not subject to eavesdropping. There are, however, security issues involving Tor onion services. For example, services that are reachable through Tor onion services "and" the public Int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,547 | Onion services can also be accessed from a standard web browser without client-side connection to the Tor network, using services like Tor2web. Popular sources of .onion links include Pastebin, Twitter, Reddit, and other Internet forums. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,548 | Nyx (formerly ARM) is a command-line status monitor written in Python for Tor. This functions much like top does for system usage, providing real time statistics for: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,549 | Most of Nyx's attributes are configurable through an optional configuration file. It runs on any platform supported by curses including Linux, macOS, and other Unix-like variants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,550 | The project began in the summer of 2009, and since 18 July 2010 it has been an official part of the Tor Project. It is free software, available under the GNU General Public License. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,551 | Like all current low-latency anonymity networks, Tor cannot and does not attempt to protect against monitoring of traffic at the boundaries of the Tor network (i.e., the traffic entering and exiting the network). While Tor does provide protection against traffic analysis, it cannot prevent traffic confirmation (also ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,552 | A 2009 study revealed that Tor and the alternative network system JonDonym (Java Anon Proxy, JAP) are considered more resilient to website fingerprinting techniques than other tunneling protocols. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,553 | The reason for this is that conventional single-hop VPN protocols do not need to reconstruct packet data nearly as much as a multi-hop service like Tor or JonDonym. Website fingerprinting yielded greater than 90% accuracy for identifying HTTP packets on conventional VPN protocols versus Tor which yielded only 2.96% acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,554 | Researchers from the University of Michigan developed a network scanner allowing identification of 86% of live Tor "bridges" with a single scan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,555 | Like many decentralized systems, Tor relies on a consensus mechanism to periodically update its current operating parameters, which for Tor are network parameters like which nodes are good/bad relays, exits, guards, and how much traffic each can handle. Tor's architecture for deciding the consensus relies on a small nu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,556 | If the same autonomous system (AS), responsible for routing packets at least partly, is present on both path segments from a client to entry relay and from exit relay to destination, such an AS can statistically correlate traffic on the entry and exit segments of the path (i.e. traffic confirmation) and potentially inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,557 | In September 2007, Dan Egerstad, a Swedish security consultant, revealed he had intercepted usernames and passwords for email accounts by operating and monitoring Tor exit nodes. As Tor cannot encrypt the traffic between an exit node and the target server, any exit node is in a position to capture traffic passing throu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,558 | In October 2019, a Tor researcher revealed that since at least 2017, there were hundreds of highly suspicious entry, relay, and exit nodes, run by an unknown group, in an unprecedented scale. It was alleged that this number of servers could pose the risk of a sybil attack as it could map Tor users' routes inside the ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,559 | Although described as being a deanonymization attempt, the motives and the achievements of this possibly on-going event are still unknown. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,560 | In October 2011, a research team from ESIEA claimed to have discovered a way to compromise the Tor network by decrypting communication passing over it. The technique they describe requires creating a map of Tor network nodes, controlling one-third of them, and then acquiring their encryption keys and algorithm seeds. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,561 | There are two methods of traffic-analysis attack, passive and active. In the passive traffic-analysis method, the attacker extracts features from the traffic of a specific flow on one side of the network and looks for those features on the other side of the network. In the active traffic-analysis method, the attacker a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,562 | Steven Murdoch and George Danezis from University of Cambridge presented an article at the 2005 IEEE Symposium on security and privacy on traffic-analysis techniques that allow adversaries with only a partial view of the network to infer which nodes are being used to relay the anonymous streams. These techniques greatl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,563 | Operators of Internet sites have the ability to prevent traffic from Tor exit nodes or to offer reduced functionality for Tor users. For example, it is not generally possible to edit Wikipedia when using Tor or when using an IP address also used by a Tor exit node. The BBC blocks the IP addresses of all known Tor exit ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,564 | In March 2011, researchers with the Rocquencourt French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation ("Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique", INRIA), documented an attack that is capable of revealing the IP addresses of BitTorrent users on the Tor network. The "bad apple attack"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,565 | The results presented in the bad apple attack research paper are based on an attack launched against the Tor network by the authors of the study. The attack targeted six exit nodes, lasted for twenty-three days, and revealed a total of 10,000 IP addresses of active Tor users. This study is significant because it is the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,566 | Researchers from the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA) showed that the Tor dissimulation technique in BitTorrent can be bypassed by attackers controlling a Tor exit node. The study was conducted by monitoring six exit nodes for a period of twenty-three days. Researches used three ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,567 | With these techniques, researchers were able to identify other streams initiated by users, whose IP addresses were revealed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,568 | Jansen "et al."., describes a DDoS attack targeted at the Tor node software, as well as defenses against that attack and its variants. The attack works using a colluding client and server, and filling the queues of the exit node until the node runs out of memory, and hence can serve no other (genuine) clients. By attac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,569 | The Heartbleed OpenSSL bug disrupted the Tor network for several days in April 2014 while private keys were renewed. The Tor Project recommended Tor relay operators and onion service operators revoke and generate fresh keys after patching OpenSSL, but noted Tor relays use two sets of keys and Tor's multi-hop design min... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,570 | On 30 July 2014, the Tor Project issued the security advisory "relay early traffic confirmation attack" in which the project discovered a group of relays that tried to de-anonymize onion service users and operators. In summary, the attacking onion service directory node changed the headers of cells being relayed taggin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,571 | The attacking nodes joined the network early in the year on 30 January and the project removed them on 4 July. Although the attack's beginning is unclear, the project implied that between February and July, IP addresses of onion service users and operators might have been exposed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,572 | The project mentioned the following mitigations besides removing the attacking relays from the network: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,573 | In November 2014 there was speculation in the aftermath of Operation Onymous, resulting in 17 arrests internationally, that a Tor weakness had been exploited. A representative of Europol was secretive about the method used, saying: ""This is something we want to keep for ourselves. The way we do this, we can't share wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,574 | that allowed tracking physical locations of servers, and the initial number of infiltrated sites led to the exploit speculation. Andrew Lewman—a Tor Project representative—downplayed this possibility, suggesting that execution of more traditional police work was more likely. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,575 | addressed concerns about security research ethics and the right of not being unreasonably searched as guaranteed by the US Fourth Amendment. Moreover, the documents, along with expert opinions, may also show the connection between the network attack and the law enforcement operation including: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,576 | In his analysis published on 31 July, besides raising ethical issues, Felten also questioned the fulfillment of CERT/CC's purposes which were to prevent attacks, inform the implementers of vulnerabilities, and eventually inform the public. Because in this case, CERT/CC's staff did the opposite which was to carry out a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,577 | In March 2016, a security researcher based in Barcelona demonstrated laboratory techniques using time measurement via JavaScript at the 1-millisecond level which could potentially identify and correlate a user's unique mouse movements, provided the user has visited the same "fingerprinting" website with both the Tor br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,578 | In 2015, the administrators of Agora, a darknet market, announced they were taking the site offline in response to a recently discovered security vulnerability in Tor. They did not say what the vulnerability was, but Wired speculated it was the "Circuit Fingerprinting Attack" presented at the Usenix security conference... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,579 | A study showed "anonymization solutions protect only partially against target selection that may lead to efficient surveillance" as they typically "do not hide the volume information necessary to do target selection". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,580 | The Tor Browser is a web browser capable of accessing the Tor network. It was created as the Tor Browser Bundle by Steven J. Murdoch and announced in January 2008. The Tor Browser consists of a modified Mozilla Firefox ESR web browser, the TorButton, TorLauncher, NoScript and the Tor proxy. Users can run the Tor Browse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,581 | The default search engine is DuckDuckGo (until version 4.5, Startpage.com was its default). The Tor Browser automatically starts Tor background processes and routes traffic through the Tor network. Upon termination of a session the browser deletes privacy-sensitive data such as HTTP cookies and the browsing history. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,582 | To allow download from places where accessing the Tor Project URL may be risky or blocked, a GitHub repository is maintained with links for releases hosted in other domains. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,583 | In 2011, the Dutch authority investigating child pornography discovered the IP address of a Tor onion service site called "Pedoboard" from an unprotected administrator's account and gave it to the FBI, who traced it to Aaron McGrath. After a year of surveillance, the FBI launched "Operation Torpedo" which resulted in M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,584 | In August 2013 it was discovered that the Firefox browsers in many older versions of the Tor Browser Bundle were vulnerable to a JavaScript-deployed shellcode attack, as NoScript was not enabled by default. Attackers used this vulnerability to extract users' MAC and IP addresses and Windows computer names. News reports... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,585 | In 2022, Kaspersky researchers found that when looking up 'Tor Browser' in Chinese on Youtube, one of the URL links provided under the top-ranked Chinese language video actually pointed to a malware disguised as Tor Browser. Once installed, it saves browsing history and form data that genuine Tor forgot by default, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,586 | On 29 October 2015, the Tor Project released Tor Messenger Beta, an instant messaging program based on Instantbird with Tor and OTR built in and used by default. Like Pidgin and Adium, Tor Messenger supports multiple different instant messaging protocols; however, it accomplishes this without relying on "libpurple", im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,587 | According to Lucian Armasu of Toms Hardware, in April 2018, the Tor Project shut down the Tor Messenger project for three reasons: the developers of "Instabird" discontinued support for their own software, limited resources and known metadata problems. The Tor Messenger developers explained that overcoming any vulnerab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,588 | In 2016, Tor developer Mike Perry announced a prototype tor-enabled smartphone bases on CopperheadOS. It was meant as a direction for tor on mobile. The project was called 'Mission Improbable'. Copperhead's then lead developer Daniel Micay welcomed the prototype. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,589 | The Vuze (formerly Azureus) BitTorrent client, Bitmessage anonymous messaging system, and TorChat instant messenger include Tor support. OnionShare allows users to share files using Tor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,590 | The Guardian Project is actively developing a free and open-source suite of applications and firmware for the Android operating system to improve the security of mobile communications. The applications include the ChatSecure instant messaging client, Orbot Tor implementation (also available for iOS), Orweb (discontinue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,591 | Onion Browser is open-source, privacy-enhancing web browser for iOS, which uses Tor. It is available in the iOS App Store, and source code is available on GitHub. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,592 | Brave added support for Tor in its desktop browser's private-browsing mode. Users can switch to Tor-enabled browsing by clicking on the hamburger menu on the top right corner of the browser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,593 | Several security-focused operating systems make or made extensive use of Tor. These include Hardened Linux From Scratch, Incognito, Liberté Linux, Qubes OS, Subgraph, Tails, Tor-ramdisk, and Whonix. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,594 | Tor has been praised for providing privacy and anonymity to vulnerable Internet users such as political activists fearing surveillance and arrest, ordinary web users seeking to circumvent censorship, and people who have been threatened with violence or abuse by stalkers. The U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) has call... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,595 | Advocates for Tor say it supports freedom of expression, including in countries where the Internet is censored, by protecting the privacy and anonymity of users. The mathematical underpinnings of Tor lead it to be characterized as acting "like a piece of infrastructure, and governments naturally fall into paying for in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,596 | The project was originally developed on behalf of the U.S. intelligence community and continues to receive U.S. government funding, and has been criticized as "more resembl[ing] a spook project than a tool designed by a culture that values accountability or transparency". , 80% of The Tor Project's $2M annual budget ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,597 | Critics say that Tor is not as secure as it claims, pointing to U.S. law enforcement's investigations and shutdowns of Tor-using sites such as web-hosting company Freedom Hosting and online marketplace Silk Road. In October 2013, after analyzing documents leaked by Edward Snowden, "The Guardian" reported that the NSA h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,598 | In March 2011, The Tor Project received the Free Software Foundation's 2010 Award for Projects of Social Benefit. The citation read, "Using free software, Tor has enabled roughly 36 million people around the world to experience freedom of access and expression on the Internet while keeping them in control of their priv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
19,599 | Iran tried to block Tor at least twice in 2011. One attempt simply blocked all servers with 2-hour-expiry security certificates; it was successful for less than 24 hours. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556944 |
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