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20,000 | Vitamin D is carried via the blood to the liver, where it is converted into the prohormone calcifediol. Circulating calcifediol may then be converted into calcitriol the biologically active form of vitamin D in the kidneys. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,001 | Whether synthesized in the skin or ingested, vitamin D is hydroxylated in the liver at position 25 (upper right of the molecule) to form 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol or 25(OH)D). This reaction is catalyzed by the microsomal enzyme vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, the product of the "CYP2R1" human gene, and expressed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,002 | Calcifediol is transported to the proximal tubules of the kidneys, where it is hydroxylated at the 1-α position (lower right of the molecule) to form calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25(OH)D). The conversion of calcifediol to calcitriol is catalyzed by the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha-hydroxylase, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,003 | Following the final converting step in the kidney, calcitriol is released into the circulation. By binding to vitamin D-binding protein, calcitriol is transported throughout the body, including to the intestine, kidneys, and bones. Calcitriol is the most potent natural ligand of the vitamin D receptor, which mediates m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,004 | In addition to the kidneys, calcitriol is also synthesized by certain other cells, including monocyte-macrophages in the immune system. When synthesized by monocyte-macrophages, calcitriol acts locally as a cytokine, modulating body defenses against microbial invaders by stimulating the innate immune system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,005 | The activity of calcifediol and calcitriol can be reduced by hydroxylation at position 24 by vitamin D3 24-hydroxylase, forming secalciferol and calcitetrol, respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,006 | VitaminD (ergocalciferol) and vitaminD (cholecalciferol) share a similar mechanism of action as outlined above. Metabolites produced by vitamin D are named with an "er-" or "ergo-" prefix to differentiate them from the D-based counterparts (sometimes with a "chole-" prefix). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,007 | Calcitriol enters the target cell and binds to the vitamin D receptor in the cytoplasm. This activated receptor enters the nucleus and binds to vitamin D response elements (VDRE) which are specific DNA sequences on genes. Transcription of these genes is stimulated and produces greater levels of the proteins which media... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,008 | Some reactions of the cell to calcitriol appear to be too fast for the classical VDRE transcription pathway, leading to the discovery of various "non-genomic" actions of vitamin D. The membrane-bound PDIA3 likely serves as an alternate receptor in this pathway. The classical VDR may still play a role. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,009 | Vitamin D was discovered in 1922 following on from previous research. American researchers Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis in 1914 discovered a substance in cod liver oil which later was called "vitamin A". British doctor Edward Mellanby noticed dogs that were fed cod liver oil did not develop rickets and concluded... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,010 | In 1925, it was established that when 7-dehydrocholesterol is irradiated with light, a form of a fat-soluble vitamin is produced (now known as D). Alfred Fabian Hess stated: "Light equals vitamin D." Adolf Windaus, at the University of Göttingen in Germany, received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1928 for his work on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,011 | In 1923, American biochemist Harry Steenbock at the University of Wisconsin demonstrated that irradiation by ultraviolet light increased the vitamin D content of foods and other organic materials. After irradiating rodent food, Steenbock discovered the rodents were cured of rickets. A vitamin D deficiency is a known ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,012 | In 1969, after studying nuclear fragments of intestinal cells, a specific binding protein for vitamin D called the vitamin D receptor was identified by Mark Haussler and Tony Norman. In 1971–72, the further metabolism of vitamin D to active forms was discovered. In the liver, vitamin D was found to be converted to calc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,013 | There is conflicting evidence about the benefits of interventions with vitamin D, one view purporting an intake of 4,000–12,000IU/day from sun exposure with concomitant serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of 40 to 80ng/mL, while another view is that serum concentrations above 50ng/mL are not plausible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,014 | The United States National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements established a Vitamin D Initiative in 2014 to track current research and provide education to consumers. In their 2020 update it was recognized that a growing body of research suggests that vitamin D might play some role in the prevention and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,015 | Some preliminary studies link low vitamin D levels with disease later in life. One meta-analysis found a decrease in mortality in elderly people. Another meta-analysis covering over 350,000 people concluded that vitamin D supplementation in unselected community-dwelling individuals does not reduce skeletal (total fract... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,016 | the US National Institutes of Health state there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against using vitamin D supplementation to prevent or treat COVID-19. The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) does not recommend to offer a vitamin D supplement to people solely to prevent or treat COVI... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,017 | Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses of multiple studies have described the associations of vitamin D deficiency with adverse outcomes in COVID-19. In the largest analysis, with data from 76 observational studies including almost two million adults, vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency significantly increased ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,018 | A meta-analysis of three studies on the effect of oral vitamin D or calcifediol supplementation indicated a lower intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate (odds ratio: 0.36) compared to those without supplementation, but without a change in mortality. A Cochrane review, also of three studies, found the evidence for the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
20,019 | Dame Jane Morris Goodall (; born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934), formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English primatologist and anthropologist. Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,020 | She is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and the Roots & Shoots programme, and she has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues. As of 2022, she is on the board of the Nonhuman Rights Project. In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace. Goodall is an honorary member of the World Fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,021 | Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,022 | The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,023 | As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee. Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, "My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares." Today, Jubilee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,024 | Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,025 | In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates. She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,026 | Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge. She went to Newnham College, Cambridge, who state she received her Bachelor of Arts in natural sciences by 1964, which is when she went up to the new Darwin College, Cambridge for a Doctor of Philosophy in ethology.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,027 | Goodall is best known for her study of chimpanzee social and family life. She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960. She found that "it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow." She a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,028 | Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians. While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,029 | In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,030 | Goodall also observed the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism. She says of this revelation, "During the first ten years of the stud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,031 | Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number. Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,032 | In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats. With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,033 | In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade. The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,034 | In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or "Take Care") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training. The TACARE pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,035 | Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data. Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,036 | In 2018 and 2020, Goodall partnered with friend and CEO Michael Cammarata on two natural product lines from Schmidt's Naturals and Neptune Wellness Solutions. Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,037 | As of 2004, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year. Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,038 | Goodall credits the 1986 "Understanding Chimpanzees" conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation. She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinbur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,039 | Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons. In "The Inner World of Farm Animals" (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are "far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,040 | Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees. Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,041 | In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,042 | In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled "Reason for Hope" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,043 | In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,044 | In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a "wonderful facility" where monkeys "are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,045 | Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,046 | In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered. In 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS) an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,047 | In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute. "I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,048 | In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy. She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awaren... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,049 | In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories. Goodall called the practice "cruel" and "traumatic" for the monkeys involved. The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,050 | Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,051 | Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,052 | During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the "Statues for Equality" project. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,053 | In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,054 | In February 2021, Jane Goodall and more than 140 scientists called on the EU Commission to abolish caging of farm animals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,055 | Goodall has married twice. On 28 March 1964, she married a Dutch nobleman, wildlife photographer Baron Hugo van Lawick, at Chelsea Old Church, London, and became known during their marriage as Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall. The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974. The following year,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,056 | Goodall was raised in a Christian congregationalist family. As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy. Her family were occasional churchgoers, but Goodall began attending more regularly as a teenager when the church appointed a new minister, Trevor Davies. "He was highly intelligent and his sermons were pow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,057 | In her 1999 book "Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey," Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: "Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance. And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,058 | In her foreword to the 2017 book "The Intelligence of the Cosmos" by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: "we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,059 | Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them. At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,060 | Goodall wrote in 1993: "When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised. Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'. I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus gui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,061 | Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships. This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991. It has been sugg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,062 | Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all. Craig Stanford of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,063 | Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies. However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,064 | On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, "Seeds of Hope," would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions. A reviewer for "The Washington Post" found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,065 | One of Gary Larson's "Far Side" cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming. One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, "Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?" Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,066 | Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon have gone to the Jane Goodall Institute. Goodall wrote a preface to "The Far Side Gallery 5", detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete "Far Side" collection. She praised Lars... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,067 | On 3 March 2022, in celebration of Women's History Month and International Women's Day, The Lego Group issued set number 40530, "A Jane Goodall Tribute," depicting a Jane Goodall minifigure and three chimpanzees in an African forest scene. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,068 | On 31 December 2021, Goodall was the guest editor of the BBC Radio Four Today programme. She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,069 | Goodall has received many honours for her environmental and humanitarian work, as well as others. She was named a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held at Buckingham Palace in 2004. In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Her othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,070 | She is also a member of the advisory board of "BBC Wildlife" magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,071 | She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world. Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,072 | In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate "Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future". "Time" magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,073 | In 2022, Dr. Goodall received the Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication for her long-term study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397 |
20,074 | The MIM-104 Patriot is a surface-to-air missile (SAM) system, the primary of its kind used by the United States Army and several allied states. It is manufactured by the U.S. defense contractor Raytheon and derives its name from the radar component of the weapon system. The AN/MPQ-53 at the heart of the system is known... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,075 | Patriot uses an advanced aerial interceptor missile and high-performance radar systems. Patriot was developed at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, which had previously developed the Safeguard ABM system and its component Spartan and hypersonic speed Sprint missiles. The symbol for Patriot is a drawing of a Revol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,076 | Patriot systems have been sold to the armed forces of the Netherlands, Poland, Germany, Japan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Taiwan, Greece, Spain, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Romania and Sweden. South Korea purchased several second-hand Patriot systems from Germany after North Korea test-launched ballistic missil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,077 | Poland hosts training rotations of a battery of U.S. Patriot launchers. This started in the town of Morąg in May 2010, but was later moved further from the Russian border to Toruń and Ustka due to Russian objections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,078 | On December 4, 2012, NATO authorized the deployment of Patriot missile launchers in Turkey to protect the country from missiles fired in the civil war in neighboring Syria. Patriot was one of the first tactical systems in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) to employ lethal autonomy in combat. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,079 | The Patriot system gained prestige during the Persian Gulf War of 1991 with the claimed engagement of over 40 Iraqi Scud missiles. The system was successfully used against Iraqi missiles in 2003 Iraq War, and has also been used by Saudi and Emirati forces in the Yemen conflict against Houthi missile attacks. The Patrio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,080 | Prior to the Patriot, Raytheon was involved in a number of surface to air missile programs, including FABMDS (Field Army Ballistic Missile Defense System), AADS-70 (Army Air-Defense System – 1970) and SAM-D (Surface-to-Air Missile – Development). In 1975, the SAM-D missile successfully engaged a drone at the White Sand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,081 | The Patriot system has four major operational functions: communications, command and control, radar surveillance, and missile guidance. The four functions combine to provide a coordinated, secure, integrated, mobile air defense system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,082 | The Patriot system is modular and highly mobile. A battery-sized element can be installed in less than an hour. All components, consisting of the fire control section (radar set, engagement control station, antenna mast group, electric power plant) and launchers, are truck- or trailer-mounted. The radar set and launche... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,083 | Missile reloading is accomplished using a M985 HEMTT truck with a Hiab crane on the back. This crane is larger than the standard Grove cranes found on regular M977 HEMTT and M985 HEMTT cargo body trucks. The truck/crane, called a Guided Missile Transporter (GMT), removes spent missile canisters from the launcher and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,084 | The heart of the Patriot battery is the fire control section, consisting of the AN/MPQ-53 or −65/65A Radar Set (RS), the AN/MSQ-104 Engagement Control Station (ECS), the OE-349 Antenna Mast Group (AMG), and the EPP-III Electric Power Plant (EPP). The system's missiles are transported on and launched from the M901 Launc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,085 | The AN/MPQ-53/65 Radar Set is a passive electronically scanned array radar equipped with IFF, electronic counter-countermeasure (ECCM), and track-via-missile (TVM) guidance subsystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,086 | The AN/MPQ-53 Radar Set supports PAC-2 units, while the AN/MPQ-65 Radar Set supports PAC-2 and PAC-3 units. The main difference between these two radars is the addition of a second travelling wave tube (TWT), which gives the −65 radar increased search, detection, and tracking capability. The radar antenna array consist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,087 | The beam created by the Patriot's flat phased array radar is comparatively narrow and highly agile compared to that of a moving dish. This characteristic gives the radar the ability to detect small, fast targets like ballistic missiles, or low radar cross-section targets such as stealth aircraft or cruise missiles. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,088 | The AN/MSQ-104 Engagement Control Station (ECS) is the nerve center of the Patriot firing battery, costing approximately million per unit. The ECS consists of a shelter mounted on the bed of an M927 5-Ton Cargo Truck or on the bed of a Light Medium Tactical Vehicle (LMTV) cargo truck. The main sub-components of the ECS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,089 | The WCC is the main computer within the Patriot system. It is a 24-bit parallel militarized computer with fixed and floating-point capability. It is organized in a multiprocessor configuration that operates at a maximum clock rate of . This computer controls the operator interface, calculates missile intercept algorith... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,090 | The DLT connects the ECS to Patriot's Launching Stations. It uses either a SINCGARS radio or fiber optic cables to transmit encrypted data between the ECS and the launchers. Through the DLT, the system operators can remotely emplace, slew or stow launchers, perform diagnostics on launchers or missiles, and fire missile... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,091 | The UHF communications array consists of three UHF radio "stacks" and their associated patching and encrypting equipment. These radios are connected to the antennas of the OE-349 Antenna Mast Group, which are used to create UHF "shots" between sister Patriot batteries and their associated ICC. This creates a secure, re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,092 | The RLRIU functions as the primary router for all data coming into the ECS. The RLRIU gives a firing battery an address on the battalion data network, and sends/receives data from across the battalion. It also "translates" data coming from the WCC to the DLT, facilitating communication with the launchers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,093 | Patriot's crew stations are referred to as Manstation 1 and 3 (MS1 and MS3). These are the stations where Patriot operators interface with the system. The manstations consist of a monochrome (green and black) screen surrounded by various Switch Indicators. Each manstation also has a traditional QWERTY keyboard and isom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,094 | The Army is planning upgrades to the Patriot system's radar components, including a new digital processor that replaces the one used since the system's introduction. In 2017, the Patriot got a new AN/MPQ-65A active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar that has greater range and sharper discrimination. The main gal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,095 | In October 2017, the Army announced Raytheon's Lower-Tier Air and Missile Defense System (LTAMDS) radar had been selected as the Patriot system's new radar. Unlike the previous radar which could only watch one part of sky at a time primarily to detect ballistic missiles, the LTAMDS has 360-degree coverage to detect low... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,096 | The OE-349 Antenna Mast Group (AMG) is mounted on an M927 5-Ton Cargo Truck. It includes four 4 kW antennas in two pairs on remotely controlled masts. Emplacement of the AMG can have no greater than a 0.5-degree roll and a 10-degree crossroll. The antennas can be controlled in azimuth, and the masts can be elevated up ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,097 | The EPP-III Diesel-Electric Power Plant (EPP) is the power source for the ECS and Radar. The EPP consists of two 150 kilowatt diesel engines with 400 hertz, 3-phase generators that are interconnected through the power distribution unit. The generators are mounted on a trailer or modified M977 HEMTT. Each EPP has two 10... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,098 | The M90x Launching Stations are remotely operated, self-contained units. The ECS controls operation of the launchers through each launcher's DLT, via fiber optic or VHF (SINCGARS) data link. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
20,099 | Integral levelling equipment permits emplacement on slopes of up to 10 degrees. Each launcher is trainable in azimuth and elevates to a fixed, elevated launch position. Precise aiming of the launcher before launch is not necessary; thus, no extra lags are introduced into system reaction time. Each launcher is also capa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52024 |
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