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21,200 | Their results and conclusions differed from Zimbardo's and led to a number of publications on tyranny, stress, and leadership. The results were published in leading academic journals such as "British Journal of Social Psychology", "Journal of Applied Psychology", "Social Psychology Quarterly", and "Personality and Soci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,201 | While Haslam and Reicher's procedure was not a direct replication of Zimbardo's, their study casts further doubt on the generality of his conclusions. Specifically, it questions the notion that people slip mindlessly into roles and the idea that the dynamics of evil are in any way banal. Their research also points to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,202 | Zimbardo initially regarded Haslam and Reicher's study as a reality show as both prisoner and guard knew they were being televised and probably over-acted in their role for the purpose of entertaining watchers of the documentary. He felt that there were definite similarities to reality shows: prisoners had a confession... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,203 | One positive result of the study is that it has altered the way US prisons are run. For example, juveniles accused of federal crimes are no longer housed before trial with adult prisoners, due to the risk of violence against them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,204 | Zimbardo submitted a statement to the 1971 US House Committee on the Judiciary about the experiment's findings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,205 | When acts of prisoner torture and abuse at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq were publicized in March 2004, Zimbardo was struck by the similarity with his own experiment. He was dismayed by official military and government representatives shifting the blame for the torture and abuses in the Abu Ghraib American military pri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,206 | Eventually, Zimbardo became involved with the defense team of lawyers representing one of the Abu Ghraib prison guards, Staff Sergeant Ivan "Chip" Frederick. Zimbardo was granted full access to all investigation and background reports, and testified as an expert witness in Frederick's court martial. The trial resulted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,207 | Zimbardo drew from his participation in the Frederick case to write the book "The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil", which deals with the similarities between his own Stanford prison experiment and the Abu Ghraib abuses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,208 | Italian filmmaker Carlo Tuzii was the first director to film a story based on the experiment when, in 1977, he directed the television film ('The cage'), for Rai 1. Tuzii's original story called for a group of twenty young people from various social backgrounds, who were randomly divided into "guards" and "prisoners" a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,209 | The 2001 German-language film "Das Experiment" starring Moritz Bleibtreu is based on the experiment. It was remade in 2010 in English as "The Experiment." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,210 | The YouTube series "Mind Field", hosted by Michael Stevens, features an episode discussing the experiment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,211 | In Season 3, Episode 2 of the television series "Veronica Mars", entitled "My Big Fat Greek Wedding", a similar experiment is featured. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,212 | In "The Overstory" by Richard Powers, the fictional character Douglas Pavlicek is a prisoner in the experiment, an experience which shapes later decisions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,213 | In Season 15, Episode 10 of television show "American Dad", "American Data", Roger recruits Steve, Toshi, Snot and Barry into a similar experiment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,214 | Some of the guards' behavior allegedly led to dangerous and psychologically damaging situations. Ethical concerns surrounding the experiment often draw comparisons to the Milgram experiment, conducted ten years earlier in 1961 at Yale University, where Stanley Milgram studied obedience to authority. With the treatment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,215 | The experiment was perceived by many to involve questionable ethics, the most serious concern being that it was continued even after participants expressed their desire to withdraw. Despite the fact that participants were told they had the right to leave at any time, the researchers did not allow this. Although there w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,216 | Since the time of the SPE, ethical guidelines for experiments involving human subjects have become more strict. The Stanford prison experiment led to the implementation of rules to preclude any harmful treatment of participants. Before they are implemented, human studies must now be reviewed by an institutional review ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,217 | A post-experimental debriefing is now considered an important ethical consideration to ensure that participants are not harmed in any way by their experience in an experiment. Though the researchers did conduct debriefing sessions, they were several years after the SPE. By that time, numerous details were forgotten; no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,218 | In 1967, The Third Wave experiment involved the use of authoritarian dynamics similar to Nazi Party methods of mass control in a classroom setting by high school teacher Ron Jones in Palo Alto, California with the goal of vividly demonstrating to the class how the German public in World War II could have acted in the w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,219 | In both experiments, participants found it difficult to leave the study due to the roles they were assigned. Both studies examine human nature and the effects of authority. Personalities of the subjects had little influence on both experiments despite the test before the prison experiment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,220 | Both the Milgram and Zimbardo studies clearly show that participants conform to social pressures. Conformity is strengthened by allowing some participants to feel more or less powerful than others. In both experiments, the people's behavior are altered to match the group stereotypes and shows that we conform to others ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,221 | A 2007 study on prison-life examined the potential relationship between participant self-selection and the disposition toward aggressive behaviors. They found that when responding to an advertisement participants "were significantly higher on measures of aggressiveness, authoritarianism, Machiavellianism, narcissism, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309812 |
21,222 | Amazon Web Services, Inc. (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides on-demand cloud computing platforms and APIs to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered, pay-as-you-go basis. Often times, clients will use this in combination with autoscaling (a process that allows a client to use more compute in ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,223 | One of the foundational services is Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), which allows users to have at their disposal a virtual cluster of computers, with extremely high availability, which can be interacted with over the internet via REST APIs, a CLI or the AWS console. AWS's virtual computers emulate most of the attri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,224 | AWS services are delivered to customers via a network of AWS server farms located throughout the world. Fees are based on a combination of usage (known as a "Pay-as-you-go" model), hardware, operating system, software, or networking features chosen by the subscriber required availability, redundancy, security, and serv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,225 | Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as a way of obtaining large-scale computing capacity more quickly and cheaply than building an actual physical server farm. All services are billed based on usage, but each service measures usage in varying ways. As of 2021 Q4, AWS has 33% market share for cloud infrastructure while th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,226 | As of 2021, AWS comprises over 200 products and services including computing, storage, networking, database, analytics, application services, deployment, management, machine learning, mobile, developer tools, RobOps and tools for the Internet of Things. The most popular include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Amazo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,227 | Services expose functionality through APIs for clients to use in their applications. These APIs are accessed over HTTP, using the REST architectural style and SOAP protocol for older APIs and exclusively JSON for newer ones. Clients can interact with these APIs in various ways, including from the AWS console (a website... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,228 | The genesis of AWS came in the early . After building "Merchant.com", Amazon's e-commerce-as-a-service platform that offers third-party retailers a way to build their own web-stores, Amazon pursued service-oriented architecture as a means to scale its engineering operations, led by then CTO Allan Vermeulen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,229 | Around the same time frame, Amazon was frustrated with the speed of its software engineering, and sought to implement various recommendations put forth by Matt Round, an engineering leader at the time, including maximization of autonomy for engineering teams, adoption of REST, standardization of infrastructure, removal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,230 | In July 2002, "Amazon.com Web Services", managed by Colin Bryar, launched its first web services, opening up the Amazon.com platform to all developers. Over one hundred applications were built on top of it by 2004. This unexpected developer interest took Amazon by surprise and convinced them that developers were "hungr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,231 | By the Summer of 2003, Andy Jassy had taken over Bryar's portfolio at Rick Dalzell's behest, after Vermeulen, who was Bezos' first pick, declined the offer. Jassy subsequently mapped out the vision for an "Internet OS" made up of foundational infrastructure primitives that alleviated key impediments to shipping softwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,232 | Jeff Barr, an early AWS employee, credits Vermeulen, Jassy, Bezos, himself, and a few others for coming up with the idea that would evolve into EC2, S3, and RDS; Jassy recalls the idea was the result of brainstorming for about a week with "ten of the best technology minds and ten of the best product management minds" o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,233 | Jassy assembled a founding team of 57 employees from a mix of engineering and business backgrounds to kick-start these initiatives, with a majority of the hires coming from outside the company; Jeff Lawson, Twilio CEO, Adam Selipsky, Tableau CEO, Mikhail Seregine, co-founder at Outschool among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,234 | In late 2003, the concept for compute, which would later launch as EC2, was reformulated when Chris Pinkham and Benjamin Black presented a paper internally describing a vision for Amazon's retail computing infrastructure that was completely standardized, completely automated, and would rely extensively on web services ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,235 | In November 2004, AWS launched its first infrastructure service for public usage: Simple Queue Service (SQS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,236 | On March 14, 2006, AWS launched Amazon S3 cloud storage followed by EC2 in August 2006. Andy Jassy, AWS founder and vice president in 2006, said at the time that Amazon S3 "helps free developers from worrying about where they are going to store data, whether it will be safe and secure, if it will be available when they... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,237 | In September 2007, AWS announced its annual "Start-up Challenge", a contest with prizes worth $100,000 for entrepreneurs and software developers based in the US using AWS services such as S3 and EC2 to build their businesses. The first edition saw participation from Justin.tv, which Amazon would later acquire in 2014. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,238 | Additional AWS services from this period include SimpleDB, Mechanical Turk, Elastic Block Store, Elastic Beanstalk, Relational Database Service, DynamoDB, CloudWatch, Simple Workflow, CloudFront, and Availability Zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,239 | In November 2010, it was reported that all of Amazon.com's retail sites had migrated to AWS. Prior to 2012, AWS was considered a part of Amazon.com and so its revenue was not delineated in Amazon financial statements. In that year industry watchers for the first time estimated AWS revenue to be over $1.5 billion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,240 | On November 27, 2012, AWS hosted its first major annual conference, "re:Invent" with a focus on AWS' partners and ecosystem, with over 150 sessions. The three-day event was held in Las Vegas because of its relatively cheaper connectivity with locations across the United States and the rest of the World. Andy Jassy and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,241 | To support industry-wide training and skills standardization, AWS began offering a certification program for computer engineers, on April 30, 2013, to highlight expertise in cloud computing. Later that year, in October, AWS launched "Activate", a program for start-ups worldwide to leverage AWS credits, third-party inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,242 | In 2014, AWS launched its partner network, AWS Partner Network (APN), which is focused on helping AWS-based companies grow and scale the success of their business with close collaboration and best practices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,243 | In January 2015, Amazon Web Services acquired Annapurna Labs, an Israel-based microelectronics company for a reported US$350–370M. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,244 | In April 2015, Amazon.com reported AWS was profitable, with sales of $1.57 billion in the first quarter of the year and $265 million of operating income. Founder Jeff Bezos described it as a fast-growing $5 billion business; analysts described it as "surprisingly more profitable than forecast". In October, Amazon.com s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,245 | James Hamilton, who leads AWS' compute, data center, and network design, wrote a retrospective article in 2016 to highlight the ten-year history of the online service from 2006 to 2016. As an early fan and outspoken proponent of the technology, he joined the AWS engineering team in 2008. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,246 | In 2016 Q1, revenue was $2.57 billion with net income of $604 million, a 64% increase over 2015 Q1 that resulted in AWS being more profitable than Amazon's North American retail business for the first time. Jassy was thereafter promoted to CEO of the division. Around the same time, Amazon experienced a 42% rise in stoc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,247 | AWS had $17.46 billion in annual revenue in 2017. By end of 2020, the number had grown to $46 billion. Reflecting the success of AWS, Jassy's annual compensation in 2017 hit nearly $36 million. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,248 | In November 2018, AWS announced customized ARM cores for use in its servers. Also in November 2018, AWS is developing ground stations to communicate with customer's satellites. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,249 | In 2019, AWS reported 37% yearly growth and accounted for 12% of Amazon's revenue (up from 11% in 2018). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,250 | In April 2021, AWS reported 32% yearly growth and accounted for 32% of $41.8 billion cloud market in Q1 2021. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,251 | In June 2022, it was reported that in 2019 Capital One had not secured their AWS resources properly, and was subject to a data breach by a former AWS employee, Paige Thompson (It is important to note this was not an issue with AWS security, but rather how Capital One had used AWS). The employee was convicted of hacking... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,252 | In June 2022, AWS announced they had launched the AWS snow cone a small, rugged, secure edge computing device to the International Space Station on the Axiom Mission 1. The device had to be run through rigorous testing including vacuum, vibration, acoustic, and thermal. The device did not need radiation hardening becau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,253 | In June 2022, Amazon announced and displayed a preview of their latest AI tools for programmers called CodeWhisperer. While currently only available to people who received an invitation though the AWS IDE Toolkit, CodeWhisperer is an IDE plugin that will examine the users code and comments and present users with syntac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,254 | In August 2019, the U.S. Navy said it moved 72,000 users from six commands to an AWS cloud system as a first step toward pushing all of its data and analytics onto the cloud. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,255 | In October 2021, it was reported that spy agencies and government departments in the UK such as GCHQ, MI5, MI6, and the Ministry of Defence, have contracted AWS to host their classified materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,256 | , AWS has distinct operations in 30 geographical "regions": 7 in North America, 1 in South America, 8 in Europe, 2 in the Middle East, 1 in Africa and 11 in Asia Pacific. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,257 | Each region is wholly contained within a single country and all of its data and services stay within the designated region. Each region has multiple "Availability Zones", which consist of one or more discrete data centers, each with redundant power, networking, and connectivity, housed in separate facilities. Availabil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,258 | As of December 2014, Amazon Web Services operated an estimated 1.4 million servers across 11 regions and 28 availability zones. The global network of AWS Edge locations consists of over 300 points of presence worldwide, including locations in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and South America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,259 | AWS is about to launch 21 more of its availability zones as part of seven additional regions in Australia (Melbourne), Canada (Calgary), India (Hyderabad), Israel, New Zealand, Spain, and Switzerland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,260 | In 2014, AWS claimed its aim was to achieve 100% renewable energy usage in the future. In the United States, AWS's partnerships with renewable energy providers include Community Energy of Virginia, to support the US East region; Pattern Development, in January 2015, to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm Fowler Ridg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,261 | AWS also has "pop-up lofts" in different locations around the world. These market AWS to entrepreneurs and startups in different tech industries in a physical location. Visitors can work or relax inside the loft, or learn more about what they can do with AWS. In June 2014, AWS opened their first temporary pop-up loft i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,262 | In 2017, AWS launched AWS re/Start in the United Kingdom to help young adults and military veterans retrain in technology-related skills. In partnership with the Prince's Trust and the Ministry of Defence (MoD), AWS will help to provide re-training opportunities for young people from disadvantaged backgrounds and forme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,263 | In April 2022, AWS announced the organization has committed more than $30 million over three years to early-stage start-ups led by Black, Latino, LGBTQIA+, and Women founders as part of its AWS impact Accelerator. The Initiative offers qualifying start-ups up to $225,000 in cash, credits, extensive training, mentoring,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,264 | In 2016, Greenpeace assessed major tech companies—including cloud services providers like AWS, Microsoft, Oracle, Google, IBM, Salesforce.com and Rackspace—based on their level of "clean energy" usage. Greenpeace evaluated companies on their mix of renewable-energy sources; transparency; renewable-energy commitment and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,265 | In January 2021, AWS joined an industry pledge to achieve climate neutrality of data centers by 2030, the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,266 | US Department of Homeland Security has employed the software ATLAS, which runs on Amazon Cloud. It scanned more than 16.5 million of records of naturalized Americans and flagged approximately 124,000 of them for manual analysis and review by USCIS officers regarding denaturalization. Some of the scanned data came from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1691376 |
21,267 | Starship is a fully reusable, super heavy-lift launch vehicle under development by American aerospace company SpaceX. With more than twice the thrust of the Saturn V, Starship is designed to be the most powerful launch vehicle ever built, and the first with total reusability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,268 | The Starship launch vehicle comprises the Super Heavy first-stage booster and the Starship second stage. In orbit, the second stage becomes a self-contained spacecraft for crew or cargo. Both stages are powered by Raptor engines, which burn liquid oxygen and liquid methane propellants in a highly efficient, full-flow s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,269 | In its fully reusable configuration, Starship has a payload capacity of to low Earth orbit, and is designed to re-fly multiple times to amortize the spacecraft's overhead cost. The spacecraft can be refueled in orbit before heading to destinations that require more change in velocity (delta-"v" budget), such as the Moo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,270 | Plans to develop a heavy-lift launch vehicle began at SpaceX as early as 2005. The methane–oxygen engines were in development by 2012 and prototypes of the vehicle's stainless steel primary structure were built by 2019. Starship's development program adopted an iterative and incremental methodology, with frequent proto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,271 | In November 2005, before SpaceX launched its first rocket (the Falcon 1), CEO Elon Musk first referenced a high-capacity rocket concept named BFR that could launch to low Earth orbit. It would use the proposed Merlin 2 kerosene–oxygen rocket engine, comparable in thrust to the F-1 engines used on the Saturn V. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,272 | In July 2010, after the final launch of Falcon 1 a year prior, SpaceX presented Mars space tug and heavy-lift launch vehicle concepts, called Falcon X, Falcon X Heavy, and Falcon XX. Around 2012, the company disclosed the Mars Colonial Transporter, a proposed rocket for Mars colonization, powered by the methane–oxygen ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,273 | On 26 September 2016, a day before the 67th International Astronautical Congress, the Raptor engine was fired for the first time. Musk announced a proposed Interplanetary Transport System launch vehicle using the Raptor engines, with the two stages' tanks made from carbon composite for storing liquid methane and liquid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,274 | In September 2017, at the 68th International Astronautical Congress, Musk presented a revision to the Interplanetary Transport System's design called the BFR (Big Falcon Rocket) launch vehicle. The BFR would still be fully reusable, but shrunk down and with a low Earth orbit capacity of . Variants of the BFR could send... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,275 | In September 2018, the BFR's spacecraft received two new forward flaps at the top and three larger aft flaps at the bottom. Both sets of flaps help to control the spacecraft's descent, and the aft flaps would function as landing legs for the final touchdown. The first contract for the BFR spacecraft was also announced:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,276 | Starship's development is iterative and incremental, using tests on a series of rocket prototypes. The first prototype was called Starhopper, which performed several static fires and low-altitude flights. Seven of Starship's upper stage prototypes were flight tested between August 2020 and May 2021. The last of the sev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,277 | Starship prototype tests can generally be classified into three main types. In proof pressure tests, the vehicle's tanks are pressurized with either gases or liquids to test their strength—sometimes, deliberately until they burst. The vehicle then performs mission rehearsals, with or without propellant, to check the ve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,278 | After successful testing, flight tests and launches may commence. During a suborbital launch, Starship prototypes fly to a high altitude and descend, landing either near the launch site, sea, or offshore platforms. During an orbital launch, Starship performs procedures as described in its mission profile. Starship rock... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,279 | The first prototype to fly using a Raptor engine was called Starhopper. The vehicle had three non-retractable legs and was shorter than the final spacecraft design. The craft performed two tethered hops in early April 2019 and three months later, it hopped without a tether to around . In August 2019, the vehicle hopped... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,280 | In late September 2019, Musk further detailed the lower-stage booster, the upper stage's method of controlling its descent, its heat shield, orbital refueling capacity, and potential destinations besides Mars. The aft flaps on the spacecraft were reduced from three to two, and Starship's body material was changed from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,281 | SpaceX was already constructing the first full-size Starship Mk1 and Mk2 upper-stage prototypes, at the SpaceX facilities in Boca Chica, Texas; and Cocoa, Florida, respectively. Neither prototype flew: Mk1 was destroyed in November 2019 during a pressure stress test and Mk2's Florida facility was abandoned and deconstr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,282 | In June 2020, SpaceX started construction of a launch pad for orbit-capable Starship rockets. In the next month, the company bought two drilling rigs for $3.5 million each from Valaris plc in its bankruptcy proceedings, to repurpose them as offshore spaceports. The first flight-capable Starship SN5 was built with no fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,283 | SN8 was the first fully complete Starship upper stage prototype. It underwent four preliminary static fire tests between October and November 2020. On 9 December 2020, SN8 flew, slowly turning off its three engines one by one, and reached an altitude of . The craft then performed the belly-flop maneuver and dove back t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,284 | On 2 February 2021, Starship SN9 launched to and performed the belly-flop maneuver similar to SN8. The prototype crashed upon landing because one of its engines did not properly ignite. A month later, on 3 March, Starship SN10 launched on the same flight path as its SN8 and 9. The vehicle landed hard and crushed its la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,285 | In March 2021, the company disclosed a public construction plan for two sub-orbital launch pads, two orbital launch pads, two landing pads, two test stands, and a large propellant tank farm. The company soon proposed developing the surrounding Boca Chica village into a company town named Starbase; locals raised concern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,286 | Starship prototypes SN12, SN13, and SN14 were scrapped before completion; SN15 was selected to fly instead. SN15 featured general improvement on its avionics, structure, and engines. On 5 May 2021, SN15 launched, completed the same maneuvers as older prototypes, and landed softly after six minutes. Even though SN15, li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,287 | In July 2021, Super Heavy BN3 conducted its first full-duration static firing and lit three engines. Around this time, SpaceX changed their naming scheme from "SN" to "Ship" for Starship crafts, and from "BN" to "Booster" for Super Heavy boosters. A month later, using cranes, Ship 20 was stacked atop Booster 4 for to f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,288 | The Raptor 2 engine was spotted by the public at the start of 2022. Raptor 2 is intended to be improve the original engine with a simpler design, decreased mass, widening of the throat, and increase in main combustion chamber pressure from to . These changes yielded an increase in thrust from to , but a decrease of 3 s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,289 | In June 2022, the Federal Aviation Administration determined that Starbase did not need a full environmental impact assessment, but that SpaceX must address issues identified in the final assessment. On 11 July, Booster 7 tested spinning the liquid oxygen turbopumps on all thirty-three Raptor engines and violently expl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,290 | The company described the planned test flight orbital trajectory in a report to the Federal Communications Commission. The rocket is planned to launch from Starbase, after which the Super Heavy booster will separate and softly land in water around from the Texas shoreline. The spacecraft will continue flying with its g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,291 | Starship is designed to be a fully reusable and orbital rocket, to reduce launch costs and maintenance between flights. The rocket will consist of a Super Heavy first stage or a booster and a Starship second stage or spacecraft, powered by Raptor and Raptor Vacuum engines. The bodies of both rocket stages are made from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,292 | Stacked and fueled, Starship is about by mass, wide, and high. It is taller than the Saturn V by , a rocket that was used for the NASA Apollo program of the 1960s and 1970s. According to SpaceX's homepage, Starship has a peak thrust of and can deliver more than to low Earth orbit, which would classify the rocket as a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,293 | According to Eric Berger from "Ars Technica" in March 2020, manufacturing of the Starship rocket starts with rolls of steel. They are then unrolled, cut, and welded along the cut edge to create a cylinder in diameter, in height, and around in mass. Seventeen of these cylinders and nose cones are stacked and welded alon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,294 | Raptor is a family of rocket engines developed by SpaceX exclusively for use in Starship and Super Heavy. It burns liquid oxygen and methane in a highly efficient full-flow staged combustion power cycle. It is the third engine with such a cycle and the first that powered a flight vehicle. The Raptor engine uses methane... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,295 | The engine structure itself is mostly aluminum, copper and steel; oxidizer-side turbopumps and manifolds subject to corrosive oxygen-rich flames are made of an Inconel-like SX500 superalloy. Raptor's main combustion chamber can contain of pressure, the highest of all rocket engines. A few parts are 3D printed. The Rapt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,296 | Raptor operates with an oxygen-to-methane mixture ratio of about , lower than the stoichiometric mixture ratio of necessary to completely burn all propellants. Operation at the stoichiometric ratio provides better performance in theory, but in practice usually results in overheating and destruction of the engine. The p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,297 | At sea level, the standard Raptor engine produces at a specific impulse of 327 seconds, increasing to 350 seconds in vacuum. Raptor Vacuum, used exclusively on the Starship upper stage, is modified with a regeneratively cooled nozzle extension made of brazed steel tubes, increasing its expansion ratio to about 90 and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,298 | Super Heavy is a first stage or booster stage, and forms the lower part of the rocket. The booster is tall, wide, and houses up to thirty-three Raptor engines optimized for sea level. The engines are arranged in concentric rings: three in the innermost ring, ten in the middle ring, and twenty in the outermost ring. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
21,299 | The booster's tanks can hold of propellant, consisting of of liquid oxygen and of liquid methane. Super Heavy uses of hydraulic fluid. The final design will have a dry mass between and , with the tanks weighing and the interstage . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59118602 |
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