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19,800 | While the concept of "race" is a social construct, discussions of a purported relationship between race and intelligence, as well as claims of genetic differences in intelligence along racial lines, have appeared in both popular science and academic research since the modern concept of race was first introduced. Despit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,801 | A 1996 task force investigation on intelligence sponsored by the American Psychological Association concluded that there were significant variations in IQ across races. However, a systematic analysis by William Dickens and James Flynn (2006) showed the gap between black and white Americans to have closed dramatically d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,802 | The problem of determining the causes underlying racial variation has been discussed at length as a classic question of "nature versus nurture", for instance by Alan S. Kaufman and Nathan Brody. Researchers such as statistician Bernie Devlin have argued that there are insufficient data to conclude that the black-white ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,803 | The effects of stereotype threat have been proposed as an explanation for differences in IQ test performance between racial groups, as have issues related to cultural difference and access to education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,804 | With the advent of the concept of "g" or general intelligence, many researchers have argued that there are no significant sex differences in general intelligence, though ability in particular types of intelligence does appear to vary. Thus, while some test batteries show slightly greater intelligence in males, others s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,805 | Some research indicates that male advantages on some cognitive tests are minimized when controlling for socioeconomic factors. Other research has concluded that there is slightly larger variability in male scores in certain areas compared to female scores, which results in slightly more males than females in the top an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,806 | The existence of differences between male and female performance on math-related tests is contested, and a meta-analysis focusing on gender differences in math performance found nearly identical performance for boys and girls. Currently, most IQ tests, including popular batteries such as the WAIS and the WISC-R, are co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,807 | In the United States, certain public policies and laws regarding military service, education, public benefits, capital punishment, and employment incorporate an individual's IQ into their decisions. However, in the case of "Griggs v. Duke Power Co." in 1971, for the purpose of minimizing employment practices that dispa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,808 | A diagnosis of intellectual disability is in part based on the results of IQ testing. Borderline intellectual functioning is the categorization of individuals of below-average cognitive ability (an IQ of 71–85), although not as low as those with an intellectual disability (70 or below). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,809 | In the United Kingdom, the eleven plus exam which incorporated an intelligence test has been used from 1945 to decide, at eleven years of age, which type of school a child should go to. They have been much less used since the widespread introduction of comprehensive schools. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,810 | IQ classification is the practice used by IQ test publishers for designating IQ score ranges into various categories with labels such as "superior" or "average". IQ classification was preceded historically by attempts to classify human beings by general ability based on other forms of behavioral observation. Those othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,811 | There are social organizations, some international, which limit membership to people who have scores as high as or higher than the 98th percentile (two standard deviations above the mean) on some IQ test or equivalent. Mensa International is perhaps the best known of these. The largest 99.9th percentile (three standard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14892 |
19,812 | Aphasia is an inability to comprehend or formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions. The major causes are stroke and head trauma; prevalence is hard to determine but aphasia due to stroke is estimated to be 0.1–0.4% in the Global North. Aphasia can also be the result of brain tumors, brain infection... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,813 | To be diagnosed with aphasia, a person's speech or language must be significantly impaired in one (or more) of the four aspects of communication following acquired brain injury. Alternatively, in the case of progressive aphasia, it must have significantly declined over a short period of time. The four aspects of commun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,814 | The difficulties of people with aphasia can range from occasional trouble finding words, to losing the ability to speak, read, or write; intelligence, however, is unaffected. Expressive language and receptive language can both be affected as well. Aphasia also affects visual language such as sign language. In contrast,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,815 | With aphasia, one or more modes of communication in the brain have been damaged and are therefore functioning incorrectly. Aphasia is not caused by damage to the brain that results in motor or sensory deficits, which produces abnormal speech; that is, aphasia is not related to the mechanics of speech but rather the ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,816 | Neurodevelopmental forms of auditory processing disorder are differentiable from aphasia in that aphasia is by definition caused by acquired brain injury, but acquired epileptic aphasia has been viewed as a form of APD. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,817 | Aphasia affects about two million people in the U.S. and 250,000 people in Great Britain. Nearly 180,000 people acquire the disorder every year in the U.S., 170,000 due to stroke. Any person of any age can develop aphasia, given that it is often caused by a traumatic injury. However, people who are middle aged and olde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,818 | Technically, dysphasia means impaired language and aphasia means lack of language. There have been calls to use the term 'aphasia' regardless of severity. Reasons for doing so include dysphasia being easily confused with the swallowing disorder dysphagia, consumers and speech pathologists preferring the term aphasia, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,819 | People with aphasia may experience any of the following behaviors due to an acquired brain injury, although some of these symptoms may be due to related or concomitant problems, such as dysarthria or apraxia, and not primarily due to aphasia. Aphasia symptoms can vary based on the location of damage in the brain. Signs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,820 | Given the previously stated signs and symptoms, the following behaviors are often seen in people with aphasia as a result of attempted compensation for incurred speech and language deficits: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,821 | Aphasia is most often caused by stroke, where about a quarter of patients who experience an acute stroke develop aphasia. However, any disease or damage to the parts of the brain that control language can cause aphasia. Some of these can include brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, and progressive neurological disorde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,822 | Substantial damage to tissue anywhere within the region shown in blue (on the figure in the infobox above) can potentially result in aphasia. Aphasia can also sometimes be caused by damage to subcortical structures deep within the left hemisphere, including the thalamus, the internal and external capsules, and the caud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,823 | Primary progressive aphasia (PPA), while its name can be misleading, is actually a form of dementia that has some symptoms closely related to several forms of aphasia. It is characterized by a gradual loss in language functioning while other cognitive domains are mostly preserved, such as memory and personality. PPA us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,824 | Epilepsy can also include transient aphasia as a prodromal or episodic symptom. Aphasia is also listed as a rare side-effect of the fentanyl patch, an opioid used to control chronic pain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,825 | Aphasia is best thought of as a collection of different disorders, rather than a single problem. Each individual with aphasia will present with their own particular combination of language strengths and weaknesses. Consequently, it is a major challenge just to document the various difficulties that can occur in differe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,826 | However, no such broad-based grouping has proven fully adequate. There is wide variation among people even within the same broad grouping, and aphasias can be highly selective. For instance, people with naming deficits (anomic aphasia) might show an inability only for naming buildings, or people, or colors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,827 | It is important to note that there are typical difficulties with speech and language that come with normal aging as well. As we age, language can become more difficult to process resulting in a slowing of verbal comprehension, reading abilities and more likely word finding difficulties. With each of these though, unlik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,828 | Localizationist approaches aim to classify the aphasias according to their major presenting characteristics and the regions of the brain that most probably gave rise to them. Inspired by the early work of nineteenth-century neurologists Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke, these approaches identify two major subtypes of aphas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,829 | Recent classification schemes adopting this approach, such as the Boston-Neoclassical Model, also group these classical aphasia subtypes into two larger classes: the nonfluent aphasias (which encompasses Broca's aphasia and transcortical motor aphasia) and the fluent aphasias (which encompasses Wernicke's aphasia, cond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,830 | Many localizationist approaches also recognize the existence of additional, more "pure" forms of language disorder that may affect only a single language skill. For example, in pure alexia, a person may be able to write but not read, and in pure word deafness, they may be able to produce speech and to read, but not und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,831 | Although localizationist approaches provide a useful way of classifying the different patterns of language difficulty into broad groups, one problem is that a sizeable number of individuals do not fit neatly into one category or another. Another problem is that the categories, particularly the major ones such as Broca'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,832 | Instead of categorizing every individual into a specific subtype, cognitive neuropsychological approaches aim to identify the key language skills or "modules" that are not functioning properly in each individual. A person could potentially have difficulty with just one module, or with a number of modules. This type of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,833 | Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative focal dementia that can be associated with progressive illnesses or dementia, such as frontotemporal dementia / Pick Complex Motor neuron disease, Progressive supranuclear palsy, and Alzheimer's disease, which is the gradual process of progressively losing the ab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,834 | Progressive Jargon Aphasia is a fluent or receptive aphasia in which the person's speech is incomprehensible, but appears to make sense to them. Speech is fluent and effortless with intact syntax and grammar, but the person has problems with the selection of nouns. Either they will replace the desired word with another... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,835 | There have been many instances showing that there is a form of aphasia among deaf individuals. Sign languages are, after all, forms of language that have been shown to use the same areas of the brain as verbal forms of language. Mirror neurons become activated when an animal is acting in a particular way or watching an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,836 | The severity of the type of aphasia varies depending on the size of the stroke. However, there is much variance between how often one type of severity occurs in certain types of aphasia. For instance, any type of aphasia can range from mild to profound. Regardless of the severity of aphasia, people can make improvement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,837 | While aphasia has traditionally been described in terms of language deficits, there is increasing evidence that many people with aphasia commonly experience co-occurring non-linguistic cognitive deficits in areas such as attention, memory, executive functions and learning. By some accounts, cognitive deficits, such as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,838 | In particular, people with aphasia often demonstrate short-term and working memory deficits. These deficits can occur in both the verbal domain as well as the visuospatial domain. Furthermore, these deficits are often associated with performance on language specific tasks such as naming, lexical processing, and sentenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,839 | In addition to deficits in short-term memory, working memory, and attention, people with aphasia can also demonstrate deficits in executive function. For instance, people with aphasia may demonstrate deficits in initiation, planning, self-monitoring, and cognitive flexibility. Other studies have found that people with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,840 | Regardless of their role in the underlying nature of aphasia, cognitive deficits have a clear role in the study and rehabilitation of aphasia. For instance, the severity of cognitive deficits in people with aphasia has been associated with lower quality of life, even more so than the severity of language deficits. Furt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,841 | One important caveat in the measurement and treatment of cognitive deficits in people with aphasia is the degree to which assessments of cognition rely on language abilities for successful performance. Most studies have attempted to circumvent this challenge by utilizing non-verbal cognitive assessments to evaluate cog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,842 | Aphasia is largely caused by unavoidable instances. However, some precautions can be taken to decrease risk for experiencing one of the two major causes of aphasia: stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). To decrease the probability of having an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, one should take the following precautions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,843 | To prevent aphasia due to traumatic injury, one should take precautionary measures when engaging in dangerous activities such as: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,844 | Additionally, one should always seek medical attention after sustaining head trauma due to a fall or accident. The sooner that one receives medical attention for a traumatic brain injury, the less likely one is to experience long-term or severe effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,845 | When addressing Wernicke's aphasia, according to Bakheit et al. (2007), the lack of awareness of the language impairments, a common characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia, may affect the rate and extent of therapy outcomes. Robey (1998) determined that at least 2 hours of treatment per week is recommended for making sign... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,846 | When addressing Broca's aphasia, better outcomes occur when the person participates in therapy, and treatment is more effective than no treatment for people in the acute period. Two or more hours of therapy per week in acute and post-acute stages produced the greatest results. High-intensity therapy was most effective,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,847 | People with global aphasia are sometimes referred to as having irreversible aphasic syndrome, often making limited gains in auditory comprehension, and recovering no functional language modality with therapy. With this said, people with global aphasia may retain gestural communication skills that may enable success whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,848 | Perhaps due to the relative rareness of conduction aphasia, few studies have specifically studied the effectiveness of therapy for people with this type of aphasia. From the studies performed, results showed that therapy can help to improve specific language outcomes. One intervention that has had positive results is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,849 | Most acute cases of aphasia recover some or most skills by working with a speech-language pathologist. Recovery and improvement can continue for years after the stroke. After the onset of aphasia, there is approximately a six-month period of spontaneous recovery; during this time, the brain is attempting to recover and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,850 | There is no one treatment proven to be effective for all types of aphasias. The reason that there is no universal treatment for aphasia is because of the nature of the disorder and the various ways it is presented, as explained in the above sections. Aphasia is rarely exhibited identically, implying that treatment need... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,851 | Evidence does not support the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving aphasia after stroke. Moderate quality evidence does indicate naming performance improvements for nouns but not verbs using tDCS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,852 | Semantic feature analysis (SFA) – a type of aphasia treatment that targets word-finding deficits. It is based on the theory that neural connections can be strengthened by using related words and phrases that are similar to the target word, to eventually activate the target word in the brain. SFA can be implemented in m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,853 | Melodic intonation therapy is used to treat non-fluent aphasia and has proved to be effective in some cases. However, there is still no evidence from randomized controlled trials confirming the efficacy of MIT in chronic aphasia. MIT is used to help people with aphasia vocalize themselves through speech song, which is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,854 | Systematic reviews support the effectiveness and importance of partner training. According to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), involving family with the treatment of an aphasic loved one is ideal for all involved, because while it will no doubt assist in their recovery, it w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,855 | When a person's speech is insufficient, different kinds of augmentative and alternative communication could be considered such as alphabet boards, pictorial communication books, specialized software for computers or apps for tablets or smartphones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,856 | The intensity of aphasia therapy is determined by the length of each session, total hours of therapy per week, and total weeks of therapy provided. There is no consensus about what "intense" aphasia therapy entails, or how intense therapy should be to yield the best outcomes. A 2016 Cochrane review of speech and langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,857 | Intensity of therapy is also dependent on the recency of stroke. People with aphasia react differently to intense treatment in the acute phase (0–3 months post stroke), sub-acute phase (3–6 months post stroke), or chronic phase (6+ months post stroke). Intensive therapy has been found to be effective for people with no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,858 | Intensity of treatment should be individualized based on the recency of stroke, therapy goals, and other specific characteristics such as age, size of lesion, overall health status, and motivation. Each individual reacts differently to treatment intensity and is able to tolerate treatment at different times post-stroke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,859 | If the symptoms of aphasia last longer than two or three months after a stroke, a complete recovery is unlikely. However, it is important to note that some people continue to improve over a period of years and even decades. Improvement is a slow process that usually involves both helping the individual and family under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,860 | After a traumatic brain injury (TBI) or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), the brain undergoes several healing and re-organization processes, which may result in improved language function. This is referred to as spontaneous recovery. Spontaneous recovery is the natural recovery the brain makes without treatment, and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,861 | Specific to aphasia, spontaneous recovery varies among affected people and may not look the same in everyone, making it difficult to predict recovery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,862 | Though some cases of Wernicke's aphasia have shown greater improvements than more mild forms of aphasia, people with Wernicke's aphasia may not reach as high a level of speech abilities as those with mild forms of aphasia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,863 | The first recorded case of aphasia is from an Egyptian papyrus, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, which details speech problems in a person with a traumatic brain injury to the temporal lobe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,864 | During the second half of the 19th century, aphasia was a major focus for scientists and philosophers who were working in the beginning stages of the field of psychology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,865 | In medical research, speechlessness was described as an incorrect prognosis, and there was no assumption that underlying language complications existed. Broca and his colleagues were some of the first to write about aphasia, but Wernicke was the first credited to have written extensively about aphasia being a disorder ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,866 | The word "aphasia" comes from the word ἀφασία "aphasia", in Ancient Greek, which means "speechlessness", derived from ἄφατος "aphatos", "speechless" from ἀ- "a-", "not, un" and φημί "phemi", "I speak". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,867 | Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are the most common neuroimaging tools used in identifying aphasia and studying the extent of damage in the loss of language abilities. This is done by doing MRI scans and locating the extent of lesions or damage within brain tissue, part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,868 | There are limitations to the use of fMRI in aphasic patients particularly. Because a high percentage of aphasic patients develop it because of stroke there can be infarcts present which is the total loss of blood flow. This can be due to the thinning of blood vessels or the complete blockage of it. This is important in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,869 | MRI is often used to predict or confirm the subtype of aphasia present. Researchers compared 3 subtypes of aphasia- nonfluent-variant primary progressive aphasia (nfPPA), logopenic-variant primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA), and semantic-variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), with primary progressive aphasia (PP... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,870 | In a study on the features associated with different disease trajectories in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related primary progressive aphasia (PPA), it was found that metabolic patterns via PET SPM analysis can help predict progression of total loss of speech and functional autonomy in AD and PPA patients. This was done by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,871 | Evidence for positive treatment outcomes can also be quantified using neuroimaging tools. The use of fMRI and an automatic classifier can help predict language recovery outcomes in stroke patients with 86% accuracy when coupled with age and language test scores. The stimuli tested were sentences both correct and incorr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,872 | Neuroimaging tools serve as a useful method for determining disorder progression, quantification of cortical damage, aphasia subtype, treatment effectiveness, and differentiating diagnosis with correlated disorders. Utilization of neuroimaging tools is necessary for the progression of knowledge of aphasia and its subty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,873 | Research is currently being done using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to witness the difference in how language is processed in normal brains vs aphasic brains. This will help researchers to understand exactly what the brain must go through in order to recover from Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and how dif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,874 | Another intriguing approach being tested is that of drug therapy. Research is in progress that will hopefully uncover whether or not certain drugs might be used in addition to speech-language therapy in order to facilitate recovery of proper language function. It's possible that the best treatment for Aphasia might inv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,875 | One other method being researched as a potential therapeutic combination with speech-language therapy is brain stimulation. One particular method, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), alters brain activity in whatever area it happens to stimulate, which has recently led scientists to wonder if this shift in brain f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,876 | The research being put into Aphasia has only just begun. Researchers appear to have multiple ideas on how Aphasia could be more effectively treated in the future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2088 |
19,877 | George William Russell (; born 15 February 1998) is a British racing driver currently competing in Formula One for Mercedes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,878 | He was the FIA Formula 2 champion and the 2017 GP3 Series champion, driving for ART in both campaigns. Following his Formula 2 championship win, Russell signed for Williams in , making his debut at the 2019 Australian Grand Prix, although he stood in for Lewis Hamilton at Mercedes at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix. Russell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,879 | Russell was born in King's Lynn, Norfolk, to father Steve and mother Alison, the youngest alongside two siblings: a sister, Cara, and an older brother, Benjy. Russell took up karting at the age of 7, having spent much of his time around karting tracks and his brother Benjy, who was also involved in competitive karting.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,880 | Russell began karting in 2006 and progressed through to the cadet class by 2009, becoming MSA British champion and British Open champion. In 2010 he moved to the Rotax Mini Max category where he became Super One British champion, Formula Kart Stars British champion, and also won the Kartmasters British Grand Prix. Russ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,881 | In 2014, Russell made his single-seater debut, racing in the Formula Renault 2.0 Alps championship. He originally signed to race for Prema Powerteam, before making a last-minute switch to Koiranen GP. Despite missing a round through illness, he finished fourth in the championship, taking a single podium finish at the R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,882 | Russell also contested two rounds of the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 championship. He took part in the Moscow round with Koiranen GP before switching to Tech 1 Racing for the final round of the season at Jerez. Racing as a guest entrant, he won the final race of the season after starting from pole position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,883 | In 2014, Russell also competed in the BRDC Formula 4 Championship with defending champions Lanan Racing. He entered the final race of the season at Snetterton in a four-way title battle with teammate Arjun Maini and the HHC Motorsport pairing of Sennan Fielding and Raoul Hyman. After starting from pole position, Russel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,884 | As a prize for winning the BRDC Formula 4 championship, Russell tested a GP3 car with Arden Motorsport at the Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi. In December 2014, Russell became the youngest-ever winner of the prestigious McLaren Autosport BRDC Award, beating fellow finalists Alexander Albon, Ben Barnicoat, Sennan Fieldi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,885 | In February 2015, Russell was announced as one of the twelve drivers selected to join the British Racing Drivers' Club SuperStars programme, the youngest-ever recruit to the scheme. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,886 | Russell graduated to Formula Three in 2015, racing in the FIA European Formula 3 Championship with Carlin. He took his first race victory in the opening round of the season at Silverstone, finishing ahead of fellow debutant Charles Leclerc and Antonio Giovinazzi in the second race of the weekend. He took a further two ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,887 | In September 2015, Russell took part in the Masters of Formula 3 non-championship event held at Zandvoort. After finishing fourth in the qualification race, he went on to finish second behind teammate Antonio Giovinazzi in the main race. Russell was also scheduled to compete in the Macau Grand Prix with Carlin, but was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,888 | Russell switched to Hitech GP for the 2016 season, scored two victories, and finished third in the standings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,889 | Russell signed with ART Grand Prix for the 2017 GP3 Series season. He had previously driven for the team at the post-season test at Yas Marina in November 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,890 | Russell made a solid start to the season at the Circuit de Catalunya, Barcelona, where he finished the weekend with 4th and 5th position finishes. The next race at the Red Bull Ring saw him take his maiden pole position and victory in the GP3 Series. Russell scored back to back pole positions at his 'home race' at Silv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,891 | A dominant performance at Spa-Francorchamps soon followed which saw Russell build his championship lead advantage, after taking a victory and a 2nd position in the two races, alongside Pole Position and Fastest Lap in both races. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,892 | The next round at Monza saw only one GP3 Series event take place after adverse weather conditions resulting into the Saturday Race being cancelled. Russell won a titanic tussle with his ART Grand Prix teammates Jack Aitken and Anthoine Hubert to seal his fourth victory of the season. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,893 | Russell had taken four victories, three pole positions, and five further podiums to put him in a position to seal the championship at Jerez, with a complete round of the championship still to run at Yas Marina. Russell won the 2017 GP3 Series title after taking 4th position in race two, giving him an unassailable lead ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,894 | In January 2018 Russell was confirmed as a driver for ART Grand Prix for the 2018 FIA Formula 2 Championship, which would see the new Dallara F2 2018 make its debut in the expanding 12-race calendar. He was also confirmed as the Mercedes' reserve driver, sharing duties with Pascal Wehrlein the following month. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,895 | Russell qualified in 2nd position on debut at Bahrain, finishing 5th in the opening round of the championship. In Baku for the second round of the championship, Russell led the majority of the feature race before a late safety car caused drama at the restart, denying him a maiden victory in the series. Coming through f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,896 | Russell took his second victory of the season in Barcelona, after prevailing in a duel with Nyck de Vries, taking his maiden feature race win of the season. He followed that up with 4th in the sprint race to move up to 2nd in the championship standings. In Monte-Carlo, Russell had an engine failure in free practice whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,897 | He would later go on to win the title with a victory in the feature race at Abu Dhabi after a season-long fight with fellow Brit Lando Norris. With his title, he became the fifth rookie champion of the GP2/F2 category (previously achieved by Nico Rosberg, Lewis Hamilton, Nico Hülkenberg, and Charles Leclerc), and the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,898 | Russell's first experience of driving a Formula One car came in October 2015; as a prize for winning the 2014 Autosport BRDC Award, he completed a test in the McLaren MP4-26 at Silverstone Circuit. During 2016 he performed simulator work for Mercedes and was made part of the team's junior driver programme in early 2017... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,899 | He was appointed one of Mercedes' reserve drivers for the season and again tested for the team at the in-season Hungaroring test, as well as performing a Pirelli tyre test for Force India after the in May, completing 123 laps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
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