doc_id int32 0 2.25M | text stringlengths 101 8.13k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|---|
22,200 | The world's primary source of caffeine is the coffee "bean" (the seed of the coffee plant), from which coffee is brewed. Caffeine content in coffee varies widely depending on the type of coffee bean and the method of preparation used; even beans within a given bush can show variations in concentration. In general, one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,201 | In general, dark-roast coffee has very slightly less caffeine than lighter roasts because the roasting process reduces caffeine content of the bean by a small amount. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,202 | Tea contains more caffeine than coffee by dry weight. A typical serving, however, contains much less, since less of the product is used as compared to an equivalent serving of coffee. Also contributing to caffeine content are growing conditions, processing techniques, and other variables. Thus, teas contain varying amo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,203 | Tea contains small amounts of theobromine and slightly higher levels of theophylline than coffee. Preparation and many other factors have a significant impact on tea, and color is a very poor indicator of caffeine content. Teas like the pale Japanese green tea, "gyokuro", for example, contain far more caffeine than muc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,204 | Caffeine is also a common ingredient of soft drinks, such as cola, originally prepared from kola nuts. Soft drinks typically contain 0 to 55 milligrams of caffeine per 12 ounce serving. By contrast, energy drinks, such as Red Bull, can start at 80 milligrams of caffeine per serving. The caffeine in these drinks either ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,205 | Chocolate derived from cocoa beans contains a small amount of caffeine. The weak stimulant effect of chocolate may be due to a combination of theobromine and theophylline, as well as caffeine. A typical 28-gram serving of a milk chocolate bar has about as much caffeine as a cup of decaffeinated coffee. By weight, dark ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,206 | Tablets offer several advantages over coffee, tea, and other caffeinated beverages, including convenience, known dosage, and avoidance of concomitant intake of sugar, acids, and fluids. A use of caffeine in this form is said to improve mental alertness. These tablets are commonly used by students studying for their exa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,207 | One U.S. company is marketing oral dissolvable caffeine strips. Another intake route is SpazzStick, a caffeinated lip balm. Alert Energy Caffeine Gum was introduced in the United States in 2013, but was voluntarily withdrawn after an announcement of an investigation by the FDA of the health effects of added caffeine in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,208 | There are several products being marketed that offer inhalers that deliver proprietary blends of supplements, with caffeine being a key ingredient. In 2012, the FDA sent a warning letter to one of the companies marketing these inhalers, expressing concerns for the lack of safety information available about inhaled caff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,209 | According to Chinese legend, the Chinese emperor Shennong, reputed to have reigned in about 3000 BCE, inadvertently discovered tea when he noted that when certain leaves fell into boiling water, a fragrant and restorative drink resulted. Shennong is also mentioned in Lu Yu's "Cha Jing", a famous early work on the subje... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,210 | The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee plant appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of the Yemen in southern Arabia. From Mocha, coffee spread to Egypt and North Africa, and by the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,211 | Kola nut use appears to have ancient origins. It is chewed in many West African cultures, in both private and social settings, to restore vitality and ease hunger pangs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,212 | The earliest evidence of cocoa bean use comes from residue found in an ancient Mayan pot dated to 600 BCE. Also, chocolate was consumed in a bitter and spicy drink called "xocolatl", often seasoned with vanilla, chile pepper, and achiote. "Xocolatl" was believed to fight fatigue, a belief probably attributable to the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,213 | "Xocolatl" was introduced to Europe by the Spaniards, and became a popular beverage by 1700. The Spaniards also introduced the cacao tree into the West Indies and the Philippines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,214 | The leaves and stems of the yaupon holly ("Ilex vomitoria") were used by Native Americans to brew a tea called "asi" or the "black drink". Archaeologists have found evidence of this use far into antiquity, possibly dating to Late Archaic times. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,215 | In 1819, the German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge isolated relatively pure caffeine for the first time; he called it ""Kaffebase"" (i.e., a base that exists in coffee). According to Runge, he did this at the behest of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. In 1821, caffeine was isolated both by the French chemist Pierre Jean ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,216 | Pelletier's article on caffeine was the first to use the term in print (in the French form "Caféine" from the French word for coffee: "café"). It corroborates Berzelius's account: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,217 | Robiquet was one of the first to isolate and describe the properties of pure caffeine, whereas Pelletier was the first to perform an elemental analysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,218 | In 1827, M. Oudry isolated "théine" from tea, but in 1838 it was proved by Mulder and by Carl Jobst that theine was actually the same as caffeine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,219 | In 1895, German chemist Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919) first synthesized caffeine from its chemical components (i.e. a "total synthesis"), and two years later, he also derived the structural formula of the compound. This was part of the work for which Fischer was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,220 | Because it was recognized that coffee contained some compound that acted as a stimulant, first coffee and later also caffeine has sometimes been subject to regulation. For example, in the 16th century Islamists in Mecca and in the Ottoman Empire made coffee illegal for some classes. Charles II of England tried to ban i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,221 | In 1911, caffeine became the focus of one of the earliest documented health scares, when the US government seized 40 barrels and 20 kegs of Coca-Cola syrup in Chattanooga, Tennessee, alleging the caffeine in its drink was "injurious to health". Although the Supreme Court later ruled in favor of Coca-Cola in "United Sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,222 | The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States currently allows only beverages containing less than 0.02% caffeine; but caffeine powder, which is sold as a dietary supplement, is unregulated. It is a regulatory requirement that the label of most prepackaged foods must declare a list of ingredients, includi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,223 | Global consumption of caffeine has been estimated at 120,000 tonnes per year, making it the world's most popular psychoactive substance. This amounts to an average of one serving of a caffeinated beverage for every person every day. The consumption of caffeine has remained stable between 1997 and 2015. Coffee, tea and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,224 | Until recently, the Seventh-day Adventist Church asked for its members to "abstain from caffeinated drinks", but has removed this from baptismal vows (while still recommending abstention as policy). Some from these religions believe that one is not supposed to consume a non-medical, psychoactive substance, or believe t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,225 | Gaudiya Vaishnavas generally also abstain from caffeine, because they believe it clouds the mind and overstimulates the senses. To be initiated under a guru, one must have had no caffeine, alcohol, nicotine or other drugs, for at least a year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,226 | Caffeinated beverages are widely consumed by Muslims today. In the 16th century, some Muslim authorities made unsuccessful attempts to ban them as forbidden "intoxicating beverages" under Islamic dietary laws. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,227 | Recently discovered bacteria "Pseudomonas putida" CBB5 can live on pure caffeine and can cleave caffeine into carbon dioxide and ammonia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,228 | Caffeine is toxic to birds and to dogs and cats, and has a pronounced adverse effect on mollusks, various insects, and spiders. This is at least partly due to a poor ability to metabolize the compound, causing higher levels for a given dose per unit weight. Caffeine has also been found to enhance the reward memory of h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6868 |
22,229 | The Kardashev scale (Russian: Шкала Кардашева, "Shkala Kardasheva") is a method of measuring a civilization's level of technological advancement based on the amount of energy it is able to use. The measure was proposed by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Kardashev in 1964. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,230 | The scale is hypothetical, and regards energy consumption on a cosmic scale. Various extensions of the scale have since been proposed, including a wider range of power levels (types 0, IV to VI) and the use of metrics other than pure power (e.g., computational growth). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,231 | Kardashev first outlined his scale in a paper presented at the 1964 Byurakan conference, a scientific meeting that reviewed the Soviet radio astronomy space listening program. This paper, entitled "Передача информации внеземными цивилизациями" (and then translated into English "Transmission of Information by Extraterre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,232 | The scale defined by Kardashev has been the subject of two main re-evaluations: that of Carl Sagan, who refines the types, and that of Michio Kaku, who discards the energy postulate in favor of the knowledge economy. Other debates on the nature of the different types have allowed many authors to question Kardashev's or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,233 | The framework for the search for and detection of advanced civilizations was constructed and theorized during the conference held in 1964 in Armenia, at the Byurakan astrophysical observatory. Starting from a functional definition of civilization, based on the immutability of physical laws and using the human civilizat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,234 | The hypothetical classification known as the Kardashev scale distinguishes three stages of evolution of civilizations according to the double criterion of the access and the use of the energy. The purpose of this classification is to guide the search for extraterrestrial civilizations, particularly within SETI, in whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,235 | Kardashev's classification is based on the assumption of a growth rate of 1% per year. Kardashev believes that it will take humanity 3,200 years to reach Type II, and 5,800 years to reach Type III. These types are thus separated from each other by a growth rate of several billion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,236 | A civilization "close to the level presently attained on Earth, with energy consumption at ≈4 erg/sec" (4 watts). A Type I civilization is usually defined as one that can harness all the energy that reaches its home planet from its parent star (for Earth, this value is around 2 watts), which is about four orders of mag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,237 | A civilization capable of harnessing the energy radiated by its own large star—for example, by means of the successful completion of a Dyson sphere or Matrioshka brain—with energy consumption at ≈4 erg/sec. Lemarchand defined civilizations of this type as being capable of using and channeling the entire radiation outpu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,238 | A civilization in possession of energy at the scale of its own galaxy, with energy consumption at ≈4 erg/sec. Lemarchand defined civilizations of this type as having access to power comparable to the luminosity of the entire Milky Way galaxy, about 4 erg/sec (4 watts). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,239 | Kardashev believed that a Type 4 civilization was impossible, so he did not go past Type 3. However, new types (0, IV, V, VI) have been proposed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,240 | At the current time, humanity has not yet reached Type I civilization status. Physicist and futurist Michio Kaku suggested that, if humans increase their energy consumption at an average rate of 3 percent each year, they may attain Type I status in 100–200 years, Type II status in a few thousand years, and Type III sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,241 | Carl Sagan suggested defining intermediate values (not considered in Kardashev's original scale) by interpolating and extrapolating the values given above for types I ( W), II ( W) and III ( W), which would produce the formula | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,242 | where value "K" is a civilization's Kardashev rating and "P" is the power it uses, in watts. Using this extrapolation, a "Type 0" civilization, not defined by Kardashev, would control about 1 MW of power (e.g. the food consumption of about 10,000 persons), and humanity's civilization type as of 1973 was about 0.7 (appa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,243 | In 2021, the total world energy consumption was 5951.15 exajoules (165,319 TWh), equivalent to an average power consumption of 18.87 TW or 0.73 (to 2 s.f.) on Sagan's interpolated Kardashev scale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,244 | In 2015, a study of galactic mid-infrared emissions came to the conclusion that "Kardashev Type-III civilizations are either very rare or do not exist in the local Universe". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,245 | In 2016, Paul Gilster, author of the Centauri Dreams website, described a signal apparently from the star HD 164595 as requiring the power of a Type I or Type II civilization, if produced by extraterrestrial lifeforms. However, in August 2016 it was discovered that the signal's origin was most likely a military satelli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,246 | There are many historical examples of human civilization undergoing large-scale transitions, such as the Industrial Revolution. The transition between Kardashev scale levels could potentially represent similarly dramatic periods of social upheaval since they entail surpassing the hard limits of the resources available ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,247 | The limitation of biological life-forms and the evolution of computing technology may lead to the transformation of the civilization through mind uploading and artificial general intelligence in general during the transition from Type I to Type II, leading to a digitalized civilization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,248 | Other proposed changes to the scale use different metrics such as 'mastery' of systems, amount of information used, or progress in control of the very small as opposed to the very large: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=140271 |
22,249 | The "Nimitz" class is a class of ten nuclear-powered aircraft carriers in service with the United States Navy. The lead ship of the class is named after World War II United States Pacific Fleet commander Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, who was the last living U.S. Navy officer to hold the rank. With an overall length ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,250 | Instead of the gas turbines or diesel-electric systems used for propulsion on many modern warships, the carriers use two A4W pressurized water reactors which drive four propeller shafts and can produce a maximum speed of over and maximum power of around . As a result of the use of nuclear power, the ships are capable o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,251 | All ten carriers were constructed by Newport News Shipbuilding Company in Virginia. , the lead ship of the class, was commissioned on 3 May 1975, and , the tenth and last of the class, was commissioned on 10 January 2009. Since the 1970s, "Nimitz"-class carriers have participated in many conflicts and operations across... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,252 | The angled flight decks of the carriers use a CATOBAR arrangement to operate aircraft, with steam catapults and arrestor wires for launch and recovery. As well as speeding up flight deck operations, this allows for a much wider variety of aircraft than with the STOVL arrangement used on smaller carriers. An embarked ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,253 | The "Nimitz"-class aircraft carriers have a length of overall and at the waterline, with a beam of overall and at the waterline; the individual ships have slight variations in their dimensions. They were initially designed with a full-load displacement of and a draft of but the ships would be delivered several thousand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,254 | The "Nimitz"-class aircraft carriers were ordered to supplement the aircraft carriers of the and es, maintaining the strength and capability of the U.S. Navy after the older carriers were decommissioned. The ships were designed to be improvements on previous U.S. aircraft carriers, in particular the "Enterprise" and su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,255 | The U.S. Navy has stated that the carriers could withstand three times the damage sustained by the inflicted by Japanese air attacks during World War II. The hangars on the ships are divided into three fire bays by thick steel doors that are designed to restrict the spread of fire. This addition has been present on U.S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,256 | The first ships were designed around the time of the Vietnam War, and certain aspects of the design were influenced by operations there. To a certain extent, the carrier operations in Vietnam demonstrated the need for increased capabilities of aircraft carriers over their survivability, as they were used to send sortie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,257 | A major purpose of the ships was initially to support the U.S. military during the Cold War, and they were designed with capabilities for that role, including using nuclear power instead of oil for greater endurance when deployed in blue water, and the ability to make adjustments to the carriers' weapons systems on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,258 | Because of a design flaw, ships of this class have inherent lists to starboard when under combat loads that exceed the capability of their list control systems. The problem appears to be especially prevalent on some of the more modern vessels. This problem has been previously rectified by using damage control voids for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,259 | All ten "Nimitz"-class carriers were constructed between 1968 and 2006 at Newport News Shipbuilding, in Newport News, Virginia. The first three units of the class were erected in dry dock 11, the other 7 ships were constructed in the largest drydock in the western hemisphere, dry dock 12, now long after a recent expans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,260 | Beginning with , the aircraft carriers were manufactured with modular construction. This means that whole sections could be welded together with plumbing and electrical equipment already fitted, improving efficiency. Using gantry cranes, the modules were lifted into the dry dock and welded. In the case of the bow secti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,261 | All ships of the class are powered by two A4W nuclear reactors, housed in separate compartments. The resulting steam spins four propeller shafts, producing a maximum speed of over and maximum power of . The reactors produce heat through nuclear fission which heats water. This is then passed through four turbines which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,262 | The "Nimitz"-class ships constructed since also have bulbous bows in order to improve speed and fuel efficiency by reducing wave-making resistance. As a result of the use of nuclear power, the ships are capable of operating continuously for over 20 years without refueling and are predicted to have a service life of ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,263 | In addition to the aircraft carried on board, the ships carry defensive equipment for use against missiles and hostile aircraft. These consist of either two or three NATO RIM-7 Sea Sparrow or RIM-162 Evolved SeaSparrow Missile Mk 29 missile launchers designed for defense against aircraft and anti-ship missiles, as well... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,264 | The other countermeasures the ships use are four Sippican SRBOC (super rapid bloom off-board chaff) six-barrel MK36 decoy launchers, which deploy infrared Flare (countermeasure) and chaff to disrupt the sensors of incoming missiles; an SSTDS torpedo defense system; and an AN/SLQ-25 Nixie torpedo countermeasures system.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,265 | The presence of nuclear weapons on board U.S. aircraft carriers since the end of the Cold War has neither been confirmed nor denied by the U.S. government. As a result of this, the presence of a U.S. aircraft carrier in a foreign port has occasionally provoked protest from local people, for example, when "Nimitz" visit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,266 | In May 2013, "George H.W. Bush" conducted the first carrier-borne end-to-end at-sea test of the Surface Ship Torpedo Defense System (SSTDS). The SSTDS combined the passive detection of the Torpedo Warning System (TWS) that finds, classifies, and tracks torpedoes with the hard-kill capability of a Countermeasure Anti-To... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,267 | In order for a carrier to deploy, it must embark one of ten Carrier Air Wings (CVW). The carriers can accommodate a maximum of 130 F/A-18 Hornets or 85–90 aircraft of different types, but current numbers are typically 64 aircraft. Although the air wings are integrated with the operation of the carriers they are deploye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,268 | A typical carrier air wing can include 24–36 F/A-18E or F Super Hornets as strike fighters; two squadrons of 10–12 F/A-18C Hornets, with one of these often provided by the U.S. Marine Corps (VMFA), also as strike fighters; 4–6 EA-18G Growlers for electronic warfare; 4–6 E-2C or D Hawkeyes for airborne early warning (AE... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,269 | The flight deck is angled at nine degrees, which allows for aircraft to be launched and recovered simultaneously. This angle of the flight deck was reduced slightly in relation to previous carriers, as the current design improves the air flow around the carrier. Four steam catapults are used to launch fixed-wing aircra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,270 | This CATOBAR arrangement allows for faster launching and recovery as well as a much wider range of aircraft that can be used on board compared with smaller aircraft carriers, most of which use a simpler STOVL arrangement without catapults or arrestor wires. The ship's aircraft operations are controlled by the air boss ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,271 | When an aircraft carrier deploys, it takes a Carrier Strike Group (CSG), made up of several other warships and supply vessels that allow the operation to be carried out. The armament of the "Nimitz" class is made up only of short-range defensive weapons, used as a last line of defense against enemy missiles and aircraf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,272 | As a result of its target value and vulnerability, aircraft carriers are always escorted by at least one submarine for protection. The other vessels in the Strike Group provide additional capabilities, such as long-range Tomahawk missiles or the Aegis Combat System, and also protect the carrier from attack. A typical S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,273 | While the designs of the final seven ships, beginning with "Theodore Roosevelt", are slightly different from those of the earlier ships, the U.S. Navy considers all ten carriers as a single class. When the older carriers come in for Refueling and Complex Overhaul (RCOH), their nuclear power plants are refueled and they... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,274 | The ships were initially classified only as attack carriers but have been constructed with anti-submarine capabilities since "Carl Vinson". These improvements include more advanced radar systems and facilities which enable the ships to operate aircraft in a more effective anti-submarine warfare role, including the fitt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,275 | "Theodore Roosevelt" and later carriers have slight structural differences from the earlier "Nimitz" carriers such as improved protection for ordnance stored in their magazines. Other improvements include upgraded flight deck ballistic protection, first installed on "George Washington", and the high-strength low-alloy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,276 | The final carrier of the class, "George H.W. Bush", was designed as a "transition ship" from the "Nimitz" class to the replacement . "George H.W. Bush" incorporates new technologies including improved propeller and bulbous bow designs, a reduced radar cross-section and electronic and environmental upgrades, the ship's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,277 | One of the first major operations in which the ships were involved was Operation Eagle Claw launched by "Nimitz" in 1980 after she had deployed to the Indian Ocean in response to the taking of hostages in the U.S. embassy in Tehran. Although initially part of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, "Dwight D. Eisenhower" relieved "Ni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,278 | The two most significant deployments the "Nimitz" class was involved in during the 1990s were the Gulf War and its aftermath, and Operation Southern Watch in southern Iraq. All active vessels were engaged in both of these to some extent, with Operation Southern Watch continuing until 2003. Most carriers in operation in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,279 | Throughout the 1990s and more recently, "Nimitz"-class carriers have been deployed as part of humanitarian missions. While deployed in the Gulf War, "Abraham Lincoln" was diverted to the Pacific Ocean to participate alongside 22 other ships in Operation Fiery Vigil, evacuating civilians following the eruption of Mount ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,280 | "Theodore Roosevelt" flew patrols in support of the Kurds over northern Iraq as part of Operation Provide Comfort in 1991. In 1996, "George Washington" played a peacekeeping role in Operation Decisive Endeavor in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1999, "Theodore Roosevelt" was called to the Ionian Sea to support Operation All... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,281 | "Harry S. Truman"s maiden deployment was in November 2000. The carrier's air wing flew 869 combat sorties in support of Operation Southern Watch, including a strike on Iraqi air defense sites on 16 February 2001, in response to Iraqi surface-to-air missile fire against United Nations coalition forces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,282 | After the September 11 attacks, "Carl Vinson" and "Theodore Roosevelt" were among the first warships to participate in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. "Carl Vinson" sailed towards the Persian Gulf intending to support Operation Southern Watch in July 2001. This changed in response to the attacks, and the shi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,283 | Following the attacks, "John C. Stennis" and "George Washington" participated in Operation Noble Eagle, carrying out homeland security operations off the West Coast of the United States. All active ships have been involved to some extent in Iraq and Afghanistan since that time. This included the invasion in 2003, as we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,284 | The carriers have also provided aid after natural disasters. In 2005, "Abraham Lincoln" supported Operation Unified Assistance in Indonesia after the December 2004 tsunami, and "Harry S. Truman" provided aid after Hurricane Katrina later in 2005. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,285 | The "Ronald Reagan" Carrier Strike Group performed humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations in the Philippines in June 2008 after Typhoon Fengshen, which killed hundreds from the central island regions and the main island of Luzon. In January 2010 "Carl Vinson" operated off Haiti, providing aid and drinki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,286 | In order to refuel their nuclear power plants, the carriers each undergo a Refueling and Overhaul (RCOH) once in their service lives. This is also the most substantial overhaul the ships undergo while in service and involves bringing the vessels' equipment up to the standards of the newest ships. The ship is placed in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,287 | Because of their status as the largest warships in the U.S. Navy, the deployment of an aircraft carrier can fulfill a symbolic role, not just in terms of a deterrent to an enemy, but often as a diplomatic tool, in strengthening relations with allies and potential allies. The latter of these functions can take place eit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,288 | On 26 May 1981, an EA-6B Prowler crashed on the flight deck of "Nimitz", killing 14 crewmen and injuring 45 others. Forensic testing of the personnel involved showed that several tested positive for marijuana. While this in itself was not found to have directly caused the crash, the findings of the investigation prompt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,289 | In cases of ditched aircraft, pilots have been able to eject safely in several cases. However, fatal aircraft crashes have occurred; in 1994, Lieutenant Kara Hultgreen, the first female F-14 Tomcat pilot, was killed while attempting to land on board "Abraham Lincoln" during a training exercise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,290 | Fires have also caused damage to the ships; in May 2008, while rotating through to her new homeport at Yokosuka Naval Base in Yokosuka, Japan, "George Washington" suffered a serious fire which cost $70 million in repairs, injured 37 sailors and led to the ship undergoing three months of repairs at San Diego; this led t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,291 | "Nimitz"-class carriers were initially designed to have a 50-year service life. At the end of their service life, ships will be decommissioned. This process will first take place on "Nimitz" and is estimated to cost from $750 to $900 million. This compares with an estimate of $53 million for a conventionally powered ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,292 | A new class of carriers, the "Gerald R. Ford" class, is being constructed to replace previous vessels after decommissioning. Ten of these are expected, and the first has entered service as of 22 July 2017 to replace . Most of the rest of these new carriers are to replace the oldest "Nimitz" ships as they reach the end ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,293 | The Navy reported in early 2022 that they were conducting a study to determine if the "Nimitz"-class carrier lives could be extended to as long as 55 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=181160 |
22,294 | The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in zero-sum games such as chess. It is named after its creator Arpad Elo, a Hungarian-American physics professor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,295 | The Elo system was invented as an improved chess-rating system over the previously used Harkness system, but is also used as a rating system in association football, American football, baseball, basketball, pool, table tennis, and various board games and esports. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,296 | The difference in the ratings between two players serves as a predictor of the outcome of a match. Two players with equal ratings who play against each other are expected to score an equal number of wins. A player whose rating is 100 points greater than their opponent's is expected to score 64%; if the difference is 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,297 | A player's Elo rating is represented by a number which may change depending on the outcome of rated games played. After every game, the winning player takes points from the losing one. The difference between the ratings of the winner and loser determines the total number of points gained or lost after a game. If the hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,298 | Elo ratings are comparative only, and are valid only within the rating pool in which they were calculated, rather than being an absolute measure of a player's strength. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
22,299 | Arpad Elo was a master-level chess player and an active participant in the United States Chess Federation (USCF) from its founding in 1939. The USCF used a numerical ratings system, devised by Kenneth Harkness, to allow members to track their individual progress in terms other than tournament wins and losses. The Harkn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70421 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.