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19,900 | In October 2018 it was announced that Russell had signed a multi-year deal to drive for Williams, partnering Robert Kubica for the 2019 season. His first appearance for Williams was at the 2018 post-season test at Yas Marina Circuit, driving the FW41. The team's 2019 car, the FW42, was the slowest car of the field; in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,901 | Russell's first retirement came at the when Romain Grosjean made contact with him during an overtake attempt, sending Russell into a wall. He retired again at the with a wheel nut issue. The provided one of the few opportunities of Russell's debut season to race other cars, where a late safety car allowed him to finish... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,902 | Russell continued driving for Williams in , partnered by former Formula 2 competitor Nicholas Latifi. He retired from the season-opening from a loss of fuel pressure. He started the in 11th place after a wet qualifying session, beating his previous best grid position. He ran wide into the gravel in the early laps and u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,903 | He was eliminated from the after a stray wheel from Antonio Giovinazzi's crashed car hit his Williams. At the , Russell started 18th but ran in the points positions for most of the race aided by multiple retirements from other drivers. He was in ninth place before the second red flag period but experienced a poor resta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,904 | Russell was released by Williams to deputise for Lewis Hamilton at Mercedes for the , following Hamilton's positive coronavirus test. Russell stated in the pre-event press conference that he felt "no pressure", following Mercedes team principal Toto Wolff's expectation that the car would finish in the top five. Russell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,905 | Russell performed media duties for Mercedes at the , but returned to Williams in time for practice when Hamilton was declared fit to compete. Following Friday practice, Russell said that returning to Williams was a "strange feeling", having competed in the faster Mercedes the week before. For the event, he wore a speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,906 | Russell was retained by Williams for the 2021 season alongside Nicholas Latifi. At the , he collided with Valtteri Bottas after driving on to a wet patch and losing control of his car during an overtaking attempt, causing both cars to retire and prompting a red flag. Russell initially blamed the incident on Bottas, acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,907 | He ran in 15th place prior to the red flag at the , but failed to make the restart due to gearbox issues. He finished 12th at the , ahead of eight other drivers, later remarking that this was the "best race [he had] ever had together with Williams". He qualified 11th at the , missing out on the third qualifying session... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,908 | In the rain-affected qualifying session, Russell qualified in second place behind Max Verstappen. This marked the first front-row start for Williams since the 2017 Italian Grand Prix. The race was delayed by wet weather and ultimately only two laps were completed, both under safety car conditions. This allowed Russell ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,909 | Russell joined Mercedes in , replacing Valtteri Bottas and joining seven-time World Drivers' Champion Lewis Hamilton. He chose to change his red helmet design to a predominantly black design out of respect for Michael Schumacher. In his first race as a full-time Mercedes driver, the , he qualified ninth and finished fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,910 | Russell was involved in a first-lap crash at the British Grand Prix involving several drivers. He jumped out of his car to check on Zhou Guanyu, whose car had flipped over the tyre barrier and was resting upside-down against the catch fence. Russell's intention was to rejoin the race, however this was forbidden as his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,911 | Russell started the from the back of the grid due to engine component penalties. He made a pit stop for slick tyres before the track was dry, losing time and eventually finishing outside the points. He collided with pole-sitter Sainz at the first corner of the , receiving a time penalty and causing Sainz's retirement. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,912 | In March 2021, Russell was appointed as a director of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association, replacing previous incumbent Romain Grosjean, who stepped down following his departure from Formula One to IndyCar. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,913 | In March 2022, Russell agreed for his name to be used in the inaugural GB4 Championship, with the George Russell Pole Position Cup being awarded to the driver taking the most pole positions during the season. Russell had previously won the Jack Cavill Pole Position Cup during his title-winning campaign in BRDC Formula ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44641054 |
19,914 | Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and many other biological effects. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D (ergocalciferol). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,915 | The major natural source of the vitamin is synthesis of cholecalciferol in the lower layers of epidermis of the skin through a chemical reaction that is dependent on sun exposure (specifically UVB radiation). Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be ingested from the diet and supplements. Only a few foods, such as the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,916 | Vitamin D from the diet, or from skin synthesis, is biologically inactive. It is activated by two protein enzyme hydroxylation steps, the first in the liver and the second in the kidneys. Because vitamin D can be synthesized in adequate amounts by most mammals if they get enough sunlight, it is not essential and theref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,917 | Cholecalciferol is converted in the liver to calcifediol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol); ergocalciferol is converted to 25-hydroxyergocalciferol. These two vitamin D metabolites (called 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 25(OH)D) are measured in serum to determine a person's vitamin D status. Calcifediol is further hydroxylated by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,918 | Vitamin D has a significant role in calcium homeostasis and metabolism. Its discovery was due to effort to find the dietary substance lacking in children with rickets (the childhood form of osteomalacia). Vitamin D supplements are given to treat or to prevent osteomalacia and rickets. The evidence for other health effe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,919 | Several forms (vitamers) of vitamin D exist. The two major forms are vitamin D or ergocalciferol, and vitamin D or cholecalciferol. Vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D or D, or both, and is known collectively as calciferol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,920 | Vitamin D was chemically characterized in 1931. In 1935, the chemical structure of vitamin D was defined and shown to result from the ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. A chemical nomenclature for vitamin D forms was recommended in 1981, but alternative names remain in common use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,921 | Chemically, the various forms of vitamin D are secosteroids, that is, steroids in which one of the bonds in the steroid rings is broken. The structural difference between vitamin D and vitamin D is in the side chain, which contains a double bond, between carbons 22 and 23, and a methyl group on carbon 24 in vitamin D. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,922 | The active vitamin D metabolite calcitriol mediates its biological effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is principally located in the nuclei of target cells. The binding of calcitriol to the VDR allows the VDR to act as a transcription factor that modulates the gene expression of transport proteins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,923 | VDR activation in the intestine, bone, kidney, and parathyroid gland cells leads to the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood (with the assistance of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin) and to the maintenance of bone content. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,924 | One of the most important roles of vitamin D is to maintain skeletal calcium balance by promoting calcium absorption in the intestines, promoting bone resorption by increasing osteoclast number, maintaining calcium and phosphate levels for bone formation, and allowing proper functioning of parathyroid hormone to mainta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,925 | The VDR regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Vitamin D also affects the immune system, and VDRs are expressed in several white blood cells, including monocytes and activated T and B cells. In vitro, vitamin D increases expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in adrenal medullary cells, and affects the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,926 | Vitamin D receptor expression decreases with age and findings suggest that vitamin D is directly related to muscle strength, mass and function. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,927 | An estimated one billion people worldwide are either vitamin D insufficient or deficient. Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in the European population. A diet with insufficient vitamin D in conjunction with inadequate sun exposure causes vitamin D deficiency. Severe vitamin D deficiency in children causes rickets, a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,928 | Vitamin D deficiency is found worldwide in the elderly and remains common in children and adults. Deficiency results in impaired bone mineralization and bone damage which leads to bone-softening diseases, including rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Low blood calcifediol (25-hydroxy-vitamin D) can result f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,929 | Rickets, a childhood disease, is characterized by impeded growth and soft, weak, deformed long bones that bend and bow under their weight as children start to walk. Rickets typically appears between 3 and 18 months of age. Cases continue to be reported in North American and other Western Countries and is primarily seen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,930 | Maternal vitamin D deficiency may cause overt bone disease from before birth and impairment of bone quality after birth. Nutritional rickets exists in countries with intense year-round sunlight such as Nigeria and can occur without vitamin D deficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,931 | Although rickets and osteomalacia are now rare in the UK, outbreaks have happened in some immigrant communities in which osteomalacia patients included women with seemingly adequate daylight outdoor exposure wearing Western clothing. Having darker skin and reduced exposure to sunshine did not produce rickets unless the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,932 | Vitamin D deficiency remains the main cause of rickets among young infants in most countries because breast milk is low in vitamin D and social customs and climatic conditions can prevent adequate sun exposure. In sunny countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, and Bangladesh, where rickets occurs among older toddlers a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,933 | Rickets was formerly a major public health problem among the US population; in Denver, where ultraviolet rays are about 20% stronger than at sea level on the same latitude, almost two-thirds of 500 children had mild rickets in the late 1920s. An increase in the proportion of animal protein in the 20th century American ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,934 | Osteomalacia is a disease in adults that results from vitamin D deficiency. Characteristics of this disease are softening of the bones, leading to bending of the spine, bowing of the legs, proximal muscle weakness, bone fragility, and increased risk for fractures. Osteomalacia reduces calcium absorption and increases c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,935 | Osteoporosis is a condition of reduced bone mineral density with increased bone fragility and risk of bone fractures. Osteoporosis can be a long-term effect of calcium and/or vitamin D insufficiency, at least in part. This may result from inadequate calcium intake, with insufficient vitamin D contributing by reducing c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,936 | Dark-skinned people living in temperate climates have been shown to have low vitamin D levels but the significance of this is not certain. Dark-skinned people are less efficient at making vitamin D because melanin in the skin hinders vitamin D synthesis. Vitamin D deficiency is common in Hispanic and African-Americans ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,937 | There is some evidence that pathogenesis of uterine fibroids may be associated with vitamin D levels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,938 | Supplementation with vitamin D is a reliable method for preventing or treating rickets. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on non-skeletal health are uncertain. A 2013 review did not find any effect from supplementation on the rates of non-skeletal disease, other than a tentative decrease in mortality in the elde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,939 | A United States Institute of Medicine (IOM) report states: "Outcomes related to cancer, cardiovascular disease and hypertension, and diabetes and metabolic syndrome, falls and physical performance, immune functioning and autoimmune disorders, infections, neuropsychological functioning, and preeclampsia could not be lin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,940 | Vitamin D supplementation has been tentatively found to lead to a reduced risk of death in the elderly, but the effect has not been deemed pronounced, or certain enough, to make taking supplements recommendable. Other forms (vitamin D, alfacalcidol, and calcitriol) do not appear to have any beneficial effects with rega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,941 | In general, no good evidence supports the commonly held belief that vitamin D supplements can help prevent osteoporosis. Its general use for prevention of this disease in those without vitamin D deficiency is thus likely not needed. For older people with osteoporosis, taking vitamin D with calcium may help prevent hip ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,942 | Athletes who are vitamin D deficient are at an increased risk of stress fractures and/or major breaks, particularly those engaging in contact sports. The greatest benefit with supplementation is seen in athletes who are deficient (25(OH)D serum levels <30ng/mL), or severely deficient (25(OH)D serum levels <25ng/mL). In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,943 | A 2020 Cochrane systematic review has found limited evidence that vitamin D plus calcium, but not independently can improve healing in children with nutritional rickets, but the evidence was not conclusive for reducing fractures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,944 | The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required manufacturers to declare the amount of vitamin D on nutrition facts labels, as "nutrients of public health significance", since May 2016. By a proposed deadline extension, some manufacturers had until 1 July 2021, to comply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,945 | Potential associations have been found between low vitamin D levels and the risk of developing several types of cancer. Meta-analyses of observational studies have found reduced risk of cancer incidence related to vitamin D intake and 25(OH)D levels, particularly for colorectal cancer, although the strength of the asso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,946 | Vitamin D supplementation is not associated with a reduced risk of stroke, cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarction, or ischemic heart disease. Supplementation does not lower blood pressure in the general population. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,947 | In general, vitamin D functions to activate the innate and dampen the adaptive immune systems with antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Low levels of vitamin D appear to be a risk factor for tuberculosis, and historically it was used as a treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,948 | Vitamin D supplementation in low doses (400 to 1000 IU/day) may slightly decrease the overall risk of acute respiratory tract infections. The benefits were found in young children and adolescents (ages 1 up to 16 years) and were not confirmed with higher doses (>1000 IU per day or more). Vitamin D supplementation subst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,949 | Although tentative data link low levels of vitamin D to asthma, evidence to support a beneficial effect on asthmatics from supplementation is inconclusive. One review found that vitamin D supplementation could reduce the need for steroids used to inhibit episode frequency in people with mild to moderate asthma, and tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,950 | Low levels of vitamin D are associated with two major forms of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A meta-analysis of vitamin D therapy in IBD patients with vitamin D deficiency has shown that supplementation is effective at correcting vitamin D levels and is associated with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,951 | Diabetes – A meta-analysis of eight studies found that vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus for non-obese prediabetic patients. A meta-analysis of 37 articles found that vitamin D supplementation significantly improved glycemic control [homeostatic model assessment-insuli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,952 | ADHD - A meta-analysis of observational studies showed that children with ADHD have lower vitamin D levels, and that there was a small association between low vitamin D levels at the time of birth and later development of ADHD. Several small randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation indicated improved A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,953 | Depression – Clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for depressive symptoms have generally been of low quality and show no overall effect, although subgroup analysis showed supplementation for participants with clinically significant depressive symptoms or depressive disorder had a moderate effect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,954 | Cognition and dementia – A systematic review of clinical studies found an association between low vitamin D levels with cognitive impairment and a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. However, lower vitamin D concentrations are also associated with poor nutrition and spending less time outdoors. Therefore, al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,955 | Schizophrenia - Trials have demonstrated lower vitamin D levels are highly prevalent in patients with schizophrenia, particularly those with acute episodes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,956 | Pregnancy – Low levels of vitamin D in pregnancy are associated with gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small (for gestational age) infants. Although taking vitamin D supplements during pregnancy raises blood levels of vitamin D in the mother at term, the full extent of benefits for the mother or baby is unclear.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,957 | Weight loss – Though hypothesized that vitamin D supplementation may be an effective treatment for obesity apart from calorie restriction, one systematic review found no association of supplementation with body weight or fat mass. A 2016 meta-analysis found that circulating vitamin D status was improved by weight loss,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,958 | Governmental regulatory agencies stipulate for the food and dietary supplement industries certain health claims as allowable as statements on packaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,959 | Various institutions have proposed different recommendations for the amount of daily intake of vitamin D. These vary according to precise definition, age, pregnancy or lactation, and the extent assumptions are made regarding skin synthesis of vitamin D. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,960 | The UK National Health Service (NHS) recommends that people at risk of vitamin D deficiency, breast-fed babies, formula-fed babies taking less than 500ml/day, and children aged 6 months to 4 years, should take daily vitamin D supplements throughout the year to ensure sufficient intake. This includes people with limited... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,961 | The dietary reference intake for vitamin D issued in 2010 by the Institute of Medicine (IoM) (renamed National Academy of Medicine in 2015), superseded previous recommendations which were expressed in terms of Adequate Intake. The recommendations were formed assuming the individual has no skin synthesis of vitamin D be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,962 | For U.S food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For vitamin D labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 400IU (10μg), but on 27 May 2016, it was revised to 800IU (20μg) to bring it into agreement with the RDA. Compliance with the update... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,963 | Health Canada published recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin D in 2012 based on the Institute of Medicine report. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,964 | Australia and New Zealand published nutrient reference values including guidelines for dietary vitamin D intake in 2005. About a third of Australians have vitamin D deficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,965 | The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2016 reviewed the current evidence, finding the relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentration and musculoskeletal health outcomes is widely variable. They considered that average requirements and population reference intakes values for vitamin D cannot be derived, and tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,966 | The EFSA reviewed safe levels of intake in 2012, setting the tolerable upper limit for adults at 100μg/day (4000IU), a similar conclusion as the IOM. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,967 | The Swedish National Food Agency recommends a daily intake of 10μg (400IU) of vitamin D3 for children and adults up to 75 years, and 20μg (800IU) for adults 75 and older. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,968 | Non-government organisations in Europe have made their own recommendations. The German Society for Nutrition recommends 20μg. The European Menopause and Andropause Society recommends postmenopausal women consume 15μg (600IU) until age 70, and 20μg (800IU) from age 71. This dose should be increased to 100μg (4,000IU) in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,969 | Although vitamin D is present naturally in only a few foods, it is commonly added as a fortification in manufactured foods. In some countries, staple foods are artificially fortified with vitamin D. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,970 | In general, vitamin D is found in animal source foods, particularly fish, meat, offal, egg and dairy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,971 | Vitamin D is found in fungi and is produced by ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol. The vitamin D content in mushrooms and "Cladina arbuscula", a lichen, increases with exposure to ultraviolet light, and is stimulated by industrial ultraviolet lamps for fortification. The United States Department of Agriculture repor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,972 | Manufactured foods fortified with vitamin D include some fruit juices and fruit juice drinks, meal replacement energy bars, soy protein-based beverages, certain cheese and cheese products, flour products, infant formulas, many breakfast cereals, and milk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,973 | In 2016 in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) amended food additive regulations for milk fortification, stating that vitamin D levels not exceed 42IU vitamin D per 100g (400IU per US quart) of dairy milk, 84IU of vitamin D per 100g (800IU per quart) of plant milks, and 89IU per 100g (800IU per qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,974 | While some studies have found that vitamin D raises 25(OH)D blood levels faster and remains active in the body longer, others contend that vitamin D sources are equally bioavailable and effective as D for raising and sustaining 25(OH)D. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,975 | Vitamin D content in typical foods is reduced variably by cooking. Boiled, fried and baked foods retained 6989% of original vitamin D. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,976 | Recommendations on recommended 25(OH)D serum levels vary across authorities, and vary based on factors like age. US labs generally report 25(OH)D levels in ng/mL. Other countries often use nmol/L. Oneng/mL is approximately equal to 2.5nmol/L. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,977 | A 2014 review concluded that the most advantageous serum levels for 25(OH)D for all outcomes appeared to be close to 30ng/mL (75nmol/L). The optimal vitamin D levels are still controversial and another review concluded that ranges from 30 to 40ng/mL (75 to 100nmol/L) were to be recommended for athletes. Part of the con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,978 | A 2012 meta-analysis showed that the risk of cardiovascular diseases increases when blood levels of vitamin D are lowest in a range of 8 to 24ng/mL (20 to 60nmol/L), although results among the studies analyzed were inconsistent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,979 | In 2011 an IOM committee concluded a serum 25(OH)D level of 20ng/mL (50nmol/L) is needed for bone and overall health. The dietary reference intakes for vitamin D are chosen with a margin of safety and 'overshoot' the targeted serum value to ensure the specified levels of intake achieve the desired serum 25(OH)D levels ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,980 | Vitamin D toxicity is rare. It is caused by supplementing with high doses of vitamin D rather than sunlight. The threshold for vitamin D toxicity has not been established; however, according to some research, the tolerable upper intake level (UL) is 4,000 IU/day for ages 9–71 (100μg/day), while other research concludes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,981 | Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia is caused by a mutation of the CYP24A1 gene, leading to a reduction in the degradation of vitamin D. Infants who have such a mutation have an increased sensitivity to vitamin D and in case of additional intake a risk of hypercalcaemia. The disorder can continue into adulthood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,982 | A review published in 2015 noted that adverse effects have been reported only at 25(OH)D serum concentrations above 200nmol/L. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,983 | Published cases of toxicity involving hypercalcemia in which the vitamin D dose and the 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels are known all involve an intake of ≥40,000IU (1,000μg) per day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,984 | Those who are pregnant or breastfeeding should consult a doctor before taking a vitamin D supplement. The FDA advised manufacturers of liquid vitamin D supplements that droppers accompanying these products should be clearly and accurately marked for 400 international units (1IU is the biological equivalent of 25ng chol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,985 | Calcitriol itself is auto-regulated in a negative feedback cycle, and is also affected by parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23, cytokines, calcium, and phosphate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,986 | A study published in 2017 assessed the prevalence of high daily intake levels of supplemental vitamin D among adults ages 20+ in the United States, based on publicly available NHANES data from 1999 through 2014. Its data shows the following: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,987 | Vitamin D overdose causes hypercalcemia, which is a strong indication of vitamin D toxicity – this can be noted with an increase in urination and thirst. If hypercalcemia is not treated, it results in excess deposits of calcium in soft tissues and organs such as the kidneys, liver, and heart, resulting in pain and orga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,988 | The main symptoms of vitamin D overdose are hypercalcemia including anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. These may be followed by polyuria, polydipsia, weakness, insomnia, nervousness, pruritus and ultimately kidney failure. Furthermore, proteinuria, urinary casts, azotemia, and metastatic calcification (especially in the k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,989 | Vitamin D toxicity is treated by discontinuing vitamin D supplementation and restricting calcium intake. Kidney damage may be irreversible. Exposure to sunlight for extended periods of time does not normally cause vitamin D toxicity. The concentrations of vitamin D precursors produced in the skin reach an equilibrium, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,990 | Synthesis of vitamin D in nature is dependent on the presence of UV radiation and subsequent activation in the liver and in the kidneys. Many animals synthesize vitamin D from 7-dehydrocholesterol, and many fungi synthesize vitamin D from ergosterol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,991 | The transformation that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D occurs in two steps. First, 7-dehydrocholesterol is photolyzed by ultraviolet light in a 6-electron conrotatory ring-opening electrocyclic reaction; the product is previtaminD. Second, previtaminD spontaneously isomerizes to vitaminD (cholecalciferol) i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,992 | The conversion from ergosterol to vitamin D follows a similar procedure, forming previtaminD by photolysis, which isomerizes to vitamin D (ergocalciferol). The transformation of previtaminD to vitamin D in methanol has a rate comparable to that of previtaminD. The process is faster in white button mushrooms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,993 | Vitamin D is produced photochemically from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin of most vertebrate animals, including humans. The precursor of vitamin D, 7-dehydrocholesterol is produced in relatively large quantities. 7-Dehydrocholesterol reacts with UVB light at wavelengths of 290–315 nm. These wavelengths are present in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,994 | Adequate amounts of vitamin D can be produced with moderate sun exposure to the face, arms and legs (for those with the least melanin), averaging 5–30 minutes twice per week, or approximately 25% of the time for minimal sunburn. The darker the skin, and the weaker the sunlight, the more minutes of exposure are needed. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,995 | The skin consists of two primary layers: the inner layer called the dermis, and the outer, thinner epidermis. Vitamin D is produced in the keratinocytes of two innermost strata of the epidermis, the stratum basale and stratum spinosum, which also are able to produce calcitriol and express the VDR. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,996 | Vitamin D can be synthesized only by a photochemical process. Its production from sterols would have started very early in the evolution of life around the origin of photosynthesis, possibly helping to prevent DNA damage by absorbing UVB, making vitamin D an inactive end product. The familiar vitamin D endocrine machin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,997 | Land vertebrates required another source of vitamin D other than plants for their calcified skeletons. They had to either ingest it or be exposed to sunlight to photosynthesize it in their skin. Land vertebrates have been photosynthesizing vitamin D for more than 350million years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,998 | In birds and fur-bearing mammals, fur or feathers block UV rays from reaching the skin. Instead, vitamin D is created from oily secretions of the skin deposited onto the feathers or fur, and is obtained orally during grooming. However, some animals, such as the naked mole-rat, are naturally cholecalciferol-deficient, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
19,999 | Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is produced industrially by exposing 7-dehydrocholesterol to UVB and UVC light, followed by purification. The 7-dehydrocholesterol is a natural substance in fish organs, especially the liver, or in wool grease (lanolin) from sheep. Vitamin D (ergocalciferol) is produced in a similar way usin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998247 |
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