doc_id int32 0 2.25M | text stringlengths 101 8.13k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|---|
22,400 | In August 2020, Mozilla laid off 250 of its 1,000 employees worldwide as part of a corporate restructuring caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The team behind Servo, a browser engine written in Rust, was completely disbanded. The event raised concerns about the future of Rust, as some members of the team were active contr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,401 | On February 8, 2021, the formation of the Rust Foundation was announced by its five founding companies (AWS, Huawei, Google, Microsoft, and Mozilla). In a blog post published on April 6, 2021, Google announced support for Rust within Android Open Source Project as an alternative to C/C++. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,402 | On November 22, 2021, the Moderation team, responsible for enforcing community standards and the Code of Conduct, announced their resignation "in protest of the Core Team placing themselves unaccountable to anyone but themselves." In May 2022, the Rust core team, other leads, and certain members of the Rust Foundation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,403 | Below is a "Hello, World!" program in Rust. The keyword is used to denote a function, and the codice_1 macro prints the message to standard output. Statements in Rust are separated by semicolons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,404 | In Rust, blocks of code are delimited by curly brackets, and control flow is annotated with keywords such as codice_2, codice_3, codice_4, and codice_5. Pattern matching is provided using the keyword. In the examples below, explanations are given in comments, which start with . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,405 | Despite its syntactic resemblance to C and C++, Rust is more significantly influenced by functional programming languages, including Standard ML, OCaml, Haskell, and Erlang. For example, nearly every part of a function body is an expression, even control flow operators. The ordinary codice_2 expression also takes the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,406 | Rust is strongly typed and statically typed: all types of variables must be known during compilation, and assigning a value of a different type to a variable will result in a compilation error. The default integer type is , and the default floating point type is . If the type of a literal number is not explicitly provi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,407 | Unlike other languages, Rust does not use null pointers to indicate a lack of data, as doing so can lead to accidental dereferencing. Therefore, in order to uphold its safety guarantees, it is impossible to dereference null pointers unless the code block is manually checked and explicitly declared unsafe through the us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,408 | More advanced features in Rust include the use of generic functions to reduce duplicate code. This capability is called parametric polymorphism. The following is a Rust program to calculate the sum of two things, for which addition is implemented using a generic function: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,409 | At compile-time, polymorphic functions like codice_17 are instantiated with the specific types that are needed by the code (in this case, sum of integers and sum of floats). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,410 | Generics can be used in functions to allow implementing a behavior for different types without repeating the same code. Generic functions can be written in relation to other generics, without knowing the actual type. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,411 | Rust's ownership system consists of rules that ensure memory safety without using a garbage collector. In the system, each value in Rust must be attached to a variable called the owner of that value, and every value must have exactly one owner. Values are moved between different owners through assignment or passing a v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,412 | "Lifetimes" are a usually implicit part of all reference types in Rust. Each particular lifetime encompasses a set of locations in the code for which a variable is valid. The borrow checker in the Rust compiler uses lifetimes to ensure that the values pointed to by a reference remain valid. It also ensures that a mutab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,413 | Rust defines the relationship between the lifetimes of the objects used and created by functions as part of their signature using "lifetime parameters". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,414 | When a stack variable or temporary goes out of scope, it is "dropped" by running its destructor. The destructor may be programmatically defined through the codice_18 function. This structure enforces the so-called resource acquisition is initialization (RAII) design pattern, in which resources, like file descriptors or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,415 | The example below parses some configuration options from a string and creates a struct containing the options. The struct only contains references to the data, so for the struct to remain valid, the data referred to by the struct needs to be valid as well. The function signature for codice_19 specifies this relationshi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,416 | // This struct has one lifetime parameter, 'src. The name is only used within the struct's definition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,417 | // This function also has a lifetime parameter, 'cfg. 'cfg is attached to the "config" parameter, which | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,418 | Rust aims to support concurrent systems programming, which has inspired a feature set with an emphasis on safety, control of memory layout, and concurrency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,419 | Rust is designed to be memory safe. It does not permit null pointers, dangling pointers, or data races. Data values can be initialized only through a fixed set of forms, all of which require their inputs to be already initialized. To replicate pointers being either valid or codice_20, such as in linked list or binary t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,420 | Rust does not use automated garbage collection. Memory and other resources are managed through the "resource acquisition is initialization" convention, with optional reference counting. Rust provides deterministic management of resources, with very low overhead. Values are allocated on the stack by default and all dyna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,421 | The built-in reference types using the codice_24 symbol do not involve run-time reference counting. The safety and validity of the underlying pointers is verified at compile time, preventing dangling pointers and other forms of undefined behavior. Rust's type system separates shared, immutable references of the form co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,422 | Rust's type system supports a mechanism called traits, inspired by type classes in the Haskell language, to define shared behavior between different types. For example, floats and integers both implement the codice_27 trait because they can both be added; and any type that can be converted to a string implements the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,423 | Rust uses type inference for variables declared with the keyword codice_30. Such variables do not require a value to be initially assigned to determine their type. A compile time error results if any branch of code leaves the variable without an assignment. Variables assigned multiple times must be marked with the keyw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,424 | A function can be given generic parameters, which allows the same function to be applied to different types. Generic functions can constrain the generic type to implement a particular trait or traits; for example, an codice_32 function might require the type to implement codice_27. This means that a generic function ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,425 | In Rust, user-defined types are created with the codice_35 or codice_36 keywords. The codice_35 keyword is used to denote a record type that groups multiple related values. codice_36s can take on different variants in runtime, with its capabilities similiar to algebraic data types found in functional programming langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,426 | The type system within Rust is based around implementations, traits and structured types. Implementations fulfill a role similar to that of classes within other languages and are defined with the keyword codice_39. Traits provide inheritance and polymorphism; they allow methods to be defined and mixed in to implementat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,427 | Rust uses linear types, where each value is used exactly once, to enforce type safety. This enables software fault isolation with a low overhead. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,428 | Rust traits are implemented using static dispatch, meaning that the type of all values is known at compile time; however, Rust also uses a feature known as "trait objects" to accomplish dynamic dispatch (also known as duck typing). Dynamically dispatched trait objects are declared using the syntax codice_47 where codic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,429 | A declarative macro (also called a "macro by example") is a macro that uses pattern matching to determine its expansion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,430 | Procedural macros use Rust functions that are compiled before other components to run and modify the compiler's input token stream. They are generally more flexible than declarative macros, but are more difficult to maintain due to their complexity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,431 | The codice_1 macro is an example of a function-like macro and codice_55 is a commonly used library for generating code | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,432 | for reading and writing data in many formats such as JSON. Attribute macros are commonly used for language bindings such as the codice_56 library for Rust bindings to R. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,433 | Rust has a foreign function interface (FFI) that can be used both to call code written in languages such as C from Rust and to call Rust code from those languages. Rust also has a library, CXX, for calling to or from C++. Rust and C differ in how they lay out structs in memory, so Rust structs may be given a codice_60 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,434 | Besides the compiler and standard library, the Rust ecosystem includes additional components for software development. Component installation is typically managed by , a Rust toolchain installer developed by the Rust project. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,435 | The Rust standard library is split into three crates: , , and . When a project is annotated with the crate-level attribute , the crate is excluded. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,436 | Cargo is Rust's build system and package manager. Cargo downloads, compiles, distributes, and uploads packages, called "crates", maintained in the official registry. Cargo also acts as a front-end for Clippy and other Rust components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,437 | By default, Cargo sources its dependencies from the user-contributed registry "crates.io", but Git repositories and crates in the local filesystem and other external sources can be specified as dependencies, too. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,438 | Rustfmt is a code formatter for Rust. It takes Rust source code as input and changes the whitespace and indentation to produce code formatted in accordance to a common style unless specified otherwise. Rustfmt can be invoked as a standalone program or on a Rust project through Cargo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,439 | Clippy is Rust's built-in linting tool to improve the correctness, performance, and readability of Rust code. It was created in 2014 and named after the eponymous Microsoft Office feature. As of 2021, Clippy has more than 450 rules, which can be browsed online and filtered by category. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,440 | Following Rust 1.0, new features are developed in "nightly" versions which release on a daily basis. During each release cycle of six weeks, changes on nightly versions are released to beta, while changes from the previous beta version are released to a new stable version. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,441 | Every three years, a new "edition" is produced. Editions are released to provide an easy reference point for changes due to the frequent nature of Rust's "train release schedule," and to provide a window to make limited breaking changes. Editions are largely compatible and migration to a new edition is assisted with au... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,442 | The most popular language server for Rust is "rust-analyzer". The original language server, "RLS" was officially deprecated in favor of "rust-analyzer" in July 2022. These projects provide IDEs and text editors with more information about a Rust project, with basic features including autocompletion, and display of comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,443 | Rust aims "to be as efficient and portable as idiomatic C++, without sacrificing safety". Rust does not perform garbage collection, which allows it to be more efficient and performant than other memory-safe languages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,444 | Rust provides two "modes": safe and unsafe. The safe mode is the "normal" one, in which most Rust is written. In unsafe mode, the developer is responsible for the correctness of the code, making it possible to create applications which require low-level features. It has been demonstrated empirically that unsafe Rust is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,445 | Many of Rust's features are so-called "zero-cost abstractions", meaning they are optimized away at compile time and incur no runtime penalty. The ownership and borrowing system permits zero-copy implementations for some performance-sensitive tasks, such as parsing. Static dispatch is used by default to eliminate method... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,446 | Since Rust utilizes LLVM, any performance improvements in LLVM also carry over to Rust. Unlike C and C++, Rust allows re-organizing struct and enum element ordering. This can be done to reduce the size of structures in memory, for better memory alignment, and to improve cache access efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,447 | According to the Stack Overflow Developer Survey in 2022, 9% of respondents have recently done extensive development in Rust. The survey has additionally named Rust the "most loved programming language" every year from 2016 to 2022 (inclusive), a ranking based on the number of current developers who express an interest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,448 | Rust has been adopted for components at a number of major software companies, including Amazon, Discord, Dropbox, Facebook (Meta), Google (Alphabet), and Microsoft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,449 | Rust's official website lists online forums, messaging platforms, and in-person meetups for the Rust community. Conferences dedicated to Rust development include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,450 | The Rust Foundation is a non-profit membership organization incorporated in United States, with the primary purposes of backing the technical project as a legal entity and helping to manage the trademark and infrastructure assets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,451 | It was established on February 8, 2021, with five founding corporate members (Amazon Web Services, Huawei, Google, Microsoft, and Mozilla). The foundation's board is chaired by Shane Miller. Starting in late 2021, its Executive Director and CEO is Rebecca Rumbul. Prior to this, Ashley Williams was interim executive dir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,452 | The Rust project is composed of "teams" that are responsible for different subareas of the development. For example, the Core team is responsible for "managing the overall direction of Rust, subteam leadership, and any cross-cutting issues," the Compiler team is responsible for "developing and managing compiler interna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29414838 |
22,453 | Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,454 | Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products. It is mainly collected by downward displacement of both air and water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,455 | Although common in nature—both terrestrially and in the outer planets of the Solar System—and in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous in its concentrated form. In many countries it is classified as an extremely hazardous substance, and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,456 | The global industrial production of ammonia in 2018 was 175 million tonnes, with no significant change relative to the 2013 global industrial production of 175 million tonnes. In 2021 this was 235 million tonnes, with very little being made within the United States. Industrial ammonia is sold either as ammonia liquor (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,457 | For fundamental reasons, the production of ammonia from the elements hydrogen and nitrogen is difficult, requiring high pressures and high temperatures. The Haber process that enabled industrial production was invented at the beginning of the 20th century, revolutionizing agriculture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,458 | Pliny, in Book XXXI of his Natural History, refers to a salt named "hammoniacum", so called because of its proximity to the nearby Temple of Jupiter Amun (Greek Ἄμμων "Ammon") in the Roman province of Cyrenaica. However, the description Pliny gives of the salt does not conform to the properties of ammonium chloride. Ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,459 | Ammonia is a chemical found in trace quantities in nature, being produced from nitrogenous animal and vegetable matter. Ammonia and ammonium salts are also found in small quantities in rainwater, whereas ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac), and ammonium sulfate are found in volcanic districts. Crystals of ammonium bicarbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,460 | Ammonia is also found throughout the Solar System on Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, among other places: on smaller, icy bodies such as Pluto, ammonia can act as a geologically important antifreeze, as a mixture of water and ammonia can have a melting point as low as if the ammonia concentration is h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,461 | Ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristically pungent smell. It is lighter than air, its density being 0.589 times that of air. It is easily liquefied due to the strong hydrogen bonding between molecules. Gaseous ammonia turns to the colourless liquid which boils at , and freezes to colourless crystals at . Few... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,462 | The crystal symmetry is cubic, Pearson symbol cP16, space group P23 No.198, lattice constant 0.5125 nm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,463 | Liquid ammonia possesses strong ionising powers reflecting its high ε of 22. Liquid ammonia has a very high standard enthalpy change of vaporization (23.35 kJ/mol, for comparison water 40.65 kJ/mol, methane 8.19 kJ/mol, phosphine 14.6 kJ/mol) and can therefore be used in laboratories in uninsulated vessels without addi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,464 | Ammonia readily dissolves in water. In an aqueous solution, it can be expelled by boiling. The aqueous solution of ammonia is basic. The maximum concentration of ammonia in water (a saturated solution) has a density of 0.880 g/cm and is often known as '.880 ammonia'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,465 | Ammonia does not burn readily or sustain combustion, except under narrow fuel-to-air mixtures of 15–25% air. When mixed with oxygen, it burns with a pale yellowish-green flame. Ignition occurs when chlorine is passed into ammonia, forming nitrogen and hydrogen chloride; if chlorine is present in excess, then the highly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,466 | At high temperature and in the presence of a suitable catalyst or in a pressurized vessel with constant volume and high temperature (e.g. ), ammonia is decomposed into its constituent elements. Decomposition of ammonia is a slightly endothermic process requiring 23 kJ/mol (5.5 kcal/mol) of ammonia, and yields hydrogen ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,467 | The ammonia molecule has a trigonal pyramidal shape as predicted by the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory) with an experimentally determined bond angle of 106.7°. The central nitrogen atom has five outer electrons with an additional electron from each hydrogen atom. This gives a total of eight ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,468 | The ammonia molecule readily undergoes nitrogen inversion at room temperature; a useful analogy is an umbrella turning itself inside out in a strong wind. The energy barrier to this inversion is 24.7 kJ/mol, and the resonance frequency is 23.79 GHz, corresponding to microwave radiation of a wavelength of 1.260 cm. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,469 | One of the most characteristic properties of ammonia is its basicity. Ammonia is considered to be a weak base. It combines with acids to form ammonium salts; thus with hydrochloric acid it forms ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac); with nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, etc. Perfectly dry ammonia gas will not combine with pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,470 | As a demonstration experiment under air with ambient moisture, opened bottles of concentrated ammonia and hydrochloric acid solutions produce a cloud of ammonium chloride, which seems to appear "out of nothing" as the salt aerosol forms where the two diffusing clouds of reagents meet between the two bottles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,471 | The salts produced by the action of ammonia on acids are known as the and all contain the ammonium ion (). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,472 | Although ammonia is well known as a weak base, it can also act as an extremely weak acid. It is a protic substance and is capable of formation of amides (which contain the ion). For example, lithium dissolves in liquid ammonia to give a blue solution (solvated electron) of lithium amide: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,473 | Ammonia often functions as a weak base, so it has some buffering ability. Shifts in pH will cause more or fewer ammonium cations () and amide anions () to be present in solution. At standard pressure and temperature, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,474 | The standard enthalpy change of combustion, Δ"H"°, expressed per mole of ammonia and with condensation of the water formed, is −382.81 kJ/mol. Dinitrogen is the thermodynamic product of combustion: all nitrogen oxides are unstable with respect to and , which is the principle behind the catalytic converter. Nitrogen oxi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,475 | The combustion of ammonia in air is very difficult in the absence of a catalyst (such as platinum gauze or warm chromium(III) oxide), due to the relatively low heat of combustion, a lower laminar burning velocity, high auto-ignition temperature, high heat of vaporization, and a narrow flammability range. However, recen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,476 | In organic chemistry, ammonia can act as a nucleophile in substitution reactions. Amines can be formed by the reaction of ammonia with alkyl halides or with alcohols. The resulting − group is also nucleophilic so secondary and tertiary amines are often formed. When such multiple substitution is not desired, an excess o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,477 | Amides can be prepared by the reaction of ammonia with carboxylic acid derivatives. For example, ammonia reacts with formic acid (HCOOH) to yield formamide () when heated. Acyl chlorides are the most reactive, but the ammonia must be present in at least a twofold excess to neutralise the hydrogen chloride formed. Ester... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,478 | The hydrogen in ammonia is susceptible to replacement by a myriad of substituents. When dry ammonia gas is heated with metallic sodium it converts to sodamide, . With chlorine, monochloramine is formed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,479 | Pentavalent ammonia is known as λ-amine or, more commonly, ammonium hydride . This crystalline solid is only stable under high pressure and decomposes back into trivalent ammonia (λ-amine) and hydrogen gas at normal conditions. This substance was once investigated as a possible solid rocket fuel in 1966. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,480 | Ammonia can act as a ligand in transition metal complexes. It is a pure σ-donor, in the middle of the spectrochemical series, and shows intermediate hard–soft behaviour (see also ECW model). Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by C-B plots. For historical r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,481 | Ammine complexes of chromium(III) were known in the late 19th century, and formed the basis of Alfred Werner's revolutionary theory on the structure of coordination compounds. Werner noted only two isomers ("fac"- and "mer"-) of the complex could be formed, and concluded the ligands must be arranged around the metal io... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,482 | An ammine ligand bound to a metal ion is markedly more acidic than a free ammonia molecule, although deprotonation in aqueous solution is still rare. One example is the Calomel reaction, where the resulting amidomercury(II) compound is highly insoluble. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,483 | Ammonia forms 1:1 adducts with a variety of Lewis acids such as , phenol, and . Ammonia is a hard base (HSAB theory) and its E & C parameters are E = 2.31 and C = 2.04. Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by C-B plots. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,484 | Ammonia and ammonium salts can be readily detected, in very minute traces, by the addition of Nessler's solution, which gives a distinct yellow colouration in the presence of the slightest trace of ammonia or ammonium salts. The amount of ammonia in ammonium salts can be estimated quantitatively by distillation of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,485 | Sulfur sticks are burnt to detect small leaks in industrial ammonia refrigeration systems. Larger quantities can be detected by warming the salts with a caustic alkali or with quicklime, when the characteristic smell of ammonia will be at once apparent. Ammonia is an irritant and irritation increases with concentration... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,486 | Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH-N) is a measure commonly used for testing the quantity of ammonium ions, derived naturally from ammonia, and returned to ammonia via organic processes, in water or waste liquids. It is a measure used mainly for quantifying values in waste treatment and water purification systems, as well as a me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,487 | The ancient Greek historian Herodotus mentioned that there were outcrops of salt in an area of Libya that was inhabited by a people called the "Ammonians" (now: the Siwa oasis in northwestern Egypt, where salt lakes still exist). The Greek geographer Strabo also mentioned the salt from this region. However, the ancient... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,488 | The fermentation of urine by bacteria produces a solution of ammonia; hence fermented urine was used in Classical Antiquity to wash cloth and clothing, to remove hair from hides in preparation for tanning, to serve as a mordant in dying cloth, and to remove rust from iron. It was also used by ancient dentists to wash t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,489 | In the form of sal ammoniac "(نشادر, nushadir)", ammonia was important to the Muslim alchemists. It was mentioned in the "Book of Stones", likely written in the 9th century and attributed to Jābir ibn Hayyān. It was also important to the European alchemists of the 13th century, being mentioned by Albertus Magnus. It wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,490 | Gaseous ammonia was first isolated by Joseph Black in 1756 by reacting "sal ammoniac" (ammonium chloride) with "calcined magnesia" (magnesium oxide). It was isolated again by Peter Woulfe in 1767, by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1770 and by Joseph Priestley in 1773 and was termed by him "alkaline air". Eleven years later in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,491 | The Haber–Bosch process to produce ammonia from the nitrogen in the air was developed by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch in 1909 and patented in 1910. It was first used on an industrial scale in Germany during World War I, following the allied blockade that cut off the supply of nitrates from Chile. The ammonia was used to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,492 | Before the availability of natural gas, hydrogen as a precursor to ammonia production was produced via the electrolysis of water or using the chloralkali process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,493 | With the advent of the steel industry in the 20th century, ammonia became a byproduct of the production of coking coal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,494 | Liquid ammonia is the best-known and most widely studied nonaqueous ionising solvent. Its most conspicuous property is its ability to dissolve alkali metals to form highly coloured, electrically conductive solutions containing solvated electrons. Apart from these remarkable solutions, much of the chemistry in liquid am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,495 | Liquid ammonia is an ionising solvent, although less so than water, and dissolves a range of ionic compounds, including many nitrates, nitrites, cyanides, thiocyanates, metal cyclopentadienyl complexes and metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides. Most ammonium salts are soluble and act as acids in liquid ammonia solutions. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,496 | Liquid ammonia will dissolve all of the alkali metals and other electropositive metals such as Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, and Yb (also Mg using an electrolytic process). At low concentrations (<0.06 mol/L), deep blue solutions are formed: these contain metal cations and solvated electrons, free electrons that are surrounded by a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,497 | These solutions are very useful as strong reducing agents. At higher concentrations, the solutions are metallic in appearance and in electrical conductivity. At low temperatures, the two types of solution can coexist as phases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,498 | The range of thermodynamic stability of liquid ammonia solutions is very narrow, as the potential for oxidation to dinitrogen, "E"° (), is only +0.04 V. In practice, both oxidation to dinitrogen and reduction to dihydrogen are slow. This is particularly true of reducing solutions: the solutions of the alkali metals men... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
22,499 | In the US as of 2019, approximately 88% of ammonia was used as fertilizers either as its salts, solutions or anhydrously. When applied to soil, it helps provide increased yields of crops such as maize and wheat. 30% of agricultural nitrogen applied in the US is in the form of anhydrous ammonia and worldwide 110 million... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1365 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.